Kwlsw jI dy bol bwly
(is`K qvwrI^ 1716-1839)
{ies swrI sm`grI dw kwpI rweIt fw: hrijMdr isMG idlgIr dw hY}
bMdw isMG dI ShIdI qoN mgroN dy hwlwq
qwrw isMG F`l-vW dI ShIdI
Aslw qy ^zwnw lu`tx dw gurmqw
is`KW nUM jwgIr dI pySkS
qruxw dl qy bu`Fw dl
BweI mnI isMG dI ShIdI
vIr hkIkq isMG dI ShIdI
nwdr Swh dw hmlw
boqw isMG grjw isMG dI ShIdI
su`Kw isMG mihqwb isMG dw m`sw rMGV dw isr v`Fxw
BweI qwrU isMG dI ShIdI
Kwlsw &OjW dw jQybMd hoxw
jspq dw kql qy lKpq dy zulm
hzwrW is`KW dw kqlyAwm
Cotw G`lUGwrw
rwm rOxI iklHw bxwauxw
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw pihlw hmlw
dl Kwlsw dI kwiemI
mIr mnUU dw zmwnw
rwm rOxI nUM Gyrw
mulqwn muihMm ivc is`KW v`loN mdd
lwhOr ’qy is`KW dw hmlw
mIr mnUU dy zulmW dw Aw^rI dOr
nvwb kpUr isMG dw clwxw
mIr mnUU dI mOq
Akwl q^q swihb qoN ‘rwKI’ dw AYlwn
qYmUr dw krqwrpur ’qy hmlw
(bwbw) dIp isMG dI ShIdI
is`KW qy mrh`itAW dw srhMd ’qy hmlw
is`KW qy mrh`itAW dw lwhOr ’qy hmlw
AdInw byZ dy is`KW ’qy hmly
AdInw byZ dI mOq qy is`KW dw bolbwlw
drbwr swihb dI muV auswrI
Aihmd Swh dw pMjvW hmlw
is`KW dw lwhOr ’qy hmlw
2200 ihMdU kuVIAW Cufwauxw
is`KW dw lwhOr ’qy kbzw
Awkl dws nUM soDx dw gurmqw
v`fw G`lUGwrw (5 PrvrI 1762)
drbwr swihb nUM bwrUd nwl aufwauxw
is`KW dw cVHdI klw dw qvwrI^I gurmqw
Aihmd Swh nwl do-do h`Q
ksUr dy bRwhmx dI bIvI Cufvwauxw
is`KW dw srhMd ’qy p`kw kbzw
Akwl q^q swihb ’qy ShIdIAW
is`KW h`QoN Aihmd Swh nUM hwrW
is`KW ny Aihmd Swh duVHwieAw
is`KW dw lwhOr ’qy p`kw kbzw
KwlsweI is`kw jwrI krnw
Aihmd Swh dw dOr ^qm hoxw
is~KW dw pMjwb ’qy mukMml kbzw
BMgI imsl
AwhlUvwlIAw imsl
rwmgVHIAw imsl
n`keI imsl
f`lyvwlIAw imsl
inSwnvwlIAw imsl
isMGpurIAw imsl
sukrc`kIAw imsl
kn`eIAw imsl
ShIdI imsl
kroVisMGIAw imsl
klsIAw, kYQl irAwsqW
PUlkIAW irAwsqW
gMg-doAwb ivc is`KW dw dbdbw
is`KW dw id`lI ivc dbdbw
lwl iklHy ’qy Kwlsy dw inSwn swihb
is`K imslW dw lyKw joKw
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw auBwr
rxjIq isMG dw lwhOr ’qy kbzw (1799)
ksUr ’qy hmlw
rxjIq isMG dw AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw
rxjIq isMG dw mulqwn ’qy kbzw
rxjIq isMG dw imslW dy ielwky Kohxw
rxjIq isMG v`loN XUrpInW dI BrqI
fogirAW Aqy imsrw bRwhmxW dw Gyrw
rxjIq isMG nwl juVIAW khwxIAW
rxjIq isMG qy AMgryz
rxjIq isMG qy is`KI AsUl
rxjIq isMG dI mOq
pMjwb ’qy AMgryzW dw kbzw
bRwhmxW Aqy fogirAW dIAW swizSW
KVk isMG nUM g`dIEN lwhuxw
nOinhwl isMG dw kql
cMd kOr dw rwxI bxnw
Syr isMG dw rwjw bxnw
mhwrwjw Syr isMG qy iDAwn isMh fogry dw kql
dlIp isMG dw mhwrwjw bxnw
bwbw bIr isMG, kMvr kSmIrw isMG qy nlvw dw kql
&Oj ivcoN is`KW dI CWtI qy fogirAW dI BrqI
rwxI ijMdW dI byiezqI krnw
hIrw isMh qy pMfq jlHw dw kql
jvwhr isMG dw mwirAw jwxw
lwhOr srkwr ^qm krn dI iqAwrI
AMgryzW Aqy is`KW dIAW lVweIAW
AMgRyzW dI pMjwb ’qy kbzw krn dI plwn
mudkI dI lVweI
PyrU Sihr dI lVweI
luiDAwxw ivc rxjoD isMG dw hmlw
sBrwEN dI lVweI
AMgryzW ny sqluj pwr kIqw
ZdwrW nUM eInwm
lwhOr dw Aihdnwmw
ZdwrW dw ipCokV
Brovwl dw Aihdnwmw
rwxI ijMd kOr ƒ kYd krnw
mulqwn dI bZwvq
cqr isMG AtwrIvwlw
Syr isMG AtwrIvwlw nwl izAwdqI
rwmngr dI lVweI
cyilAWvwlw dI lVweI
gujrwq dI lVweI
is“K &OjW ny hiQAwr su`ty
BweI mhwrwj isMG
rwxI ijMdW dI j`dojihd
rwxI ijMdW ny hOslw C`ifAw
rwxI ijMdW ieMglYNf pu`jI
dlIp isMG dy Aw^rI idn
bMdw isMG dI ShIdI mgroN dy hwlwq
9 jUn 1716 dy idn bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr ƒ Aw^rW dy qsIhy dy ky ShId kr idqw igAw[ ies qoN pihlW s`q sO qoN vD is`KW ƒ id`lI ivc mOq dy Gwt auqwirAw jw cukw sI[ AprYl 1716 qoN 7 dsMbr 1716 qk gurdws nMgl dI gVHI dy bwhr Aqy AMdr 2000 qoN vD is`K ShId ho cuky sn[ hor vI keI pwsy hzwrW is`K ShId ho cuky sn[ ienHW hzwrW ShIdIAW qoN ielwvw 26 sqMbr 1709 dy idn smwxw dI jMg qoN srhMd ’qy kbzy (12 meI 1710) qk; Aqy iPr bhwdr Swh v`loN is`KW dw Kurw-Koj imtwaux dw su&nw lYx qoN mwrc 1715 qk vI hzwrW is`K ShIdIAW pw cuky sn[ ienHW ShIdIAW dI igxqI 25-30 hzwr qoN Gt nhIN sI[
10 dsMbr 1710 dy idn mugl bwdSwh bhwdr Swh ny iek Awm Purmwn jwrI kIqw sI ik “nwnk pRsqW rw hr jw b-XbMd b-kql rswnMd”, Xwin ‘ijQy ikqy vI nwnk-pRsq (is`K) nzr Awaux aunHW ƒ kql kr idqw jwvy[’ ies mgroN jdoN Acwxk AprYl 1715 ivc bMdw isMG gurdws nMgl ivc Gyr ilAw igAw sI qW lwhOr dy sUbydwr Abdus smd ^wn ny vI ieho ijhw hukm jwrI kIqw sI qy nwl hI is`KW dy isrW dy eInwm vI id`qy sn[ bMdw isMG dI ShIdI mgroN vI mugl srkwr ƒ qs`lI nhIN sI ik auh Amn Amwn nwl hkUmq kr skxgy[ aunHW ƒ is`KW dy vjUd qoN vI fr lgdw sI[ iesy kr ky aunHW ny is`KW ƒ iblkul hI ^qm krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw sI[ ies &Ysly ƒ Aml ivc ilAwaux vwsqy lwhOr dy sUbydwr ny is`KW dy isrW dy mul rK idqy sn[ iek is`K ƒ igR&qwr krvwaux dy 10rupY, aus dw isr ilAwaux bdly 25 rupY, ijaUNdw PVn ’qy 100rupY eInwm AYlwinAw igAw sI[ ies rkm dy lwlc ivc muslmwnW hI nhIN ihMdUAW ny vI is`KW ƒ PVvwauxw qy mrvwauxw SurU kr idqw[ ies muihMm ivc KyqW ivc kMm krdy is`K vI igR&qwr kr ky ShId kr idqy gey[ Abdus smd ^wn ny ieh vI AYlwn kIqw ik jy koeI muslmwn mry qW aus dI kbr igR&qwr kIqy is`K qoN putvweI jwvy qy cmwrW dI QW is`KW koloN bygwr leI jwvy[ (&Orstr, jrnI &rwm bMgwl tU ieMglYNf, ijld pihlI, s&w 312-13, brwaUn, trYkts, ijld 2, s&w 13)[
kuJ mhIny qW is`KW dw iSkwr kIqw jWdw irhw pr A^Ir swry is`K vqn C`f ky pnwhgwhW nUM inkl gey[ ies hwlq ivc is`K l`Bxy muSikl ho gey[ ies ’qy mukwmI muslmwn hwkmW ny nvyN eInwm AYlwn kr idqy[ is`K dI ^br dyx ’qy 10rupY, is`K idKwaux bdly 20rupY, is`K nUM igR&qwr krvwaux dy4rupY Aqy is`K dw isr ilAwaux dy 80rupY eInwm AYlwny gey[ pr ies dy bwvjUd is`KW nUM l`Bxw muSikl ho igAw[ pihlW qW bMdw isMG dI &Oj ivc rihx vwilAW Aqy aunHW dy pirvwrW dw iSkwr kIqw igAw pr hux Awm is`KW dw iSkwr vI SurU ho igAw[ “hux muZlW dI hkUmq ivc ‘is`K’ l&z dw vjUd vI nhIN sI irhw[ swry nwnk-pMQI phwVW v`l cly gey[ swry ihMdUAW ny fridAW mwirAW Awpxy isr muMnvw ley[” (&wrstr, ijld dUjI, s&w 312-13)[
ieh AOKw vylw is`KW dy iemiqhwn dI GVI sI[ is`KW dw jMglI jwnvrW vWg iSkwr kIqw jw irhw sI[ ijvyN iSkwrI lok jwnvr dI Bwl ivc keI-keI mIl dUr qk inkl ky ip`Cw krdy hn, auvyN hI muslmwn is`KW dy iSkwr vwsqy pwZlW vWg dUr-dUr q`k inkl jWdy sn[ isr& muslmwn hI nhIN, muZlW dy cwplUs lwlcI qy dihSqgrd ihMdU vI is`KW dw iSkwr krn lg pey sn[ ies kr ky is`K AwpxIAW phwngwhW vI bdldy rihMdy sn[ is`K kdy l`KI jMgl, kdy mwlvy dy ryigsQwn, kdy dUn dIAW phwVIAW qy kdy iSvwilk dIAW phwVIAW ivc lukdy rihMdy sn[ qkrIbn swry hI is`K GrW ƒ C`f ky jMglW, phwVW Aqy mwrUQlW ivc cly gey sn[ kuJ is`K pMjwb qoN bwhr dUr-dUr qy ielwikAW ivc jw ky imhnq mzdUrI kr ky rotI Kwx lg pey[ ivc-ivc is`K kdy-kdy srkwrI ^zwinAW Aqy Aslw ^winAW ’qy hmly kr ky ^zwnw qy Aslw vI lu`t ky lY jWdy sn[ ies hwlq ivc jy koeI is`K PiVAw jWdw qW aus nUM kql kr idqw jWdw sI[ is`K ies mOq qoN vI nhIN sn frdy[ aus smJdy sn ik Bu`K Aqy QuV ivc mrn nwloN fwkw mwrnw, lu`txw byhqr hY, ikauN ik jy bc ky Aw gey qW Awpxy Aqy swQIAW vwsqy rotI qy Aslw Aw jWdw sI, nhIN qW ShIdI qW imldI hI sI[ienHW idnW ivc jy koeI iksy is`K dI mW nUM pu`C bYTdw ik qyry ikMny pu`qr hn qW auh jvwb dyNdI sI “pihlW cwr pu`qr sn hux iqMn rih gey sn ikauN ik iek pu`qr is`K bx igAw hY[”
Cupx-gwhW ivc vI is`KW ƒ bVy AOKy idn ktxy pey[ nw Kwx ƒ, nw pihnx ƒ, nw isr Cupwaux ƒ QW[ Awsmwn hyTW, rVy mYdwn ivc rihxw-sOxw, jMgl ’c imlx vwly Pl qy p`qy Kw ky guzwrw krnw is`KW dw roznwmcw sI[ Bu`K, duK, qklI&, drdW, bImwrIAW, audwsI, fr, Gbrwht, hnyrw, aunINdy dw bolbwlw sI[ ieh keI swlW dI lMmI kwlI-bolI rwq sI[ pr, is`KW kol hOslw, bhwdrI, idRVqw, Aws sI[ cVHdI klw dw Aihsws hmySW aunHW dy AMg-sMg irhw[ AOiKAweIAW ny aunHW dy idl qy rUh hor vI qkVy kIqy, pIVW ny aunHW ƒ pur-auNmId kIqw, bImwrIAW ny aunHW dy hOsly bulMd kIqy, BuKmrI ny aunHW ivc sihx dI qwkq qy dlyrI BrI[ aunHW ny Apxy su&ny kdy vI Flx jW kmzor hox nhIN idqy[ AwzwdI, AxK-BrI izMdgI, ibKVy pYNfy, hnyry rsqy ny aunHW ivc idRVqw, sMjIdgI, sbr Aqy Akwl purK ’qy XkIn vDwieAw[ s^qI ny is`KW nUM kmzor nhIN kIqw blik lohw kr idqw[ rukwvtW qy j`dojihd ƒ aunHW ny Awpxy iemiqhwn smiJAw[
ieh Aijhw iemiqhwn sI jo 1939 qoN 1945 qk ihtlr dy zulmW dOrwn XhUdIAW ivc vI vyKx ƒ nhIN imilAw sI[ lwhOr dy sUbydwr Abdus smd ^wn dy zulm dI khwxI dw izkr kridAW muMq^bu-aul-lubwb dw kihMdw hY, “aus ny pMjwb dI DrqI nUM (is`KW dy) ^Un nwl rMg id`qw[” hkIkq dw lyKk dsdw hY ik is`KW dy kqlyAwm dy bdly Abdus smd ^wn nUM 6000 dw mnsb, jVwaU pwlkI, hwQI, GoVy, sony dy keI gihxy, jVwaU dsqr, sony dI p`tI vwlI dsqwr, hIirAW dw hwr Aqy pMjwb dy keI prgny eInwm ivc imly[
&wru^sIAwr, jo Awpxy qwey Aqy ccyry BrwvW dy kqlW mgroN bwdSwh bixAw sI qy ijs ny bMdw isMG bhwdr ƒ zmwny dy sB qoN v`D zwlmwnw qsIhy dy ky ShId kIqw sI; ƒ vI Akwl purK ny auhI szw idqI jo aus ny Awpxy mu^wil&W vwsqy im`QI hoeI sI[ 28 &rvrI 1719 dy idn (bMdw isMG dI ShIdI qoN pOxy iqMn swl mgroN) aus ƒ, bwVHw dy aunHW s`XdW, ijMnHW ny aus ƒ q^q idvwieAw sI, ny hI dohW A`KW qoN AMnHw kr idqw[ (ies qoN do mhIny mgroN 27 AprYl ƒ aus ƒ mwr vI idqw igAw)[
seIAd BrwvW nwl iml ky &wru^sIAwr nUM kql krvwaux ivc joDpur dy rwjy AjIq isMh dw vI bVw rol sI (auN\ AjIq isMh ny AwpxI DI &wru^sIAwr nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI)[ &wru^sIAwr dy kql mgroN jd vI auh bwzwr iv`coN inkldw qW lok aus dy ip`Cy dwmwd-kuS (dwmwd dw kwql) dy nwAry lwauNdy sn[ ies qoN duKI ho ky aus ny id`lI C`f jwx dw &Yslw kIqw[ auh AwpxI ivDvw DI nUM &wru^sIAwr dy hrm coN Awzwd krvw ky Agsq 1719 ivc AwpxI irAwsq nUM clw igAw (ierivn, s&w 40)[ mgroN jUn 1724 ivc ies rwjy AjIq isMh nUM aus dy pu`qr b^q isMh ny su`qy pey nUM kql kr id`qw ikauNik aus (AjIq isMh) ny aus (b^q) dI ^UbsUrq bIvI nUM BoigAw sI[ 7 jUn nUM AjIq isMh nwl aus dIAW 84 rwxIAW qy rKYlW sqI hoeIAW sn (ierivn, ijld dUjI, s&y 115-117)
&wruKsIAwr qoN mgroN bhwdr Swh dw poqw qy r&I-auS-Swn dw pu`qr Sms-aud-dIn (r&I-aud-Arjwq) 8 meI 1719 dy idn bwdSwh bxwieAw igAw[ auh kuJ idnW mgroN hI 25 meI nUM htw id`qw igAw[ aus mgroN 27 meI nUM aus dy Brw Swh jhwn dUjw (r&I-aud-dOlw) ny hkUmq sMBwlI[ auh vI iqMn mhIny mgroN 8 sqMbr 1719 dy idn dunIAW qoN ivdw ho igAw[ ies dOrwn kuJ idn vwsqy nykuisAwr (jo AOrMgzyb dy cOQy pu`qr Akbr, jo 1704 ivc hI mr igAw sI, dw pu`qr sI) iek DVy v`loN bwdSwh AYlwinAw igAw sI, pr auh id`lI dy q^q ’qy bYT nw sikAw[ A^Ir bhwdr Swh dw poqw rOSn A^qr (muhMmd Swh rMgIlw) 28 sqMbr 1719 ƒ q^q qy ibTwieAw igAw[ aus vyly ieh nwm-inhwd bwdSwh q^q ’qy ibTwey qW gey sn pr drAsl aunHW dI koeI qwkq nhIN sI[ Asl qwkq s`Xd Brw jrnYlW kol hI sI[ ijs ƒ auh cwhux aus ny hI bwdSwh bxnw sI qy jdoN auh cwhux aus ƒ mwr id`qw jwxw sI[ jdoN rOSn A^qr ƒ g`dI qy ibTwieAw qW aus dI mW ny bVw zor lwieAw ik auh bwdSwh nw bxy Aqy AwpxI jwn bcwvy[ pr rOSn A^qr Aqy s`Xd BrwvW ny aus dI iek nw c`lx idqI[ auN\ rOSn A^qr ny isAwsq ivc d^l dyx dI QW A`XwSI ivc izMdgI bsr krnI SurU kr idqI[ iesy kr ky ies bwdSwh nUM muhMmd Swh ‘rMgIlw’ vI ikhw jWdw hY[ jd qk aus ny s`Xd BrwvW dw hukm nw moiVAw auh nwm-inhwd bwdSwh bixAw irhw[
ienHW idnW ivc muhMmd AmIn ^wn (ijs ny bMdw isMG nUM igR&qwr kIqw sI) id`lI dw dUjw b^SI sI[ seIAd Brw bwdSwh nUM auNglW ’qy ncwauNdy sn qy keI nwjwiez &Ysly vI krvwauNdy sn[ ies kr ky auh vI AMdroN ienHW qoN duKI sI[ muhMmd AmIn ^wn ny bwdSwh nUM Awpxy Brosy ivc lY ilAw[ husYn AlI ^wn eynI hYNkV ivc sI ik aus ny 7 AkqUbr 1720 dy idn qW ie`QoN qk kih id`qw ik ‘mYN bwdSwh nUM AwpxI ju`qI ’qy ilKdw hW[’ aus dy ieh bol bwdSwh, muhMmd AmIn ^wn qy hYdr kulI ^wn nUM bVy cuBy[ aunHW ny bwdSwh nwl plwn bxw ky pihloN husYn AlI ^wn nUM kql krn dI qrkIb bxwauxI SurU kr id`qI Aqy mOkw imlidAW Agly idn hI iek frwmw kr ky aus nUM kql kr id`qw[
ies kql dI ^br aus dy Brw Abdu`lw ^wn nUM Agly idn hI + ieh Kbr srwey c`T (Awgrw qoN 75 Aqy id`lI qoN 100 iklomItr dUr) ivc, rqn cMd rwhIN iml geI[ ieh ^br imlx ’qy Abdu`lw ^wn ny Awpxy Brw dy kql dw bdlw lYx dw AYlwn kIqw[ aus ny Sihzwdw iebrwhIm nUM q^q ’qy ibTwaux dw AYlwn kr id`qw qy &Oj lY ky id`lI ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy cl ipAw[ jd bwdSwh nUM ieh pqw l`gw qW aus ny ^Ub iqAwrIAW kr leIAW[ aus ny muhMmd AmIn ^wn nUM A`T hzwr, kmr-aud-dIn (pu`qr muhMmd AmIn ^wn) nUM s`q hzwr, hYdr kulI ^wn nUM Cy hzwr qy sw`dwq ^wn nUM pMj hzwrI mnsb dyx dw AYlwx kr id`qw[ 13 nvMbr 1720dy idn bwdSwh ny Abdu`lw ^wn ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy kUc kr id`qw[ hsnpur ivc do idn dI lVweI ip`CoN Abdu`lw ^wn hwr igAw[ aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ aus nUM do swl kYd ivc r`Kx mgroN bwdSwh dI mnzUrI nwl zihr dy ky mwr id`qw igAw (ierivn, s&w 95-96, ^w&I ^wn, s&w 941)[ aus dI mOq 11 AkqUbr 1722 dy idn hoeI[ ies dy nwl hI seIAd BrwvW dw dOr ^qm ho igAw[
seIAd BrwvW dI mdd hornW qoN ielwvw rqn cMd bwxIey Aqy cUVwmxI jwt ny vI kIqI sI[ ies dOrwn jd cUVwmxI jwt dw pu`qr muhkm PiVAw igAw qw aus ny bwdswh nUM jwn b^SI dI &irAwd kIqI qy muslmwn bxnw vI mnzUr kIqw[ pr muhMmd Swh ny aus nUM muslmwn bxwey ibnW hI muAw& kr id`qw qy irhw kr id`qw (ierivn, ijld dUjI, s&w 65)[ Sihzwdw iebrwhIm ijs nUM Abdu`lw ^wn ny bwdSwh AYlwx id`qw sI nUM vI igR&qwr kr ky kYd kr id`qw igAw[ auh kYd ivc hI 26 swl mgroN 30 jnvrI 1746 dy idn mr igAw[ ies vyly aus dI aumr 55 swl dI sI (ierivn, ijld dUjI, s&w 94)[
muhMmd Swh rMgIlw Aqy is`K
is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm ƒ &wru^sIAwr dI srprsqI hwisl sI[ iesy kr ky Abdus smd ^wn ny vI is`KW dw Kurw-Koj imtwaux vwsqy vKrIAW POjW qweInwq kIqIAW hoeIAW sn[ pr &r`^sIAr dI mOq mgroN muhMmd Swh rMgIlw ny ies muihMm dI koeI loV nw smJI[ id`lI srkwr ny is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm vwsqy pYsy dyxy vI bMd kr id`qy[ ies kr ky Abdus smd ^wn vI iF`lw pY igAw[ bwdSwh vWg, sUibAW dy sUbydwr vI A`XwSI ivc msq hox l`g pey[ sUbydwrW mgroN Coty Aihlkwr vI Arwm, AYS Aqy msqI ivc rihx lg pey[ ies nwl is`KW ƒ kuJ rwhq imlI[ is`KW ny hux AwpxIAW phwngwhW dy nyVy-nyVy srkwrI ^zwinAW ’qy hmly vI krny SurU kr idqy[ is`K iek QW ’qy hmlw kr ky muV dobwrw au~Qy hmlw nhIN sn krdy[ auh dUjw hmlw 30-40iklomItr dUr jw ky krdy sn ijs kwrn muZl &Oj nUM aunHW qoN ih&wzq krnI muSikl ho jWdI sI[ is`KW dy hmilAW ivc bhuq swry muZl ispwhI mwry jWdy sn ies kr ky auh is`KW qoN frn vI lg pey sn qy hux auh is`KW dw ip`Cw nhIN sn krdy[ ieh hwlq vyK ky is`KW ny idny vI hmly krny SurU kr idqy sn[ is`K muZlW dy gihxy, kpVy qy Kwx dw swmwn dy nwl-nwl m`JW, GoVy qy hor fMgr vI Koh ky lY jWdy sn[ jd lwhOr dy sUbydwr vloN is`KW dy i^lw& koeI vI AYkSn iblkul hI nw hoieAw qW hOlI-hOlI auh GrW ƒ prqx l`g pey[ (brwaUn, trYkts, ijld 2, s&w 13, ^w&I ^wn, ijld 2, s&w 767-68), kn`eIAw lwl, qwrI^y pMjwb, s&w 65)[
hux is`K kdy-kdy drbwr swihb vI Awaux lg pey[ BweI mnI isMG, jo 1698 qoN gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) dI syvw sMBwl kr rhy sn Aqy AOKy vyilAW ivc ipMfW vl cly gey sn, auh vI vwips Aw gey[ iek lyKk 1721 ivc mwqw suMdr kOr vloN aunHW ƒ drbwr swihb dw gRMQI lwaux bwry ilKdw hY jo shI nhIN[ BweI mnI isMG qW 1698 qoN hI au~Qy sn[ auh AprYl 1709 ivc drbwr swihb ’qy hoey muZl hmly vyly vI auQy sn[ auh 1713 ivc &wru^sIAwr vloN is`KW dy i^lw& lMbI muihm CyVx vyly ipMfW v`l inkl gey sn Aqy 1719 qoN mgroN Pyr muV Awey sn[ hW ieh zrUr hY ik mwqw swihb kOr ny iek vwr gurU goibMd isMG jI dy mwmw ikrpwl isMG ƒ gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) dw bMdobsq krn vwsqy zrUr ByijAw sI (mwqw ny BweI mnI isMG nUM nhIN ByijAw sI ikauNik BweI mnI isMG qW pihlW hI auQy mOjUd sn)[ ies dw izkr kysr isMG iCbr ny bMswvlIAW dsW pwqSwhIAW dw dy qyrHvyN cYptr ivc kIqw hY[ iCbr muqwibk mwqw swihb kOr ny mwmw ikrpwl isMG ƒ idvwlI Aqy ivswKI ’qy AMimRqsr ivc is`KW dw iek`T krn vwsqy ieMqzwm krn dy iKAwl nwl ByijAw sI[ pr ie`Qy iCbr ies dw swl sqwrW sO curwsI ibkrmI sMmq (sMn 1727) dyNdw hY (iCbr mMndw hY ik aus nUM qwrI^W pUrI qrHW Xwd nhIN hn)[ ies vyly qk AjIq isMG pwilq (4 jnvrI 1724 ƒ) muglW vloN mwirAw jw cukw sI[ AjIq isMG pwilq dy mwry jwx ipCoN sMgqW fr geIAW sn Aqy mwqw swihb kOr kol Awauxw bMd kr idqw[ ies hwlq ivc dovyN mwqwvW id`lI C`f ky mQrw clIAW geIAW sn qy id`lI ivc idlvwlI muh`ly vwly mkwn ’qy muZlW ny kbzw kr ilAw sI[
kysr isMG iCbr muqwibk mwqw suMdr kOr 1727 qoN pihlW cVHweI kr cukI sI[ swihb kOr ny ies mwhOl ƒ swhvyN r`K ky id`lI dI QW AMimRqsr ivc iek`T krn dI soc nwl mwmw ikrpwl isMG ƒ id`lIEN AMimRqsr ByijAw sI[ ikrpwl isMG ny AMimRqsr ivc cwr muqs`dI (AYfminstrytr) lw idqy[ ieh sn: sihj isMG qryhn, idAwnq rwie bRwhmx, mwn isMG myvVw AroVw ArdwsIAw qy gurb^S isMG iCbr (ipqw lyKk kysr isMG iCbr) drogw[ ies mOky ’qy BweI mnI isMG kMbo (ShId BweI mnI isMG nhIN), qwrw isMG vW, gulwb isMG sW|xw qy b^S isMG mYxI vI mwmw ikRpwl isMG kol Aw ky rihMdy rhy[ (pr jW qW ieh swl TIk nhIN jW qwrw isMG vW dw nW glq idqw igAw hY[ BweI qwrw isMG f`l-vW qW aus vyly qk ShId ho cuky sn[ ieh vI ho skdw hY ik vW dy qwrw isMG nW dy iek qoN v`D is`K hox)[
qwrw isMG f`l-vW dI ShIdI (9 jUn 1726)
BweI qwrw isMG dI ipMf f`l qy vW ivc zmIn sI[ 1719 qoN mgroN is`KW ny AMimRqsr ivc Awauxw SurU kr idqw sI[ aus vyly Abdus smd ^wn lwhOr dw sUbydwr sI[ &wru^sIAwr dI mOq mgroN aus ny is`KW dy i^lw& s^qI Gtw id`qI sI[ pr iPr vI kdy-kdy aus ƒ dOrw pYNdw sI qy auh &Oj dw iek A`D dsqw gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) Byj dyNdw sI[ iesy qrHW aus ny p`tI dy nvwb ƒ vI is`KW ’qy QoVHI-bhuq sKqI krn dI hdwieq dy r`KI sI[ BweI qwrw isMG dy ipMf, f`l qy vW, p`tI Aqy AMimRqsr dy ivckwr pYNdy sn[ ienHW ipMfW dy nyVy hI, pMnU j`t muslmwnW dw ipMf nOSihrw sI (hux ies nUM nOSihrW pMnUAW AwKdy hn)[ ie`QoN dw cODrI swihb rwey sI[ swihb rwey vI hor cODrIAW vWg D`ky-Kor sI[ aus dy GoVy cridAW-cridAW Aksr ZrIb ikrswnW dy KyqW ivc jw vVdy sn qy PslW dw nukswn kr dyNdy sI[ BVwxw ipMf dy do is`K, mwCI isMG qy gurbKS isMG, vI swihb rwey dy ies D`ky dw iSkwr sn[ ies D`ky qoN qMg Aw ky jd aunHW swihb rwey ƒ iSkwieq kIqI qW auh A`goN AwkV ky boilAw “qusIN GoVy bMnH ky r`Kx dI g`l krdy ho mYN qW quhwfy kys muMn ky aunHW dy r`sy bxw ky aunHW nwl ienHW GoiVAW ƒ bMnHWgw[” ienHW dohW is`KW ny ieh vwrqw BisEN (B`usw) ipMf dy srdwr bGyl isMG Aqy Amr isMG iF`loN ƒ jw d`sI[ ies mgroN iek idn jd swihb rwey dI iek GoVI is`KW dy KyqW ivc cr rhI sI qW iF`loN BrwvW ny auh GoVI PV leI Aqy GirAwlw ipMf dy BweI lKmIr isMG kol phuMcw idqI Aqy nwl hI aus ƒ ies dI hkIkq vI ds idqI[ lKmIr isMG ny auh GoVI dUr jMgl dys ivc jw vycI qy ies coN imly pYsy BweI qwrw isMG dy hvwly kr idqy[ BweI qwrw isMG ny is`K muswiPrW vwsqy iek lMgr SurU kIqw hoieAw sI[ aus ny aus rkm nwl lMgr dI rsd lY AWdI[ (rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, s&y 187-189, 1982 dI AYfISn)[
jd ies dI ^br swihb rwey ƒ imlI qW aus ny KojIAW dI mdd nwl GoVI dI pYV l`B leI[ ies dI ^br ienHW is`KW (bGyl isMG, Amr isMG, lKmIr isMG) ƒ vI phuMc geI[ auh GroN dOV ky BweI qwrw isMG kol phuMc gey qy pnwh mMg leI[ auDr jd sihb rwey nUM aunHW dy f`l-vW pu`jx dw pqw l`gw qW auh kuJ bMdy lY ky au~Qy Aw igAw Aqy aus ny qwrw isMG nUM ‘GoVI dy cor’ aus dy hvwly krn vwsqy ikhw[ ies ’qy qwrw isMG ny ikhw “D`kw zorI qUμ Awp krdw eyN qy cor eyQoN lBdw eyN[ ieh cor nhIN, ienHW ny qW Awp iensw& kwiem kIqw hY[” ieh sux ky swihb rwey, p`tI dy &Ojdwr kol clw igAw Aqy aus ny qwrw isMG f`l-vW dy i^lw& JUTIAW khwxIAW bxw ky suxweIAW[ aunHW ny qwrw isMG ƒ iek v`fw bwZI swibq krn dI koiSS kIqI[ aunHW nvwb ƒ ieh vI d`isAw ik qwrw isMG kol Aksr ds-vIh bwZI is`K Tihry rihMdy sn Aqy hr roz pMj ds hor vI AwauNdy-jWdy rihMdy hn[ ienHW ivcoN keIAW kol hiQAwr vI huMdy hn[ ieh sux ky nvwb ny swihb rwey nwl 80 ipAwdy qy 25 GoV-svwr Byj id`qy qy ikhw ik mYN Awp vI hor &Oj lY ky Aw irhw hW[
swihb rwey ny AglI svyr cVHidAW hI ipMf fl-vW ƒ Gyrw pwaux vwsqy kUc kr idqw[ Acwxk aus vyly iek is`K bGyl isMG jMgl pwxI vwsqy KyqW v`l AwieAw qy aus ny ieh muZl &OjI vyKy[ aus ny ip`Cy jw ky ^br krn dI bjwie llkwrw mwr ky jYkwrw C`ifAw[ swihb rwey ny aus ƒ pCwx ilAw qy ikhw ik ies ny hI GoVI curweI hY[ ieh sux ky &Oj aus ’qy tu`t peI auh vI &Oj dy ivc jw viVAw Aqy lVweI SurU kr idqI[ ies lVweI ivc &Ojdwr dw BqIjw mwirAw igAw[ ies qoN ielwvw hor vI keI muZl h`Qo-h`QI lVweI ivc mwry gey[ &Ojdwr dy BqIjy dI mOq mgroN swihb rwey B`j inkilAw[ B`jdy &OjIAW ivcoN iek ny ip`Cy golI clweI ijhVI bGyl isMG dy p`t ivc lgI[ swihb rwey ny f`l-vW qoN dOV ky ipMf mwVI kMbo kI ivc jw pVwA kIqw[
swihb rwey dy B`j jwx mgroN mukwmI lokW ny BweI qwrw isMG ƒ ikhw ik auh au~QoN cly jwx ikauNik &Ojdwr dw BqIjw mrn mgroN muZlW v`loN v`fw hmlw XkInn hovygw[ aultw qwrw isMG ny swQI is`KW ƒ ikhw ik mYN qW ShId hoxw hI hY pr qusIN qW iKsk jwE[ swry jxy ikauN jwx gvweIey[ pr bhuqy is`KW ny ikhw ik AsIN qW quhwfy nwl hI ShId hoxw mnzUr krWgy[ qwrw isMG nwl KVHx vwly is`KW ivc sn: vswvw isMG, kuier isMG bRwhmx ipMf J`lIAW (ieh mukqsr ivc 29 dsMbr 1705 dy idn ShId hox vwly sIql isMG dy pirvwr iv`coN sI), sUrw isMG qrKwx KwlVw, smuMd isMG qy Jwb isMG mulqwnI, lKmIr isMG sMDU GirAwlw, mwlI isMG qy gurbKS isMG B`lw ipMf BVwxw, BIm isMG qy bwdl isMG ipMf r`qoky, myG isMG igl mdrW, hwqw isMG cuG, bulwkw isMG syKoN sW|xw, joD isMG bwjvw nwrovwl, BogV isMG qy rswl isMG ipSOrIey, Amr isMG (Brw bGyl isMG BsXovwl) vgYrw kul 22 isMG[ (rqn isMG BMgU, s&w 192)[
auDr &Ojdwr ƒ jd BqIjy mrn dI ^br imlI qW aus ny 900ispwhI (kysr isMG iCbr 900qy rqn isMG BMgU ieh igxqI 2200ilKdw hY) f`l-vW ipMf vl tor idqy[ hux 9 jUn 1726 dy idn f`l-vW ivc gih-g`c lVweI hoeI[ mugl &Oj dw kmWfr momn ^wn ksUrI hwQI ‘qy svwr ho ky lV irhw sI[ aus dw iek jrnYl qkI ^wn kuJ vDyry hI zor nwl lV irhw sI[ iek mOky ’qy auh grj ky boilAw “qwrw isMG ik`Qy hY[” qwrw isMG ny aus ƒ pCwx ilAw[ qkI ^wn dw swrw hI ijsm sMjoA nwl FikAw hoieAw sI qy isr& ichrw hI nMgw sI[ qwrw isMG ny nyzy dw inSwnw bMnH ky aus dy mUMh qy mwirAw qy auh burI qrHW zKmI ho ky ip`Cy B`jw[ momn ^wn ny mUMh ’coN lhU vgdw vyK ky puiCAw “qkI ^wn jI pwn Kw rhy ho?” qW qkI ^wn ny jvwb idqw “hW, qwrw isMG pwn vMf irhw hY[ Awp vI lY lE[”
ies vyly qk bhuq swry muZl ispwhI mwry jw cuky sn[ hux momn ^wn ny hwQI A`gy ilAwaux vwsqy ikhw[ BIm isMG ny qlvwr dw vwr hwQI dy mhwvq ’qy kIqw pr aus ny AMks A`gy kr idqw ijs nwl BIm isMG dI qlvwr tut geI[ aus ny tu`tI hoeI qlvwr nwl hI mhwvq dw isr v`F idqw qy hwQI ƒ p`uTw moV idqw[ hwQI &OjW ƒ ilqwVdw ip`Cy dOiVAw[ ieh lVweI Swm qk lVweI cldI rhI[ hnyrw pYx ’qy lVweI bMd ho geI[ AglI svyr momn ^wn ny isr& bMdUkW hI vrqIAW qy ieM\ BweI qwrw isMG Aqy bwkI isMG vI ShId ho gey[ ieh ShIdIAW 9 jUn 1726 dy idn hoeIAW sn[ iek hor somw ieh Gtnw 14 jnvrI 1723 dI ilKdw hY[ (rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, s&y 189-198, sMpwdk BweI vIr isMG, 1982 dI AYfISn)[
is`KW vloN Aslw qy ^zwnw lu`tx dw gurmqw
BweI qwrw isMG dI ShIdI ^br nwl is`KW ivc bVw roh PYilAw[ BweI qwrw isMG iek is`K sn jo hr loVvMd dI mdd krdy sn Aqy Awey-gey dI syvw sMBwl krdy sn[ kysr isMG iCbr dy l&zW ivc:
qwrw isMG izMmIdwr fl vWie ivc rhy [
kry ikrq Drm dI, isK swD sMq thl ivic Ahy [
by pRojn nauN sY Pauj ciV geI [
auh BI isK liVAw juDu kIqw, EVk ienHW mwirAw, ngrI lu`t leI[
is`KW ny iek ie`kT kr ky BweI qwrw isMG dI ShIdI bwry ivcwr kIqI[ iek ikrqI, syvwdwr, jrnYl (ijs ny 12 AprYl 1709 dy idn p`tI dw cODrI hr shwie mwirAw sI) ƒ ShId krnw is`KW vwsqy scmuc iek v`fw D`kw sI[ ies D`ky bdly zwlmW ƒ szw dyx vwsqy gurmqw kIqw ik:
1. SwhI ^zwny lu`ty jwx
2. GoVy qy hiQAwr l`uty Aqy Kohy jwx
3. muZl hkUmq dy mu^brW qy mddgwrW ƒ soiDAw jwvy
ienHW idnW ivc hI (julweI-Agsq 1726) is`KW ƒ pqw lgw ik ksUr qoN lwhOr vl srkwrI ^zwnw FoieAw jw irhw hY[ is`KW ny Ku`fIAW, kwnHw-kwCw (izlw lwhOr) qy civMfw (izlHw AMimRqsr) kol nwky lw ky &Oj qoN ^zwnw, GoVy qy hiQAwr Koh ley[ iek AMdwzy muqwibk ieh ^zwnw pMj lK rupY dy krIb sI[ ies mgroN sqMbr 1726 ivc is`KW ny murqzw ^wn dy GoiVAW dw kw&lw vI lu`itAw[ buD isMG sukrc`kIAw qy bwG isMG h`lovwlIAw ny ibAws dirAw dy kMFy ‘qy, goieMdvwl kol, id`lI qoN ipSwvr jWdw, iek s`q sO GoiVAW dw kw&lw vI lu`itAw ijs nwl is`KW nUM bhuq swrw sonw, cWdI qy hor swmwn vI h`Q l`gw[ pr is`KW ny ieh swrw kuJ dOlq jmHw krn vwsqy nhIN blik muZlW dw inzwm ihlwaux vwsqy kIqw sI[ 1727 ivc iek vwr is`KW ny hirgoibMdpur kol iek kw&lw lu`t ilAw[ jd aunHW nUM pqw lgw ik ies swmwn dI rkm Ajy srkwr ny nhIN sI qwrI qW auh (is`K) aus ^zwny dy Asl mwlk lwlw prqwp cMd isAwlkotI nUM l`B ky aus dy Gr qk Awp swrw mwl-m`qw phuMcw ky Awey[ ieh swry AYkSn 1726-27 ivc hoey sn[
is`KW v`loN ieh AYkSn krn nwl hkUmq ƒ Aihsws ho igAw ik qwrw isMG f`l-vW dI ShIdI dw jvwby-Aml SurU ho igAw hY[ ij`Qy auh socdy sn ik ies ShIdI nwl is`K fr jW dihl jwxgy au~Qy is`KW ny prqvW vwr kr ky hkUmq ƒ ih&wzq vl (defensive ’qy) pw idqw[ ies vyly lwhOr dw sUbydwr Abdus smd ^wn sI[ ieh auhI hwkm sI ijs dI AgvweI ivc muZl &OjW ny bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr ƒ igR&qwr kIqw sI Aqy hzwrW is`KW ƒ ShId kIqw sI[ pr hux id`lI dy q^q ’qy muhMmd Swh “rMgIlw” dy bYTx mgroN aus ny is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm ivc koeI ^ws idlcspI nhIN leI sI[ ies dw kwrn ij`Qy aus dI A`XwS qbIAq sI, au~Qy is`KW vloN koeI v`fI muihMm nw hox kwrn id`lI vwilAW ƒ koeI ^qrw mihsUs nhIN sI huMdw[ pMjwb ivc vI Abdus smd ^wn dy pYr p`ky ho cuky sn[ aus dI is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm vI TMfI pY cukI sI[ auh ^ud vI dOlq iek`TI krn ivc msq ho igAw sI qy auh vI is`KW qoN koeI vDyry ^qrw mihsUs nhIN sI kr irhw[ pr BweI qwrw isMG dI ShIdI mgroN is`K j`iQAW v`loN kIqy hmilAW ny aus ƒ vI ihlw ky r`K idqw[ is`KW dy ieh AYkSn kw&I dyr qk, ruk-ruk ky, cldy rhy[ ies ƒ mihsUs kr ky id`lI dy hwkmW ny Abdus smd ^wn (jo 1713 qoN lwhOr dw sUbydwr cilAw Aw irhw sI) nUM 1726 ivc mulqwn dw gvrnr bxw idqw (ij`Qy auh is`KW h`QoN szw imlx qoN bc igAw Aqy 1737 ivc mr igAw) qy aus dI QW ’qy aus dy pu`qr zkrIAw ^wn (jo 1713 qoN 1720 qk jMmU qy 1720 qoN 1726 qk kSmIr dw sUbydwr sI) ƒ lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw[ zkrIAw ^wn ny AwauNidAW hI sB qoN pihlw AYkSn is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm iv`F ky SurU kIqw[ aus ny 20 hzwr &OjIAW dI ‘gSqI &Oj’ BrqI kIqI[ ies iv`coN aus ny ds hzwr Awpxy kol r`Ky qy bwkI &Oj dy iek-iek hzwr dy ds j`Qy bxw ky, aunHW nUM qyz GoVy, aUT qy bMdUkW id`qIAW Aqy aunHW nUM v`K-v`K ielwikAW ivc gSq krn vwsqy qweInwq kr idqw[ ies &Oj dw kMm is`KW dw Kurw-Koj lBxw Aqy aunHW ƒ igR&qwr jW kql krnw sI[ ies muihMm hyT ipMfW ivcoN PV-PV ky bhuq swry is`K ShId kIqy gey[ huux zkrIAw ^wn ny is`KW dy isrW dy eInwm vI r`K idqy[ is`K, ijhVy ik zulm dw dOr ^qm hox mgroN Pyr GrW ƒ prq Awey sn, hux muV jMglW qy phwVW vl inkl gey[ ies nwl pMjwb ivc Anwj dy BwA ifg pey[ (hkIkq ibnw-vw-ArUzy isMGW, ieMfIAn ihstorIkl kuAwrtrlI, mwrc 1942 ivc, s&w 19)
ieh dOr kw&I dyr qk cldw irhw[ hOlI-hOlI is`KW ny Awpxy Awp ƒ jQybMd vI krnw SurU kr idqw[ in`ky-v`fy keI j`Qy swry pwsy jQybMd ho gey[ aunHW ny hux muV srkwrI ^zwny l`utx dI skIm bxw leI[ Aijhw kridAW aunHW dIAW JVpW srkwrI &OjW nwl ho jwieAw krdIAW sn[ ienHW JVpW ivc muglW dy nwl-nwl is`K vI mwry jwieAw krdy sn[ pr ies dy bwvjUd is`K infr ho ky srkwrI dlW nwl t`kr lYxoN guryz nhIN sn krdy[
ies vyly is`K &OjW dy jQydwr bwbw drbwrw isMG sn, jo nwƒ isMG idlvwlI (ShId cmkOr jMg) dy byty sn[ aunHW dy nwl ifptI (mIq) jQydwr kpUr isMG &YzlwpurIAw sn, jo qwrw isMG f`l-vW dI ShIdI mgroN is`K &OjW nwl Aw Swiml hoey sn Aqy gurIlw jMg ivc mwArky dw rol Adw krn kwrn mIq (ifptI) jQydwr bxw id`qy gey sn[ bwbw drbwrw isMG ies vyly vfyrI aumr dy ho cuky sn ies kr ky aunHW ny AwpxI izMmydwrI kpUr isMG (mgroN nvwb) ƒ sMBwlxI SurU kr id`qI sI[ kpUr isMG ny vI AwpxI kwblIAq, isrV qy ihMmq nwl is`K &OjW ƒ Swndwr AgvweI idqI[ gurIlw jMg dI jo AgvweI aunHW ny kIqI aus ny pMjwb dy sUbydwr dIAW swrIAW kwrvweIAW ƒ byAsr kr ky rK idqw[ srkwrI ^zwny dI lu`t Aqy gSqI &Oj dy Krcy nwl srkwr ƒ BwrI Gwtw pY irhw sI[ ieh dOr s`q swl cldw irhw[ ienHW idnW ivc zkrIAw ^wn dIAW gSqI &OjW ny is`KW dI Bwl ivc Awm lokW ’qy vI bVy zulm Fwey[ ihMdUAW dI vI Swmq AweI rihMdI sI[ pr dUjy pwsy keI byZYrq ihMdU, jo muZlW dy ^uSwmdI Aqy eyjMt sn, Ajy vI muZl &OjW dI mdd krn ivc mUhry irhw krdy sn[ ienHW idnW ivc sB qoN Aihm is`K-muZl t`kr 1732 ivc hoeI sI jdoN mM\ rwjpUqW ny mlyrkotlw dy pTwn jmwl ^wn qy jlMDr doAwb dy &Ojdwr seIAd Asd AlI ^wn ny brnwlw ivc Awlw isMG ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ies mOky ’qy dIp isMG phUivMfIAw (mgroN ‘bwbw’) dI AgvweI ivc is`K &OjW ny aunHW nUM burI qrHW hrwieAw[ ies dIAW ^brW id`lI ivc muZl bwdSwh muhMmd Swh ‘rMgIlw’ nUM vI pu`jIAW[
is`KW ƒ jwgIr dI pySkS
is`KW qy muZlW ivc tkrwA nwl is`KW dw nukswn qW ho hI irhw sI pr srkwr dI AwpxI mwlI hwlq vI ivgV rhI sI[ muZlW dy bhuq swry &OjI vI mwry jw cuky sn[ srkwr dw bhuqw iDAwn is`KW dy i^lw& jMg ivc l`gw hoieAw sI[ ies hwlq ivc zkrIAw ^wn bhuq prySwn rihx lg ipAw[ A^Ir isAwixAW nwl slwh kr ky, aus ny is`KW nwl t`kr lYx dI QW koeI nvW rsqw lBx bwry socxw SurU kr idqw[ auh socdw sI ik jy iksy nUM Srbq ipAw ky mwirAw jw skdw hY qW aus nUM zihr ipAwaux vwsqy swrw zor ikauN lwieAw jwvy[ lwhOr dy &Ojdwr Aslm ^wn ny vI aus ƒ is`KW nwl smJOqw kr lYx dI slwh idqI[ zkrIAw ^wn ny ies mksd vwsqy muZl bwdSwh nwl vI g`lbwq kIqI[ aus ny vI ies qrkIb dI hwmI BrI[ hux zkrIAw ^wn nUM iksy ihMdU dI zrUrq sI jo is`KW qk phuMc kr sky[ aus dw vzIr lKpq rwey ihMdU sI pr auh (lKpq) qW ^ud-Awp is`KW dy kqlyAwm ivc Swiml sI[ dUjy pwsy lKpq Awp vI is`KW qk phuMc krnoN frdw sI ikauN ik aus ƒ S`k sI ik is`K aus ƒ ivcoly dI bjwie jwsUs smJ ky mwr dyxgy[ ies hwlq ivc iksy ny zkrIAw ^wn ƒ BweI subyg isMG dI d`s pweI[ subyg isMG igxqI dy aunHW is`KW ivcoN sI ijhVy gSqI muZl &Oj dI mwr qoN bc gey sn [
zkrIAw ^wn ny subyg isMG (jMBr ipMf) dI Bwl kr ky aus ƒ drbwr ivc s`d ilAw[ ^wn ny subyg isMG ƒ ikhw ik mYN isKW ƒ gurU dw c`k Aqy Awly duAwly dy swry prginAW dI jwgIr dyx vwsqy iqAwr hW pr Srq ieh hY ik auh myrI dosqI dw h`Q kbUl kr lYx[ rqn isMG BMgU zkrIAw ^wn dI pySkS ƒ ieM\ ibAwn krdw hY:
dY iKlq eyqI gl khI[‘puSwk n jwnX Xih inbwbI BeI’
iesI swQ hogu ilKI jgIr[ iesI swQ hogu mulk qqbIr[18]
ieh hY inbwbI AD sUbydwrI[ ausY imlYgI r`Xq swrI[
SwhI pRvwny aus nWie Awvgu[ auhI vMf sB logn Kulwvgu[19]
(rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, s&w 211)
jd BweI subyg isMG 29 mwrc 1733 dy idn gurU dw c`k p`ujy qW dIvwn ligAw hoieAw sI[ “lMgr iqAwr ho irhw sI mhW prSwd (mws) BuMinAw jw irhw sI[ ikqy rbwbI kIrqn kr rhy sn[ koeI GoiVAW dI mwilS kr irhw sI[ koeI cOr Julw irhw sI[”(rqn isMG BMgU, s&w 212)[ ies mOky ’qy BweI subyg isMG ny sB qoN pihlW qW muZlW nwl imlvrqx krn dI ZlqI dI qn^wh luAweI Aqy mgroN nvwb v`loN jwgIr dI pySkS bwry ibAwn kr ky ies ƒ kbUl krn vwsqy AwiKAw[ bhuqy is`K AwgU ies pySkS nUM kbUl krn dy s^q i^lw& sn[
ienHW ivc &OjW dw muKI bwbw drbwrw isMG vI sI[ drbwrw isMG dy bol sn:
drbwrY isMG AgXoN khI[ AsIN inbwbI kd chYN leI[
hm ko siqgur bcn piqSwhI[ hm ko jwpq iFg soaU AwhI[36]
hm rwKq piqSwhI dwvw[ jW ieq ko jW Aglo pwvw[
jo siqgur is`Kn khI bwq[ hogu sweI nihN KwlI jwq[37]
DrU ivDrq AO Dvl fulwie[ siqgur bcn n KwlI jwie[
piqswhI Cof ikm lhYN inbwbI[ prwDIn ijh mWih KrwbI[38]
hm piqSwhI siqgur deI hMnY hMnY lwie[
jihN jihN bhYN jmIn ml qihN qihN q^q bnwie[39]
iesI BWq bhu is`Kx khI[ ‘hm ko loV inbwbI nhIN'[
aun mWgI kb deI piqSwhI[ pMQ Cf bihXo kb aun ky pwhI[ 40]
pMQ qurkn ko AYso myl[ brUd Agn ko jYso Kyl[
(rqn isMG BMgU, s&w 213)
ies mOky ’qy kuJ hor AwgUAW ny ikhw ik is`KW ƒ muZlW dI nIm-ZulwmI vI kbUl nhIN krnI cwhIdI[ dUjy pwsy kuJ AwgU cwhuMdy sn vkqI qOr ’qy muZlW dI pySkS kbUl kr lYxI cwhIdI hY qy ies Amn vwly vyly dOrwn Kwlsw &Oj ƒ jQybMd kr lYxw cwhIdw hY[ ies ’qy srb`q Kwlsw ny jwgIr dI pySkS kbUl krn dw gurmqw kr id`qw[ ies mgroN jdoN nvwbI vwsqy AwgU cuxn dw svwl AwieAw qW drbwr swihb dy muK syvwdwr BweI mnI isMG Aqy Kwlsw &OjW dy mu`KI bwbw drbwrw isMG ny nvwbI kbUl krn qoN nWh kr id`qI[ A^Ir zor dyx ’qy Kwlsw &OjW dy ifptI cI& kpUr isMG, jo iek bVy qkVy jrnYl qy jQybMdk AwgU sn, ny nvwbI kbUl krnw mMn ilAw[ muZlW qoN AweI dsqwr, jwmw-joVw qy kmrk`sw aunHW nUM ByNt kIqw igAw[ pr, ies dy nwl hI srb`q Kwlsw ny zkrIAw ^wn ƒ AwK ByijAw ik nvwb kpUr isMG jW koeI vI hor is`K nuMmwiedw muZlW dy drbwr ivc pyS nhIN hoieAw krygw[ isrdwr kpUr isMG (swbkw AweI.sI.AYs.) ies ƒ pMjwb ivc ‘dohrI kOmIAq’ AwKdy hn[
is`KW vloN jwgIr dI pySkS kbUl krn nwl aunHW dI mwlI hwlq kuJ byhqr ho geI[ ies jgIr nwl gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) qoN ielwvw cUhxIAW, Jbwl, kMgxvwl Aqy dIpwlpur prginAW (iek somy muqwibk 18 ipMfW) dw, swl dw iek l`K rupY mwlIAw is`KW ƒ imlxw sI[ swl dw iek l`K ruipAw, audoN, iek bVI v`fI rkm sI[
Kwlsw &OjW nUM qruxw dl qy bu`Fw dl ivc vMfxw
ienHW idnW ivc hI ^wlsw &Oj ƒ pUrI qrHW jQybMd krn vwsqy iek iek`T Akwl q^q swihb ’qy bulwieAw igAw (iek somw ies iek`T dw smW 1730 dsdw hY, jo ik Zlq hY)[ swrI is`K &Oj ƒ do ih`isAW ivc vMf id`qw igAw[ vfyrI aumr dy is`K ‘bu`Fw dl’ dw ih`sw bx gey Aqy nOjvwn ‘qruxw dl’ dw ih`sw bxy[ bu`Fw dl dy pMj jQy bxwey gey[ ienHW dy mu`KI sn: (1) bwbw dIp isMG phUivMfIey (2) jIvn isMG qy bIr isMG (3) kwhn isMG qy BweI ibnod isMG goieMdvwlIey (4) Drm isG qy krm isMG gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) vwly (5) dsONDw isMG kot bu`Fw vwlw[ ienHW pMjW dw fyrw drbwr swihb kMplYks ivc r`iKAw igAw[
ieM\ hI qruxw dl dy vI pMj jQy bxwey gey hn[ ienHW jiQAW dy muKI sn: (1) su`Kw isMG mwVI kMbo (2) gurb^S isMG roVWvwlI (3) bwG isMG hlovwlIAw (4) guridAwl isMG flyvwl (5) Swm isMG nwrokI[ ienHW dw fyrw pMj srovrW (rwmsr, ibbyksr, lCmxsr, sMqoKsr, kOlsr) vwlIAW QWvW ’qy r`iKAw igAw[ ienHW swry dsW j`iQAW Aqy pUrI Kwlsw &Oj dI sWJI kmWf nvwb kpUr isMG kol sI[ gurduAwirAW dI syvw-sMBwl Aqy pRcwr bu`Fw dl dI dyK ryK hyT sI Aqy kOmI ih&wzq dw izMmw qruxw dl kol sI[ ies mOky ’qy is`K &OjW ny pMj nIly inSwn swihb Akwl q^q swihb ’qy lihrwey[
(gurU swihb vyly inSwn swihb dw rMg nIlw huMdw sI[ pIlw, Bgvw, kysrI rMg audwsIAW v`loN AwieAw hY[ ieh qbdIlI nOinhwl isMG dy rwj dOrwn fogirAW dy Asr hyT qy AMgryzW vyly bRwhmx qyjw isMh Zdwr dI kmWf hyT) SurU hoeI sI[ pr Asl inSwn swihb inhMgW kol sI qy aunHW ny gurU swihb dy vyly dw rMg A`j vI nhIN C`ifAw)[
jwgIr dI rkm nwl is`K &OjW kol kw&I GoVy Aqy Aslw Aw cu`kw sI qy hux auh iek drimAwny drjy dI &Oj dw mukwblw krn dy kwibl ho cu`ky sn[ pr, jwgIr kbUl krn dy nwl hI is`KW ivc ieh Aihsws vI Awaux l`g ipAw ik ijvyN aunHW ny koeI ZlqI kr leI hovy[ keI AwgU ieh socx l`g pey sn ik ieh kwrvweI zwlm srkwr nwl BweIvwlI pwaux vrgI hrkq hY[ kuJ AwgU ies ƒ ‘muZlW A`gy gofy tykxw’ vI AwKx l`g pey sn[ kuJ AwgUAW dw i^Awl sI ik ieh is`K isAwsI &ls&y dy mUloN hI ault hY[
ieh jwgIr cwr-pMj mhIny hI kwiem rhI[ CCopMj, nmoSI, gu`sy qy pCqwvy dI hwlq ivc qruxw dl dIAW &OjW ny iek vwr Pyr SwhI ielwikAW ’qy hmly krn SurU kr id`qy[ aunHW ny AwpxI jwgIr qoN ielwvw hor ielwikAW ivcoN vI mwlIAw augrwhuxw SurU kr id`qw[ jdoN ies dIAW ^brW lwhOr dy sUbydwr qk phuMcIAW qW sUbydwr ny is`KW dI jwgIr zbq krn dw AYlwn kr id`qw[
pr iek hor somy muqwibk zkrIAw ^wn dI nIAq pihlW qoN hI mwVI sI[ auh cwhuMdw sI ik jwgIr imlx nwl is`K susq ho jwxgy Aqy Awrwm-qlb hox mgroN lVweI krn vyly kmzor swibq hoxgy[ aus ny jd dyiKAw ik hux Amn-Amwn ho igAw hY qW aus ny jwgIr zbq krn dw AYlwn kr idqw qy is`KW nUM pYZwm ByijAw ik hux Amn-Amwn ho cukw hY qy qusIN Awpo-Awpxy Gro-GrIN jw ky KyqI kro[ ies dy nwl hI zkrIAw ^wn dy vzIr lKpq rwey ny AMimRqsr ’qy hmlw kr ky bu`Fw dl ƒ Sihr C`f jwx vwsqy mjbUr kr id`qw[ ies hwlq ivc BweI mnI isMG ƒ vI iek vwr Pyr drbwr swihb C`f ky jwxw ipAw[ auh mwJy dy ipMfW ivc Drm pRcwr krdy rhy[
BweI mnI isMG dI ShIdI
26 AkqUbr 1733 ƒ ihMdU-iqauhwr dIvwlI dw idn sI[ ies idn ’qy BweI mnI isMG ny iek srb`q Kwlsw iek`T AMimRqsr ivc bulwaux dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ aunHW ny drbwr swihb ivc 20 qoN 26 AkqUbr qk AMimRqsr ’c iek`T krn dw ieMqzwm kIqw[ ikauNik is`KW Aqy lwhOr drbwr ivc jgIr vwlw smJOqw Aqy qwzw-qwzw hI tu`itAw sI, ies kr ky muZl srkwr ny 10hzwr rupey (iek somy muqwibk pMj hzwr rupY) qwvwn (tYks) lY ky smwgm krn dI iejwzq dy id`qI Aqy dUjy pwsy ieh A&vwhW vI PYlwA id`qIAW ik ies mOky ’qy AMimRqsr Awaux vwly isKW ƒ muZl &OjW Gyry ivc lY ky ^qm kr dyxgIAW[ drAsl zkrIAw ^wn ny Awpxy vzIr lKpq rwey ƒ ies bwry hukm vI dy r`Ky sn[ lKpq rwey ny rwm qIrQ* vwlI QW ’qy AwpxI &Oj jmHw kr leI hoeI sI[
*(rwm qIrQ vwlI jgh pihloN isr& iek C`pV huMdw sI[ lKpq rwey ny ies QW ’qy mMdr bxw ky ies nUM ‘rwm qIrQ’ bxw id`qw sI[)
ies dw nqIjw ieh hoieAw ik im`Qy smyN ’qy bhuq QoVyH is`K drbwr swihb pu`jy Aqy cVHwvw bhuq hI G`t hoieAw[ ies kr ky BweI mnI isMG qwvwn nw dy sky[ jdoN muZl AihlkwrW ny aunHW qoN rkm mMgI qW aunHW ny cVHwvy dy Gt hox dI ibnwA ’qy ivswKI 1734 qk dI muhlq lY leI[ mwrc 1734 dy Aw^rI h&qy ivswKI dy mOky ’qy vI muZlW ny auhI plwn bxwieAw[ jd muZlW v`loN gurU dw c`k Awaux vwly is`KW dw kqlyAwm krn dI ies swizS dw pqw BweI mnI isMG nUM l`gw qW aunHW ny ivswKI ’qy vI is`KW nUM gurU dw c`k Awaux qoN rok id`qw[
sUhIey pihloN Kbr pucweI[ sUby kI sb dyK KutweI[
l`KU ByijAw Es vjIr[ qIrQ rwm suDw sr qIr[
doKI duSt ijsI mn mYl[ qurk POj lY AwXo gYl[
kwrx iesI isMG nhIN Awey[ mnI isMG dIey bMd krwey[
BweI swihb iem khXo AlweI[ hmrw smW phuMcXo AweI[
Drm hyq hm dyhYN pRwn[ nhIN qurk kI mwnY kwn[
syvw hrI gwQ ieh BeI[ l`KU duSt ieq AwXo nhIN[188[
(syvw isMG, ShId iblws, bMd 188)
nqIjy vjoN ies vwr vI cVHwvw bhuq G`t hoieAw qy BweI mnI isMG AprYl 1734 ivc vI im`QI rkm nw dy sky[ ies ’qy muZlW dw vzIr lKpq rwey &Oj lY ky AMimRqsr AwieAw Aqy BweI mnI isMG ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw[ aunHW dy nwl hI aunHW dy Brw jgq isMG, aunHW dy pu`qr ic`qr isMG qy gurb^S isMG, aunHW dI isMGxI bIbI bsMq kOr qoN ielwvw gulzwr isMG, rx isMG, sMgq isMG, BUpq isMG Aqy au~Qy mOjUd swry isMGW ƒ vI igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[
mnI isMG ko smJo AYs[ s`Xd hY qurkn mY jYs[
jQydwr ieh isMGn kyrw[ hm ny keI vwr hY hyrw[
hir mMdr kw ieho pujwrI[ mwnY ies ko Klkq swrI[
dIrG AwXU ies kI AwhI[ kwrx iesI iezq bhu pwhI[
bwhroN cl kr jo is`K AwvYN[ pihloN ies ko Pqy bulwvYN[
Kul jbI sy qum ny deI[ Aiq is`KiVAW bhuqI ceI[
syvw hrI iem duStW Awie[ Kwn bhwdr dIAw BKwie[191[
cVHI POj qurkwn kI, mwro mwr pukwr[
phuMc cONqrPIN GyirAw, gurU rwm dws drbwr[192[
mnI isMG QIN Awd lY, nwmI nwmI bIr[
PV lY gey lwhOr mY, Kwn bhwdr qIr[193[
ijqk isMG sI pur rwmdws[ rihMdy c`k mnI isMG pws[
ilAwey pkV sBn ky qweI[ bwl ibrD nih CoiVXo kweI[
pun sb lUt lIAw Qw fyrw[ Apnw nhI ibgwnw hyrw[
nyV qyiVXoN sb PV AWdy[ is`K gurU ky jo AKvWdy[
bMdI Kwny bMd krwie[ sUby Kwn bhwdr Awie[
syvw hrI QI hwhwkwr[ m`c geI bIc swry sMswr[194[
(syvw isMG, ShId iblws)
ienHW swirAW nUM zkrIAw ^wn dy drbwr ivc pyS kIqw igAw[ jd zkrIAw ny is`KW v`loN mwmlw nw qwrn dI g`l kIqI qW BweI mnI isMG qy aunHW dy swQIAW ny ikhw ik mwmlw nw dy skx dw kwrn muZl inzwm qy ies dw vzIr lKpq rwey hY ijs ny is`KW nUM auQy pu`jx qoN roikAw hY[ pr zkrIAw ^wn qW mwmly nUM bhwnw bxw irhw sI[ auh qW hr iek is`K nUM ^qm krnw cwhuMdw sI qy BweI mnI isMG vrgw mohqbr is`K qW aus nUM vDyry hI rVkdw sI[
BwvyN aunHW ƒ tYks dI AdwiegI nw kr skx kr ky igR&qwr kIqw igAw sI, pr aunHW ƒ ‘ieslwm’ kbUl krn dI sUrq ivc irhweI dI pySkS vI kIqI geI[ ies dy bwvjUd aunHW ivcoN iksy ny vI AwpxI jwn bcwaux vwsqy Awpxw Drm C`f ky muslmwn bxnw kbUl nw kIqw[ 24 jUn dy idn BweI mnI isMG ƒ bMd-bMd k`t ky ShId kr id`qw igAw[ gulzwr isMG dI pu`TI K`ul lwhI geI[ BUpq isMG dIAW A`KW k`FIAW geIAW qy aus nUM crKVI ’qy cwVH ky ShId kIqw igAw[ bwkIAW ƒ vI qsIhy dy ky ShId kIqw igAw[
hwVH sudI pMcm iQq AwhI[ sqRh sY iekwnvYN mwhI[
jwie inKws cONk ky bIc[ sUby Kwn bhwdr nIc[
pihloN mnI isMG ky qweI[ kwjI &qvw dIXo suxweI[
iqsy gYl jlwdY Awie[ bMd bMd dIXy judw krwie[
pICy isMG guljwry kyrI[ pu`TI K`l lwhI ibn dyrI[
BUpq isMG kI AWK kFwie[ Pyr crKVI dIXo cFwie[
jhW BXo ieh swkw BwrI[ ^lkq dyKx AweI swrI[
syvw hrI ijqk isMG AOr[ krY ShId duSt iqh TOr[203[
(syvw isMG, ShId iblws)
BweI mnI isMG dy bMd-bMd k`tx bwry iek g`p vI prc`lq hY ik aunHW nUM poQIAW judw krn kr ky ShId kIqw igAw sI[ ieh pRcwr muslmwn ilKwrIAW ny lKpq rwey qy zkrIAw ^wn nUM s`cw is`D krn qy BweI mnI isMG nUM ShId krn dy jurm qoN brI krn vwsqy SurU kIqw sI ijs nUM kuJ bysmJ is`K ilKwrIAW ny vI AwpxIAW ilKqW ivc ilK id`qw[
is`KW nUM ShId krn mgroN zkrIAw ^wn ny AMimRqsr srovr nUM im`tI, il`d qy h`fIAW vZYrw dw mlbw pw ky pUr id`qw[
Kwn bhwdr duSt ny, AMimRqsr gur qwl[
im`tI swQ BrwXo, il`d cm h`f fwl[204[ (syvw isMG, ShId iblws)
BweI mnI isMG dI ShIdI mgroN iek vwr Pyr hnyrw Cw igAw[ gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) jwx vwly isMGW ƒ PV ky ShId kIqw jwx l`g ipAw[ is`K BwvyN SihrW Aqy ipMfW ƒ C`f ky phwVW, ryigsqwn, jMglW Aqy CMBW v`l cly gey pr iPr vI auh rwq-brwqy gurU dw c`k AwauNdy rhy Aqy m`Qw tyk ky vwips Awpxy itkwixAW ’qy pu`j jWdy[ Aijhw kridAW-kridAW kdy-kdy kuJ is`K igRPqwr ho jWdy qy keI lVdy-lVdy ShId ho jWdy[ igR&qwr hoey isMG vI mgroN kql kr id`qy jWdy sn[
AMimRqsr (srovr) dw ieSnwn Aqy drbwr swihb ivc m`Qw tykx nwl is`KW ivc AxoKI hI qwkq Aw jWdI sI[ aunHW nUM Aihsws hox l`g pYNdw sI ik auh Akwl purK dy q^q dI irAwieAw (prjw) hn Aqy Akwl purK dI &Oj hn[ AMimRqsr srovr, Akwl q^q swihb qy drbwr swihb is`K pCwx, is`K kOmIAq, is`K Drm dw mrkz (kyNdr) qy inSwn hn[ jdoN is`KW ƒ hnyrw, audwsI, ZrIbI, QuV, ^qry, fr, by-XkInI, lVweIAW dy mwhOl ivc ivcrnw pY irhw sI, audoN ‘gurU dw c`k’ (AMimRqsr) is`KW vwsqy cwnx, auNmId, XkIn qy qwkq dw rOSn munwrw sI[ ies mrkz (sYNtr) dI AsIs nwl is`K kOm AwpxI mMizl v`l vDdI geI[ Akwl purK dI irAwieAw dw q^q aunHW dI inghbwnI krdw irhw, drbwr swihb aunHW ƒ rUhwnIAq dyNdw irhw Aqy AMimRqsr dy srovr dw ieSnwn aunHW ƒ nvIN izMdgI dyNdw irhw[ A`DI sdI qoN vI v`D smW, do puSqW lgwqwr, is`K AMimRqsr dy mrkz qoN syD lY ky jUJdy rhy[ aunHW ƒ ies hnyry zmwny ivc keI mrhilAW, moricAW, muihMmW, hwdisAW, jMgW, qsIhIAW nwl do-cwr hoxw ipAw[
ienHIN idnIN hI julweI-Agsq 1734 ivc is`K &OjW dy muKI bwbw drbwrw isMG cVHweI kr gey[ aunHW dI QW kpUr isMG (nvwb) muKI cux ley gey[
vIr hkIkq isMG dI ShIdI
BweI hkIkq isMG BweI bwG m`l dy pu`qr qy BweI nMd lwl purI dy poqy sn[ iek somy muqwibk hkIkq isMG dy ipqw bwG m`l izlHw isAwlkot dy izlHwdwr AmIr byg kol munSI (klrk) sn[ ieh pirvwr gurU Arjn swihb dy vyly qoN hI is`KI nwl juiVAw hoieAw sI[ mwrc 1660 dy Aw^rI h&qy gurU hir rwie swihb jdoN isAwlkot gey sn qW Awp kuJ idn BweI nMd lwl purI dy Gr Tihry sn[ ies mOky ’qy BweI nMd lwl, aus dy byitAW (Bwg m`l, bwG m`l) Aqy bytI (BwgvMqI) ny gurU swihb dI qih-idloN syvw kIqI sI[ ies mgroN vI ieh pirvwr is`K pMQ dI syvw krdw irhw sI[ BweI hkIkq isMG dI mwqw bIbI gOrW dw pykw pirvwr vI gurU Gr dw swidk sI[ bIbI gOrW dy Brw (hkIkq isMG dy mwmy) Arjn isMG ny KMfy dI pwhul leI hoeI sI[
BweI hkIkq isMG ny Awpxw bcpn isAwlkot ivc hI ibqwieAw sI[ bcpn ivc hI aus dw ivAwh btwlw dy BweI ikSn cMd au~pl dI bytI bIbI durgw dyvI (pwhul lYx mgroN nMd kOr) nwl ho igAw[ BweI hkIkq isMG ƒ BweI bu`D isMG ny is`KI nwl joiVAw[ hux aus ny KMfy dI pwhul vI lY leI Aqy BweI hkIkq isMG bx igAw[
iek vwrI BweI hkIkq isMG dy swhmxy kuJ muslmwn muMifAW ny mzwk kridAW ihMdU dyvI-dyviqAW au~qy kuJ i&kry k`s id`qy[ aunHW ƒ BweI hkIkq isMG ny AwiKAw ik “mYN is`K hox dy nwqy dyvI dyviqAW ’qy XkIn nhIN r`Kdw pr iksy dy Drm dw mzwk nhIN aufwauxw cwhIdw[ Blky ƒ jy koeI hzrq muhMmd swihb dI bytI &wiqmw bwry koeI g`l AwKy qW quhwƒ vI qW burw l`gygw[” hkIkq isMG v`loN &wiqmw dw izkr sux ky muMifAW ny aus dy i^lw& JUTI iSkwieq kr id`qI ik aus ny bIbI &wiqmw bwry bury l&z AwKy sn[ ies ’qy aus ƒ igR&qwr kr ky lwhOr iljw ky zkrIAw ^wn (sUbydwr lwhOr) A`gy pyS kIqw igAw[ pihlW qW AmIr byg dI is&wrS ’qy zkrIAw ^wn ny aus ƒ muAw&I dyx dw &Yslw kr ilAw pr Pyr k`tV mOlwixAW dy rOlw pwaux ’qy aus ny kwzI qoN &qvw idvw ky aus nUM “mOq jW ieslwm” ivcoN iek cuxn vwsqy ikhw igAw[ pr BweI hkIkq isMG ny jwn bcwaux vwsqy is`K Drm C`fxw kbUl nw kIqw[ ies ’qy BweI hkIkq isMG Aqy aus dy mwmy Arjn isMG vDwvx ƒ inKws cOk lwhOr ivc iljw ky 18 jnvrI 1735 (ibkrmI sMmq 1791, mwG sudI pMj, ihMdU iqauhwr bsMq pMcmI dy idn) dy idn kql kr id`qw igAw[ BweI hkIkq isMG ShIdI vyly iek byty dw bwp sI[
BweI hkIkq isMG bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dw vI irSqydwr sI[ aus dI s`kI BUAw BwgvMqI bwbw bMdw isMG dI s`s sI[ BwgvMqI dw ivAwh BweI iSv rwm kpUr dy nwl hoieAw sI[ BwgvMqI dy Gr do b`cy hoey sn: swihb isMG Aqy swihb kOr[ iesy swihb kOr dw ivAwh bwbw bMdw isMG nwl 20jUn 1710 dy idn srhMd ivc hoieAw sI[ ijs qoN iek bytw rxjIq isMG pYdw hoieAw sI[ (bMdw isMG nwl 9 jUn 1716 dy idn ShId hox vwlw AjY isMG bMdw isMG dI cMby vwlI pqnI suSIl kOr dw b`cw sI)[
vIhvIN sdI ivc prmw nMd nW dy iek i&rkU ihMdU lyKk (ijs ny bMdw isMG nUM vI ‘bMdw bYrwgI’ bxwaux dI nwkwm swizS GVI sI) ny vIr hkIkq isMG nUM hkIkq rwey ilK ky aus nUM iek ihMdU bxwaux dI nwkwm koiSS vI kIqI sI[ aus dy Asr hyTW, 1947 qoN pihlW, kuJ ihMdU, hkIkq isMG dI ShIdI dw idn ihMdU iqauhwr vjoN mnwaux lg pey sn, jo aunHW ny mgroN bMd kr idqw sI[
1736 ivc zkrIAw ^wn ny ds hzwr gSqI &Oj dI kmwn lKpq rwey qy Awpxy BqIjy mu^ils ^wn nUM sONp id`qI[ ies &Oj ny bhuq swry is`KW dw Gwx kIqw[ ies &Oj dy zulm kwrn is`K kuJ icr vwsqy mwlvy vl inkl gey qy iPr jQybMd ho ky vwips Aw gey[ ies smyN dOrwn is`KW dI iek t`kr hujrw Swh mukIm kol hoeI ijs ivc muZl &Oj dy iqMn jrnYl dunI cMd (BqIjw lKpq rwey), jmwl ^wn qy qwqwr ^wn mwry gey[ hux zkrIAw ^wn ny hor vI sKqI SurU kr id`qI[ ies ’qy is`KW ny gurIlw jMg SurU kr id`qI[ zkrIAw ^wn ny gurU-dw-c`k ivc kwzI Abdul rzwk qy muhMmd b^S dI kmwn hyT iek p`kI cOkI kwiem kr idqI ijs nwl auDr Awaux vwly is`KW ivcoN bhuq ShId ho jWdy rhy[
is`KW ’qy zulm dI ieh hwlq bhuqI dyr kwiem nw rhI[ hOlI-hOlI zkrIAw ^wn iPr TMfw ho igAw[ hux is`KW ny lwhOr Aqy AMimRqsr dy ivckwr, irAwVkI dy ielwky ivc, ipMf flyvwl kol iek in`kw ijhw k`cw iklHw vI bxw ilAw qW jo auh muSikl ivc, kuJ icr vwsqy, Awpxw isr Cupw skx[ is`K keI pwsy, ^ws kr ky Swh rwh (audoN dI jI.tI.rof) ’qy nwkw lw ky SwhI ^zwnw qy AmIrW dy kw&ly lu`t ilAw krdy sn[ hOlI-hOlI hwlwq ieho ijhy bx gey ik ies ielwky nUM is`KW dI hkUmq vwlI irAwsq mMinAw jwx lg ipAw[ ie`Qy id`lI jW lwhOr dI hkUmq dw koeI zor nhIN sI cldw[
nwdr Swh dw hmlw (&rvrI-mwrc 1739)
1730 qk kwbl Aqy kMDwr (A&Zwinsqwn) ’qy iglzeI kbIly dw kbzw sI[ nwdr Swh ies ielwky dw iek AwjVI sI[ nwdr Swh ny hOlI-hOlI qwkq hwisl kr leI qy aus ny ienHW dohW ngrW ’qy hmlw kr ky kbzw kr ilAw[ iglzeI qy AbdwlIAW dy hor keI kbIly iek`Ty ho ky vI nwdr nUM rok nw sky[ 1736 qk nwdr Swh swry A&Zwinsqwn ‘qy kwbz ho cukw sI[
ieDr ienHW idnW ivc muZl hkUmq bhuq kmzor ho cukI sI[ keI pwsy bZwvqW ho rhIAW sn[ pMjwb ivc is`K vI hkUmq nUM v^q pweI rKdy sn[ id`lI swizSW dw gVH bx cuikAw sI[ vzIr qy hor AmIr muhMmd Swh bwdSwh nUM AwpxI mrzI nwl clwaux dI koiSS krdy rihMdy sn[ ies qoN ielwvw bhuqy drbwrI A`XwS, nwAihl, kurpt qy GtIAw ie^lwk dy sn[ bhuqy Aihlkwr lokW nwl D`kw krdy rihMdy sn[ ies vyly Awis& Swh id`lI dw vzIry-Awzm sI[ jd aus ny vyiKAw ik drbwr ivc aus dI koeI pu`C nhIN rhI qW aus ny nwdr Swh nUM id`lI ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy s`idAw[ pihlW qW nwdr Swh ny Awpxw nuMmwieMdw id`lI ByijAw qy Krwj dI mMg kIqI[ pr muZlW ny aus nUM byiezq kr ky au~QoN k`F idqw[ jd nwdr nUM ieh pqw l`gw qW aus ny id`lI v`l kUc kr idqw[ rsqy ivc auh lwhOr ruikAw[ lwhOr dy gvrnr zkrIAw ^wn ny aus nUM 30 l`K rupY nzrwnw dy ky lwhOr nUM lu`tmwr qoN bcw ilAw[ nwdr Swh ny ^uS ho ky zkrIAw ^wn nUM Awpxy v`loN lwhOr dw sUbydwr mMn ilAw[
kuJ idn lwhOr rukx mgroN nwdr Swh id`lI v`l nUM cl ipAw[ auh Awpxy nwl do SwhI kYdI (hXwqu`lw, mgroN Swh invwz, pu`qr zkrIAw ^wn Aqy dlpq rwey pu`qr dIvwn lKpq rwey) vI lY igAw[ nwdr &rvrI dy Aw^rI h&qy krnwl pu`jw[ ie`Qy muZl &OjW ny aus dw rwh roikAw pr auh nwdr Swh dI &Oj dw twkrw nw kr sky[ 9 mwrc 1739 dy idn nwdr Swh jyqU dy rUp ivc id`lI ivc dwi^l hoieAw[ aus ny bwdSwh nUM 25 kroV rupY hrjwnw dyx vwsqy AwiKAw[ bwdSwh ny ^zwny dy mUMh KolH idqy[ 10 mwrc nUM ieh A&vwh &Yl geI ik iksy ny nwdr Swh nUM mwr idqw hY[ ies ’qy lokW ny nwdr dy keI &OjI mwr idqy[ jd nwdr nUM ies dw pqw lgw qW aus ny swry id`lI vwsIAW dy kqlyAwm dy hukm dy idqy[ (ieQoN hI hr srkwr dy zulmI Purmwn nUM ‘nwdrSwhI Purmwn’ ikhw jwx l`g ipAw sI)[ iek somy muqwibk iek l`K bwrHW hzwr id`lI-vwsI kql kr idqy gey sn[ ies mgroN nwdr ny kql qW rok idqy pr Sihr dI lu`t mwr SurU kr idqI[ ies lu`t ivc nwdr Swh nUM s`qr kroV rupY dI kImq dw sonw qy hIry jvwhrwq, vIh kroV rupY nkd, iek hzwr qoN vD hwQI, fyF hzwr GoVy, hzwrW aUT hwisl hoey[ ies qoN ielwvw auh hzwrW kwrIgr, ds hzwr qoN vD ^UbsUrq AOrqW, bwdSwh dI jvwn DI (AwpxI nUMh bxw ky), kohynUr hIrw Aqy q^qy-qwaUs lY ky 25 meI 1739 dy idn eIrwn nUM vwips cl ipAw[
meI 1739 dy qIjy h&qy jdoN nwdr Swh dI &Oj lu`t dw swmwn lY ky vwps jw rhI sI qW rsqy ivc is`KW ny aus ’qy keI vwr hmlw kIqw Aqy qkrIbn swrIAW ihMdU AOrqW nUM Cufw ilAw[ aunHW ny AKnUr kol Aw^rI vwr hmlw kr ky bhuq swrw Aslw, GoVy qy ^zwnw lu`t ilAw[ jdoN nwdr Swh ƒ ies bwry pqw l`gw qW aus ny pMjwb dy sUbydwr zkrIAw ^wn qoN ienHW ‘lutyirAW’ bwry pu`Cig`C kIqI[ iek lyKk ny ies pu`Cig`C ƒ ienHW l&zW ivc ibAwn kIqw hY:
nwdr: ieh lutyry kOx hn ?
zkrIAw: ieh lok is`K hn[ nw ieh ihMdU hn, nw muslmwn[ muZl srkwr ienHW ƒ bwZI smJdI hY Aqy jy ienHW ’co koeI h`Q Aw jwvy qW ienHW ƒ mwr id`qw jWdw hY[
nwdr: ieh lok ikQy rihMdy hn ?
zkrIAw: ienHW dy Gr GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW ’qy hn [
nwdr: qW iPr auh idn dUr nhIN jdoN ieh isr auTwauxgy qy quhwfI hkUmq Koh lYxgy[
{Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, izkr-ie-gurUAW-v-iebqdw-ie-isMGW vw mzhb-ie-ieSW, s&w 13, &wrstr, ey jrnI &rwm bMgwl tU ieMglYNf (1798), ijld pihlI, s&w 272, mwlkm, skYc Aw& d is`Kz, (1812), s&w 86}[
zkrIAw ^wn Aqy lKpq rwey nwdr Swh nUM C`fx vwsqy AKnUr qk gey[ jwx vyly nwdr ny zkrIAw nUM A`T hzwrI mnsbdwr (muZl bwdSwhW vyly sB qoN v`fw mnsb s`q hzwr dw sI) bxw idqw[ nwdr ny zkrIAw dI is&wrS ’qy swry kYdI vI C`f idqy[
nwdrSwh dI is`KW bwry pySIngoeI sux ky pMjwb dw sUbydwr zkrIAw ^wn Gbrw igAw Aqy aus ny is“KW dw Kurw-Koj imtwx dw PYslw kr ilAw[ sB qoN pihlW qW aus ny is`KW dw f`lyvwl vwlw k`cw iklHw FwihAw[ hux ij`Qy vI is`K nzr AwauNdw kql kr id`qw jWdw[ zkrIAw ^wn ny is`KW dI igR&qwrI vwsqy ienwmW dw iPr AYlwn kr id`qw[ is`K dw Qhu-pqw dyx vwly ƒ 10 rupey qy mwrn vwly ƒ 50 rupey spys idE dyx dw AYlwn kIqw igAw[ aus ny ieh AYlwn vI kIqw ik is`K nUM pnwh dyx vwly jW aus dw pqw nw d`sx vwly jW aus nUM Kwx pIx dw jW hor swmwn dyx vwly nUM vI mOq dI szw idqI jwvygI[ nqIjw ieh inkilAw ik swry pMjwb ivc ikqy vI kysW vwlw S^s nzr nhIN sI AwauNdw[ swry ihMdUAW ny Awpxy isr-mUMh muMnvw ley sn[ zkrIAw ny jlMDr-doAwb dy &Ojdwr AdInw byZ nUM vI is`KW dy kqlyAwm dI izMmydwrI sONpI[ AdInw byg ny Awpxy p`Dr ’qy j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw nwl smJOqw kr ilAw ijs nwl ies ielwky ivc is`KW dw kqlyAwm kuJ Gt hoieAw[
boqw isMG grjw isMG dI ShIdI (27 julweI 1739)
ienHW idnW ivc hI iek rwq do is`K, boqw isMG qy grjw isMG, drbwr swihb m`Qw tykx Aqy AMimRqsr srovr dw ieSnwn krn vwsqy gurU-dw-c`k nUM Awey[ rwq vyly hI auh vwps muV pey[ jd vwpsI vyly auh nUrdIn ipMf dy nyVy pu`jy sn qW phu-Putwlw ho igAw Aqy auh ruk gey Aqy JwVIAW qy dr^qW dy iek JuMf ivc luk ky bYT gey qW jo auh hnyrw pYNidAW hI Awpxw s&r dobwrw SurU kr skx[ iesy dOrwn do muswi&r au~QoN lMGy qy aunHW is`KW ƒ vyiKAw[ aunHW ivcoN iek ny dUjy ƒ pu`iCAw ik “auh kOx hn”, qW aus ny jvwb id`qw ik “auh is`K hn[” ies ’qy pihly ny AwiKAw ik “auh is`K nhIN ho skdy, ikauNik zkrIAw ^wn ny swry is`K ^qm kr id`qy hn[” dohW AjnbIAW dIAW g`lW sux ky boqw isMG qy grjw isMG roh ivc Aw gey[ aunHW ny is`K kOm dw vjUd, is`K kOm dI Snw^q qy is`K kOm dI ^udmu^iqAwrI dw iezhwr krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ aunHW ny nyVy vgdI jrnYlI sVk ’qy, ipMf nUrdIn dy bwhr, fyF iklomItr dUr, nwkw lw ilAw Aqy au~QoN lMGx vwlI hr svwrI qoN tYks lYx l`g pey[ (audoN lwhOr nUM jwx vwlI jI.tI. rof iehI sI)[ Kwlsw srkwr vloN lwey gey tYks ƒ hr koeI ibnW hIl-hu`jq dy Adw krn l`g ipAw[ jdoN kw&I dyr ieM\ cldw irhw qW aunHW ny soicAw ik aunHW dw inSwnw qW kOmI vjUd, pCwx qy ^udmu^iqAwrI dw iezhwr krnw sI nw ik tYks vsUlxw[ ies ’qy bwbw boqw isMG ny iek ^q zkrIAw ^wn dy nW iliKAw qy ieh ^q iksy rwhgIr dy h`Q lwhOr Byj id`qw[ ies ^q dy Al&wz iek Swier ny ieM\ ilKy hn:
ic`TI ilKy isMG boqw[ h`Q hY sotw, ivc rwh KVoqw[
Awnw lwXw g`fy ƒ, pYsw lwXw Koqw[
AwKo BwnI Kwno ƒ, XON AwKy isMG boqw[
jdoN ieh ^q srkwry-drbwry pu`jw qW zkrIAw ^wn nUM bVw gu`sw AwieAw[ Zu`sy ivc lwl-pIly hoey zkrIAw ^wn ny 100 bMidAW dI iek &OjI tukVI jlwl dIn dI kmwn hyT nUrdIn dI srW (ij`Qy is`KW ny nwkw lwieAw hoieAw sI) v`l Byj id`qI[ ienHW ispwhIAW dI bwbw boqw isMG qy bwbw grjw isMG nwl h`Qo-h`Q lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc 30 dy krIb muZl ispwhI mwry gey qy dovyN isMG Awp vI ShIdI jwm pI gey[ (iek somy muqwibk boqw isMG ShId ho igAw qy grjw isMG z^mI hox mgroN igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw qy bwAd ivc ShId kr id`qw igAw)[ is`KW dy ies AYkSn ny zkrIAw ^wn nUM ihlw ky r`K id`qw qy aus dw ieh Brm ^qm ho igAw ik aus ny is`KW nUM ^qm kr id`qw hY[
su`Kw isMG qy mihqwb isMG ny m`sw rMGV dw isr v`Fxw
jdoN isr& do isMGW dy h`QoN 30 muZl ispwhIAW dy mwry jwx dI ^br imlx nwl zkrIAw ^wn hor vI gu`sy ivc AwieAw[ nwdr Swh dy bol Ajy aus dy kMnW ivc gUMj rhy sn[ aus ny is`KW ’qy hor s^qI krn dw qh`eIAw kIqw[ is`KW dy kqlyAwm dy nwl-nwl zkrIAw ^wn ny AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw vI kr ilAw[ aus ny mMifAwlw ipMf dy m`sw rMGV (mIr mUsw-aul-^wn) ƒ drbwr swihb dw kbzw dy id`qw[ m`sw rMGV ny drbwr swihb ƒ AwpxI A`XwSI dw A`fw bxw ilAw[ auh ie`Qy kMjrIAW dy nwc krvwaux qy Srwb pIx l`g ipAw[
m`sw rMGV dI iek hor ^ws g`l ieh sI ik lohgVH dw iklHw Fwhux dI kwrvweI muZl bwdSwh ny aus qoN hI krvweI sI[ ieh kwrvweI aus ny 1716 qoN 1739 qk 16 swl lw ky kIqI sI[
ies sB dI ^br bulwkw isMG nW dy iek is`K nUM imlI qW auh iek dm bIkwnyr* nUM c`l ipAw[ (bIkwnyr irAwsq ‘c pYNdy ies ielwky, jo ryigsqwnI drKqW kr ky is`KW leI vDIAw lukxgwh sI, EQy Awly duAwly qoN fUMGI jgHw hox krky iek purwxw C`pV sI ijs nUM ielwky dI ‘bwgVI’ bolI ‘c “jOhVw” ikhw jWdw sI hux Eh jgHw “bu`Fw jOhV” krky jwxI jWdI hY jo Ajoky rwjsQwn dy gMgwngr izly ‘c pYNdI hY)[
bIkwnyr pu`j ky aus ny pnwh leI bYTy is`KW nUM swry hwlwq jw d`sy[ jd aus ny ieh sB kuJ d`isAw qW iek is`K ny bulwkw isMG nUM svwl kIqw ik qUM ieh swrw kuJ vyK ky kuJ krn dI bjwie cupcwp eyQy ikauN Aw igAw hYN, qUM ^ud kuJ ikauN nhIN kIqw? ies ’qy bulwkw isMG ny ikhw ik mYN iek`lw sI qy jy mYN auQy lV ky ShId ho jWdw qW quhwnUM ieh ^br ikvyN pu`j skxI sI?
ies hwlwq ’qy ivcwr krn vwsqy aus vyly au~Qy iek iek`T bulwieAw igAw[ drbwr swihb dI byhurmqI bwry sux ky is`KW ivc bVw roh jwigAw[ ies iek`T ivc ieh gurmqw kIqw igAw ik drbwr swihb dI byhurmqI krn vwly m`sw rMGV ƒ soiDAw jwvy[ ies mOky ’qy BweI mihqwb isMG (mIrWkot) Aqy su`Kw isMG (mwVI kMbo) ny Awpxy Awp nUM ies syvw vwsqy pyS kIqw[ dovyN, ikauNik AMimRqsr izlHw dy rihx vwly sn, ies kr ky auh swry ielwky qoN b^UbI vwik& sn[ aunHW ny muZl A&srW (AhdIAW) vwlw pihrwvw pw ilAw Aqy mwmly dI rkm qwrn dy bhwny nwl drbwr swihb ’c dwi^l ho gey[ aunHW ny Awpxy GoVy drSnI ifauVI dy bwhr ielwcI-byr nwl bMnyH Aqy AMdr jw ky plW ivc hI m`sw rMGV dw isr v`F ky AwpxI borI ivc pw ilAw Aqy vyKidAW-vyKidAW hI hrn ho gey (kuJ kwlpink qsvIrW ivc m`sw rMGV dy isr nUM nyzy ‘qy tMg ky iljwieAw idKwieAw jWdw hY jo auQoN mih&Uz inklx Aqy aunHW dI AwpxI ih&wzq nUM swhvyN r`K ky shI nhIN ho skdw)[ aunHW ny AMimRqsr qoN c`l ky sB qoN pihlw pVwA bIkwnyr dy ielwky ivc bu`Fw jOhV (nyVy gMgwngr) ivc hI kIqw qy gunhgwr m`sw rMGV dw isr srb`q Kwlsw dy iek`T dy swhvyN jw hwizr kIqw[ ieh kwrvweI 11 Agsq 1740 dI hY[* ies idn qoN A`j q`k dI qwrI^ gvwh hY ik ijs iksy ny vI drbwr swihb dI byhurmqI kIqI hY, is`KW ny aus ƒ XkInn szw id`qI hY[
(*iek g`p jo dsmgRMQI toly duAwrw pRcwrI jWdI hY ik dovyN isMG rsqy ‘c dmdmw swihb ruky/pVwA kIqw ijQy AKoqI dsmgRMQ bwry ivcwr ho rhI sI ik ies nUM gurU gRMQ swihb nwl iek ijld ‘c bMinAw jwvy jW nw, qW PYslw hoieAw ik jy dovyN isMG m`sy nUM soDw lw ky shI slwmq vwps Aw gey qW iek bicqr nwtk nUM qy gurU gMRQ swihb nUM iek ijld nhI kIqw jweygw jy ShIdI pw gey qW iek ijld kr id`qw jweygw[ drAsl s`cI g`l ieh hY ky bu`Fw jOhV qoN drbwr swihb dy ivckwr dmdmw swihb AwauNdw hI nhI, dmdmw swihb ies rUt qoN sO iklomItr dUr hY; ies g`l qoN hI ieh g`p khwxI JUTI swibq ho jWdI hY)[
m`sw rMGV dy kql mgroN zkrIAw ^wn ny is`KW ’qy hor vDyry zulm krny SurU kr id`qy[ hux muZl hI nhIN blik bhuq swry ihMdU Aihlkwr vI mu^brI kr ky is`KW ƒ igR&qwr krvwaux l`g pey[ ieh dOr Cy swl q`k cldw irhw[ ies dOrwn hzwrW is`K ShId kIqy gey[ is`KW ƒ igR&qwr krvwaux vwilAW ivc sB qoN v`D bdnwm nW sn: Awikl dws (hrBgq) inrMjnIAw, krmw CInw, rwmw rMDwvw, Drm dws joDpurI, idlbwg rwie, hYbq ml Dnystw vZYrw[ zkrIAw dy dIvwn lKpq rwey ny gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) dy nyVy, rwm qIrQ dy fyry ivc, p`kI cONkI kwiem kIqI hoeI sI ijs dw mksd auDr Awaux vwly is`KW nUM igR&qwr krnw qy mwrnw sI[
ies dy bwvjUd is`K nw qW ^qm hoey qy nw hI auh gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) AwauxoN htyy[ zkrIAw ^wn dy zulm vI is`KW nUM frw nw sky[ pnwhgwhW ivc aunHW kol Kwx vwsqy jMglI Pl-Pu`l, Gwh jW QoVHw-bhuq jwnvrW dw mws sI[ aunHW dy ih`sy ivc jlwvqnI, iek`lqw, prvwr qoN dUrI, Bu`K, QuV, qklI&W sn; ShIdIAW sn[ pr iPr vI auh infr sn; mOq aunHW nUM frw nhIN sI skdI, QuV aunHW nUM Xrkw nhIN sI skdI[ aunHW ny cVHdI klw vwly boly GV ley sn[ aunHW vwsqy Coly bdwm sn, guV isr-joV sI[ auh iek is`K nUM svw l`K kihMdy sI, ipSwb krnw cIqw C`fxw sI, gMFw rUpw sI...(AlI-aud-dIn mu&qI, iebrqnwmw, (1854), ijld pihlI, s&y 366-67)[ ies cVHdI klw dI bolI ny aunHW dy ichry murJwx nhIN id`qy, aunHW dy ichirAW ’qy nUr sI, aunHW ivc iek dUjy vwsqy qy pMQ vwsqy kurbwnI krn dw jzbw sI, aunHW AMdr joS sI, roh sI, Aws sI[ auh kwhy ry mn icqvih audmu, jw Awhir hr jIau pirAw, Aqy ibrQI kdy nw hoveI jn kI Ardwis Sbd Aksr pVHdy rihMdy sn; Aqy ‘rwj krygw Kwlsw’ dy jYkwry guMjwauNdy sn[ is`KW dI ies dlyrI, izMdw-idlI Aqy hOsly bwry ^uSvkq rwey ieh ilKdw hY: “Kwxw Gwh qy dwAvw bwdSwhI ’qy” (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 71)[ ies dOr ivc vI is`K kdy-kdy drbwr swihb dy drSnW vwsqy AwauNdy rihMdy sn[ kuJ srovr ivc ieSnwn kr ky muV jWdy sn qy kuJ ShId ho jWdy sn[ (AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 210ey qy bI, mIr muhMmd Aihsn, s&w 364 ey)[
BweI qwrU isMG dI ShIdI (1 julweI 1745)
is`KW ’qy zulm dI ieh kwlI-bolI rwq lgwqwr iek dhwky qoN vI v`D (1734 qoN 1745 qk) jwrI rhI[ zkrIAw ^wn dy zulmW qoN lok qrwh-qrwh kr au~Ty[ zkrIAw ^wn ny Awpxy Aihd ivc qkrIbn 10hzwr is`KW ƒ ShId kIqw[ aus ny qW ieh vI dwAvw kIqw sI ik is`K ^qm ho gey hn[ pr, aus ivcwry nUM ieh nhIN sI pqw ik is`K kdy ^qm nhIN sn hoey qy nw hoxgy[
zkrIAw ^wn dI izMdgI dw Aw^rI is`K-kql pUhlw ipMf dy BweI qwrU isMG dw sI[ 25 swl aumr dw nOjvwn, BweI qwrU isMG iek bhuq SrI& ikrqI qy gurbwxI dy rMg ‘c rMigAw hoieAw is`K sI[ auh Awey-gey is`KW dI lMgr-pwxI nwl syvw kirAw krdw sI[ auh kdy-kdy is`KW nUM aunHW dIAW pnwhgwhW ivc rsd vI phuMcw AwieAw krdw sI[ hrBgq inrMjnIAw dI iSkwieq ‘qy aus nUUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ zkrIAw ^wn ny aus dy kys kql krn dw hukm idqw[ aus ny ikhw ik myrI KoprI BwvyN lwh lE pr myry kys kql nw kro[ BweI qwrU isMG dI KoprI rMbI nwl 25 jUn 1745 dy idn lwhI geI sI qy auh pihlI julweI dy idn ShId hoieAw sI[ (AlI-aud-dIn, iebrqnwmw, s&w 211, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 72)[ auh AwpxI is`KI ‘kysW suAwsW nwl’ inBw igAw[ ijs idn aus dI ShIdI hoeI ausy idn hI aus dI KoprI lwhux dw hukm krn vwlw zkrIAw ^wn vI mr igAw[ (mgroN kuJ lokW ny zkrIAw ^wn nwl, qwrU isMG dI ju`qI aus dy isr mwrn vwlI iek kwlpink khwxI vI GV leI)[ ies ShId dw nW qvwrI^ ivc SrDw qy Adb nwl ilAw jWdw hY qy zwlm hwkm zkrIAw dw n&rq qy byAdbI nwl[ iesy idn hI (m`sw rMGV nUM szw dyx vwly) mihqwb isMG mIrWkot (ijs nUM jUn 1745 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc igR&qwr kIqw igAw sI) nUM vI ShId kIqw igAw sI[
Kwlsw &Oj dw jQybMd hoxw
pihlI julweI 1745 dy idn lwhOr dw sUbydwr zkrIAw ^wn mr igAw[ ieh g`l bVI AjIb pr kwbly-izkr hY ik zkrIAw dI mOq ’qy is`KW nUM skUn imilAw pr muslmwn qy ihMdU dovyN bVy duKI hoey[ (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 74, Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 836, jwdU nwQ srkwr, &wl Aw& muZl AYNpwier, ijld pihlI, s&w 191)[ zkrIAw ^wn ny keI ihMdU AwpxI ^Yrwq hyT r`Ky hoey sn[ ienHW ivc lKnaU dw iek bRwhmx kvI hrnwm isMh vI sI ijs ny zkrIAw ^wn ’qy iek ikqwb “sAwdq-ie-jwivd” vI ilKI sI ijs ivc zkrIAw nUM iek ‘mhwn iensw&-psMd’ rwjy vWg pyS kIqw hoieAw sI[ ies ihMdU kvI ny qW zkrIAw dIAW is&qW iek muslmwn qoN vI vD kIqIAW sn[
zkrIAw ^wn dy iqMn pu`qr sn: XwhIAw ^wn, Swh invwz Aqy mIr bwkI[ mIr bwkI dIAW koeI v`fIAW ^wihSW nhIN sn pr dUjy dovyN dOlq Aqy qwkq dy B`uKy sn[ ies vyly zkrIAw ^wn dw swlw kmru`dIn id`lI dw vzIr (prweIm minstr) sI[ aus ny zkrIAw dy Brw Kvwjw Abdu`lw nUM sUbydwr bxw id`qw[ Abdu`lw iek lutyrw, T`g, kurpt qy byeImwn S^s sI[ aus ny sUby ivc bVI lu`t mcweI[ ies lu`t kwrn pMjwb ivc ieh AKwx mShUr ho geI sI: “hkUmq nvwb Abdu`lw, nw rhI c`kI nw irhw culHw” (qihkIkwq-ie-icSqI, s&w 648)[ Abdu`lw qoN kmru`dIn vI duKI ho igAw[ aus ny bwdSwh nUM slwh id`qI ik zkrIAw dy iek pu`qr XwhIAw ^wn nUM lwhOr Aqy dUjy pu`qr Swh invwz ^wn nUM mulqwn dw sUbydwr lw idqw jwvy[ XwhIAw ^wn kmru`dIn dw Awpxw jvweI sI[ XwhIAw ^wn nwl Swh invwz eynw lgdw sI ik auh aus dIAW kwrvweIAW dIAW ^brW is`KW nUM phuMcw idAw krdw sI qy ies nwl is`KW dw keI vwr bcwA vI hoieAw sI (hkIkq, s&w 19)[
bwdSwh muhMmd Swh rMgIlw ies qu`rwnI ^wndwn nUM ieh dovyN sUby iek`Ty nhIN sI dyxw cwhuMdw[ ies hwlq ivc, srkwrI kwZzW ivc, kmru`dIn hI kwiem mukwm sUbydwr irhw[ bwdSwh v`loN ‘hW’ nw hox dy bwvjUd, kmru`dIn ny cupcwp XwhIAw ^wn nUM lwhOr Byj ky sUbydwrI ’qy aus dw kbzw krvw idqw[ pr, ies dy nwl hI dohW BrwvW ivc zkrIAw dI jwiedwd vMfx dy svwl ’qy JgVw KVw ho igAw[ Swh nvwz aus vyly doAwbw dw &Ojdwr sI[ auh &Oj lY ky lwhOr Aw igAw[ XwhIAw ^wn ny aus nUM kuJ nkdI qy kuJ kU hIry-jvwhrwq dy ky trkw idqw qy bwkI sB kuJ Awpxy kol r`K ilAw[ jd Cy mhIny ieM\ hI bIq gey qW bwdSwh ny mihsUs kIqw ik ikauN ik XwhIAw ^wn ny kbzw qW kr hI ilAw hY ies kr ky aus ny 3 jnvrI 1746 nUM lwhOr dw kwiem-mukwm sUbydwr mMn hI ilAw[ bwdSwh ny iPr vI kmru`dIn nUM sUbydwr qy XwhIAw ^wn nUM aus dw isr& nwieb (ifptI) sUbydwr hI mMinAw[
julweI 1745 qoN mwrc 1746 dOrwn, lwhOr dI sUbydwrI bwry koeI &Yslw nw ho skx kr ky is`KW ƒ kuJ icr vwsqy Awrwm dw swh Aw igAw sI[ hux is`KW ny Pyr AMimRqsr p`ujxw SurU kr id`qw[ hux pihlW vWg muZl &Oj dy gSqI toly is`KW dI Bwl ivc ‘Awdm-boA’ krdy nzr nhIN sn AwauNdy[ 14 Agsq 1745 dy idn ihMdU dIvwlI mnw rhy sn[ ies idn is`KW ny vI iek srb`q Kwlsw iek`T vI bulw ilAw[ (nvwb) kpUr isMG dI AgvweI ivc hzwrW is`K gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) pu`jy [ ies mOky ’qy kOm dy msilAW ’qy BrvIN ivcwr hoeI[ kOm dI AwzwdI dI j`dojihd ƒ suc`jy qrIky nwl clwaux vwsqy swrI Kwlsw &Oj ƒ 100-100 dy 30 j`iQAW ivc vMf id`qw igAw; ienHW dy muKI hyT ilKy sn:
1. (nvwb) kpUr isMG
2. kroVw isMG pYjgVH
3. guridAwl isMG f`lyvwl
4. nOD isMG sukrc`k
5. j`sw isMG AwhlU ipMf (mgroN AwhlUvwlIAw)
6. dIp isMG phUivMf (mgroN bwbw dIp isMG)
7. suKw isMG mwVI kMbo
8 . jIvn isMG rMGrytw
9. j`sw isMG eIcoigl (mgroN rwmgVHIAw)
10. Swm isMG nwroky
11. gurbKS isMG klsIAw
12. krm isMG pYjgVH
13. iKAwlw isMG kMg
14. cMdw isMG sukrc`k
15. kwlw isMG kMg
16. mdn isMG mzHbI
17. bwG isMG AwhlUvwl
18. hrI isMG BMgI
19. C`jw isMG pMjvV
20. suD isMG fofIAw
21. BUmw isMG kwhnw
22. jY isMG kwhnw
23. hkIkq isMG
24. hIrw isMG n`keI (n`kw ielwkw)
25. s`dw isMG
26. krm isMG nwrlI
27. Drm isMG BtcMg
28 . bydwn isMG
29. bIr isMG DIr
30. A`GV isMG
(ieh nW rwjwz Aw& d pMjwb, s&y 455, 461, 464, cI&z AYNf &YimlIz Aw& not, s&y 83, 218, pMjwb cI&z, s&y 11, 78, 119, 315, 321, 385-86, qwrI^-ey-is`DU, s&w 127, qvwrI^y is`KW, s&w 81 vZYrw ivc imldy hn)[
ieh jQy ielwkw, DVw, ibrwdrI dI ibnwA ’qy nhIN vMfy gey sn[ hr qkVy jrnYl dI AgvweI ivc iek-iek jQw kwiem kIqw igAw sI[ iPr ienHW jiQAW ivc koeI Ahudw, rYNk jW drjw nhIN sI[ Kwlsw &Oj ’c Swiml hox vwsqy “GoV svwrI dI jwc hoxw, qlvwr clwauxw Awauxw Aqy ijMd pMQ dy lyKy lwaux dw AYlwn” hI iqMn SrqW sn[ iksy &OjI dI koeI qn^wh nhIN sI qy aus dw eInwm ShIdI sI[ jQy dy hr mYNbr jW jQydwr dI hsqI ieko ijhI sI Aqy swry &Ysly gurmqy rwhIN hoieAw krdy sn[ jdoN koeI jQw SwhI Kzwny lu`t ky lY AWdw jW ikqy koeI rkm, hiQAwr jW GoVy hwsl hoieAw krdy sn, qW aus ƒ hr iek is`K &OjI ivc brwbr-brwbr vMf id`qw jWdw sI[ koeI vI is`K iksy vI jQy ivc Swiml ho skdw sI[ (bUty Swh, s&w 308 ey, AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 158 ey qy bI, mwlkm, s&w 89, gir&n, s&w 16)[
jspq dw kql Aqy lKpq rwey dy zulm
is`K &Oj ƒ jQybMd krn dy nwl-nwl pMQ v`loN ieh gurmqw vI kIqw igAw ik SwhI Aslw^wny, Asqbl Aqy ^zwny lu`ty jwx[ 1745 dy dUjy A`D ivc is`K &OjW ny keI QWvW ’qy srkwrI ^zwny lu`ty[ jnvrI 1746 ivc qW is`KW ny lwhOr dy mocI drvwzy vwly pwsy ’qy vI hmlw kIqw qy muZlW dIAW dukwnW qy AmIrW dy Gr lu`t ley Aqy kuJ kwzI qy mu&qI kql kr id`qy[ is`K &OjW ny zbrdsq pYNqVy qy &urqI nwl ieh kwrvweIAW kIqIAW[ (igAwnI igAwn isMG, pMQ pRkwS, s&y 761-62, 1987 dI BwSw ivBwg dI AYfISn)[
3 jnvrI 1746 dy idn id`lI dy bwdSwh v`loN XwhIAw ^wn nUM lwhOr dw rsmI (nwieb) sUbydwr mMn ilAw igAw sI[ hux aus ny vI is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm iv`Fx dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ aus ny is`KW dy isrW ’qy iPr eInwm r`K id`qy[ ienHW eInwmW vwsqy, Aqy SwbwS lYx vwsqy, bhuq swry muslmwn qy ihMdU cODrI is`KW nUM igR&qwr krvwaux ivc srgrm ho gey[ ienHW srkwrI mu^brW Aqy is`K duSmxW ivc Swiml sn: swihb rwey, rwmw rMDwvw, krmw CInw, hrBgq inrMjnIAw, kwzI &zl Aihmd ^wn, KoKr SmSIr ^wn Aqy hor bhuq swry cODrI qy muk`dm[ ienHW iv`coN A`Dy qoN vD ihMdU sn[ ies hwlq ivc is`K Awpxy GrW nUM C`f ky iPr jMglW, phwVW qy ryigsQwn nUM inkl gey[ ^ws kr ky btwlw, mjITw, jMifAwlw, p`tI, nOSihrw, jlMDr, qlvn, mMjkI, PgvwVw, F`k vZYrw dy ielwikAW ivc iek vI is`K nw irhw[
hux XwhIAw ^wn ny ies kMm vwsqy Awpxy ihMdU vzIr lKpq rwey (jo 1720qoN hI ‘dIvwn’ cilAw Aw irhw sI) ƒ aucycy qOr ’qy qweInwq kr id`qw[ lKpq rwey qy aus dy Brw jspq rwey (&Ojdwr eymnwbwd) ny is`KW ƒ ^qm krn vwsqy bVI srgrm muihMm SurU kIqI[ ies muihMm dOrwn &rvrI 1746 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc is`KW dw iek j`Qw j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw qy su`Kw isMG mwVI kMbo dI AgvweI hyT iSvwlk dIAW phwVIAW v`l jw irhw sI[ jspq rwey dI &Oj dw swhmxw ipMf KoKrW (eymnwbwd dy nyVy) dy bwhr is`K &OjW nwl ho igAw[ ies vyly is`K iqMn idn dy Bu`Ky hox kwrn lMgr Ckx vwsqy iqAwrIAW kr rhy sn[ is`KW nUM vyK ky, nyVy dy iek ipMf goNdvwlw dy muslmwn jspq kol gey qy aus nUM d`isAw ik 2 hzwr dy krIb is`K aunHW dy ielwky ivc Tihry hoey hn qy bkry Jtkw rhy hn[ ieh sux ky jspq QoVHI jhI &Oj lY ky aus pwsy vl ipMf b`do-kI-gosweIAW nUM cl ipAw[ aus ny au~Qy pu`j ky is`KW nUM iek-dm au~QoN inkl jwx vwsqy hukm idqw[ is`KW ny aus nUM smJwieAw ik auh lMgr Ckx mgroN iek pl vI au~Qy nhIN rukxgy[ pr jspq ny aunHW nUM eynw icr vwsqy vI rukx dI iejwzq dyx qoN vI nWh kr idqI qy AwpxI &Oj nUM is`KW ’qy hmlw krn dw hukm dy idqw[ aus dI &Oj ny is`KW nUM swry pwisEN Gyrw pw ilAw[ hux is`KW kol lVn qoN isvw koeI cwrw nhIN sI[ ies kr ky is`K &OjW Aqy jspq rwey dy swQIAW ivckwr h`Qo-h`Q lVweI SurU ho geI[ ies lVweI dOrwn inbwhU isMG nW dw iek is`K &urqI nwl jspq rwey dy hwQI dI pUC PV ky aus ’qy cVH igAw Aqy jspq rwey dw isr v`F ilAw[ ies mgroN swrI muZl qy ihMdU &Oj hrn ho geI[ jspq rwey dy iek ausqwd bwvw ikrpw rwm gosweIN ny is`KW ƒ pMj sO rupey Byt kr ky jspq dw k`itAw hoieAw isr hwisl kr ilAw[ (AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 105 ey qy bI, ^uSvkq rwey, qwrI^-ie-is`KW, s&w 74, rqn isMG BMgU, s&w 305-319)[
hzwrW is`KW dw kqlyAwm (10 mwrc 1746)
jdoN jspq dy mwry jwx dI ^br aus dy Brw dIvwn lKpq rwey ƒ imlI qW auh Zu`sy ivc pwZl ho igAw[{^uSvkq rwey, s&w 59, gxyS dws vfyrw, cwr bwZ-ie-pMjwb, s&w 124}[ aus ny is`KW dw Kurw-Koj imtwx dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ aus ny qW ie`QoN qk AYlwn vI kIqw ik “is`K Drm ƒ iek KqrI gurU goibMd isMG* ny SurU kIqw sI Aqy jd qk mYN is`KW dw nW qwrI^ ivcoN imtw nhIN lYNdw qW mYN Awpxy Awp nUM KqrI nhIN khWgw[” (^uSvkq rwey, qwrI^-ie-is`KW, s&w 47)[
{lyKk ZlqI nwl gurU nwnk swihb dI QW ‘qy gurU goibMd isMG swihb nUM is`K Drm dw bwnI ilKdw hY}
lKpq rwey ny iek dm Awpxy ielwky dy hr iek Awm is`K (sxy ikrswx, srkwrI nOkr qy dukwndwr) ƒ igR&qwr krn dy hukm jwrI kr id`qy[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny sUbydwr XwhIAw ^wn dy pYrW ivc AwpxI p`g r`K ky AYlwn kIqw ik hux mYN ieh p`g audoN hI isr ’qy r`KWgw jd mYN is`KW dw vjUd imtw dyvWgw[ XwhIAw ^wn nUM hor kI cwhIdw sI? aus ny lKpq nUM QwpI idqI[ id`lI drbwr ny aus ƒ Ku`lHI Cu`tI dy id`qI qy hr shUlq dyx dw vwAdw kIqw[
mwrc 1746 dy pihly h&qy lKpq ny swry is`K dukwndwr, mulwzm qy ikswnW dIAW igR&qwrIAW dw hukm jwrI kr id`qw[ iek h&qy ivc hI lKpq v`loN iek hzwr qoN v`D is`K igR&qwr kIqy jw cu`ky sn[ ienHW ivc BweI subyg isMG Aqy aus dw bytw BweI Swhbwz isMG vI Swiml sn[ lKpq rwey ny ienHW swirAW ƒ kql krn vwsqy 10 mwrc 1746 dw idn im`Q idqw[ ies idn ihMdUAW dw iqauhwr ‘somvqI m`isAw’ (auh m`isAw ijs idn somvwr vI huMdw hY; kuJ ihMdU ies nUM vI piv`qr smJdy hn) pYNdw sI[ ies kr ky bhuq swry muKI ihMdUAW ny lKpq nUM iml ky ienHW swirAW ƒ ShId krn qoN rokx dI koiSS kIqI[ ienHW ihMdU muKIAW ivc hyT ilKy isrkrdw bMdy vI Swiml sn: (dIvwn) kOVw m`l, dIvwn sUrq isMh, dIvwn dys rwj, cODrI jvwhr m`l, kujwh m`l, bhwl m`l, hrI rwm, su`KU m`l qy keI hor[ ienHW dI AgvweI lKpq dw Awpxw ausqwd gosweIN jgq-Bgq kr irhw sI[ pr lKpq qW is`KW vwsqy n&rq dI A`g ivc eynw m`c irhw sI ik aus ny iksy dI vI pRvwh nw kIqI[ hor qW hor aus ny is`KW dy kqlyAwm dw idn mulqvI krn qoN vI nWh kr id`qI[ lKpq ny aunHW nUM ikhw “qusIN qW kI, jy mYnUM r`b vI AwKy qW mYN aus dI prvwh vI nhIN krWgw[” ies ’qy gosweIN jgq-Bgq ny lKpq nUM ikhw ik qUM AwpxI n&rq dI zihr ivc fub ky hI mr jwvyNgw qy qyry ^wndwn dw nW-inSwn vI bwkI nhIN rhygw[ ieh sux ky vI lKpq nw hitAw[
10 mwrc 1746 (12 cyq sMmq 1802) dy idn lwhOr dy nKws cOk ivc iek hzwr qoN v`D is`K ShId kIqy gey[ ienHW ivc BweI subyg isMG qy aunHW dw bytw BweI Swhbwz isMG vI Swiml sn ijnHW ƒ crKVI ’qy cwVH ky, aunHW dw ijsm noc-noc ky, ShId kIqw igAw[ ies mOky ’qy iek ihMdU-phwVI irAwsq dy rwjy ny vI Awpxy kol kMm krdy 15 is`K lKpq dy hvwly kr id`qy[ ienHW nUM vI nKws cOk ivc ShId kr id`qw igAw[ (AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 105 ey qy bI, ^uSvkq rwey, qwrI^-ie-is`KW, s&w 72)[
lKpq rwey ny drbwr swihb Aqy kuJ hor gurduAwirAW ’qy hmly vI kIqy qy Fwh id`qy[ aus ny gurU gRMQ swihb dw iek srUp vI swiVAw[
lKpq rwey dI is`KW vwsqy n&rq eynI zihr-BrI sI ik aus ny l&z ‘guV’ Aqy ‘gRMQ’ dI vrqoN ’qy pwbMdI lw id`qI, ikauNik ‘guV’ qoN ‘gur’ (gurU) Aqy ‘gRMQ’ qoN ‘guurU gRMQ swihb’ cyqy Aw jWdw sI[ aus ny hukm jwrI kIqw ik guV dI QW ‘BylI’ Aqy ‘gRMQ’ dI QW ‘poQI’ l&z dI vrqoN kIqI jwvy[ lKpq ny AYlwn kIqw ik gurU dw nW lYx vwly dw ausy vyly iF`f cIr id`qw jwvy[(AlI-aud-dIn mu&qI, ijld pihlI, s&w 199, muhMmd lqI&, s&w 213)[
ies swrw kuJ dy bwvjUd lKpq dI is`KW dy ^Un dI qryh (ipAws) nw G`t skI[ aus dy zulmW ƒ vyK ky hr iek pMjwb-vwsI kMb igAw[ aus dI A`g ƒ keIAW ny TMfw krn dI koiSS kIqI pr auh qW n&rq ivc burI qrHW pwZl ho cu`kw sI[
Cotw G`lUGwrw (1 meI 1746)
lKpq dy zulmW kwrn is`K Awpxw Gr-Gwt C`f ky iek vwr Pyr jMglW, CMBW, phwVW Aqy ryigsqwn vl inkl gey[ ApRYl dy Aw^rI idnW ivc koeI ds-kU hzwr is`K rwvI dirAw dI CMB ivc, kwhƒvwn dy nyVy, lu`ky hoey sn[ ienHW ivc nvwb kpUr isMG, j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, su`Kw isMG mwVI kMbo, guridAwl isMG flyvwlIAw qy cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw vZYrw vI sn[ aunHIN idnIN ieh jMgl bVw frwauxw sI, ikauNik sMGxy dr^qW qy JwVIAW v`l jwx qoN Awm lok frdy sn[ jdoN ies dI ^br lKpq rwey ƒ imlI qW aus ny Aqy lwhOr dy sUbydwr XwhIAw ^wn ny hzwrW dI igxqI ivc &Oj ƒ kwhƒvwn ƒ Gyrw pwaux vwsqy lY AWdw[ jdoN is`K &OjW ƒ ies Gyry dw pqw l`gw qW aunHW ny gurIlw lVweI SurU kr id`qI[ ieh lVweI keI idn cldI rhI[ ies lVweI ivc lKpq rwey dw pu`qr hrBj rwey, XhIAw ^wn dw pu`qr nwhr ^wn Aqy do Aihm jrnYl krm b^S qy mihmUd ^wn vI mwry gey[ Awpxy Brw dy kql mgroN hux Awpxy pu`qr dy mwry jwx ’qy lKpq hor pwgl ho igAw[ ieM\ hI pu`qr dI mOq ny XhIAw ^wn ƒ vI zwlmwnw roh ivc lY AWdw[ hux lKpq ny byldwrW nUM kih ky iek hzwr qrKwx bulw ky jMgl ktvwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ pr eyfw v`fw jMgl k`tx vwsqy keI mhIny lg jwxy sn ies kr ky ktvweI iv`cy rukvw ky, aus ny aus jMgl ƒ cwry pwisEN Gyrw pw ilAw qW jo iek vI is`K bc ky nw inkl sky; qy ies mgroN, swry jMgl ƒ A`g luAw id`qI[ hux is`K &OjW ny Gyrw qoV ky inkl jwx dI koiSS kIqI[ ies dy nwl hI lKpq ny qopW Aqy bMdUkW dy mUMh B`jdy hoey is`KW vl KolH id`qy[ ies nwl bhuq swry is`K mwry gey[ hr pwsy muZl &Oj hox kr ky is`KW dw bc ky inkl jwxw qkrIbn nw-mumikn ho igAw[
ies dOrwn kuJ is`K dirAw rwvI dy aupr vl inkl gey[ aunHW nUM pTwnkot qoN 25 iklomItr dUr, prol ipMf (dirAw bwjU dy kMFy) ivc muslm &Oj nwl iek vwr Pyr lVnw ipAw[ ies mOky ’qy vI is`KW dw bVw nukswn hoieAw[ ieM\ hI kuJ is`K dirAw pwr kr ky ihTwV vl cl pey[ ies koiSS ivc keI is`K fu`b ky vI mr gey[ aunHW idnW ivc dirAw dy qkrIbn do mIl (iqMn iklomItr) nwl-nwl ryqlw mYdwn huMdw sI[ isKr dI grmI hox kwrn, qpdI ryq ivc is`KW dy pYr sVn lgy qW aunHW ny kuVqy, cwdry qy p`gW pwV ky pYr bMnH ley qy auh iqMn iklomItr dUr qk ies qpdI ryq ivc cldy gey[ ieh irAwVkI dw ielwkw zkrIAw ^wn dy twaUt rwmw rMDwvw dw sI[ ies kr ky is`K eyQy nhIN Tihry Aqy hirgoibMdpur dy jMgl ivc cly gey[ is`K keI idnW qoN Bu`Ky sn qy iehI hwl aunHW dy GoiVAW dw sI[ ies ielwky ivc GoiVAW nUM dr^qW dy p`qy qy is`KW nUM fylHy Kw ky guzwrw krnw ipAw[ Agly idn is`K ibAws dirAw pwr kr ky doAwby ivc dwi^l ho gey[ jd Alwvlpur qy Awdmpur dy pTwnW nUM is`KW dy Awaux dI ^br imlI qW auh vI is`KW ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy Aw gey[ is`K ienHW pTwnW nwl inbV skdy sn pr aunHW nUM ausy vyly ^br iml geI ik lKpq aunHW dw ip`Cw krdw nyVy hI Aw pu`jw hY ies ’qy auh auQy nhIN Tihry Aqy sqluj dirAw pwr kr ky mwlvy vl inkl gey[
ies G`lUGwry ivc sq qoN ds hzwr dy krIb is`K ShId ho gey Aqy iqMn hzwr dy krIb igR&qwr kr ley gey[ igR&qwrW ƒ lwhOr iljw ky, SwhI iklHy dy ip`Cy, n^ws cOk ivc ShId kr id`qw igAw (ijs jgHw is`KW ƒ ShId kIqw jWdw irhw, aus QW ‘gurdAwrw ShId gMj BweI mnI isMG’ bixAw hoieAw sI[ hux aus QW ’qy kuJ dukwndwrW ny kbzw kIqw hoieAw hY qy dukwnW bxweIAW hoeIAW hn)[ is`K qvwrI^ ivc ies kqlyAwm ƒ ‘Cotw G`lUGwrw’ AwK ky cyqy kIqw jWdw hY (5 &rvrI 1762 dy G`lUGwry ƒ ‘v`fw G`lUGwrw’ AwiKAw jWdw hY)[ ies G`lUGwry ivcoN kuJ is`K bc ky vI inkl gey[ ienHW nyy jYqo, kotkpUrw, l`KI jMgl, iqhwVw vZYrw ivc pnwh lY leI[ hux XwhIAw ^wn ny srhMd dy lCmI nwrwiex nUM is`KW ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy ikhw[ lCmI nwrwiex dI is`KW nwl iek t`kr gujrvwl kol hoeI[ iqAwrI ivc nw hox kwrn qy duSmx dI &OjI qwkq vD hox kwrn ies lVweI ivc is`KW dw bhuq nukswn hoieAw[
lKpq ny 20-30 hzwr dy krIb isMG ShId kIqy sn[
Swh invwz ^wn dw sUbydwr bxnw (13 mwrc 1747)
jd XwhIAw ^wn lwhOr dw rsmI sUbydwr bixAw qW aus dw Brw imrzw hXwqau~lw (ijs nUM 1739 ivc nwdr Swh ny Swh nvwz ^wn dw i^qwb idqw sI) mulqwn ivc sI[ jd XwhIAw ^wn Aqy lKpq rwey ny A`q cu`k leI qW dIvwn kOVw m`l lwhOr qoN mulqwn clw igAw[ aus ny AwpxI v&wdwrI Swh nvwz ^wn nwl joV leI[ hux dovyN lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn dI iqAwrI krn lg pey[ pihlW qW Swh invwz ^wn ny sUrq isMh nUM Awpxw ivcolw bxw ky XwhIAw ^wn kol ByijAw Aqy jwiedwd dI shI vMf krn dI mMg kIqI[ pr XwhIAw ^wn ny aus nUM ieh kih ky trkw id`qw ik zkrIAw ^wn ny koeI ^ws dOlq nhIN sI C`fI[ ieh jvwb sux ky Swh invwz ^wn ny lwhOr v`l kUc krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ nvMbr 1746 ivc (G`lUGwry qoN Cy mhIny mgroN) Swh invwz ^wn dIvwn kOVw m`l, hSmq-au~lw-^wn Aqy Awpxy hor v&wdwr swQIAW smyq kuJ &Oj lY ky lwhOr Aw pu`jw[ aus ny lwhOr Sihr dy bwhr, Swlwmwr bwZ ivc, Awpxy bwp dI kbr dy nyVy, Awpxy qMbU g`f ley[ jlMDr doAwbw dw &Ojdwr AdInw byZ* vI aus nwl rl igAw[ hux Swh invwz ^wn ny pYZwm Byj ky XwhIAw ^wn qoN Awpxy ipqw zkrIAw ^wn dI jwiedwd iv`coN Awpxw ih`sw mMigAw[ ies sbMDI kSmkS cwr mhIny cldI rhI pr XwhIAw ^wn trkwauNdw hI irhw[ XwhIAw ^wn nw qW kuJ dyxw cwhuMdw sI qy nw hI lVnw cwhuMdw sI[ iek idn XwhIAw ^wn v`loN moimn ^wn, lKpq rwey, mIr nyAmq ^wn qy AmIn byZ Swh invwz ^wn kol Awey Aqy Cy l`K rupY dI pySkS kIqI[ Swh invwz ^wn ny cwlwkI socI Aqy ieh rkm lY leI pr nwl hI aus ny XwhIAw ^wn dI irAwsq dy kuJ ielwky ’qy kbzw vI kr ilAw[ aus ny phwVI rwijAW nUM vI hukm Byj id`qy ik auh A`gy qoN mwmlw XwhIAw ^wn dI QW aus nUM idAw krn[
(*AdInw byZ lwhOr izlHy dy ipMf Skrpur dy cMnU dw pu`qr sI[ pihlW auh Alwhwbwd ivc pVHweI krdw irhw sI qy iPr vwips Aw ky Tykydwr bx igAw sI[ nwdr dy hmly vyly zkrIAw ^wn ny aus nUM sulqwnpur dw &Ojdwr bxw id`qw sI[ (Aihvwlie-AdInw byZ, s&w 1)[
hux XwhIAw ^wn vI lVweI vwsqy iqAwr ho igAw[ auDr Swh invwz ^wn dy nwl kOVw m`l, AdInw byZ, hSmqu`lw ^wn vI &OjW lY ky Aw gey hoey sn[ Swh invwz dI &Oj ny hzrq ieSwn dy mzwr ’qy morcw lw ilAw[ Swh invwz dI &Oj dI AgvweI AdInw byZ Aqy XwhIAw ^wn dI &Oj dI AgvweI moimn ^wn kr irhw sI[ pihly idn dI lVweI ivc Swh invwz dI ij`q hoeI[ ies mOky ’qy XwhIAw ^wn dy bhuq swry &OjIAW ny bZwvq kr id`qI ikauNik aunHW nUM qn^wh nhIN sI iml rhI[ Swh invwz ny auh bwZI &OjI vI Awpxy nwl rlw ley[ ies mgroN iek hor lVweI hoeI; ies ivc vI Swh invwz dI ij`q hoeI[
13 mwrc 1747 (iek somy muqwibk 21 mwrc) dy idn Swh invwz ^wn dI &Oj lwhOr Sihr ivc dwi^l ho geI qy eId dI nmwz ^qm hox mgroN ies &Oj ny XwhIAw ^wn Aqy aus dy swQIAW ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ ies hmly ivc XwhIAw ^wn dy bhuq swry swQI mwry gey[ XwhIAw ^wn Awp bVI muSkl nwl bicAw Aqy dOV ky znwn^wny ivc jw luikAw[ Swh invwz ^wn ny aus nUM iesy eImwrq ivc nzrbMd kr idqw Aqy Awp lwhOr dw hwkm bx bYTw[ aus ny XwhIAw ^wn dy swry v&wdwrW nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ ienHW ivc nwieb mIr moimn ^wn ksUrIAw, dIvwn l`CmI rwm/nwrwiex qy dIvwn lKpq rwey vI sn[ (ierivn, lytr muZlz, ijld pihlI, s&w 194-95, AlI-aud-dIn, iebrq nwmw, s&w 106 bI, ^uSvkq rwey, qvwrI^y-is`KW, s&w 76)[ Swh invwz ienHW swirAW nUM s^q szw dyxI cwhuMdw sI[ aus dy hukmW ivc szw vjoN A`K k`F dyxw, h`Q v`F dyxw mwmUlI g`lW sn[ qwrI^y muhMmd SwhI dw lyKk KuShwl cMd ilKdw hY ik Swh invwz qW nwdr Swh qoN vI vDyry ^UM^wr sI[ ies dI qweId hkIkq dw lyKk vI krdw hY (hkIkq-ie-ibnw-E-aurUiz-ie-is`KW, s&w 19)[
Swh invwz ^wn ny hux dIvwn kOVw m`l nUM muK dIvwn (vzIr) bxw idqw[ ienHW idnW ivc hI iek idn XwhIAw ^wn nzrbMdI iv`coN B`j igAw qy id`lI phuMc igAw[ pr, XwhIAw ^wn ies hwlq qoN eynw Gbrw igAw ik id`lI qooN Awpxy shury, pRweIm minstr, dI &Oj ilAw ky Awpxy Brw qoN hkUmq Kohx dI bjwey, aus ny dunIAWdwrI qoN AwzwdI hwisl kr ky iek ‘drvyS’ vwlI izMdZI ibqwauxI SurU kr idqI qy isAwsq qoN iblkul hI iknwrw kr ilAw[ aus ny AwpxI izMdZI dy Aw^rI idn iesy drvySI ivc &rU^wbwd ivc ibqwey qy auh au~Qy hI mirAw)[
‘rwm rOxI’ iklHw bxwauxw (30 mwrc 1747)
lKpq rwey dI igR&qwrI hox Aqy kOVw ml dy dIvwn bxn ’qy is`KW nUM rwhq imlI[ hux is`K iPr gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) byDVk ho ky pu`jx l`g pey[ 30 mwrc 1747 dy idn srb`q Kwlsw dw iek iek`T Akwl q^q swihb dy mUhryy hoieAw[ ies iek`T ivc bhuq swry kOmI msly ivcwry gey[ srb`q Kwlsw ny gurmqw kIqw ik is`K j`do-jihd ƒ jQybMd kIqw jwvy[ Kwlsw &OjW ƒ SsqrW-AsqrW nwl lYs kr ky muZl &OjW dy twkry vwsqy pUrI qrHW iqAwr-br-iqAwr kIqw jwvy[ ies dy nwl hI ieh gurmqw vI kIqw igAw ik gurU dw c`k ivc iek iklHw vI auswirAw jwvy [ ieh k`cw iklHw Sihr dI audoN dI h`d dy bwhr rwmsr srovr dy nyVy bxwauxw SurU kIqw igAw sI[ ies dw nW gurU-dw-c`k Sihr vswaux vwly gurU rwmdws swihb dy nW ’qy ‘rwm rOxI’ riKAw igAw[ (rOxI dw mwAnw hY: &sIl/cwrdIvwrI[ Xwin ieh iklHw Gt Aqy iek vlgx vDyry sI)[ ies ivc isr& 500 bMdy hI rih skdy sn[ BwvyN ieh iek v`fI hvylI hI jwpdw sI, pr ieh vDIAw qrIky nwl bxwieAw igAw sI qy hmly vyly kuJ dyr qk cMgI ih&wzq dy skdw sI[
rwm rOxI dy iqAwr hox mgroN is`KW ny drbwr swihb kMplYks dI syvw-sMBwl SurU kIqI[ qbwh ho cu`ky ih`sy ƒ muV auswirAw Aqy bwkI ih`sy dI murMmq kIqI[ hux ‘gurU dw c`k’ ivc rozwnw sMgqW juVn l`g peIAW[ Agly A`T mhIny sMgqW bwkwiedw ‘gurU dw c`k’ ivc pu`jdIAW rhIAW[ ies dOrwn is`K &OjW pUrI qrHW jQybMd ho geIAW[ is`KW kol coKI igxqI ivc GoVy Aqy kw&I i
mkdwr ivc Aslw Aw cu`kw sI[ hux auh muZl &Oj nwl t`kr lYx dy rOA ivc sn[
pihlW-pihl qW Swh invwz Aqy is`KW ivc tkrwA nhIN hoieAw pr jd aus nUM kuJ Awrwm AwieAw qW aus ny vI is`KW dy i^lw& AYkSn SurU kr id`qy[ aus zwlm dirMdy ny vI is`KW ’qy AMqW dy zulm Fwhy[ aus dy hukmW hyT igR&qwr kIqy is`KW dy aus dy swhmxy iF`f pwV id`qy gey, aunHW dy isr hQOiVAW nwl BMny gey qy aunHW dy isrW iv`coN idmwZ k`F id`qy gey[(nwmwlUm lyKk, hkIkq-ie-ibnw-E-aurUj-ie-is`KW, s&w 13)[
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw hmlw
jd XwhIAw ^wn nzrbMdI coN B`j igAw qW Swh invwz nUM fr Bwsx lg ipAw ik XwhIAw ^wn Awpxy shury kmru`dIn (jo id`lI q^q dw v`fw vzIr sI) nUM swrI ^br dyvygw[ ieh vI XkInI sI ik lwhOr ’qy jbrI kbzy dI ^br id`lI dy bwdSwh muhMmd Swh nUM vI imlygI[ ieh vI ho skdw hY ik bwdSwh dI &Oj aus ’qy hmlw vI kr dyvy[ ieh soc ky aus ny kwbl dy hwkmW nUM id`lI ’qy hmlw krn dw s`dw dy idqw[ isAwru`l muqw^rIn dw lyKk kihMdw hY ik Aihmd Swh nUM hmly vwsqy s`dw dyx vwsqy Swh invwz nUM AdInw byZ ny aukswieAw sI[ kwbl dy q^q ’qy ies vyly Aihmd Swh du`rwnI kwbz sI (nwdr Swh nUM 8-9 jUn 1747 dI rwq nUM kql kr idqw jw cuikAw sI)[
dUjy pwsy Swh invwz ny id`lI dy bwdSwh v`l vI h`Q vDweI r`iKAw[ aus ny 3 sqMbr 1747 dy idn Awpxw nuMmwieMdw id`lI ByijAw pr ies dw koeI nqIjw nw inkilAw[ vzIr kmru`dIn Swh invwz nUM sUbydwr mMnx vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sI[
nvMbr 1747 ivc crcw c`l ipAw sI ik Aihmd Swh du`rwnI iek v`fI &Oj lY ky jldI hI pMjwb Aqy ihMdusqwn ’qy hmlw krn dI iqAwrI kr irhw hY[ ies hwlq ivc is`KW ny gurmqw kIqw ik zrUrq pYx ’qy Aihmd Swh nwl t`kr leI jwvy[ ies kr ky aunHW ny Awpxy t`br jMmU, cMbw, kWgVw vZYrw dy phwVW ivc Byj id`qy Aqy Awp AMimRqsr ivc iek`Ty ho gey[
jd Aihmd Swh dsMbr 1747 ivc pMjwb v`l cl ipAw qW id`lI dy vzIr kmru`dIn ny Swh invwz nwl rwbqw bxwieAw Aqy aus nUM muZlW dw v&wdwr bxn vwsqy smJw ky Aihmd Swh du`rwnI nwl t`kr lYx vwsqy iqAwr kIqw[ hux id`lI dy bwdSwh ny Swh invwz nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr vI mMn ilAw[ 10 jnvrI 1748 dy idn Aihmd Swh lwhOr nyVy rwvI dirAw dy kMFy ’qy pu`j igAw[ Agly idn aus dI muZlW &OjW nwl zbrdsq lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc Aihmd Swh dw h`Q aupr irhw[ lVweI hwrn mgroN Swh invwz id`lI B`j igAw[ Aihmd Swh ny lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny drbwr qoN 30 l`K rupY jurmwnw vsUl kIqw[ auh lwhOr ivc pMj h&qy TihirAw qy ies dOrwn aus ny Awpxy nW dw is`kw vI jwrI kIqw[
Aihmd Swh 18 &rvrI 1748 qk lwhOr ivc hI irhw Aqy Agly idn aus ny id`lI v`l kUc kr id`qw[ lwhOr qoN A`gy jwx qoN pihlW aus ny pTwn jOlI ^wn ksUrIAw nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw Aqy mIr moimn ^wn nUM nwieb (ifptI) sUbydwr qy iek ihMdU l`CmI rwm/nwrwiex nUM dIvwn dw Ahudw idqw igAw[ l`CmI rwm vI lKpq rwey vWg is`KW dw duSmx sI[ rsqy ivc Aihmd Swh au~qy is`K &OjW ny hmlw kIqw[
is`K &OjW dI AgvweI nvwb kpUr isMG, cVHq isMG, j`sw isMG AwhUlvwlIAw, ^uShwl isMG, kroVw isMG, imq isMG f`lyvwlIAw qy Swm isMG kr rhy sn[ is`K &OjW ny Aihmd Swh dI &Oj ‘qy pihlw hmlw 21-22 &rvrI dI rwq nUM nUr-aud-dIn dI srW kol kIqw[ Agly idn is`K &OjW ny vYrovwl kol vI hmlw kIqw[ durwnI dIAW &OjW dw kw&I nukswn kr ky Aqy Aslw qy GoVy lY ky is`K ihrn ho gey[ Aihmd Swh nUM pqw lg igAw sI ik ieh hmly krn vwly is`K sn pr aus ny is`KW dy i^lw& koeI AYkSn nw ilAw ikauNik aus dw inSwnw id`lI sI qy auh id`lI vl vDdw igAw[
Aihmd Swh ’qy do vwr hmlw krn mgroN is`K jrnYl kuJ &OjW nUM lY ky klwnOr vl cly gey qy kuJ doAwby nUM inkl gey[ ies vyly qk is`KW dy hmilAW dI ^br lwhOr dy A&Zwn sUbydwr jOlI ^wn ksUrIAw nUM iml cukI sI[ aus ny (lKpq rwey dI QW ’qy nvyN bxwey dIvwn) l`CmI rwm nUM is`KW dy i^lw& &Oj cwVHx vwsqy hdwieq idqI[ lCmI rwm ny moimn ^wn nUM &Oj dy ky klwnOr Byj idqw[ jd is`K jrnYlW nUM ies &Oj v`loN ip`Cw krn dI ^br imlI qW auh cVHq isMG qy su`Kw isMG dI AgvweI hyT sqluj pwr kr gey[
Aihmd Swh dI hwr Aqy A&Zwinsqwn nUM vwpsI
jd Aihmd Swh dy id`lI v`l kUc krn dI ^br id`lI ivc pu`jI qW vzIr kmru`dIn ny iek bVI v`fI &Oj (iek lyKk muqwibk fyF-do l`K) nUM pMjwb v`l tor id`qw[ ieh &Oj 25 &rvrI 1748 dy idn srhMd phuMc geI[ aus vyly srhMd dw sUbydwr, AlI muhMmd, Aihmd Swh dy hmly qoN frdw srhMd qoN B`j cukw sI[ muZl &Oj ie`QoN mwCIvwVw v`l clI geI[ aunHW dw inSwnw Aihmd Swh nUM dirAw sqluj ’qy rokxw sI ij`QoN Awm qOr ’qy sqluj dirAw pwr kIqw jWdw sI[
Aihmd Swh nUM pqw lg igAw sI ik muZl &Oj aus nUM rokx vwsqy mwCIvwVw jw cukI hY[ ies kr ky aus ny, mwCIvwVw jwx dI bjwie, pihlI mwrc nUM sqluj dirAw nUM luiDAwxw dy nyiVEN pwr kr ilAw[ auh luiDAwxw ivc ruikAw nhIN qy lgwqwr cldw igAw[ auh iek idn ivc 65 iklomItr cl ky 2 mwrc 1748 nUM srhMd phuMc igAw[ies vyly srhMd ivc iek hzwr qoN vI Gt muZl &Oj sI qy bwkI isr& AOrqW hI sn[ ies kr ky Aihmd Swh nUM ies ngr ’qy kbzw krn ivc koeI muSikl nw AweI[
jd muZl Sihzwdy Aihmd (jo &Oj dI AgvweI kr irhw sI) nUM srhMd ’qy Aihmd Swh dy kbzy dI ^br imlI qW aus ny &Oj nUM mwCIvwVw qoN srhMd vl kUc krn dw hukm dy idqw[ muZl &OjW ny srhMd qoN 15 iklomItr dUr ipMf mnUpur dI hdUd ivc morcy pu`t ley[ ies lVweI ivc vzIry-AwlHw kmru`dIn Aqy aus dw pu`qr mueIn-aud-dIn (mIr mnUU) Awp A`gy ho ky lV rhy sn[ auDr Aihmd Swh ny srhMd qoN 8 iklomItr dUr morcy pu`t ley[ kuJ idn dohW &OjW ivc in`kIAW-motIAW JVpW huMdIAW rhIAW[ A^Ir 11 mwrc 1748 dy idn Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW ny id`lI drbwr dIAW &OjW ’qy pUrw hmlw kr idqw[ pihly hmly ivc hI iek golw vzIry-AwlHw kmru`dIn nUM (jo aus vyly nmwz pVH irhw sI) nUM v`jw qy auh mr igAw[ mueIn-aud-dIn ny Awpxy bwp dI lwS nUM isrhwinAW dI mdd nwl hwQI ’qy ieM\ itkwieAw ik auh bYTw &Oj dI AgvweI krdw nzr AwauNdw sI[ aus ny ies dy nwl hI du`rwnI dI &Oj ’qy iek zbrdsq hmlw kr id`qw[ id`lI dI &Oj ny cwr muhwz bxw ley sn[ K`by pwsy dI kmWf eISvrI isMh kol, s`jy pwsy dI s&dr jMg kol Aqy ivckwr Sihzwdw Aihmd sI[ sB qoN A`gy mueIn-aud-dIn ^ud Awp sI[ iek somy muqwibk pitAwlw dw rwjw AwlHw isMG vI id`lI srkwr dw swQ dy irhw sI[ CyqI hI dohW iDrW ivc lhU vItHvIN jMg SurU ho geI[ jMg dOrwn iek goly iv`coN iek icMgwrI au~f ky Aihmd Swh vwly pwsy pey bwrUd nwl Bry iek g`fy ’qy jw if`gI[ ies nwl aus g`fy ivc pey qIr Awpxy Awp c`lx lg pey[ ienHW qIrW nwl vI bwrUd l`gw hoieAw sI[ ienHW ’coN A`goN hor icMgwrIAW inkl ky qIrW vwly hor g`ifAW ’qy vI if`gIAW[ ieMj sYNkVy qIr clx lg pey[ ies nwl Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW ivc Bj-dOV m`c geI qy auh AwpxI ih&wzq vwsqy B`jx lg pey[ ieh vyK ky muZl &OjW ny iek hor zbrdsq h`lw boilAw[ hux A&Zwn &OjW ies dw twkrw nw kr skIAW Aqy Aihmd Swh nUM mYdwn C`f ky ip`Cy muVnw pY igAw[ mnUpr ivc hwrn mgroN Aihmd Swh vwps srhMd nUM muV ipAw qy eyQoN vI pMj idn mgroN 17 mwrc nUM lwhOr v`l cl ipAw[ hux auh lwhOr ’c vI bhuqw rukx dI bjwie 26 mwrc nUM vqnW nUM muV igAw[ aus nUM vwips jWdy nUM vI is`K &OjW ny su`kw nw C`ifAw[ cVHq isMG dy j`Qy ny aus dw ip`Cw JnW dirAw qk kIqw qy aus dy lu`t dy mwl nUM QoVHw ijhw hlkw kIqw[
nUrpur irAwsq ’qy is`KW dw kbzw
ijs vyly Aihmd Swh mnUpur ivc muZl &OjW nwl lV irhw sI, is`K pMjwb dy mYdwnW qy phwVW ivc AwpxI muihMm clw rhy sn[ ienHW iv`coN iek hmlw nUrpur (ies dw pihlw nW dHwmlw sI qy ieh sMn 1000 qk jlMDr dys dI rwjDwnI rhI sI) ’qy vI kIqw igAw[ mwrc 1748 dy A`D ivc cVHq isMG sukrckIAw, j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, hrI isMG BMgI qy jY isMG knHeIAw dy j`iQAW ny klwnOr qoN pTwnkot huMdy hoey nUrpur irAwsq ’qy hmlw kIqw[ ie`QoN dw rwjw guridq m`l muZlW v`loN phwVI ielwikAW dw &Ojdwr sI[ ieh guridq m`l is`KW dy sB qoN v`fy duSmx lKpq rwey nwl fUMGI sWJ rKdw sI qy ieh Awp vI is`KW dw v`fw duSmx sI[ auh kw&I dyr qoN is`KW dIAW A`KW ivc rVk irhw sI qy is`K aus nUM szw dyxw cwhuMdy sn[ jd guridq m`l nUM is`KW dy hmly dw pqw l`gw qW aus ny jMmU dy rwjy rxjIq dyv qoN ielwvw jsrotw qy mnkot qoN vI &Oj mMgvw leI[ guridq m`l dI AwpxI &Oj bwrHW hzwr (7 hzwr GoVsvwr qy 5 hzwr pYdl) qoN vD sI[ is`K &OjW dy nUrpur pu`jx qoN pihlW hI auh AwpxI &Oj lY ky rwh ivc Aw KVHw hoieAw[ dohW &OjW ivc ipMfW sdrw Aqy bdrw ivckwr jMMg hoeI[ is`K &OjW dI igxqI bhuq QoVHI sI[ ies kr ky is`KW ny lMbI jMg dI QW guridq m`l dI &Oj dIAW s&W dy AMdr vV ky v`F-tu`k SurU kr idqI[ phwVI &OjW dw bVw nukswn hoieAw[ guridq m`l ny AwpxI jwn vI bVI muSikl nwl n`s ky bcweI[ auh n`s ky jMmU jw viVAw[ ies lVweI ivc bhuq swrw Aslw qy hor swmwn vI is`KW dy h`Q AwieAw[ (ies lVweI dw vyrvw rwm suK rwE dI ‘j`sw isMG ibnod’ ivc coKy vyrvy nwl iliKAw imldw hY)[
mwrc 1748 ivc jd Aihmd Swh Ajy lwhOr ivc sI qW is`KW dw iek j`Qw huiSAwrpur qoN phwVW vl jw irhw sI[ aunHIN idnIN AdInw byZ ^wnpur Aqy bjvwVw (huiSAwrpur dy nyVy) irhw krdw sI[ AdInw byZ cwhuMdw qW auh is`KW nwl t`kr lY skdw sI pr aus ny Aijhw kr ky Awpxy ielwky dy Amn nUM ^qry ivc nw pwauxw hI byhqr smiJAw[ ieMM\ is`KW dI iek t`kr huMdI-huMdI rih geI[
AMimRqsr ’qy is`KW dw kbzw
mwrc dy cOQy h&qy Aihmd Swh du`rwnI kwbl nUM vwips prq irhw sI[ ieh ^br grm sI ik lwhOr dw sUbydwr Aqy dIvwn bdl idqy jwxgy[ ies nwl is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm kmzor hox dI pUrI Aws sI[ ies kr ky dl Kwlsw ny &Yslw kIqw ik hux gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) ’qy kbzw kr lYxw cwhIdw hY[ nvwb kpUr isMG ny ieh ifaUtI j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nUM sONp idqI[ j`sw isMG, qwrw isMG vweIAW (ShId qwrw isMG f`l-vW hor sI), cUhV isMG B`KIAW qy hornW ny iek idn cup-cwp AMimRqsr ‘qy hmlw kr idqw[ ies vyly AMimRqsr ’qy slHwbq ^wn dw kbzw sI[ aus ny ngr dy swry pwsy au~cIAW burjIAW bxweIAW hoeIAW sn[ ienHW burjIAW qoN auh is`KW ’qy goly vrHwieAw krdw sI[ auh Awp vI iek mMinAw jrnYl sI pr ies vwr is`KW dy Acwxk hmly kwrn auh bhuqI iqAwrI nw kr sikAw[ iPr vI, auh AwpxIAW &OjW lY ky is`KW dw twkrw krn vwsqy iklHy iv`coN inkl ky bwhr AwieAw[ j`sw isMG ‘qy slHwbq ^wn ivc Awhmo-swhmxI lVweI hoeI[ ies dOrwn kuJ is`KW ny kuJ hI plW ivc aus dIAW burjIAW ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ dUjy pwsy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ny slHwbq ^wn nwl hoeI Awhmo-swhmxI lVweI ivc slHwbq ^wn dw isr lwh C`ifAw[ ieh vyK ky slHwbq ^wn dy BqIjy njwbq ^wn ny j`sw isMG ’qy prqvW vwr kIqw[ ies qoN pihlW ik auh j`sw isMG nUM nukswn phuMcw skdw nvwb kpUr isMG ny aus v`l iek qIr clwieAw qy auh au~Qy hI FyrI ho igAw[ ies mgroN muZl &OjW mYdwn C`f ky B`j geIAW qy AMimRqsr ’qy is`KW dw kbzw ho igAw[ hux is`K ibnw iksy rok-tok qoN drbwr swihb Awaux lg pey[ ies qoN kuJ idn mgroN hI, 29 mwrc 1748 nUM, ibkrmI sMmq dI pihlI ivswK sI[ (rwm suK rwE, j`sw isMG ibnod, s&w 69, prym isMG hoqI nvwb kpUr isMG, s&w 13)[ ies mgroN is`KW ny gurU-dw-c`k dy duAwly iek dIvwr vI bx leI[
dl Kwlsw dI kwiemI
29 mwrc 1748 dy idn srb`q Kwlsw dw iek Aihm iek`T Akwl q^q swihb ’qy hoieAw[ ies vyly Kwlsw &OjW dy 65 j`Qy v`K-v`K ielwikAW ivc ivcr rhy sn[ ienHW 65 j`iQAW dy muKI hyT ilKy sn:
1. nvwb kpUr isMG (pu`qr BweI n`QU, ipMf &Yzlwpur, hux isMGpur), 2. s: j`sw isMG (ipMf AwhlU), 3. s: hrI isMG BMgI, 4. s: jY isMG (ipMf kwnHw), 5. s: Zulwb isMG (ipMf f`lyvwl), 6. s: nOD isMG (ipMf sukrck), 7. s: kroVw isMG (pMjvV), 8. s: nMd isMG (sW|nw), 9. dIp isMG (ipMf phUivMf), 10. s: hIrw isMG (ipMf bwhVvwl, qihsIl cUnIAw, n`kw ielwkw), 11. s: dsONDw isMG kot bu`Fw, 12. s: j`sw isMG (ipMf eIcoigl, mgroN rwmgVHIAw), 13. s: JMfw isMG (pMjvV), 14. s: gMfw isMG (pMjvV), 15. s: n`Qw isMG (pMjvV), 16. s: mihqwb isMG K`K, 17. s: cVHq isMG (ipMf kwnHw), 18. s: dIvwn isMG, 19. s: g`ujr isMG, 20. s: grjw isMG, 21. s: inbwhU isMG (pu`qr BweI lwlW, ipMf BusrIvwl), 22. s: lihxw isMG (ipMf musq&wbwd, nyVy krqwrpur), 23. s: PUlw isMG (ipMf roVWvwlw), 24 s: sWvl isMG rMDwvw (ipMf bwGw), 25. s: gurb^S isMG (ipMf fofw), 26. s: duMbw isMG (kwlWvwlw), 27. s: qwrw isMG (cYnpur), 28. s: bwG isMG (kot seIAd muhMmd), 29. s: hkIkq isMG (pu`qr cODrI bGylw, ipMf vfwlw sMDUAW), 30. s: mihqwb isMG (pu`qr cODrI bGylw, ipMf vfwlw sMDUAW), 31. s: JMfw isMG (ipMf kwnHw), 32. s: qwrw isMG (pu`qr BweI hrso, ipMf kwnHw), 33. s: mnohr isMG (pu`qr BweI hrso, ipMf kwnHw), 34. s: soBw isMG (BqIjw jY isMG, ipMf kwnHw), 35. s: BIm isMG (BqIjw jY isMG, ipMf kwnHw), 36. s: Amr isMG (ipMf vwhgw), 37. s: soBw isMG BIkw, 38. s: bGyl isMG (ipMf Jbwl), 39. s: hrI isMG flyvwl, 40. s: Zulwb isMG mjITIAw (nOD isMG sukrckIAw dw shurw), 41. s: mihqwb isMG julkw, 42. s: l`jw isMG, 43. s: hro isMG, 44. s: Amr isMG (ipMf ikMgrw), 45. s: jIvn isMG (ipMf iklHw jIvn isMG), 46. s: swihb isMG (isAwlkot), 47. s: n`Qw isMG, 48. s: mohr isMG (ipMf rwxIAw), 49. s: mnohr isMG (ipMf rwxIAw), 50. s: bwG isMG lMkw &rMkIAw, 51. s: JMfw isMG (ipMf sulqwnivMf), 52. s: imrzw isMG kwhloN, 53. s: Swm isMG mwn (ipMf bulwkI c`k), 54. s: mwlw isMG (ipMf bulwkI c`k), 55. s: bhwl isMG (Sy^Upur), 56. s: Amr isMG (Sy^Upur), 57. s: gMgw isMG, 58. s: lwl isMG, 59: qwrw isMG (mwnWvwlw), 60. s: rUp isMG, 61. s: mihqwb isMG, 62. s: AnUp isMG, 63. s: qwrw isMG ZYbw, 64. s: Drm isMG, 65. s: su`Kw isMG (ipMf mwVI kMbo)[
srb`q Kwlsw dy ies iek`Ty ny swry 65 jiQAW ƒ 11 imslW ivc vMfx dw gurmqw kIqw[ gurmqy muqwibk (nvwb) kpUr isMG srb`q Kwlsw dy jQydwr Aqy s: j`sw isMG AwhUlvwlIAw dl Kwlsw (Xwin swrI Kwlsw &Oj) dy jQydwr bxwey gey [ hr iek imsl dI kmwn iek jQydwr ƒ sONpI geI [ ieh imslW qy ies dy AwgU hyT ilKy sn:
1. AwhlUvwlIAw imsl (s: j`sw isMG)
2. BMgI imsl (s: hrI isMG)
3. f`lyvwlIAw imsl (s: Zulwb isMG)
4. &YzlwpurIAw imsl (s: kpUr isMG)
5. kn`eIAw imsl (s: jY isMG kwhnw)
6. kroV isMGIAw imsl (s: kroVw isMG)
7. n`keI imsl (s: hIrw isMG)
8. inSwnvwlIAw imsl (s: dsONDw isMG)
9. nMd isMG sW|xIAw imsl (s: nMd isMG sW|xw)[ mgroN ies ƒ imsl sM|wxIAW qy iPr rwmgVHIAW ikhw jwx l`g ipAw [
10. sukrckIAw imsl (s: nOD isMG)
11. dIp isMG dI imsl (bwbw dIp isMG)[ mgroN ies ƒ imsl ShIdW ikhw jwx l`g ipAw[
(ienHW mhwn jrnYlW ny Awpxy-Awp nUM kdy vI isMG swihb nhIN AKvwieAw sI[ pr A`j dy pujwrI ^ud nUM ‘isMGW dw swihb’ AKvwaux ligAW zrw vI Srm nhIN krdy)
srb`q Kwlsw ny ies smyN ieh vI &Yslw kIqw ik koeI vI is`K dl Kwlsw dI iksy vI imsl ivc Swiml ho skdw hY[ hr imsl Awpxy AMdrUnI mwmilAW ivc ^udmu^iqAwr hovygI, pr kOmI msly jW imslW dy AwpsI JgVy qy &OjI mwmly dl Kwlsw (srb`q Kwlsw) dy iek`T ivc ivcwry jwieAw krngy[ &OjI mwmilAW ivc dl Kwlsw dy jQydwr (suprIm kmWfr) dw hukm swry kbUl kirAw krngy[ ieh iek`T audoN ihMdU-idhwiVAW, ivswKI Aqy dIvwlI, ’qy krn dw &Yslw hoieAw sI[ dohW idhwiVAW ivc Cy mhIny dw &wslw bxdw sI[ ieh idn qkrIbn swry ihMdU mnwauNdy sn, ies kr ky jwxnw sOKw huMdw sI ik srb`q Kwlsw iek`T iks idn hovygw, ikaNuik audoN fwierIAW jW kYlMfr nhIN hoieAw krdy sI qy auN\ vI is`K Aksr pnwhgwrW ivc irhw krdy sn, ij`Qy idn-vwr dw pqw hI nhIN sI lgdw[ srb`q Kwlsw ny ieh vI &Yslw kIqw ik hr kOmI msly dw h`l gurmqy rwhIN k`iFAw jwieAw krygw[ srb`q Kwlsw ny gurduAwirAW dI syvw-sMBwl bwbw dIp isMG dI AgvweI vwlI imsl (mgroN ShIdI imsl) ƒ sONpI[ ieh vI gurmqw kIqw igAw ik drbwr swihb dI syvw-sMBwl vI ies imsl dy syvwdwr
hI kirAw krngy Aqy imslW jW is`KW dy Coty-moty msly vI iehI sulJwieAw krngy[
not: rwjw Awlw isMG (pitAwlw) dy vwirs vI Awpxy Awp ƒ is`KW dI iek imsl (bwrHvIN imsl) AwKdy hn, jd ik ieh shI nhIN hY[ PUlkIAW ^wndwn vwly is`K zrUr sn, pr auh muZlW qy Aihmd Swh du`rwnI (qy mgroN AMgryzW) nwl Aksr imlvrqx dyNdy rhy sn qy iesy kr ky auh kdy vI muZl, du`rwnI jW AMgryzI hmly dw iSkwr nhIN hoey sn[ dUjw, auh 29 mwrc 1748 dy srb`q Kwlsw dy iek`T, ijs ivc XwrHW imslW bxIAW sn, jW iksy vI hor srb`q Kwlsw iek`T ivc kdy vI Swiml nhIN hoey sn[ ieh vKrI g`l hY ik auh is`K hox dy nwqy keI vwrI is`K &OjW dI mdd krdy rihMdy sn qy is`K &OjW vI aunHW dI f`t ky mdd krdIAW huMdIAW sn[
mIr mnU dw zmwnw
ieDr Kwlsw &OjW jQybMd ho geIAW qy auDr id`lI v`loN lwhOr dw sUbydwr bdlx dIAW iqAwrIAW hox l`g peIAW[ 11 mwrc 1748 dy idn mnUpur ivc Aihmd Swh durwnI ƒ ijs qurwnI jrnYl mueInu`dIn ny hrwieAw sI, aus ƒ mueIn-aul-mulk dw i^qwb dy ky lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw igAw[ (mueIn ƒ ‘mIr mnUU’ vI AwiKAw jWdw sI, ikauNik aus ny mnUUpur ivc du`rwnI ƒ hrwieAw sI)[ 11 AprYl 1748 dy idn mIr mnUU lwhOr dw sUbydwr bixAw[ aus ny hkUmq sMBwlidAW hI j`ly ^wn Aqy lKpq rwey ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw[ lKpq rwey nUM qIh l`K rupey jurmwnw kIqw[ lKpq rwey dI 18 l`K nkdI qoN ielwvw aus dI jwiedwd nUM vyc ky kul 2 l`K rupey bxy[ mIr mnUU vloN lKpq rwey ’qy Awied kIqy jurmwny dw bkwieAw 10 l`K ruupey bxdy sn[ ieh 10 l`K rupey dIvwn kOVw ml ny Adw kr ky mIr mnUU qoN lKpq rwey ƒ Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw; mgroN aus ny lKpq ƒ is`KW dy hvwly kr id`qw[
lKpq dI mOq: ieh XkIn kIqw jWdw hY ik is`KW ny lKpq ƒ aus dy h`Q pYr bMnH ky pwKwnw krn vwlI fUMGI QW ’qy su`t id`qw[ lok aus ’qy pwKwnw krdy rhy[ ieM\ ies dihSqgrd, zwilm, lwlw lKpq rwey ƒ aus dy vihSIAwxw zulmW dI szw imlI[ is`KW ’qy zulm krn vwlw ieh lwlw lKpq rwey Awp vI bVI burI mOqy mirAw[
mIr mnUU v`loN vI is`KW dw kqlyAwm
mIr mnUU ny hkUmq sMBwlx mgroN SurU-SurU ivc qW is`KW nUM kuJ nw ikhw pr jd aus dy pYr p`ky ho gey qW aus ny vI zkrIAw ^wn Aqy lKpq rwey vWg is`KW dw kqlyAwm SurU kr idqw[ aus ny AwpxI &Oj nUM hukm jwrI kr id`qy ik auh ij`Qy vI iksy is`K nUM dyKx aus nUM PV ky aus dy vwl muMn dyx qy jy auh Aijhw nw krn dyvy qW aus nUM kql kr dyx[ aus ny cODrIAW Aqy phwVI rwijAW nUM vI hukm jwrI kr idqy ik auh Awpxy ielwky ivc is`KW nUM nw vVn dyx qy jy koeI is`K aunHW dy ielwky ivc Aw jwvy qW aus nUM igR&qwr kr ky lwhOr Byj dyx jW aus nUM kql kr dyx[ ies ’qy phwVI rwijAW ny bhuq swry is`K igR&qwr kr ky lwhOr Byjy[ ies qrHW iek vwr Pyr hzwrW is`K lwhOr dy iklHy dy ip`Cy inKws cOk ivc kql kr idqy gey[ ieh dOr 5-6 mhIny cldw irhw[ (lqI&, ihstrI Aw& d pMjwb, s&w 221)[
rwm rOxI nUM Gyrw pYxw (AkqUbr-nvMbr 1748)
mIr mnUU dy zulmW dw ieh dOr audoN ruikAw jdoN aus ny dIvwn kOVw ml Aqy jlMDr dy nwieb sUbydwr AdInw byg dI mdd nwl is`KW nwl smJOqw krn dI koiSS vI kIqI[ aus ny kuJ is`KW ƒ AwpxI &Oj ivc BrqI krn dI pySkS vI kIqI[ j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw (qy aus dy BrwvW jY isMG, ^uShwl isMG qy mwlI isMG) ny ieh pySkS kbUl kr leI (pr j`sw isMG dw iek Brw qwrw isMG dl Kwlsw dy nwl irhw Aqy aus ny AdInw byg nwl smJOqw nhIN kIqw)[ ieh ho skdw hY ik j`sw isMG dy idl ivc muZl &Oj dy rwz hwisl krn dI ^wihS vI hovy[ auN\ ies nwl do &wiedy zrUr hoey: iek qW muZl &Oj v`loN is`KW ’qy byvjh dy zulm kuJ icr vwsqy ruk gey qy dUjw, kuJ is`KW dI mwlI hwlq kuJ sOKI ho geI[ pr ies nwl kuJ is`K jQydwr j`sw isMG qoN AOKy vI hoey[ iek crcw muqwibk aus ƒ pMQ ’coN Cyk id`qw igAw sI[ ies muqwibk Cyky jwx dI vjh aus vloN AwpxI nv-jMmI DI dw mwrnw sI (is`K ƒ iek kuVI-mwr nwl sbMD r`Kx dI mnwhI hY)[ auN\ ies g`l dI qweId iksy vI somy qoN nhIN huMdI[ ^Yr, kwrn kuJ vI hovy j`sw isMG aus vyly pMQk s&W ’coN bwhr sI[ BwvyN j`sw isMG AdInw byg dI &Oj ’c Aihm QW r`Kdw sI, pr iPr vI AMdroN-AMdrI muZl aus nwl, is`K hox kr ky, n&rq hI krdy sn[
ieq&wkn aunHIN idnIN dl Kwlsw dIAW &OjW Aqy muZl &OjW ivc Pyr tkrwA SurU ho igAw[ ies dOrwn AkqUbr 1748 ivc dIvwlI dy idnW ivc, jd is`K gurU dw c`k ivc Awey hoey sn, qW muZl &OjW ny rwm rOxI nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ies nwl sYNkVy is`K rwm-rOxI ivc iGr gey[ Awly-duAwly muZl &OjW dw Gyrw ipAw hox kr ky iklyH dy AMdr Psy is`KW dI hwlq mwVI hox l`g peI[ roz dIAW JVpW ivc qkrIbn 200is`K ShId ho gey[ auDr jdoN j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ƒ ies dw pqw l`gw qW auh Awpxy &OjI dsqy sxy auDr AwieAw (jW ByijAw igAw)[ aus ny rwm rOxI ’c Psy is`KW dI mdd krn dI pySkS kIqI[ ies pySkS ƒ kbUl kr ky is`KW ny j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ƒ pMQ ivc dobwrw Swiml kr ilAw[ ies mgroN j`sw isMG AdInw byZ nUM C`f ky rwm rOxI ivc Aw igAw qy bhuq swry is`KW nUM auQoN mih&Uz k`F ky lY igAw[ bwAd ivc dIvwn kOVw m`l ny is`KW dw mIr mnUU nwl muV smJOqw krvwaux vwsqy vI koiSSW SurU kr idqIAW[
ienHIN idnIN lwhOr dy swbkw sUbydwr Swh nvwz ^wn ny mulqwn ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ dUjy pwsy Aihmd Swh du`rwnI v`loN nvyN hmly dIAW iqAwrIAW dIAW ^brW vI Aw rhIAW sn[ ies kr ky mIr mnUU vI is`KW dw &rMt bMd krnw cwhuMdw sI[ ieh soc ky dIvwn kOVw ml dI mdd nwl is`KW Aqy mIr mnUU ivckwr smJOqw ho igAw[ ies vwr mnUU ny (1733 vWg) p`tI prgny dI AwmdnI dw cOQw ih`sw jgIr dI rkm is`KW ƒ dy id`qI qy gurU dw c`k dy iek drjn ipMfW dw mwlIAw muAw& kr idqw[ (^uSvkq rwey, qvwrI^-ie-is`KW, s&y 76-78, sohn lwl aumdw-qu`q-qvwrI^, ijld pihlI, s&w 129)[
mulqwn dI muihMm ivc is`KW v`loN mdd (AkqUbr 1749)
1748 qk id`lI dw v`fw vzIr kmr-aud-dIn (mIr mnUU dw bwp) sI[ Aihmd Swh nwl jMg dOrwn hoeI aus dI mOq mgroN s&dr jMg id`lI ivc v`fw vzIr bixAw qy mIr mnUU lwhOr dw sUbydwr[ s&dr jMg mIr mnUU nwl Kwr KWdw sI[ auh aus (mIr mnUU) nUM qMg krn vwsqy koeI mOkw nhIN sI C`fdw[ mIr mnUU ny nwisr ^wn nUM cwr mhl (isAwlkot, psrUr, gujrwq qy AOrMgwbwd) dw &Ojdwr bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ s&dr jMg nwisr ^wn nUM mIr mnUU dy i^lw& BVkwauNdw rihMdw sI[ ausy ny hI Swh invwz nUM mulqwn ’qy kbzw krn vwsqy ByijAw sI[ swh invwz l`KI jMgl dy rsiqEN mulqwn pu`jw[ 1748 dy A^Ir ivc aus ny mulqwn ‘qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[
Swh invwz eyQoN is`KW nUM ^brW Byj ky aunHW nUM mIr mnUU bwry ^u&IAw jwxkwrI dyNdw rihMdw sI[ aus dy dlwl is`KW nUM SwhI &OjW dy AYkSn dI AgwaUN ^br dy idAw krdy sn[ Swh invwz mIr mnUU nUM qMg krn vwsqy swry vsIly vrqdw rihMdw sI[ ies swry qoN mIr mnUU bVw duKI sI[ auh Swh invwz nwl do h`Q krny cwhuMdw sI[
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dy (dUjy hmly mgroN) vwips muVn qoN CyqI bwAd hI mIr mnUU ny dIvwn kOVw m`l nUM Swh invwz dy i^lw& mulqwn dI muihMm ’qy Byjx dw &Yslw kIqw[ kOVw m`l ny ies morcy nUM ij`qx vwsqy is`K &OjW qoN mdd mMgI[ j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ny kOVw m`l dI mdd krnw mMn ilAw[ pr, ies dy bdly aus ny Awpxy &OjIAW vwsqy pMdrW rupY mhInw qy jQydwrW vwsqy qIh rupY mhInw qn^wh mMgI[ kOVw m`l ny ieh Srq mMn leI Aqy do mhIny dw AYfvWs vI dy idqw[ ieh vI qYA hoieAw ik ies jMg iv`c is`KW v`loN duSmx qoN KoihAw mwl is`KW kol hI rhygw[ ies ’qy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw qy su`Kw isMG mwVI kMbo ds hzwr &OjI lY ky kOVw m`l dI muihMm ivc Swiml hox vwsqy cl pey[ jd is`K &OjW cinEt kol phuMcIAW qW kOVw m`l Awp A`gy ho ky &OjW nUM lYx AwieAw qy iek v`fI dyZ kVwh prSwd iqAwr krvw ky is`KW nUM vrqwieAw[
dUjy pwsy Swh invwz vI pUrI iqAwrI ivc sI[ auh vI &Oj lY ky A`gy viDAw[ dOrwnw qy lMgwnw ipMfW ivckwr dohW iDrW ivc zbrdsq jMg hoeI[ pihlW qW Swh invwz ^wn dy jrnYl Kvwjw Swh ny kOVw m`l dIAW &OjW dw bhuq nukswn kIqw[ pr, lVweI dOrwn iek vwr kOVw m`l Aqy Kvwjw Swh Awhmo-swhmxy Aw gey[ Aijhw jwpdw sI ik Kvwjw Swh kOVw m`l nUM kwbU kr lvygw[ jd is`K &OjW ny dIvwn kOVw m`l nUM iGirAw vyiKAw qW aunHW ny AwpxIAW bMdUkW dw inSwnw Swh invwz ^wn vl swD ilAw[ Swh ny ies nUM qwV ilAw Aqy auh bcx vwsqy ip`Cy v`l muiVAw[ pr ies qoN pihlW ik auh dUr inkl jWdw, iek golI aus nUM Aw l`gI Aqy auh Awpxy GoVy qoN if`g ipAw[ ies qoN pihlW ik Swh invwz ^wn au~T skdw, BIm isMG nW dy iek is`K ny &urqI nwl aus dw isr v`F ilAw[ (dIvwn kOVw m`l ny BIm isMG dy ies kwrnwmy bdly aus nUM do sony dy kVy, iek vDIAw GoVw qy iek sunihrI Fwl eInwm vjoN id`qI)[ Swh invwz ^wn dI mOq mgroN aus dy &OjI mYdwn C`f ky B`j gey[ is`K &OjW ny aunHW dw ip`Cw kr ky aunHW dy GoVy, hiQAwr qy hor kImqI swmwn Koh ilAw pr aunHW nUM ijaUNidAW vwips muVn idqw[ mIr mnUU dy do ^ws swQI, Abdul AzIz ^wn Aqy imrzw Asmq byZ ^wn ies lVweI ivc mwry gey[
dIvwn kOVw m`l ny mwry jw cuky Swh invwz dI lwS sMBwl ky aus nUM Sms qbryz dy mkbry dy kol SwhI rsmW nwl dbw id`qw[ (iek somy muqwibk kOVw m`l ny Swh invwz dw v`iFAw hoieAw isr mIr mnUU nUM Byj id`qw sI)[
ieh jMg ij`qx kr ky mIr mnUU ny dIvwn kOVw m`l nUM ‘mhwrwj bhwdr’ dw i^qwb idqw Aqy nwl hI aus nUM mulqwn dw gvrnr vI bxw idqw[ ies dy nwl hI mIr mnUU ny is`KW nwl smJOqw vI kr ilAw Aqy aunHW nUM jwgIr dI pySkS kIqI ijhVI ik aunHW (is`KW) ny kOVw m`l dy zor dyx ’qy mnzUr kr leI[ ies vwr ieh jwgIr cUnIAW Aqy Jbwl prginAW dI sI[ (imskIn, s&w, 59-62, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 84-88, AlIau~dIn, s&w 109 bI qoN 110ey, qwrI^y Aihmd SwhI, s&w 67-68)[
dIvwn kOVw m`l ny drbwr swihb dI muV auswrI vwsqy XwrHW hzwr rupY id`qy Aqy gurduAwrw bwl lIlHw (nwnkwxw swihb) dI eImwrq dI auswrI vI krvweI[
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw dUjw hmlw (nvMbr 1749)
AprYl 1748 dw hwirAw Aihmd Swh iek vwr Pyr h`Q Azmwauxw cwhuMdw sI[ ies kr ky nvMbr 1749 ivc aus ny Pyr pMjwb ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ auh AwpxI pihlI hwr dw bdlw lYx vwsqy ies vwr vDyry &Oj lY ky AwieAw sI[ dsMbr 1749 ivc Aihmd Swh ny isMD dirAw pwr kIqw[ mIr mnUU ny Aihmd Swh dw twkrw krn vwsqy id`lI drbwr qoN mdd mMgI pr id`lI dw vzIr (pRweIm minstr) s&dr jMg aus nwl Kwr KWdw sI qy aus dw nukswn krnw cwhuMdw sI, ies kr ky aus ny koeI mdd nw kIqI[ ies mjbUrI kwrn mIr mnUU ny soDry dy mYdwn ivc QoVHw icr mukwblw qW kIqw pr CyqI hI hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ mIr mnUU ny id`lI drbwr dI iejwzq nwl ‘cwr mhl’ (isAwlkot, gujrwq, psrUr qy AOrMgwbwd prgny) dw 14 l`K swlwnw mwlIAw Aihmd Swh nUM dyxw mnzUr kr ilAw[ (imskIn, s&w 53, qwrI^y Aihmd SwhI, s&w 46- 48, mAwsrul aumrw, ijld pihlI, s&w 360, Alwau~dIn, s&w 111 ey, AYlIAt, ijld 8, s&w 114-15)[
lwhOr ’qy is`KW dw hmlw (1750)
1733 dI jgIr vWg ies vwr vI is`KW ƒ vI AwpxI ZlqI dw Aihsws bVI jldI ho igAw[ auh ies nUM zwlmW (muZlW) nwl BweIvwlI smJdy sn[ iek pwsy Srm, gunwh, audwsI dw Awlm Aqy dUjy pwsy keI ielwikAW ivc is`K-muZl JVpW ny is`KW ƒ srb`q Kwlsw iek`T krn ’qy mjbUr kr id`qw[ srb`q Kwlsw iek vwr Pyr Akwl q^q swihb ’qy iek`Tw hoieAw[ srb`q Kwlsw ny gurmqw kIqw ik “zwlm muZlW pwsoN jgIr kbUl krn dy gunwh dw Doxw Dox vwsqy lwhOr ’qy hmlw kIqw jwey[” Akwl q^q swihb ’qy pws kIqy ies gurmqy ƒ Aml ivc ilAwaux vwsqy dl Kwlsw dIAW &OjW ny nvwb kpUr isMG dI AgvweI ivc lwhOr ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ies vyly mIr mnUU jW kwiem-mukwm sUbydwr ie`zq ^wn lwhOr ivc nhIN sn[ nvwb kpUr isMG lwhOr dI kuqvwlI ivc muZl hwkm dI kursI ’qy jw bYTy Aqy Sihr dy AmIrW qoN mwmlw vsUl kIqw[ ie`zq ^wn dy Sihr ’c pu`jx qoN pihlW hI is`K lwhOr qoN cly gey[ ies hmly dOrwn is`KW &ojW ny lwhOr dw kw&I ih`sw swV ky suAwh kr id`qw[ ies AgznI ny bwhrI lwhOr ƒ burI qrHW qbwh kr id`qw [ ies qbwhI bwry iek qwrI^dwn imskIn ny iliKAw sI ik “iek vwr dw C`ifAw qIr qy bIq igAw vkq kdy vwips nhIN muVdw[ Sihr qbwh ho cu`kw sI[” ieh Gtnw 1749 dy A^Ir jW 1750 dy SurU dI hY[ (Alwau~dIn, s&w 111 ey, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 82)[
mIr mnUU dy nvyN zulm
is`K &OjW vloN lwhOr dI lut-mwr Aqy qbwhI mgroN lwhOr dy sUbydwr mIr mnUU ny is`KW ’qy Aw^rW dI s^qI SurU kr id`qI[ aus ny ijzwrcIAW (bMdUkcIAW) dI iek “gSqI &Oj” bxw idqI ijs kol vDIAw bMdUkW sn qy ies dw muK kMm is`KW dw iSkwr krnw sI[ mIr mnUU ny is`KW dy isrW dy eInwm r`Kx dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ SwhI &urmwn muqwibk iek is`K dw isr ilAwaux vwly ƒ 10 rupey imlxy sn[ ieM\ hI iksy is`K nwl lVweI ivc GoVw mrvw lYx vwly ƒ SwhI Asqbl ivcoN nvW GoVw imlxw sI[ is`K nUM pnwh dyxw iek jurm bxw idqw igAw[ ies SwhI AYlwn mgroN hzwrW is`K igR&qwr kr ky ShId kIqy gey[ imsikn muqwibk muZl &OjI iek is`K dy isr dI Bwl ivc 60-65 iklomItr qk mwr mwrdy huMdy sn[ ieh vylw is`KW vwsqy bVw AOKw smW sI[ ies smyN ivc bhuq swry is`KW ny ShIdIAW pweIAW[
zulm dw ieh dOr qkrIbn 6 mhIny cldw irhw[ ies vwr mIr mnUU ny ieh AYlwn vI kIqw ik is`K ƒ pnwh dyx jW aus bwry jwxkwrI lukwaux vwlw vI mujirm igixAw jweygw[ 3 AkqUbr 1751 dy idn mIr mnUU ny moimn ^wn nUM ^ws qOr ’qy is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm dw cwrj dy idqw[aus ny moimn ƒ is`KW dy kqlyAwm vwsqy ^ws qOr ’qy qweInwq kIqw; aus nUM iek v`fI &Oj, Aslw qy cMgI rkm vI muh`eIAw kIqI[ ies ’qy is`KW ƒ iek vwr Pyr Gr-Gwt Cfxy pey[ ieM\ hI eymnwbwd dy &Ojdwr Amwnu`lw ^wn nUM vI iesy muihMm ’qy lw idqw igAw[
hux mIr mnU ny Awpxy &OjI ipMfW ivc vI Byj idqy ijnHW dw kMm is`KW dI Bwl krnw sI[ aunHW nUM jo bMdw vI is`K vrgw jwpdw sI aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw jWdw sI[ ies vwr kOVw ml vI kuJ nw kr sikAw[ (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 79, imskIn, s&w 80-82, AlIau~dIn, s&w 111 ey)[
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw qIjw hmlw (1751-52)
dsMbr 1751 ivc Aihmd Swh du`rwnI ny Pyr pMjwb ‘qy hmlw kr id`qw[ pihlW aus ny mIr mnUU ƒ ‘chwr/cwr mhl’ dw mwmlw Adw krn vwsqy pYZwm ByijAw[ mnUU ny hux iPr id`lI drbwr qoN mdd mMgI pr aunHW mnUU dI Arz ƒ nzr-AMdwz kr id`qw[ jd Aihmd Swh dw eylcI hrUn ^wn mIr mnUU koloN rkm lYx AwieAw qW mnUU ny bhwnw lwieAw ik gVbV kwrn mwlIAw iek`Tw nhIN ho sikAw[ ies dy nwl hI mnUU ny dIvwn kOVw m`l nUM mulqwn qoN bulw ilAw[ auDr Aihmd Swh ny dobwrw iek hor eylcI suKjIvn m`l nUM mIr mnUU v`l ByijAw[ hux mIr mnUU ny aus nUM 9 l`K rupY dy idqy qy bwkI Byjx dw vwAdw kIqw[ Aihmd Swh ny ieh rkm lY leI pr lwhOr v`l nUM vDdw igAw[ ies ’qy mIr mnUU ny is`KW qoN dobwrw mdd mMgI Aqy aunHW nUM hux kTUAw, bsohlI Aqy dUn vYlI dy prgixAW dI pySkS kIqI[ ies dy nwl hI mnUU ny Awpxw t`br Aqy injI ^zwnw jMmU ivc au~QoN dy rwjy rxjIq dyv dI ih&wzq ivc Byj id`qy[ mIr mnUU Awp 50hzwr &Oj Aqy 400qopW lY ky lwhOr qoN 36 iklomItr dUr gujrwq dy mYdwn ivc Aw fitAw[ Aihmd Swh ny 1748 vWg ies vwr vI cwlwkI vrqI[ aus ny ies pwsy Awaux dI bjwie lwhOr kol rwvI pwr kIqI Aqy SwlImwr bwZ ivc Aw fyry lwey[ jd ies dI ^br mIr mnUU nUM imlI qW auh vwho-dwhI lwhOr v`l nUM dOiVAw[ Aihmd Swh ny lwhOr nUM cwr mhIny Gyrw pweI r`iKAw[ aus ny lwhOr dy Awly-duAwly dy swry ielwky ivc ^Ub l`ut mcweI[ hwlq ieho ijhI ho geI ik lok kMgwl ho gey[ aunHW kol bs Kwx jogw Anwj hI bicAw sI[ iesy kr ky ienHW idnW ivc “KwDw pIqw lwhy dw, bwkI Aihmd Swhy dw” vwlI AKwauq mShUr ho geI sI[ (imskIn, s&w 75)[
A^Ir 5 mwrc 1752 dy idn mihmUd bUtI ipMf ivc A&ZwnW Aqy muZlW ivckwr hoeI lVweI SurU ho geI[ ies lVweI ivc golI l`gx kwrn dIvwn kOVw ml mwirAw igAw[ bhuqy qwrI^dwn ies gl bwry iek-rwey hn ik dIvwn dy mwry jwx ip`Cy jlMDr dy hwkm AdInw byg Aqy bzId ^wn dI swizS sI[ (imskIn, s&w 76, AlIau~dIn, s&w 111 bI, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 85-86, qwrI^y Aihmd SwhI, s&w 91)[ (is`K dIvwn kOVw ml nUM Awpxw ihmieqI hox ky dIvwn ‘im`Tw ml’ kih ky Xwd krdy sn)[
dIvwn kOVw ml dI mOq ip`CoN mIr mnUU ny Aihmd Swh du`rwnI A`gy hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ auh bhuq swry rupY, kpVy qy GoVy lY ky pyS ho igAw[ Aihmd Swh dy jrnYl jhwn ^wn Aqy Swh vlI ^wn aus nUM Aihmd Swh kol pyS krn vwsqy lY ky gey[ iek somy muqwibk ies mOky ’qy Aihmd Swh ny mIr mnUU nUM pu`iCAw ik qyry nwl kI slUk kIqw jwvy qW mnUU ny jvwb id`qw: “jy qUM dukwndwr hYN qW mYnUM vyc lY, jy qUM ksweI eyN qW mYnUM kql kr dyh, jy qUM rwjw eyN qW myry ’qy imhr kr Aqy mYnUM muAw& kr dy[” mIr mnUU dw jvwb sux ky Aihmd Swh ny nw isr& mIr mnUU nUM muAw& hI kIqw blik aus ƒ AwpxI qr&oN lwhOr dw sUbydwr vI bxw id`qw[ ies dy nwl hI 13 AprYl 1752 dy idn Aihmd Swh ny lwhOr Aqy mulqwn sUibAW ƒ id`lI qoN p`ky qOr ’qy Koh ky kwbl dI hkUmq ivc hI Swiml kr ilAw[
ijs vyly Aihmd Swh Aqy mIr mnUU lVweI kr rhy sn qW (dsMbr 1751 ivc) is`KW ny mOky dw &wiedw auTwaux vwsqy srhMd dy Awly duAwly dy ielwky ivc hmly kr ky lu`t mwr kIqI sI[ ies mgroN auh jINd v`l cly gey[ jd ihswr Aqy sonIpq dy sUbydwr kwmgwr ^wn bloc nUM is`KW dI Awmd dw pqw l`gw qW auh cMgI qkVI &Oj lY ky au~Qy phuMc igAw Aqy is`KW ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ BwvyN is`K bhwdrI nwl lVy pr QoVHI igxqI hox kwrn au~QoN inkl ky ihswr v`l inkl gey qy iPr kIrqpur-AnMdpur v`l kUc kr gey[
mIr mnUU dy zulmW dw Aw^rI dOr (mwrc 1752 qoN AkqUbr 1753)
Aihmd Swh koloN sUbydwrI hwisl krn mgroN mIr mnUU ny iek vwr Pyr is`KW ’qy zulm krny SurU kr id`qy[ 8 AprYl 1752 dy idn (ivswK dI pihlI nUM) is`K gurU dw c`k iek`Ty hoey[ is`K socdy sn ik mIr mnUU Aihmd Swh nwl auliJAw hox kr ky is`KW ’qy hmlw nhIN krygw pr aunHW dw ikAws Zlq inkilAw[ mIr mnUU ny AdInw byg Aqy swidk byg nUM is`KW ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy Byj id`qw[ ikauNik is`K hmly bwry Avysly sn ies kr ky bhuq swry is`K mwry gey[ mwry jwx vwilAW ivc bIbIAW qy b`cy vDyry sn[
gurU dw c`k ’qy hmly mgroN mnUU ny Awpxy &Ojdwr moimn ^wn nUM l`KI jMgl v`l ByijAw qW jo is`KW nUM aunHW dI pnwhgwh ivc hI ^qm kr idqw jwvy[ pr ies vwr mnUU nUM kwmXwbI nw imlI[ ieh ielwkw is`KW dw Awpxw ielwkw sI Aqy mukwmI lok vI is`K &OjW nwl hmdrdI rKdy sn[ iksy ny vI muZlW nUM imlvrqx nw kIqw[ ies kr ky ies AYkSn ivc bhuq swry muZl &OjI mwry gey ijs kr ky mIr mnUU ny aunHW nUM vwips bulw ilAw[
kuJ icr mgroN mnUU nUM pqw l`gw ik is`K sqluj dy nyVy byt dy ielwky ivc pnwh lY rhy hn[ aus ny husYn ^wn nUM &Oj dy ky is`KW ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy ByijAw[ kot bu`Fw ipMf kol is`KW Aqy husYn ^wn dI &Oj ivc t`kr ho geI[ ies mOky ’qy is`KW dw bVw nukswn hoieAw[
ies kwmXwbI mgroN mnUU ny btwlw dy s~Xd zmIn-aud-dIn Aqy b^SI ZwzI byZ ^wn nUM is`KW dw ip`Cw krn vwsqy ByijAw[ is`K ies &Oj dI mwr nw J`l sky Aqy B`j ky gurU dw c`k ivc rwm rOxI ivc jw vVy[ muZl &Oj ny aunHW dw ip`Cw kIqw Aqy rwm rOxI nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ieh Gyrw keI idn ipAw irhw[ is`KW ny FweI &`t dI (gurIlw) lVweI krnI SurU kr idqI[ pr aunHW dI koeI v`s nw c`ilAw qy A^Ir swry dy swry 900 is`K muZlW nwl lVdy ShId ho gey[ (imskIn, s&w 81)[
ienHW kwmXwbIAW mgroN mIr mnUU hor BUqr igAw[ hux mnUU ny isr& is`K mrdW ƒ hI nhIN blik aunHW dy t`brW dI igR&qwrI dy hukm vI jwrI kr id`qy[ aus ny is`KW dy isrW dy mu`l Pyr AYlwn kr id`qy[ ies dy nqIjy vjoN hr roz drjnW Aqy keI vwr sYNkiVAW dI igxqI ivc is`K igR&qwr kr ky lwhOr ilAWdy jWdy sn Aqy aunHW ƒ nKws cOk ivc ShId kr id`qw jWdw sI[ iek vwr eId dy idn mnUU ny 1100 is`K n^ws cOk ivc ShId kIqy sn[ (mOlvI nUr muhMmd icSqI, qihkwky icSqI)[
Aijhy drdnwk qy ^O&nwk qsIihAW dy bwvjUd iksy vI is`K mrd, AOrqW jW b`cy ny Awpxw Drm nhIN C`ifAw[ is`K mrdW vWg is`K AOrqW ny vI swibq kr id`qw ik auh zulm dy A`gy Awpxw isr nhIN JukwauxgIAW[ ij`Qy s`q swl pihlW lwlw lKpq rwey ny hzwrW is`KW dw kqlyAwm kIqw sI, au~Qy mIr mnUU ny byqhwSw zulm dw A^Ir lY AWdw sI[ is`K kOm ny Aijhw zulm ies qoN pihlW kdy nhIN sI vyiKAw[ {isr& jUn Aqy nvMbr 1984 dy vihSIAwxw kqlyAwm Aqy ky.pI.AY~s. ig`l – byAMq isMh (1992-95) dy zulmW ny hI ies ƒ mwq id`qI sI}[
mIr mnUU dy zulmW dy bwvjUd vI is`K cVHdI klw ivc sn[ aunHW ƒ keI-keI swlW dI lMbI rwq dy bwvjUd cwnx dI ikrn nzr AwauNdI sI[ aunHW ƒ XkIn sI ik Akwl purK aunHW dw iemiqhwn lY irhw hY qy auh ies iemiqhwn ivcoN vI sur^rU ho ky inklxgy[ ies kr ky zulm, qsIhy, qS`dd, kqlyAwm qy kYd aunHW ƒ frw nhIN sn sky[ auh ^ud ƒ zrw vI kmzor, audws, hIxy, inMmoJUxy, byidl, byihs, bybs, byks mihsUs nhIN krdy sn[ aunHW dy hONsly ATHwrvIN sdI dy ies is`K-qrwny’coN pVyH jw skdy hn:
mnUU swfI dwqrI, AsIN mnUU dy soey[
ijauN ijauN swƒ v`Fdw, AsIN sO sO dUxy hoey (AsI dUx svwey hoey)[
mu&qI AlI-aud-dIn iebrqnwmw ivc ilKdw hY ik mIr mnUU ny is`KW nUM ^qm krn vwsqy pUrw itl lwieAw[ mnUU roz sYNkVy is`K mwrdw sI qy aunHW dy isrW qy lwSW nwl KUh Br gey sn[ mIr mnUU ny isr& &OjI is`K hI nhIN blik ikswn qy Coty-moty vpwrI vI igR&qwr kr ky mwry[ mnUU ny bIbIAW qy b`icAW dw vI Gwx kIqw[ bIbIAW nUM jylHW ivc roz svw-svw mx (40iklo) kxk pIsx dw hukm sI qy ies bdly aunHW nUM c`pw (cOQw ih`sw) rotI imldI sI[ ienHW jylHW ivc hI is`K bIbIAW dy koloN aunHW dy b`cy Koh ky qsIhy dy-dy ky mwry jWdy sn qy aunHW dIAW lwSW dy tukiVAW dy hwr pro ky aunHW dy glW ivc pwey jWdy sn[ Aijhw kr ky aunHW nUM frwieAw jWdw sI qW jo auh muslmwn bx jwx pr iek vI is`K bIbI ny Awpxw Drm nw C`ifAw[
mnUU dy ies zulmI-dOr dOrwn hzwrW is`K kql kIqy gey[ iek AMdwzy muqwibk mIr mnUU dy hukm nwl iek`ly nKws cOk lwhOr ivc 2qoN 30 hzwr dy ivckwr is`K kql kIqy gey sn[ jdoN is`KW dI igxqI Gt geI qW mIr mnUU ny is`KW dy isrW dw m`ul 10 rupey qoN 25 rupey kr id`qw[ mnUU ny kql kIqy is`KW dy isrW nwl mInwr ausrvwey[
mIr mnUU dy Awpxy iek Zulwm imskIn muqwibk mnUU dy zulmW ny is`KW ƒ vDyry qkiVAW kIqw[ auh zulm ivcoN hor mzbUq ho ky inkly[ ShIdW dI rwK ivcoN auh vDyry Awn qy Swn nwl auBry[ mnUU dy zulmW ny is`KW ivc ieqhwd ilAWdw[ aunHW dy ierwdy vDyry bulMd hoey[ Aijhw jwpdw sI ik is`K kOm iek vDyry bulMd hONsly nwl auBrygI Aqy mnUU dy zulmW dw ihswb zrUr lvygI[
ndOx dI lVweI (Agsq 1752)
mIr mnUU v`loN clwey gey zulmI dOr dOrwn is`K phwVW Aqy mwrUQlW v`l inkl gey sn[ bhuqy phwVI ihMdU rwjy vI is`KW dI mdd krn dI bjwey mIr mnUU dw swQ dy rhy sn[ aunHW iv`coN keIAW ny qW sYNkVy is`KW nUM igR&qwr kr ky lwhOr phuMcw ky eInwm vI hwisl kIqy sn pr iPr vI kuJ phwVI rwjy AMdroN-AMdrIN is`KW nwl hmdrdI rKdy sn[ ienHW ivc mMfI Aqy hrIpur dy rwjy vI sn (ieh dovyN rwj Grwny gurU nwnk swihb dy vyly qoN hI is`KI nwl juVy hoey sn)[ julweI 1752 dy A^Ir ivc mIr mnUU ny ienHW phwVI irAwsqW qoN vwDU mwmlw (tYks) mMg ilAw qy Adw nw krn ’qy jurmwnw vI kr idqw[ jd rwijAW ny eynI rkm dyx qoN mjbUrI idKweI qW mnUU ny ienHW dy i^lw& &Oj Byj idqI[ies vyly kuJ is`K &OjW AnMdpur swihb Aqy ies dy Awly-duAwly dy ielwky ivc sn[ phwVI rwijAW ny ienHW qk phuMc kIqI[ j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw &Oj lY ky CyqI hI ndOx pu`j igAw[ Agly do idn dI lVweI ivc is`K &OjW ny muZl hmlwvrW dy ^Ub AwhU lwhy[ sYNkVy bMdy mrvw ky lwhOrI &Oj mYdwn C`f ky B`j geI[ phwVI rwijAW ny is`K &OjW dw Sukrwnw kIqw Aqy aunHW nUM kImqI qoh&y dy ky ivdw kIqw[
AnMdpur swihb ivc ShIdIAW (&rvrI 1753)
jd ndOx ivc is`KW h`QoN hwr dI ^br mIr mnUU qk phuMcI qW aus ny doAwby dy &Ojdwr AdInw byZ dI ifaUtI lweI ik auh is`KW dy i^lw& AYkSn lvy[ 1753 ivc holw mh`lw &rvrI dI 18-19 nUM pYNdw sI[ AdInw byZ nUM pqw sI ik is`K ies mOky ’qy AnMdpur swihb zrUr jwxgy[ is`KW nUM aunHW idnW ivc ieh Aws nhIN ik AdInw byZ aunHW ’qy AnMdpur swihb ivc vI hmlw krygw ies kr ky auh ies p`KoN Avysly sn[ AdInw byZ ny sdIk byZ ^wn nUM nwl lY ky cup-cupIqy AnMdpur swihb nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ies vyly bhuq swry is`K prvwrW smyq Awey hoey sn[ AdInw byZ dy Acwxk hmly nwl bhuq swry is`K B`j ky mih&Uz QWvW v`l inkl gey[ ies mOky ’qy j`sw isMG, cVHq isMG qy hor jrnYlW ny Awpxy swQIAW nUM iek`Tw kIqw qy muZl &OjW dw twkrw krn dI koiSS kIqI pr v`fI &Oj A`gy aunHW dI koeI pyS nw geI[ ies muZl hmly ivc bhuq swrIAW is`K bIbIAW Aqy b`cy mwry gey[ ies hmly ivc cVHq isMG vI golI l`gx nwl z^mI ho igAw[ (gir&n, s&w 501, lqI&, s&w 224-25, mwlkm s&w 92)[
AdInw byZ Awpxy imSn ivc kwmXwb qW irhw Aqy mIr mnUU qoN ies dw eInwm vI hwisl kIqw pr AMdroN-AMdrIN auh frdw vI irhw ik hux is`K aus nUM ies dI szw XkInn dyxgy[ ieh soc ky aus ny Awpxy jrnYl sdIk byZ nUM j`sw isMG v`l ByijAw qy ipClw sB kuJ Bu`lx Aqy A`goN smJOqy dI pySkS kIqI[ ies vyly mIr mnUU dy zulmW dw isKr AwieAw hoieAw sI ies kr ky j`sw isMG ny ieh pySkS kbUl kr leI[ ies nwl Gto-Gt AnMdpur swihb Aqy doAwby dy kuJ ielwky ivc qW is`K muZlW dy zulm qoN bcx dI kuJ Aws rK skdy sn[
nvwb kpUr isMG dw clwxw
7 AkqUbr 1753 dy idn dl Kwlsw dy jQydwr nvwb kpUr isMG cVHweI kr gey[ aunHW dI ishq kw&I icr qoN ^rwb clI Aw rhI sI ikauNik iek lVweI ivc golI lgx kwrn hoieAw aunHW dw z^m Br nhIN sI sikAw[ nvwb kpUr isMG dI mOq nwl is`K pMQ qoN iek mhwn jrnYl Kus igAw[ BwvyN j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ny ZYr-rsmI qOr ’qy dl Kwlsw dI kmwn sMBwl leI sI pr bqOr jQydwr rsmI cox (mnzUrI) 10 AprYl 1754 dy idn srbq Kwlsw iek`T ivc hI hoeI[
mIr mnUU dI mOq (4 nvMbr 1753)
26 AkqUbr 1753 dy idn ihMdU dIvwlI mnw rhy sn[ ieh smW mIr mnUU dy zulm dy isKr dw sI[ ies kr ky is`K ies mOky ’qy c`k gurU (AMimRqsr) iek`Ty nw ho sky[ pr iPr vI iek`ly-duk`ly is`K gurU dI ngrI AwauNdy hI rihMdy sn[ mIr mnUU nUM ies g`l dw pqw sI[ ies kr ky aus ny ipMf milkpur ivc iek p`kI cONkI kwiem kr idqI sI[ ieh jgh lwhOr Aqy gurU dw c`k dy ivckwr, lwhOr qoN 25 iklomItr (7 koh) dUr hY[ jd ies cONkI ’qy is`KW dy iksy ielwky ivc lu`ky jW Tihry hox bwry ieqlwh imldI qW cONkI dw ieMcwrj Kvwjw imrzw aus pwsy v`l &Oj tor dyNdw sI[ ieh &OjI 80-90iklomItr dUr qk vI mwr krdy rihMdy sn[ ienHW muihMmW ivc igR&qwr kIqy is`KW nUM byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw jWdw sI[ keI is`KW nUM qW isr ivc l`kV dy hQOVy mwr-mwr ky mwr id`qw jWdw sI[ (AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 112 ey, nUr Aihmd icSqI)[
2 nvMbr 1753 nUM mIr mnUU milkpur vwlI cONkI ivc hwizr sI[ aus nUM ^br imlI ik is`KW dw iek v`fw j`Qw lwhOr v`loN c`k gurU v`l jwx vwsqy jW vwips muVidAW ipMf milkpur dy nyVy gMny dy iek Kyq ivc luikAw bYTw hY[ ^br imlidAW hI mIr mnUU aus qr& cl ipAw qy gMny dy Kyq nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ jd luky hoey is`KW nUM pqw l`gw ik aunHW nUM &Oj ny Gyr ilAw hY qW aunHW Kyq ‘coN &wieirMg SurU kr idqI[ iek dm golIAW dI Awvwz ’qy mIr mnUU dw GoVw qr`bk ipAw Aqy B`j tuirAw[ mnUU GoVy qoN ifg ipAw pr aus dw iek pYr GoVy dI rkwb ivc hI Ps igAw[ GoVw mnUU nUM GsItdw bVI dUr qk inkl igAw[ mnUU burI qrHW z^mI ho igAw[ mnUU dw ielwj krn dI bVI koiSS kIqI geI pr auh hoS ivc vI nw Aw sikAw qy 3-4 nvMbr dI rwq nUM mr igAw[ (AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 211-12, ^zwnw-ie-AmIrw, s&w 9, sohn lwl sUrI, ijld pihlI, s&w 136)[
pr imskIn (jo mIr mnUU dw Zulwm sI) muqwibk mnUU nUM iksy ny Kwxy ivc zihr id`qw sI[ imskIn ilKdw hY ik 3 nvMbr nUM is`KW dw ip`Cw krdw hoieAw mIr mnUU lwhOr qoN 25 iklomItr dUr ipMf Avwn dy iklHy ivc TihirAw hoieAw sI[ aus ny aus idn dw Kwx Kw ky kuJ icr susqwieAw Aqy iPr bwAd dupihr auT ky pwKwny jwx mgroN nmwz pVHI[ ies mgroN aus ny ivlwieqI swtn dy nIl bsqr (hry rMg dy kpVy) pihxy qy GoVy ’qy cVH ky iklHy coN bwhr AwieAw[ ies mOky ’qy Kvwjw imrzw ny aus nUM kuJ is`KW dy k`ty hoey isr pyS kIqy qy eInwm hwisl kIqw[ ies mgroN aus ny GoVy nUM A`fI mwrI Aqy KyqW ivc Awpxy &OjIAW v`l clw igAw[ ie`Qy hI Acwxk aus dI qbIAq ^rwb ho geI[ hkImW ny aus ny dvweI id`qI pr aus dI hwlq lgwqwr ivgVdI geI qy auh A`DI rwq vyly mr igAw[ (imskIn, s&w 87-88)[
Akwl purK ƒ ieh mnzUr nhIN sI ik is`K lKpq rwey vWg mIr mnUU ƒ vI Awpxy h`QIN szw dy skdy[ 3-4 nvMbr dI rwq nUM mIr mnUU mr igAw[ ies dy nwl hI is`KW qy zulm dw aunHW vyilAW sB qoN v`D vihSIAwxw dOr vI ^qm ho igAw[ mIr mnUU ny Awpxy pMj swl dy Aihd ivc 30 hzwr dy krIb is`K mwry sn[ ienHW qoN ielwvw bhuq swry BuJMgI Aqy isMGxIAW vI kql kIqy sn[ pr ies dy bwvjUd is`K &OjW dI igxqI vDdI geI sI[ is`K mrnoN nhIN sn frdy[ (isAwrul muqw^rIn, ijld qIjI, s&w 50-51)[
is`K bIbIAW dI irhweI
jd is`KW nUM mIr mnUU dI mOq dI ^br imlI qW aunHW ny rwqo-rwq lwhOr ivc mnUU dI jylH ’qy hmlw kr ky kYd isMGxIAW qy b`icAW nUM irhw krvw ilAw[ muZl, mIr mnUU dy A&sos ivc ru`Jy hox kr ky, aunHW nUM rok nw sky[
mIr mMnUU dI mOq ’qy is`K hI nhIN Awm lokW ny vI rwhq mihsUs kIqI ikauN ik is`KW nUM mwrn vwsqy aus ny iek v`fI &Oj BrqI kr leI sI ijs nwl aus dy Krcy bhuq vD gey sn qy ienHW ^ricAW nUMM pUrw krn vwsqy auh lokW dw ^Un incoVdw sI[
AzIz byZ qy b^iSMdw ^wn dy hmly
ienHIN idnIN BwvyN lwhOr drbwr qwkq dI j`dojihd ivc jUJ irhw sI pr aunHW nUM is`KW dw fr vI sqw irhw sI[ mwrc 1754 ivc aunHW nUM ^br imlI ik 10 AprYl 1754 dy idn is`K v`fI igxqI ivc gurU-dw-c`k ivc iek`Ty ho rhy hn[ ies ’qy lwhOr drbwr ny iek v`fI &Oj AzIz byZ Aqy b^iSMdw ^wn dI AgvweI ivc ‘gurU dw c`k’ vl Byj idqI qW jo is`KW dw kqlyAwm kIqw jw sky[ pr j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI AgvweI hyT is`K &OjW ny ies &Oj dy dovyN jrnYlW smyq bhuq swry muZl ispwhIAW nUM ^qm kr idqw[ muZl jrnYlW dy mrn ip`CoN bwkI dI &Oj mYdwn C`f ky B`j geI[
Akwl q^q swihb qoN ‘rwKI’ dw AYlwn
(10 AprYl 1754)
mIr mnUU dy mrn mgroN, 10 AprYl 1754 dy idn, keI swl mgroN pihlI vwr, is`K Akwl q^q swihb ’qy iek`Ty hoey[ ies mOky ’qy hoey iek srb`q Kwlsw iek`T ivc is`K kOm ny pMjwbIAW ƒ ‘rwKI’ dyx dw gurmqw kIqw[ ies muqwibk ikswnW Aqy vpwrIAW ny is`K ƒ mwlIAw dyxw sI qy ies bdly is`KW ny aunHW ƒ A&gwn DwVvIAW Aqy muZl srkwr qoN ih&wzq dyxI sI[ is`KW vloN imlI ieh pySkS vpwrIAW, Aqy ^ws kr ky ikswnW, vwsqy iek ZYbI qoh&w sI[ ikauNik aunHW idnW ivc ikswnW ƒ AwpxI &sl Aqy SwhUkwr qy vpwrI ƒ AwpxI dOlq Aqy ijxs dw muZlW Aqy Aihmd Swh h`QoN lu`ty jwx dw hmySw fr rihMdw sI[ pMjwb ’c ieh AKwx Awm qOr qy mShUr sI: KwDw pIqw lwhy dw qy bwkI Aihmd Swhy dw [ ies kr ky pMjwb dy ikswnW ny bVI KuSI nwl is`KW dI ‘rwKI’ dI pySkS kbUl kIqI[ hOlI-hOlI pMjwb dw bhuq swrw ih`sw is`KW dI pnwh hyT Aw igAw[ (imskIn, s&w 84)[
iSvwjI mrh`tw dI ‘cOQ’ qy is`KW dI ‘rwKI’ ivc &rk
is`KW dI ‘rwKI’ dw iSvwjI mrh`tw dI ‘cOQ’ nwl mukwblw krn leI jwdU nwQ srkwr, ihstrI Aw& AOrMgzyb (ijld cOQI, s&w 186) dI it`pxI nUM swhmxy rKxw kw&I hY[ jwdU nwQ ilKdw hY ik “iSvwjI v`loN mrh`itAW qoN vsUl kIqI jWdI cOQ dy bdly ivc aunHW (iSvwjI) v`loN ikswnW nUM muZlW dy hmilAW jW mukwmI gVbV dI sUrq ivc iksy mdd dw koeI vwAdw nhIN sI[ mrh`ty qW isr& Awpxw &wiedw socdy sn qy aunHW nUM koeI i&kr nhIN sI ik aunHW dy jwx mgroN aunHW ikswnW dw kI hSr hovygw[ ieh qW iek fwkU dI QW dUjy fwkU dw iSkwr bxnw sI[”
lwhOr dw hwkm bxn dI jMg
mIr mnUU dI mOq mgroN id`lI dy muZl bwdSwh Aihmd Swh (du`rwnI nhIN) ny mIr mnUU dyy iqMn swl dy nwbwlg pu`qr muhMmd AmIn ^wn nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr AYlwn kr idqw qy muZlwnI byZm nUM aus dI muhwi&z (gwrfIAn) bxw id`qw[ pr muZlwnI byZm Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dI v&wdwr bxnw cwhuMdI sI Aqy id`lI srkwr qoN g`dI hwisl krnw nhIN sI cwhuMdI[ ies kr ky aus ny Aihmd Swh du`rwnI qoN lwhOr dI sUbydwrI ’qy muhr luAwaux vwsqy aus nUM ^q ByijAw[ byZm dy &Ojdwr moimn ^wn ny A^Ir jnvrI 1754 ivc Aihmd Swh du`rwnI qoN ies dI mnzUrI hwisl kr hI leI[ du`rwnI dI ies mnzUrI dw jSn lwhOr ivc bVI Swno-SOkq nwl mnwieAw igAw[
meI 1754 ivc byZm dy b`cy bwl-sUbydwr muhMmd AmIn ^wn dI mOq ho geI[ ikhw jWdw hYy iBKwrI ^wn (aur& rOSn-aud-dOlw), jo mIr mnUU dw iek v&wdwr jrnYl sI, ny muhMmd AmIn ^wn nUM iek ihjVy rwhIN zihr dy ky mwirAw sI[ (pihlW mIr mnUU dI mOq vyly vI iBKwrI ^wn ny muZlwnI byZm nUM bVw qMg kIqw sI[ aus ny mIr mnUU dI lwS nUM d&nwaux vwsqy id`lI iljwxw cwihAw sI, pr byZm aus lwS nUM lwhOr ivc hI d&n krnw cwhuMdI sI[ iBKwrI ^wn ny &Oj dw v`fw ih`sw Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw sI[ A^Ir kwism ^wn ny byZm dI mdd kIqI[ &Oj nUM coKI rkm irSvq vjoN dyx mgroN hI byZm mIr mnUU dI lwS lwhOr ivc d&n krn ivc kwmXwb ho skI sI)[ (imskIn, s&w 89-90, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 88)[
{mgroN, jdoN is`KW ny lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qW aunHW ny mIr mnUU dI lwS nUM aus dI kbr iv`coN k`F ky swV id`qw igAw qy aus dI kbr dw nW inSwn vI imtw id`qw igAw[ (imskIn, s&y 99-107)[ ieM\ iek zwlm dI Aw^rI inSwnI vI ^qm kr id`qI geI}[
hux bwl-sUbydwr muhMmd AmIn ^wn dI mOq mgroN iBKwrI ^wn ny byZm dy i^lw& SryAwm bZwvq vI kr id`qI[ ies mOky ’qy kwism ^wn ny byZm dI iPr bVI mdd kIqI[ iBKwrI ^wn nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw (qy AprYl 1755 ivc aus nUM kql vI kr id`qw igAw)[ byZm ny kwism ^wn nUM eInwm vjoN p`tI dw &Ojdwr lw id`qw Aqy nwl hI aus nUM kuJ qopW, 30 ijzwrcI (bMdUkcI), 100 qurkI &OjI, keI hzwr GoVsvwr qy pYdl ispwhI qy hzwrW rupY nkd vI aus dy Sukrwny vjoN id`qy[
kwism nUM is`KW ny mUrK bxwieAw
p`tI dw &Ojdwr bxn mgroN kwism lwhOr qoN p`tI v`l cl ipAw[ aus ny pihlw pVwA ipMf dmodrW ivc kIqw[ ies ipMf bwry aus nUM ^br imlI sI ik ie`QoN dy lok is`KW nwl hmdrdI rKdy hn[ kwism ny ies swry ipMf nUM kYdI bxw ilAw[ jd is`KW nUM ies g`l dw pqw l`gw qW aunHW ny kwism dI &Oj ’qy gurIlw hmly krny SurU kr id`qy[ is`K hr roz svyry qy Swm idn ivc do vwr hmlw krdy sn Aqy kwism dI &Oj dw nukswn kr ky dOV jWdy sn[ iek idn kwism ny Awpxy Brw Awlm byZ nUM 1000 &OjI dy ky is`KW dw ip`Cw krn vwsqy Byj id`qw[ pr jd Asl lVweI dw mOkw AwieAw qW Awlm byZ dihl igAw Aqy aus ivc is`KW dw swhmxw krn dI jurAq nw hoeI[ auh AwpxI &Oj nUM AwgU-rihq C`f ky mYdwn ’coN B`j AwieAw[ jd kwism nUM ies dw pqw l`gw qW auh ^ud Awp is`KW dy ip`Cy igAw[ QoVHI dUr jwx ’qy aus ny vyiKAw ik muZl &OjI B`jy Aw rhy hn[ imsikn ilKdw hY ik isr& iqMn is`KW ny hI keI muZl &OjI mwr C`fy sn qy bwkI is`KW qoN fr ky B`j pey sn[ (imskIn, s&w 94-96)[
ies Gtnw mgroN kwism ny mihsUs kIqw ik is`KW nwl t`kr lYx dw koeI &wiedw nhIN[ aus ny is`KW nwl smJOqw kr ilAw qy iPr aunHW 8000 is`K &OjW dI mdd nwl id`lI dw q^q hwisl krn dw ^uAwb lYxw vI SurU kr id`qw[ ieh vI ho skdw hY ik is`KW ny aus nUM byvkU& bxwieAw hovy ik auh aunHW (is`KW) dI mdd nwl lwhOr Aqy id`lI dy q^q ’qy kbzw kr skdw hY[ aus ny is`KW nUM ^uS krn vwsqy aunHW nUM bhuq qoh&y, bMdUkW Aqy qIr kmwn vI Byjy[ auh qW socdw sI ik pihlW auh lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr lvygw Aqy ies mgroN auh id`lI jw ky AwswnI nwl bwdSwh bx jwvygw[ pr CyqI hI kwism dw ^zwnw ^wlI ho igAw[ aus kol Awpxy ispwhIAW nUM dyx jogy pYsy vI nhIN sn[ aus dy ispwhIAW ny aus nUM keI vwr burw Blw vI ikhw qy A^Ir iek idn auh kwism nUM PV ky muZlwnI byZm kol lY gey[ byZm ny aus nUM nzrbMd kr id`qw[
pu`qr dI mOq mgroN byZm ny Awpxy Awp ƒ hI sUbydwr AYlwn kr id`qw sI[ auDr jd bwl-sUbydwr dI mOq dI ^br 2 jUn 1754 dy idn id`lI pu`jI qW bwdSwh ny byZm dy &Ojdwr moimn ^wn nwl rwbqw kwiem kIqw qy aus nUM Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw[ bwdSwh ny 25 AkqUbr 1754 nUM moimn ^wn nUM hI lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw[
ienHIN idnIN hI &Oj dy iek jrnYl Kvwjw imrzw ^wn ny id`lI drbwr dI Sih ’qy byZm nUM qMg krnw SurU kr id`qw[ muZlwnI byZm ny aus dy i^lw& mdd lYx vwsqy Kvwjw Abdu`lw nUM Aihmd Swh v`l Byj id`qw[ Aihmd Swh ny mu`lw AmIr ^wn dI AgvweI hyT ds hzwr &Oj byZm dI mdd vwsqy Byj id`qI[ ies &Oj ny byZm nUM sUbydwr kwiem kr id`qw qy Kvwjw Abdu`lw nUM aus dw ifptI bxw id`qw[ kuJ icr mgroN aus ny vI byZm nUM nzr-AMdwz kr ky qwkq Awpxy h`Q ivc lYxI SurU kr id`qI[ hux byZm ny id`lI dy vzIr iemwd-aul-mulk nwl vI rwbqw bxwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ aus ny AwpxI DI dI SwdI aus nwl krn dI pySkS kIqI[ iemwd-aul-mulk ny byZm dI ih&wzq dy bhwny &Oj Byj id`qI[ &Oj dy Awaux ’qy Kvwjw Abdu`lw B`j igAw qy qwkq Pyr byZm dy h`QW ivc Aw geI[ pr iemwd-aul-mulk byZm nUM qwkq dyxw nhIN sI cwhuMdw[ aus ny aus nUM clwkI nwl kYd kr ilAw qy srhMd Byj id`qw (qy mgroN aus nUM id`lI iljwieAw igAw)[ aus dI QW mUimn ^wn nUM lwhor dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw[
ienHIN idnIN muZlwnI byZm dw ieSk ZwzI byZ ^wn nwl cl ipAw[ aunHIN idnIN ieh vI crcw sI ik byZm dw ieSk Awpxy Zulwm imsikn (ijs ny mgroN qihmws nwmw iliKAw) nwl cl irhw hY[ ienHW ^brW nwl byZm bhuq bdnwm ho geI[ ies qoN ielwvw byZm bwry ieh vI mShUr sI ik auh ihjiVAW rwhIN lwhOr ’qy hkUmq kr rhI hY[ lwhOr dy vzIr (dIvwn), b^SI qy jrnYlW nUM ihjiVAW (mIAW ^uS&ihm, mIAW ArzmMd, mIAW mhwbq vZYrw) rwhIN hukm hwisl huMdy sn qy iksy nUM byZm nwl imlx hI nhIN sI id`qw jWdw[ (imskIn, s&w 97-99)[
is`KW nUM rwhq Aqy ‘rwKI’
lwhOr drbwr dI ies byXkInI vwlI hwlq ny is`KW ƒ bVI rwhq id`qI[ ies smyN dOrwn is`KW ny Awpxy Awp ƒ iek vwr Pyr pUrI qrHW jQybMd kr ilAw[ ieM\ hI ‘rwKI’ kr ky imldI rkm (jo &sl dw pMjvW ih`sw huMdI sI) nwl auh mwlI qOr ’qy vI bVy sOKy ho gey[ hux is`KW ny zulm krn vwly Aqy mu^brI krn vwly twaUtW ƒ szw dyxI SurU kr id`qI[ ies muihMm ivc zwlmW Aqy twaUtW dw coKI igxqI ivc s&wieAw ho igAw[ ienHW mujirmW dIAW jwiedwdW qoN vI is`KW ƒ kw&I dOlq hwisl hoeI[ ies nwl is`KW dy ^zwny cMgy Br gey[ iek kmzor muZl hkUmq Aqy Aihmd Swh dy hmly dw ^dSw nw hox kr ky hux swry is`K homlYNf iv`c is`KW dw bolbwlw sI[ dUjy mwAinAW ivc, pMjwb dy Asl hwkm qW hux is`K hI sn[ hux Pyr AMimRqsr Sihr, drbwr swihb Aqy Akwl q^q swihb is`KW dw mrkz bx gey sn[ ienHW idnW ivc hI j`sw isMG (rwmgVHIAw) ny rwmrOxI iklyH ƒ Awpxy ieMqzwm hyT lY ky aus dI muV-auswrI kIqI[ swry is`K &OjIAW ny ies iklyH dI auswrI ivc BrpUr ih`sw pwieAw[ iqAwr hox mgroN iklyH dw nW (ies ngr dy bwnI gurU rwm dws jI dI Xwd ivc) ‘rwmgVH’ (jo pihloN ‘rwmrOxI’ sI) riKAw igAw[ (ies iklHy dI syvw-sMBwl j`sw isMG eIcoigl kol sI qy mgroN iesy rwmgVH nW kr ky j`sw isMG ƒ ‘rwmgVHIAw’ AwiKAw jwx l`g ipAw)[ ies iklyH dI iqAwrI mgroN is`K &OjW nUM isr Cupwx vwsqy iek guzwry-jogI, kuJ h`d qk mih&Uz, pnwhgwh iml geI sI[
is`KW dI rwKI hyT pMjwb dw iek v`fw ielwkw Aw cukw sI[ j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw Aqy jY isMG knHeIAw dw irAwVkI dy ielwky ivc bolbwlw sI[ n`keIAW kol ‘n`ky’ dw ielwkw sI[ ieM\ hI isMGpurIAW/&YzlwpurIAW Aqy AwhlUvwlIAW kol Gwrw (sqluj qy ibAws ivckwr dw doAwbw) dw ielwkw, sukrc`kIAW Aqy BMgIAW kol rwvI, JnW Aqy ijhlm dirAwvW ivckwrlw kuJ ielwkw, kroVwisMGIAW Aqy dIp isMG (bwbw) phUivMf dI kmWf hyT sqluj qoN prHW d`Kx v`l dw ielwkw Aqy f`lyvwlIAW qy inSwnvwlIAW kol AMimRqsr dy duAwly dw ielwkw sI[ (AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 171 bI, brwaUn, trYkts, ieMtrofkSn, s&w 8)[
pMjwb dy ikswnW Aqy vpwrIAW nUM rwKI dyxw, Kwlsw &Oj dw jQybMd hoxw, lwhOr ivc kmzor hkUmq, Aihmd Swh dw pMjwb nw Awauxw vZYrw, is`KW nUM is`K homlYNf dy ‘Asl hwkm’ bxwaux dy kwrn bxy[ AijhI hwlq ivc AkqUbr 1754 ivc Kwlsw &OjW dy muKIAW dw iek ie`kT Akwl q^q swihb ’qy hoieAw[ ies ie`kT ivc hwizr is`K jrnYlW ny gurmqw kIqw ik lwhOr ’qy hmlw kIqw jwvy[ is`KW ny ibnW koeI dyr lwey cyq isMG qy hrI isMG dI kmwn hyT lwhOr ’qy hmlw kIqw Aqy bhuq swrw mwl qy dOlq hwisl kIqI[ 1754 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc is`K &OjW ny AMbwlw Aqy srhMd ’qy vI hmlw kIqw[ ienHW hmilAW ivc vI is`KW dy h`Q bhuq swrw mwl qy dOlq AweI[
AdInw byZ Aqy is`KW dw sWJw AYkSn
mwrc 1755 ivc jlMDr-doAwb dy hwkm AdInw byg ny Kwlsw &OjW dy nyVy Awaux dI koiSS kIqI[ aus ny is`KW qoN puqyl ^wn ruhIlw dy i^lw& lVweI ivc mdd dI mMg kIqI[ is`K kuJ SrqW nwl aus dI mdd krnw mMn gey[ 11 AprYl 1755 dy idn hoeI ies lVweI ivc ruhIlw mr igAw[ ies jMg qoN is`KW ƒ bVw mwlI &wiedw hoieAw[ AdInw byZ ny ies lVweI ivc is`KW v`loN kIqI mdd bdly aunHW nUM nvMbr 1755 ivc &qihbwd (dirAw ibAws dy kMFy) dw prgxw dy id`qw[ auN\ ies mgroN is`KW ny Awp vI AprYl 1756 qk keI ielwikAW ’qy kbzy kr ley[ hux AMimRqsr, btwlw, klwnOr, &qihbwd prginAW ivc is`KW dw hI bolbwlw sI[ (imskIn, s&w 124)[
is`K pihlI vwr hwkm bxy
jUn 1755 ivc Kwlsw &OjW ny nwrnOl, krnwl Aqy jYpur ’qy vI hmly kIqy qy bhuq swrw mwl, Asbwb qy dOlq lu`tI[ nvMbr ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI imsl ny &qihbwd (dirAw ibAws dy kMFy) ’c AwpxI p`kI hkUmq kwiem krn dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ 1756 dI AprYl ’c is`KW ny Pyr lwhOr ’qy hmlw kIqw[ iek mhIny dy AMdr-AMdr hI is`KW ny klwnOr, btwlw Aqy AMimRqsr dy Awly-duAwly dy ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ 1756 qk pMjwb dy bhuqy ih`sy ’qy is`KW dI AmlI hkUmq kwiem ho cu`kI sI[ AdInw byg isr& QoVyH ijhy ielwky (jlMDr-doAwb) dw hI hwkm sI[ A&ZwnW vloN kbUl lwhOr dI sUbydwrn muZlwnI bygm dI hkUmq shI mwAinAW ivc isr& lwhOr Sihr dI h`d ivc hI kwiem sI[ smu`cy rUp ivc hux pMjwb ’c isr& is`KW dI hI hkUmq sI[
iqMn swl ivc lwhOr dy 9 sUbydwr
byZm kwrn id`lI drbwr Aqy Aihmd Swh ivc swizSW dw mwhOl cldw irhw[ kdy byZm q^q qoN lwh id`qI jWdI sI Aqy kdy ibTw id`qI jWdI rhI sI[ ieh mwhOl lgwqwr iqMn swl cldw irhw[ ies dOrwn lwhOr dI sUbydwrI nON vwr bdlI geI[ mIr mnUU dy mrn ’qy bwl-sUbydwr muhMmd AmIn ^wn (nvMbr 1753 qoN meI 1754 qk), muZlwnI byZm (meI 54 qoN AkqUbr 54 qk), moimn ^wn (AkqUbr qoN dsMbr 54 qk), Kvwjw imrzw (dsMbr 54 qoN julweI 55 qk), muZlwnI byZm (AprYl qoN julweI 55 qk), Kvwjw Abdu`lw (julweI qoN sqMbr 55 qk), AdInw byZ (sqMbr qoN dsMbr 55 qk), muZlwnI byZm (jnvrI qoN mwrc 56 qk), AdInw byZ (mwrc qoN AkqUbr 56 qk) lwhOr dy sUbydwr rhy[ Xwin byZm iqMn vwr sUbydwr bxI qy htweI geI qy AdInw byZ do vwr sUbydwr bixAw[ kdy id`lI dw lwieAw bMdw sUbydwr bixAw qy kdy kwbul dw lwieAw[
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw cOQw hmlw
jdoN muZlwnI bygm ny vyiKAw ik aus dy ^zwny ivc koeI rkm nhIN Aw rhI qW aus ny Aihmd Swh durwnI ƒ pMjwb ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy s`dw ByijAw[ jd ies dI ^br id`lI srkwr nUM imlI qW au~QoN dy vzIr ZwzIau~dIn ny &Oj Byj ky muZlwnI byZm Aqy aus dI DI aumdw byZm nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw Aqy AdInw byZ nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw[ aumdw byZm dI mMgxI id`lI dy bwdSwh Aihmd Swh dy vzIr iemwd-aul-mulk nwl ho cukI sI[ ies irSqy nUM vrq ky byZm id`lI qoN mdd lYxw cwhuMdI sI[ ies hwlq ivc byZm dy mu^wil&W ny vzIr nUM p`tI pVHweI ik byZm AwpxI DI dw ivAwh Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dy muMfy nwl krnw cwhuMdI hY[ ies JUTy prcwr dy Asr hyTW vzIr ny byZm nUM igR&qwr krn dw hukm Byj id`qw[ mgroN aus ny dwj dy lwlc hyT muZlwnI byZm dI kuVI nwl SwdI krnw mnzUr kr ilAw[ muZlwnI byZm dI DI bhuq swry hIry qy gihxy lY ky 4 mwrc 1756 dy idn id`lI pu`jI[ ies mgroN vzIr ny muZlwnI byZm nUM vI DoKy nwl id`lI ivc bulw ky nzrbMd kr id`qw[ muZlwnI byZm ny ies dw bhuq burw mnwieAw[ hux vzIr iemwd-aul-mulk ny 30l`K rupY swlwnw mwmlw dyx dI Srq ’qy AdInw byZ nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw[
kYd iv`coN hI muZlwnI byZm ny Aihmd Swh du`rwnI nwl rwbqw kwiem kIqw[ byZm ikauNik Aihmd Swh nUM AwpxI v&wdwrI dy cukI sI, ies kr ky aus (Swh) ny byZm dI igR&qwrI dw bhuq burw mnwieAw[ pihlW qW aus ny AkqUbr 1756 ivc id`lI drbwr nUM ^q ilK ky ienHW nUM irhw krn vwsqy ikhw pr jd aunHW aus dy hukm ’qy Aml nw kIqw qW aus ny id`lI ’qy hmlw krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ Aihmd Swh ny hmly qoN pihlW nvMbr ivc jMgbwz ^wn dI AgvweI ivc AgwaUN &Oj lwhOr v`l qor idqI[ ies &Oj ny 25 nvMbr nUM lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ AdInw byZ pihlW hI lwhOr C`f ky clw igAw sI[ Aihmd Swh Awp vI 20dsMbr 1756 dy idn lwhOr phuMc igAw[ aus ny Kvwjw imrzw ^wn jlMDrI nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr Aqy kWgVy dy GumMf cMd ktoc nUM phwVI irAwsqW dw &Ojdwr bxw idqw qy Awp id`lI nUM cl ipAw[
Aihmd Swh 1757 dI jnvrI dy qIjy h&qy id`lI phuMc igAw[ muZlW ny aus dw twkrw qW kI krnw sI, auh bVy buzidlW vWg aus A`gy igVigVwn leI iqAwr ho gey[ hux id`lI dy hwkm Aihmd Swh nUM bVI hlImI nwl imly Aqy vzIrW Aqy AmIrW ny h`Q bMnH ky aus nUM in`Gw ‘jI AwieAW’ AwiKAw[ hor qW hor bwdSwh AwlmgIr dUjw vI 28 jnvrI nUM Aihmd Swh nUM A`gy ho ky lYx AwieAw Aqy aus nUM &qihpurI qoN lwl iklHy ivc lY ky igAw qy q^q ’qy jw ibTwieAw[ swry vzIrW qy AmIrW ny Aihmd Swh nUM bVy qoh&y pyS kIqy[ Aihmd Swh ny qrs kridAW bwdSwh nUM qW kuJ nw ikhw pr aus ny id`lI ivc ^Ub lu`t mcweI[ aus ny AmIrW, vzIrW, vpwrIAW qy SwhUkwrW nUM ^Ub lu`itAw[
muZlwnI byZm ny AmIrW dI dOlq qy DIAW lutvweIAW
muZlwnI byZm ny Aihmd Swh nUM Awpxy swry duSmxW hI nhIN blik id`lI dy hr AmIr vzIr dI dOlq bwry jwxkwrI id`qI qy swhmxy bYT ky aunHW dy Gr lutvwey[ muZlwnI byZm ny Aihmd Swh nUM hr v`fy Gr dIAW ^UbsUrq qy jvwn kuVIAW bwry vI jwxkwrI id`qI qy ienHW ivcoN bhuqIAW nUM Aihmd Swh Awpxy nwl lY igAw[
Aihmd Swh ny id`lI dy vzIrW qy swbkw vzIrW ieqmwd-aul-dOlw, kmr-aud-dIn ^wn (muZlwnI byZm dw Awpxw shurw) dy Gr vI burI qrHW lu`t ley[ ienHW swirAW dy ^zwny ^wlI krn vwsqy Aihmd Swh dI &Oj ny dOlq dI Bwl ivc ienHW swirAW dIAW iqjOrIAW hI nhIN blik GrW dy qih^wny, qy hor swrIAW QWvW, ij`Qy auh dOlq lukw skdy sn, putvw ky swrI dOlq lu`t leI[ ies qoN ielwvw aus ny ienHW nUM BwrI jurmwny vI kIqy qy ienHW nUM vsUl krn vwsqy aus ny aunHW dIAW AOrqW dy gihxy vI luhw ley[ ies swrI lu`t ivc muZlwnI byZm ny bVw rol Adw kIqw[ Aihmd Swh dI &Oj ny lokW ’qy byh`d zulm kIqy[ id`lI dy lok qkrIbn kMgwl hI ho gey sn[ lokW kol isr& Kwx-pIx dw swmwn hI rih igAw sI[ (qwrI^y husYn SwhI, s&w 37, isAwrul muqw^rIn, ijld 3, s&w 54)[ muZlwnI byZm ny AwpxI igR&qwrI dw bdlw ieM\ ilAw[
imskIn ilKdw hY ik muZlwnI byZm ny Aihmd Swh nUM hor ^uS krn vwsqy ^ud AwpxI dOlq iv`coN vI Aihmd Swh nUM keI QwlIAW Br ky hIry jvwhrwq qoh&y vjoN Byt kIqy[ ies ’qy Aihmd Swh ny byZm nUM mu^wiqb ho ky ikhw, “Aj qoN mYN qYnUM AwpxI DI AYlwn krdw hW, pr mYN qYnUM (DI dI QW) Awpxw pu`qr ikhw krWgw qy qYnUM ‘sulqwn imrzw’ dw i^qwb dyNdw hW[” Aihmd Swh ny byZm nUM jMmU-kSmIr Aqy jlMDr doAwb dw sUbydwr bxwaux dw AYlwx kIqw[ pr hux aus nUM pqw lg cukw sI ik byZm ny iemwd-aul-mulk nwl rwbqw bxw ky mdd mMgI sI; ies kr ky aus ny byZm nUM ienHW ielwikAW dI sUbydwrI vI nw id`qI[
Aihmd Swh ny jwx qoN pihlW srhMd qy lwhOr dy sUby AwpxI hkUmq ivc Swiml kr ley Aqy ies swry ielwky dI hkUmq Awpxy pu`qr qYmUr nUM sONp id`qI[ hux muZlwnI byZm kMgwl vI ho cukI sI Aqy aus dw Biv`K rul igAw sI[ hux aus dI koeI hsqI nhIN sI[ aus ny Agly 22 swl jMmU ivc iek ivcwrI ZrIbVI jhI AOrq vWg guzwry[ (imskIn, qihmwsnwmw, s&w 138, iemwm-aud-dIn husYnI, qwrI^y husYn SwhI, s&w 37)[
Aihmd Swh v`loN Brqpur, mQrw, ibMdrwbn, gokul dI lu`t
id`lI nUM lu`tx qoN bwAd Aihmd Swh ny Brqpur irAwsq v`l mUMh kr ilAw[ pr jwt rwjy sUrj m`l ny hiQAwr su`tx qoN nWh kr idqI[ ies ’qy Aihmd Swh ny Awpxy jrnYl jhwn ^wn nUM Brqpur Sihr nUM lu`tx mgroN A`g lwaux dw hukm jwrI kr idqw[ hux id`lI vWg Brqpur vI qbwh ho cukw sI[
Brqpur nUM k`KoN hOlw krn mgroN Aihmd Swh ny mQrw ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ aunHIN idnIN iek l`K qoN vD ihMdU 4 mwrc dy idn holI dw iqauhwr mnwaux vwsqy mQrw ivc pu`jyy hoey sn[ Aihmd Swh ny AwpxI &Oj nUM ihMdUAW dy kqlyAwm dw hukm dy idqw[ hzwrW ihMdU, ijnHW ivc keI hzwr pujwrI vI sn, byrihmI nwl kql kr idqy gey[ sVkW ^Un nwl lwlo-lwl hoeIAW peIAW sn[ ieMj jwpdw sI ik ijvyN mQrw dIAW glIAW ihMdUAW dy ^Un nwl DoqIAW geIAW hox[ ies mgroN Aihmd Swh ny mMdrW ivc peIAW kImqI mUrqIAW lu`t leIAW Aqy mMdr Fwh Aqy swV idqy[ isr& ihMdU hI nhIN, ies ielwky dy AmIr muslmwnW (^ws kr ky suinAwirAW qy vpwrIAW nUM vI Aihmd Swh ny ^Ub lu`itAw[ ies qoN do idn mgroN iehI kqlyAwm ibMdrwbn (ivRMdwvn) Aqy gokul ivc vI dohrwieAw igAw[
ies vihSIAwxw kqlyAwm Aqy lu`tmwr mgroN Aihmd Swh iPr id`lI nUM muV igAw[ id`lI ivc aus ny Awpxy pu`qr qYmUr dI SwdI 14 &rvrI 1757 dy idn bwdSwh AwlmgIr dI DI A&roz bwno byZm nwl kIqI[ muVn qoN pihlW Aihmd Swh ny Awp vI g`dI qoN lwhy bwdSwh Aihmd Swh (bwdSwhq dw smW 1748-1754) dI 16 swlw DI hzrq byZm nwl SwdI krvw leI[ ies mgroN do mhIny auh id`lI irhw Aqy iPr A&Zwinsqwn v`l vwips tur ipAw[ aus dy nwl do muZl bwdSwhW dIAW DIAW, bwdSwh dy hrm dIAW 17 AOrqW, cwr sO qoN vD golIAW Aqy ds qoN pMdrW kroV rupY dI dOlq vI sI[
Aihmd Swh Swied Ajy vwips vqn nw muVdw jy kr hYzy dI bImwrI nw &YldI[ ies bImwrI nwl Aihmd Swh dy &OjIAW iv`coN hr roz sO-fyF sO ispwhI mrn lg pey[ ies kr ky mjbUrI ivc aus ny vqn vwips muVn dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ A^Ir 2 AprYl 1757 dy idn Aihmd Swh id`lI qoN c`l ipAw[
id`lI qoN vqn muV jwx qoN pihlW Aihmd Swh ny lu`t dw swrw mwl 28000 g`ifAW, bldW, KoiqAW, K`crW, Aqy GoiVAW ’qy l`d ky is`Dw Awpxy vqn v`l tor id`qw[ Aihmd Swh ny id`lI ivc iksy dy Gr ivc iek vI hwQI, GoVw, aUT, K`cr hI nhIN blik iek vI Koqw qk nhIN sI rihx id`qw qy swirAW ’qy swmwn l`idAw hoieAw sI[ Aihmd Swh dI swrI A`sI hzwr &Oj pYdl jw rhI sI Aqy svwrI dw hr jwnvr lu`t dy mwl nwl l`idAw hoieAw sI[ (isAwrul muqw^rIn, ijld qIjI, s&w 53, lytr muZlz, ijld dUjI, s&y 82-136, islYkSnz &rwm pySvw d&qr, ijld 11, nMbr 70))[
ies ^zwny dy nwl aus dw pu`qr qYmUr Aqy hzwrW ispwhI vI gey[ jdoN ^zwny vwlw kw&lw srhMd lMG ky snOr kol pu`jw qW Kwlsw &OjW ny (iek somy muqwibk Awlw isMG pitAwlw ny) aus ’qy hmlw kr id`qw qy Aihmd Swh dI lu`t dy mwl dw iek ih`sw Koh ilAw[ ies mgroN is`KW ny ies kw&ly ’qy mlyrkotly kol iek vwr Pyr hmlw kIqw[ auN\ is`K JnW dirAw qk A&ZwnW dy kw&ly ’qy hmlw kr ies dw mwl lu`t ky lu`t dy mwl dw Bwr GtwauNdy rhy[ ies AYkSn ’qy qYmUr bhuq gu`sy ivc AwieAw Aqy aus ny is`KW qoN bdlw lYx dw &Yslw kIqw[
qYmUr dw krqwrpur (jlMDr ‘qy hmlw)
jd qYmUr qy Aihmd Swh dw jrnYl jhwn ^wn jlMDr pu`jy qW jlMDr dy &Ojdwr nwsr AlI ny aus nUM srhMd nyVy is`KW v`loN lu`t mwr dw bdlw lYx vwsqy krqwrpur ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy slwh idqI[ aus vyly krqwrpur ivc vfBwg isMG (DIr m`l dI cOQI pIVHI) rih irhw sI Aqy BweI gurdws dI klm nwl iliKAw gurU gRMQ swihb dw srUp vI aus kol hI sI[ qYmUr ny ies ngr ‘qy hmlw kr ky, lokW dw kqlyAwm Aqy lu`t-mwr krn mgroN ies Sihr nUM A`g lw idqI[ ies A`g ivc gurduAwrw QMmH swihb Aqy gurU gRMQ swihb dw pihlw srUp (BweI gurdws ilKq)* vI sV gey[ ies mOky ’qy vfBwg isMG nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw qy aus ’qy bhuq qS`dd kIqw igAw[ (iek rwq nUM aus dy kuJ cyly aus nUM ihrwsq ivcoN k`F ky mOjUdw ihmWcl dy ipMf mOVI ivc lY gey[ auh eynw fr igAw ik muV ky mOVI ipMf ‘coN ikqy nhIN igAw qy dihSq nwl dihilAw hoieAw auh CyqI hI mr igAw)[
*(mgroN DIrm`lIAW ny kuJ purwxIAW h`Q ilKq bIVW hwisl kIqIAW, ijhVIAW ik bMno vwlI KwrI bIV dIAW nklW hn[ ijhVw srUp auh BweI gurdws dw iliKAw hox dw dwAvw krdy hn auh drAsl ienHW ivcoN hI koeI bIV hY[ pr ieh g`l idlcsp hY ik auh kdy iksy iek bIV qy kdy dUjI bIV nUM BweI gurdws dI bxw dyNdy sn)[
ies mgroN qYmUr ny goieMdvwl qoN ibAws dirAw dw p`qx pwr kIqw Aqy lwhOr clw igAw[ kuJ idnW bwAd Aihmd Swh vI lwhOr phuMc igAw[ Aihmd Swh bhuqI dyr lwhOr ivc nhIN TihirAw Aqy lu`t dw mwl lY ky A&Zwinsqwn vl nUM rvwnw ho igAw[ ies ip`CoN vI Kwlsw &OjW Aihmd Swh dI vhIr ’qy gurIlw hmlw krdIAW rhIAW qy ieh hmly audoN qk jwrI rhy, jdoN qk Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW JnW dirAw pwr nw kr geIAW[
qYmUr Aqy jhwn ^wn dy lwhOr ’c fyry
Aihmd Swh ny A&Zwinsqwn vwips prqx qoN pihlW srhMd, lwhOr qy mulqwn nUM Awpxy rwj ivc imlwaux dw AYlwn kr idqw sI[ aus ny njIb-aud-dOlw nUM srhMd dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw[ iesy qrHW aus ny Awpxy pu`qr qYmUr nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw qy jhwn ^wn nUM aus dw ifptI Qwp idqw[ Aihmd Swh ny qYmUr nUM ds hzwr &OjI vI id`qw Aqy hor &Oj BrqI krn vwsqy vI ikhw[
Aihmd Swh ny jMmU dy fogry rwjy rxjIq dyv dI ifaUtI lweI ik auh qYmUr dI mdd kry[ ies mdd bdly aus nUM isAwlkot izlHy dy z&rvwl, snKqIAw qy AOrMgwbwd dy ielwky eInwm ivc dy idqy[
BwvyN Aihmd Swh ny qYmUr nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw sI pr aus dI hkUmq isr& lwhOr jW ies dy nyVy-nyVy dy ielwky ivc hI sI[ bwkI pMjwb ivc qW is`KW dw bol-bwlw sI[ Aihmd Swh dy A&Zwinsqwn rvwnw huMidAW hI is`KW ny Pyr swry ielwikAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ qYmUr isr& &Oj nUM nwl iljw ky hI sUbydwrI dw roAb idKw skdw sI, pr aus dI &Oj dy jwx mgroN aus dI hkUmq ^qm ho jWdI sI[ hux qYmUr ny vI is`KW ƒ ^qm krn dy hukm jwrI kr id`qy[ qYmUr dy hukmW Aqy jhwn ^wn dI AgvweI hyT durwnI dIAW &OjW ny is`KW dI PVo-PVI SurU kr id`qI qy bhuq swry is`K ShId kr id`qy[
qYmUr vloN gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) ’qy kbzw
Aihmd Swh dy jwx mgroN qYmUr ny is`KW v`loN Awpxw lu`t dw mwl Kohy jwx bdly aunHW nUM hor szw dyx dw &Yslw kIqw[ meI 1757 ivc qYmUr ny AMimRqsr ’qy hmlw kr ky ies ƒ Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw[ aus ny rwm rOxI (iklHw) Aqy drbwr swihb ƒ Fwh id`qw qy AMimRqsr srovr ƒ mlby nwl pUr id`qw[
(bwbw) dIp isMG qy hzwrW is`KW dIAW ShIdIAW
(11 nvMbr 1757)
drbwr swihb Fwhux mgroN vI qYmUr ny sYNkVy A&Zwn &OjW nUM AMimRqsr ivc hI rihx idqw Aqy ie`Qy iek p`kI cONkI ibTw idqI[ ieh &OjI drbwr swihb dI byAdbI krdy sn[ aunHW idnW ivc ‘dIp isMG dI imsl’* dw fyrw qlvMfI swbo ivc sI (dIp isMG dI ShIdI mgroN ies imsl dw nW ‘imsl ShIdW’ jwixAw jwx lg ipAw sI)[ Aihmd Swh Aqy qYmUr v`loN is`KW ’qy zulm krn Aqy drbwr swihb Aqy AMimRqsr srovr dI byAdbI krn dI ^br jdoN dIp isMG qk pu`jI qW aunHW ny durwnI dI &Oj nwl do-h`Q krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw[
*purwxIAW ilKqW ivc dIp isMG nUM iek jrnYl qy iek imsl dw muKI iliKAw imldw hY[ aus nUM ikqy vI iksy tkswl dw muKI nhIN iliKAw igAw (iksy ilKq ivc aus nUM ‘bwbw’ vI nhIN iliKAw imldw)[ purwxIAW ilKqW ivc qW kI mhwn koS, jo 1930 ivc CipAw sI, ivc vI ‘dmdmI tkswl’ l&z vI ikqy nhIN imldw[ ieh l&z jQw iBMfrW-mihqw ny 1977 ivc GiVAw igAw sI[
nvMbr 1757 dy SurU ivc dIp isMG Awpxy kuJ swQIAW sxy qlvMfI swbo qoN AMimRqsr v`l cl pey[ qlvMfI swbo qoN cl ky Awp jwgw, bwhmx, nwhnvwlw, bMJoky, gurU cONqrw, PUl, mihrwj, drwj, Bu`co, goivMdpur, kot kpUrw qy mwlvy dy keI ipMfW ’coN huMdy hoey, hrIky dy p`qx qoN mwJy ivc dwiKl hoey qy gurU dw c`k v`l cldy gey[ rsqy ivc hr QW qoN is`K bwbw dIp isMG dy jQy ivc Swiml huMdy gey[ qrnqwrn dy nyVy pu`jx qk ieh jQw kw&I v`fw ho cu`kw sI[ mIr mnUU dw Zulwm qihmws ^wn imskIn ies &Oj dI igxqI 1000 dsdw hY jo ik shI nhIN hY[ is`K irvwieq muqwibk pMj qoN s`q hzwr is`K ies j`Qy ivc Swiml sn[ drbwr swihb dI byhurmqI rokx vwsqy Awey ieh is`K “sIs qlI ’qy r`K ky” Awey sn[ aunHW dw qW inSwnw hI iehI sI ik jW qW drbwr swihb ƒ A&ZwnW qoN Awzwd krvw lYxw hY jW iPr ShId ho jwxw hY[
bwbw dIp isMG dI AMimRqsr vl rvwngI dw pqw A&Zwn jrnYl jhwn ^wn nUM vI lg igAw[ aus dI &Oj ny vI AMimRqsr vl kUc kr idqw[ A&Zwn &OjW is`KW dw j`Qw drbwr swihb nyVy pu`jx qoN pihlW hI, hwjI AqweI ^wn dI AgvweI ivc, aunHW dw rwh rokx vwsqy iqAwr KVIAW sn[ ies qoN ielwvw p`tI dy &Ojdwr kwism ^wn dI &Oj vI ienHW dy nwl Aw rlI sI[ 11 nvMbr 1757 dy idn AMimRqsr ivc lhU-vItvIN lVweI hoeI[ (imskIn, s&w 162-65)[
ies lVweI ivc is`K Aqy A&gwn dovyN jIA-jwn nwl lVy[ iek somy muqwibk ies lVweI ivc bhuq swry A&gwn ispwhI mwry gey qy swry dy swry is`K vI ShId ho gey[ ShId hox vwilAW ivc bwbw dIp isMG vI sn, ijnHW ny vfyrI aumr hox dy bwvjUd bVI bhwdrI nwl KMfw clwieAw[ auh lVdy-lVdy drbwr swihb v`l vDdy gey[ gurduAwrw ShIdW lwgy aunHW dI grdn ’qy qlvwr dw iek zor dw vwr hoieAw, ijs nwl aunHW dI DOx kw&I h`d qk k`tI geI, pr auh iek h`Q nwl isr qy grdn ƒ Awsrw dy ky dUjy h`Q nwl KMfw clwauNdy gey[ (bwbw dIp isMG nUM vyK ky A&Zwn bhuq fry ik iek is`K eynI k`tI hoeI grdn dy bwvjUd AwhU lwh irhw hY[ ies nwl A&Zwn &OjW ivc dihSq &Yl geI)[ A^Ir AMimRqsr srovr dI d`KxI bwhI kol Aw ky bwbw dIp isMG if`g pey qy ShId ho gey[ jd swry is`K ShId ho gey qW vI A&Zwn fry rhy qy ieh socdy rhy ik ikqy is`K iPr ijaUNdy hI nw ho jwx[ A&Zwn socdy sn ik ijhVy eynI izAwdw k`tI hoeI DOx dy bwvjUd eyny pTwx mwr skdy hn auh lwSW ivcoN Pyr vI auT skdy hn[ aunHW ny bMdw isMG bhwdr dI ZYbI qwkq dIAW khwxIAW suxIAW hoeIAW sn[
bwbw dIp isMG dI ies bhwdrI qoN “isr qlI ’qy r`K ky lVn” vwly muhwvry dI ieh AiqkQnI g`l vI cl peI ik aunHW dI DOx iblkul k`tI geI sI qy aunHW Awpxw sIs h`Q ’qy r`K ky bwkI dI lVweI lVI[ mgroN klwkwrW ny kwlpink qsvIrW bxw leIAW ijs ivc bwbw dIp isMG ny iek h`Q dI qlI ’qy isr r`iKAw hoieAw sI qy dUjy h`Q ivc KMfw PiVAw hoieAw sI[
bwbw dIp isMG dI ShIdI dy swky dw izkr rqn isMG BMgU ny iblkul hI nhIN kIqw[ igAwnI igAwn isMG ny bwbw dIp isMG dw izkr ‘pMQ pRkwS’ ivc, coKI q&sIl nwl, s&w 910qoN 925 qk kIqw hY[ igAwnI igAwn isMG muqwibk hIrw isMG, gMfw isMG, lihxw isMG, gopwl isMG, rx isMG, Bwg isMG, idAwl isMG, n`Qw isMG mwhl, inhwl isMG, bwl isMG cwhl, qwrw isMG kMg, suDw isMG, ibswlw isMG vZYrw vI ies lVweI ivc kmwl dI bhwdrI idKwaux qy ShId hox vwilAW ivc Swiml sn[ iek hor somw rwm isMG, s`jx isMG, bhwdr isMG, kOr isMG, mnUw isMG, sMq isMG qy A`GV isMG dy nW vI ShId AwgUAW ivc Swiml krdw hY[ ienHW ShIdIAW dI Xwd ivc rwm rOxI iklHy vwlI QW ’qy (gurduAwrw ShIdW) Aqy ktVw rwmgVHIAw qy gurU dw bwZ gurduAwry bxy hoey hn[
ieh g`l ieq&wk dI hY ik jdoN bwbw dIp isMG dI AgvweI ivc is`K drbwr swihb dw Adb kwiem r`Kx vwsqy Aqy is`K AwpxI ^udmu^iqAwrI vwsqy lV rhy sn, aus vyly AMgryz vI d`Kx-eySIAweI jzIry (sb kWtInYNt) ’c AwpxI hkUmq kwiem krn vwsqy bVIAW qyz pulWGW pu`t rhy sn[ bwbw dIp isMG jI ShIdI qoN iqMn idn bwAd 14 nvMbr 1757 dy idn plwsI ivc hoeI lVweI ivc AMgyrzW (eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI) dI ij`q mgroN ieh jzIrw AMgryzW Aqy is`KW dy bolbwly dI aufIk kr irhw sI[ dohW ivc &rk ieh sI ik AMgryz ivdySI jrvwxy qy lutyry sn qy is`K Awpxy mulk nUM Awzwd krvwaux vwsqy jUJ rhy isrl`Q XoDy sn[ ienHW qoN ielwvw iek qIjI iDr mrh`ty vI sn, ijnHW dI mMizl qwkq qy dOlq hwisl krnw sI, nw ik muZlW, pTwxW jW AMgryzW nUM mulk’coN bwhr k`Fxw[
is`KW qy AdInw byg dI sWJI &Oj v`loN A&ZwnW nwl t`kr
ienHW idnW ivc Aihmd Swh ny Awpxy jrnYl jhwn ^wn rwhIN AdInw byZ nUM sunyhw ByijAw ik auh jlMDr dI &OjdwrI sMBwl lvy[ AdInw lwhOr jwx qoN frdw sI[ ies kr ky aus ny lwhOr jwx qoN nWh kr id`qI[ aus nUM S`k sI ik jhwn ^wn aus nUM igR&qwr kr lvygw[ hux, jhwn ^wn AdInw byZ nUM aus dI ies gusqw^I dI szw dyxI cwhuMdw sI[ ies kr ky aus ny Awpxy jUnIAr jrnYl murwd ^wn nUM pMj hzwr &Oj dy ky AdInw nUM igR&qwr krn vwsqy Byj id`qw[ murwd ^wn dI mdd vwsqy srhMd Aqy nwhn dI &Oj vI Aw geI[ jd AdInw byZ nUM ies dw pqw l`gw qW auh phwVW v`l n`s igAw[ ies ’qy jhwn ^wn ny sr&rwz ^wn nUM jlMDr dw &Ojdwr bxw id`qw[ hux AdInw byZ ny is`KW qoN mdd mMgI[ AdInw byZ ny is`KW nwl keI vwr smJOqy kIqy sn qy kMm mu`kx ip`CoN auh is`KW dy hI ip`Cy pY jWdw sI, pr iPr vI is`K aus dI mdd krn vwsqy rwzI ho gey[ (brwaUn, s&w 17, mwlkm, s&w 92, &wrstr, ijld pihlI, s&w 314)[
AdInw byZ bhuq cusq cwlwk sI[ aus bwry iemwd-auq-swdwq dw lyKk ilKdw hY ik ‘auh iek pwsy qW du`rwnIAW dy ichirAW qoN m`KIAW aufwauNdw sI qy dUjy pwsy is`KW dI dwhVI qoN G`tw aufwauNdw sI[’ (iemwd-auq swdwq, s&w 72)[
mwihlpur dI lVweI qy is`KW dI ij`q
AdInw-is`K &rMt ny A&ZwnW nwl pihlI t`kr mwihlpur ivc leI[ A&Zwn &Oj dI AgvweI bulMd ^wn qy murwd ^wn kr rhy sn[ ies lVweI ivc is`KW vwsqy A&ZwnW qy AdInw byZ dIAW &OjW ivc &rk krnw muSikl ho igAw ijs kwrn is`KW ny AdInw byZ dIAW &OjW nUM hdwieq id`qI ik auh Awpxy isrW ’qy Gwh jW hor p`qy bMnH lYx[ ies lVweI ivc bulMd ^wn mwirAw igAw[ fr dw mwrw murwd ^wn corI auQoN clw igAw qy AwgU-hIx &Oj bhuqI dyr is`KW dI qwAb nw J`l skI qy mYdwn C`f ky B`j geI[ ieh Gtnw pihlI dsMbr 1757 dI hY[
ies ij`q mgroN AdInw byZ ny is`KW dw SukrIAw Adw kIqw[ is`KW ny aus nUM ikhw ik auh krqwrpur nUM swVn vwly nwisr AlI nUM szw dyxw cwhuMdy hn[ AdInw byZ ny aunHW nUM disAw ik nwsr AlI qW mr cukw hY[ is`KW ny AdInw byg dI cwlwkI nUM qwV ilAw pr &Yslw kIqw ik auh jlMDr ’qy hmlw zrUr krngy[ AdInw is`KW nwl ivgwVnw nhIN sI cwhuMdw; ies kr ky auh cu`p irhw[
is`KW dw jlMDr ’qy kbzw
AdInw byZ dy jvwb dI ieMqzwr kIqy ibnW hI is`KW ny j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI AgvweI ivc jlMDr ’qy hmlw kIqw[ is`KW dw twkrw krn vwsqy A&Zwn jrnYl s`dwq ^wn A&rIdI &Oj lY ky AwieAw pr is`KW h`QoN mwirAw igAw[ ies mgroN is`KW ny nwisr AlI dI kbr l`B ky aus dI lwS nUM k`F ky swiVAw qy ieM\ aus nUM krqwrpur dy gurduAwry Aqy gurU gRMQ swihb dw, BweI gurdws dw iliKAw, pihlw srUp swVn dI szw id`qI[ (iek muslmwn vwsqy sB qoN v`fI szw aus dI lwS dw sVnw hY)[ AdInw byZ ny is`KW nUM 3 l`K 25 hzwr rupY dy ky jlMDr dI lu`t mwr krnoN rok ilAw[ ies mgroN ieh is`K j`Qy lwhOr vI gey qy au~Qy vI keI idn zwlm muZlW dy ^zwinAW dI lu`t-mwr krdy rhy[
jd qYmUr ^wn nUM is`KW v`loN jlMDr ’qy kbzw krn dI ^br imlI qW aus ny Kvwjw aubYd-aulw-^wn dI AgvweI ivc 25 hzwr &OjI is`KW ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy Byjy[ ies &Oj dI is`KW nwl isr& iek t`kr hoeI ijs ivc auh (A&Zwn) burI qrHW hwr gey qy Awpxw coKw nukswn krvw ky lwhOr nUM prq gey[ ieh Gtnw dsMbr 1757 qy jnvrI 1758 dy ivckwr dI hY[ ies mgroN is`K ibAws pwr kr gey qy aunHW ny btwlw Aqy klwnOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy lwhOr dy nyVy vI phuMc gey[ (pySvw, ijld dUjI, s&w 83)[
AdInw byZ, mrh`itAW qy is`KW dw srhMd ’qy hmlw
hux AdInw byZ frdw sI ik Aihmd Swh XkInn aus ’qy hmlw krygw[ ieh soc ky aus ny mrh`tw AwgU rwGo nwQ rwE nwl vI rwbqw bxwieAw[ AdInw byg ny rwE nUM iek l`K rupY roz dyx dy vwAdy nwl lwhOr ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy mnw ilAw[ id`lI dy kmzor muZl bwdSwh AwlmgIr dUjw ny vI ies AYkSn dI ihmwieq kIqI[ pMjwb Aw ky AdInw byZ ny is`KW qoN Pyr mdd mMgI[ mwrc 1758 ivc mrh`ty, is`K Aqy AdInw byZ iek`Ty ho gey qy aunHW ny pMjwb dI srzmI ’coN A&gwnW ƒ k`Fx dw AYkSn SurU kIqw[ ies sWJy &rMt ivc sB qoN v`D &Oj mrh`itAW dI sI[ ies dI igxqI vIh hzwr sI, is`K &OjW dI igxqI ds hzwr sI qy AdInw byZ kol ds qoN bwrHW hzwr &OjI sn[
mrh`ty 5 mwrc nUM AMbwlw, 6 nUM rwjpurw Aqy 7 nUM (rwjpurw dy nyVy) srwey bxjwrw pu`j gey[ ies vyly qk is`K Aqy AdInw byZ dIAW &OjW vI srhMd dy nyVy pu`j cukIAW sn[ 8 mwrc 1758 dy idn ienHW iqMnW &OjW ny srhMd Sihr qy hmlw kr id`qw[ eyfI v`fI &Oj qoN frdw A&Zwn sUbydwr Abud smd ^wn (dUjw) srhMd dy iklHy ivc jw viVAw[ kuJ idn iklHy ivc bMd rihx mgroN Abud smd Aqy aus dw swQI jrnYl jMgbwz ^wn corI iklHy iv`coN inkl ky srhMd C`f ky B`j gey[ 21 mwrc dy idn is`K qy A&Zwn &OjW srhMd ivc dwi^l ho geIAW[
is`KW ƒ srhMd dw cMgI qrHW pqw sI ies kr ky srhMd’qy kbzy vyly sB qoN v`D mwl aunHW nUM hI l`iBAw[ jdoN mrh`itAW ƒ ieh p`qw lgw qW auh bVy AOKy hoey[ aunHW ny is`KW qoN ieh dOlq Kohx dI koiSS kIqI, pr is`K jrnYlW ny isAwxp qoN kMm lYNdy hoey, swrw mwl pihlW hI Awpxy itkwixAW v`l Byj id`qw sI[ iek somy muqwibk AdInw byZ ny is`KW nUM mrh`itAW dy hmly bwry pihloN hI ds id`qw sI qy ies kr ky aunHW swrw mwl-m`qw pihlW hI bMny kr id`qw sI qy mrh`itAW dw mukwblw krn vwsqy iqAwr ho gey sn (mwlkm, skY~c Aw& d is`Kz, s&w 95)[ drAsl is`K mrh`itAW nMU vI ivdySI smJdy sn qy aunHW qoN vI pMjwb dI dOlq bcwauxw cwhuMdy sn[
srhMd ’qy kbzy mgroN ieh iqMny &OjW lwhOr v`l nUM cl peIAW[ jd jhwn ^wn nUM pqw l`gw qW auh do hzwr &Oj lY ky lwhOr qoN bwhr inkilAw qy auh sUhW lYNdw irhw pr frdw-mwrw lwhOr qoN bhuqI dUr nw igAw[ jd aus nUM iqMnW &OjW dI qwkq dw pqw l`gw qW aus ny lwhOr qoN B`jx dI iqAwrI kr leI[ 9 AprYl nUM aus ny Awpxy t`br nUM lwhOr coN k`F ky Swhdrw Byj id`qw qy iPr Agly idn Awp vI lwhOr C`f igAw[ mgroN is`KW qy mrh`itAW dI &Oj ny aus dw ip`Cw kIqw pr rwq dy hnyry ivc auh Awp qW dOV igAw, pr aus dy bhuq swry A&Zwn &OjI igR&qwr kr ley gey[
AdInw byZ, mrh`itAW qy is`KW dw lwhOr’qy kbzw
11 AprYl 1758 dy idn ies iqkVI (is`K, mrh`ty, AdInw byg) ny lwhOr ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ ies lVweI ivc hzwrW A&Zwn &OjI mwry gey qy qkrIbn 200 ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ iek qwrI^dwn muqwibk ienHW A&Zwn ispwhIAW ƒ AMimRqsr iljwieAw igAw Aqy aunHW h`QoN AMimRqsr srovr ’c aunHW vloN hI isr& iek swl pihlW su`itAw mlbw kFvwieAw igAw[ (buD isMG AroVw, irswlw-ie-nwnk Swh, s&w 19)[ ienHW idnW ivc drbwr sihb dI kwr-syvw cl rhI sI ijs ivc cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw, j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw, qwrw isMG ZYbw, hrI isMG-lihxw isMG-gu`jr isMG- JMfw isMG (iqMnW BMgIAW) qy 15 hzwr is`KW ny ih`sw ilAw[
lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn mgroN AdInw byZ ny lwhOr ivc iek jlsw kIqw[ ies jlsy vwsqy iek ^ws SwhI styj bxweI geI ijs dy bxwaux ’qy iek l`K (audoN dy) rupY ^rc Awey[ SwlImwr bwZ dy &uhwirAW ivc Zulwb dw Ark Br ky aunHW nUM clwieAw igAw[ Sihr ivc hr pwsy dIvy jgw ky rOSnI kIqI geI[ ies styj ’qy rwGo nwQ mrh`ty nUM bwdSwhW vwlw mwx id`qw igAw[ ies swrw kuJ dy bwvjUd rwGo nwQ lwhOr ivc Tihrnw nhIN cwhuMdw sI[ Swied aus nUM Aihmd Swh qoN fr lgdw sI[ ies kr ky aus ny AdInw byZ nUM sB kuJ sONp id`qw qy aus nwl lwhOr bwry smJOqw kr ilAw[ smJOqy muqwibk AdInw byg lwhOr dw sUbydwr bixAw Aqy aus ny hr swl 75 l`K rupey mrh`itAW ƒ dyxw mMn ilAw[ 10 meI 1758 nUM rwGo nwQ pMjwb qoN vwips cl ipAw[ (imskIn, qihmwsnwmw, s&w 67, 81-83, Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 37, islYkSnz &rwm d pySvw, d&qr 36, s&w 220)[
aunHIN idnIN iqMn DVy Awpxy Awp ƒ pMjwb dy hwkm AKvwauNdy sn: A&gwn, muZl Aqy mrh`ty[ pr A&Zwn Bjweyy jw cuky sn, mrh`ty pYsy vsUl kr ky pMjwb ivcoN cly gey sn qy muZl A&ZwnW qoN frdy pMjwb v`l mUMh nhIN sn krdy[ ies kr ky pMjwb dy Asl hwkm ienHW iqMnW ivcoN koeI vI nhIN sI blik isr& AdInw byg Aqy is`K hI sn[ lwhOr ivc BwvyN AdInw byg dw kbzw sI, pr AmlI qOr ’qy bwkI dy pMjwb ’c is`KW dw hI bol-bwlw sI[ ieh dovyN hux pMjwb dI pUrI isrdwrI vwsqy iek dUjy qoN A`gy inkl jwx dIAW koiSSW kr rhy sn[
AdInw byZ dI Pyr is`KW dy i^lw& jMg
lwhOr ’qy pUrI qrHW kwbz ho jwx mgroN AdInw byZ ny Awpxy juAweI Kvwjw imrzw ^wn nUM lwhOr dw nwieb (ifptI) subydwr bxw id`qw qy Awp jlMDr clw igAw[ AdInw byZ ny srhMd dI sUbydwrI s`dIk byZ nUM sONp id`qI[
hux Aihswn-&rwmoS AdInw byg ny is`KW qy iek v`fw hmlw krn dI plwn bxweI[ aus kol isr& ds-bwrHW hzwr &Oj sI[ aus ny is`KW ƒ ^qm krn vwsqy g`KV, jMjUAw, vVYc, rMDwvw qy GYb ielwky dy j`tW, pTwxW Aqy fogirAW dI 15 hzwr nvIN &Oj BrqI kIqI[ ies &Oj ny dIvwn hIrw m`l Aqy jMifAwlw dy Awkl dws (hrBgq) inrMjnIAw dy hukmW Aqy AgvweI hyT kMm krnw sI[
A^Ir 1758 dIAW grmIAW ivc iek idn ies &Oj Aqy is`KW ivckwr kwdIAW (izlHw gurdwspur) kol iek t`kr ho geI[ ies lVweI ivc hIrw m`l mwirAw igAw qy hrBgq inrMjnIAw mYdwn coN B`j igAw[ jyqU Kwlsw &OjW ny B`jI jWdI &Oj dy Asly dI v`fI Kyp Awpxy kbzy ivc lY leI[ ienHIN idnIN hI (Agsq 1758 ivc) iek JVp ivc lwhOr dy nwieb sUbydwr Kvwjw imrzw jwn dy iek jrnYl gulSyr ^wn nUM vI is`KW ny, j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw qy jY isMG knHeIAw dI AgvweI ivc, mwr mukwieAw[
hux AdInw byg ny mIr mnUU vWg is`KW dw kqlyAwm krn dy hukm jwrI kr id`qy (Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, ApYNfks)[ ies dOr ivc bhuq swry is`K kql kIqy gey[ bhuq swry cODrIAW ny aus dw swQ id`qw[ ienHW iv`coN muK sn: cODrI rxjIq dyv (jMmU), pIr muhMmd c`Tw qy ie`zq b^S B`tI (rwvI qy JnW ivckwrlw ielwkw), GumMf cMd (kWgVw), imrzw muhMmd (kwdIAW), rwey iebrwhIm (kpUrQlw), cODrI rihmq ^wn vVYc (JnW qy ijhlm ivckwr) Aqy rwhoN, dsUhw, &gvwVw, ksUr qy isMD swgr dy ielwky dy g`KV, Gyby qy jMjUey vZYrw[ AdInw byZ ny ienHW swirAW nUM is`KW dy kqlyAwm vwsqy hdwieqW id`qIAW[ AdInw byZ ny iek hzwr qrKwxW nUM pMjwb dy jMgl v`Fx vwsqy qweInwq kIqw qW jo is`KW dIAW CupxgwhW ^qm kIqIAW jw skx[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny AzIz b^SI nUM hzwrW &OjI dy ky is`KW dI Bwl ivc tor id`qw[ (imskIn, s&w 167, AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 118 bI, 119 ey)[
Aihmd Swh btwlIAw (s&w 981-82) ienHW idnW ivc is`KW dIAW do v`fIAW hwrW dw izkr krdw hY[ pihlI hwr audoN hoeI jd aunHW nUM gurU dw c`k ivc rwm rOxI ivc AzIz b^SI ny Gyr ilAw[ ies mOky ’qy bhuq swry is`K mwry gey qy kuJ igR&qwr vI hoey[ dUjI vwr is`KW nUM srhMd dy nyVy vI burI qrHW mwr peI[ ienHW hwrW dw kwrn duSmx dI &Oj dI igxqI dw bhuq vD hoxw Aqy aunHW kol vDIAw hiQAwr hoxw sI[ pr ienHW hwrW ny vI is`KW dy hOsly nw ifgx id`qy[
AdInw byZ dI mOq Aqy is`KW dy bol bwly
AdInw byg dy zulmW dw dOr isr& kuJ h&qy hI cl sikAw[ 10 sqMbr 1758 dy idn AdInw byg dI Acwxk mOq ho geI[ hux isr& is`K hI pMjwb dy hwkm sn[
pr, ies mgroN vI is`KW qy A&ZwnW qy muZlW ivc kuJ CotIAW-v`fIAW lVweIAW hoeIAW[ Kvwjw imrzw jwn jo AdInw byZ hyT lwhOr dw nwieb sUbydwr sI, aus ny Awpxy-Awp nUM pUrw sUbydwr AYlwx id`qw[ aus ny Awpxy Brw Kvwjw muhMmd seIAd nUM lwhOr dw &Ojdwr bxw id`qw[ imrzw jwn dy lwhOr qoN bwhr hox dI sUrq ivc aus ny nwieb sUbydwr vjoN vI ivcrnw sI[ muhMmd seIAd ny vI is`KW ’qy zulm krny SurU kr id`qy[ jd j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nUM ies dw pqw l`gw qW auh &Oj lY ky lwhOr nUM cl ipAw Aqy mujMg dy ielwky (hux Sihr dw hI iek ih`sw) ivc morcy lw ley[ jd j`sw isMG dI &Oj dI Awmd dw pqw Kvwjw muhMmd seIAd nUM l`gw qW auh &Oj lY ky mujMg pu`jw pr burI qrHW hwr ky B`j ky iklHy ivc jw viVAw[ ienHIN idnIN mrh`tw swbwjI pwitl vI lwhOr ivc sI[ aus ny Kvwjw imrzw jwn dy purwxy duSmxW ikzlb^S ^wn, swlyh ^wn qy Aihmd ^wn nwl swz-bwz kr ky aunHW rwhIN Kvwjw imrzw ^wn nUM kYd kr ilAw qy aus dy Brw Kvwjw muhMmd seIAd nUM Koqy ’qy ibTw ky lwhOr ivc jlUs k`iFAw[ lokW ny Kvwjw muhMmd seIAd dy isr ’qy gMdgI su`t ky aus qoN bdlw ilAw[ A^Ir swbwjI pwitl ny dohW BrwvW nUM ies Srq ’qy irhw kr id`qw ik auh mulk C`f ky cly jwx[ hux mrh`itAW ny ikzlb^S ^wn nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw[ (Alw-aud-dIn, iebrqnwmw, s&w 221)[ iek hor somy muqwibk imrzw qwihr byZ nUM sUbydwr lwieAw igAw sI[ (sohn lwl sUrI, ijld pihlI, s&w 147)[
AdInw byg dy mrn mgroN, 31 AkqUbr 1758 dy idn, srb`q Kwlsw dw iek iek`T Akwl q^q swihb ’qy hoieAw[ ies iek`T ivc gurmqw kIqw igAw ik hr iek imsl dI ‘rwKI’ hyTlw ielwkw aus imsl dI irAwsq mMnI jwvygI[ ieh vI gurmqw kIqw igAw ik swrIAW is`K imslW Akwl q^q swihb dy nW ’qy hkUmq krngIAW[ BwvyN swrIAW imslW Awzwd Aqy ^udmu^iqAwr hoxgIAW pr isrdwrI smu`cy srb`q Kwlsw dI hI mMnI jwvygI[ imslW dy AwpsI JgiVAW dw &Yslw Akwl q^q swihb ’qy srb`q Kwlsw kirAw krygw[ j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw srb`q Kwlsw dy Aqy dl Kwlsw (Kwlsw &Oj) dy smu`cy jQydwr hoxgy[
ienHW idnW ivc srhMd dy &Ojdwr sdIk byZ ny is`KW nwl smJOqw kr ilAw hoieAw sI ik auh aunHW (is`KW) nUM hr iCmwhI qwvwn (tYks, nzrwnw) qwirAw krygw qy ieh AgwaUN id`qw jwieAw krygw[ sdIk byZ ny pihlI ikSq qW dy id`qI pr jd mwrc dy SurU ivc is`KW ny Awpxy eylcI Byj ky qwvwn mMigAw qW aus ny aunHW is`K nuMmwieMidAW nUM ^wlI h`Q qor id`qw[ ies ’qy is`K &OjW AnMdpur swihb v`l Aw geIAW qW jo sdIk byZ qoN rkm hwisl kIqI jwvy jW aus ’qy hmlw kIqw jwvy[ iek idn aunHW nUM sdIk byZ dy AihdIey lokW qoN mwmlw iek`Tw krdy nzr Awey[ is`KW ny aunHW qoN swrI rkm Koh leI[
sdIk byZ v`loN is`KW ’qy hmlw
jd ies dI ^br sdIk byZ nUM imlI qW aus ny is`KW ’qy hmlw krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ is`K 13-14 mwrc 1759 dy idn AnMdpur ivc holw mh`lw mnwaux vwsqy iek`Ty hoey-hoey sn[ sdIk byZ ny Acwxk is`KW ’qy hmlw kr id`qw ijs nwl bhuq swry is`K prvwr mwry gey[ hor qW hor j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw Awp vI burI qrHW z^mI ho igAw[
sdIk byZ ny is`KW ’qy hmlw qW kr ilAw pr auh AMdroN-AMdrIN fr vI bhuq irhw sI[ aus ny Awpxy vkIl nUM j`sw isMG kol Byj ky muAw&I mMgI qy A`gy qoN qwvwn shI smyN ’qy phuMcwaux dw vwAdw kIqw[ is`K AwgUAW ny aus nUM muAw& kr id`qw qy A`gy qoN ^brdwr rihx vwsqy ikhw[
ibSMBr dws (SMBU dws) qy rwjw BUp cMd dw hmlw
hux BwvyN qkrIbn swrw is`K homlYNf hI muZlW qy A&ZwnW qoN Awzwd krvwieAw jw cu`kw sI, pr Ajy vI jlMDr-doAwb dy ielwky ivc iek ihMdU jwgIrdwr ibSMBr dws (jo mr cuky AdInw byg dw v`fw vzIr sI) hkUmq kr irhw sI[ aus ny is`KW ƒ hrw ky pMjwb dI smu`cI hkUmq sMBwlx dI nIAq nwl 25-30hzwr dI ihMdU-muslmwnW dI sWJI &Oj iqAwr kIqI[ ibSMBr dws dI ies &Oj Aqy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI AgvweI ivc is`K &OjW ivckwr iek t`kr auVmuV-tWfw dy nyVy hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc ibSMBr dws ny bhwdrI dy ^Ub jOhr idKwey[ aus ny is`KW ’qy lgwqwr qIrW dI bOCwV nwl hmlw krI r`iKAw[ dUjy pwsy j`sw isMG ny vI qIrW dw mINh vrHw id`qw[ A^Ir j`sw isMG dy iek qIr nwl ibSMBr dws mwirAw igAw[ (isAwrul muqw^rIn, ijld qIjI, s&w 377)[
ibSMBr dws dI mOq qoN mgroN vI aus dy swQI rwjw BUp cMd ny idl nhIN C`ifAw Aqy aus ny qlvwr dy ^Ub jOhr idKwey[ auh Aqy aus dy swQI jIA jwn nwl lVy[ iek vwr qW BUp cMd qy j`sw isMG Awhmo-swhmxy vI Aw gey[ BUp cMd ny qlvwr dw iek zbrdsq vwr j`sw isMG ’qy kIqw jo j`sw isMG dy GoVy dI DOx ’qy v`jw[ ies ’qy j`sw isMG ny prqvW vwr kIqw ijs nwl BUp cMd dI iek bWh iblkul k`tI geI qy auh zmIn ’qy if`g ipAw qy aus dI moq ho geI[ ies mgroN aus dI &Oj fr ky B`j geI[ (j`sw isMG ny ienHW dohW dI bhwdrI dI is&q kridAW aunHW dIAW lwSW ’qy ^UbsUrq duSwly pwey)[ ies mOky ’qy vI is`KW dy h`Q coKw mwl Asbwb AwieAw[ ibSMBr dws qy BUp cMd dI mOq mgroN hux swry sUby Aqy ies dy Awly-duAwly is`KW ƒ cYlMj krn vwlI koeI qwkq nhIN bcI sI[ (b^q m`l, Kwlswnwmw, s&w 91, sohn lwl sUrI, aumdwquq qvwrI^, ijld pihlI, s&w 149)[
drbwr swihb kMplYks dI muV auswrI
AwpxI AmlI hkUmq kwiem hox mgroN is`KW ny drbwr swihb Aqy Akwl q^q swihb dIAW iemwrqW dI muV auswrI SurU kIqI[ swrIAW imslW ny hI nhIN blik hr iek is`K ny AwpxI AOkwq muqwibk ih`sw pwieAw[ srbq Kwlsw vloN swry is`KW ƒ ^q Byjy gey ik auh ies auswrI ivc Awpxw ih`sw pwaux[ ieh hukmnwmy srbq Kwlsw vloN jwrI kIqy gey sn[ srbq Kwlsw vloN jwrI kIqy ieho ijhy iek ^q (jo ptnw dI sMgq nUM 10 meI 1759 dy idn ByijAw igAw sI) dy l&z sn:
“Akwl purK jI dy Kwlsy jI dw bcn hY[ BweI AwieAw[ BweI imhr isMG[ BweI mihbUb hor smUh ptny dI pwsoN vwihgurU jI dI &qy bolI hY bulwvxI[ auprMid rupey svw sau 125/- AKrI rupY svw sau BweI idAwl isMG AwieAw hY BweI idAwl isMG jog dyvxy[ quhwfI gurU Kwlsy nwil bixAwaugu[ gurU ikrq brkiq krug[ hor dsvMD* clIhw** kwr Byt Ardws jo kuC gur ky inimq kw hovY so dIp mwlw auqy lY Awvxw[ sMmq 1816 ivswK idn 31”
*dsvMD=Awmdn dw dsvW ih`sw, **cwlIhw=Awmdn dw cwlHIvW ih`sw[
sqMbr 1759 ivc mrh`itAW ny iek vwr Pyr pMjwb v`l mUMh kIqw[ mrh`ty AprYl 1758 ivc AdInw byg vloN mMny gey swlwnw 75 l`K rupey vsUl krnw cwhuMdy sn[ is`KW ny mrh`itAW nwl t`kr nw lYx dw &Yslw kIqw, ikauNik mrh`ty is`Dw lwhOr vl vD rhy sn Aqy is`KW nwl jW ikqy hor CyV-CwV nhIN sn kr rhy[ jdoN mrh`ty lwhOr dy nyVy pu`jy qW aunHW ƒ ^br imlI ik Aihmd Swh durwnI vI iek v`fI &Oj lY ky lwhOr vl vD irhw hY[ ies ’qy mrh`ty fr ky cup-cwp vwips prq pey[
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw pMjvW hmlw
AdInw byZ, is`KW Aqy mrh`itAW v`loN jhwn ^wn qoN lwhOr Kohx dw Aihmd Swh nUM bVw gu`sw sI[ auh ienHW iqMnW ’qy BrpUr vwr krnw cwhuMdw sI[ ies kr ky aus ny AkqUbr 1759 ivc pMjvIN vwr pMjwb v`l mUMh kr ilAw[ aus dy Awaux dI ^br imlx ’qy is`K iek vwr Pyr CupxgwhW v`l inkl gey[ Aihmd Swh is`KW dw ip`Cw nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdw[ aus dw dUjw iSkwr AdInw byZ mr cukw sI[ aus ny zrcIN krIm dwd^wn nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr Aqy GumMf cMd kWgVw nUM jlMDr-doAwb dw &Ojdwr bxw id`qw[ hux auh sB qoN pihlW mrh`itAW nUM sbk dyxw cwhuMdw sI[ mrh`itAW kol do l`K &Oj sI, pr ieDr Aihmd Swh kol vI iek bVw v`fw &OjI dl sI[
du`rwnI dI &Oj qy is`KW ivc lVweI (AkqUbr 1759)
25 AkqUbr dy idn Aihmd Swh ny Atk dirAw pwr kIqw[ lwhOr ivc Awp dwi^l hoox qoN pihlW aus ny Awpxy jrnYl jhwn ^wn dI AgvweI hyT iek v`fI &Oj aus dw rsqw sw& krn vwsqy Byj id`qI[ jhwn ^wn dI Awmd dw pqw is`K jrnYlW nUM lg igAw[ ienHW idnW ivc (20 AkqUbr 1759) j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, cVHq isMG sukrc`k, jY isMG knHeIAw, gu`jr isMG BMgI, lihxw isMG BMgI qy keI hor jrnYl gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) ivc Awey hoey sn[ is`K jrnYlW ny gurmqw kIqw ik Aihmd Swh nwl is`DI t`kr leI jwvy qy ies dy AYkSn vjoN aus dI &Oj ’qy lwhOr ivc Acwxk hmlw kr id`qw jwvy[ AkqUbr dy Aw^rI h&qy jW nvMbr dy pihly h&qy is`K &OjW ny iek rwq lwhOr vl kUc kr id`qw qy SwlImwr bwZ qk phuMc gey qy Aihmd Swh dI &Oj ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ A&Zwn &OjW is`KW dy Acwxk hmly ’qy bONdl geIAW qy fr ky Sihr v`l nUM B`j peIAW[ is`K &OjW ny byZmpurw qk aunHW dw ip`Cw kIqw[ ies hmly ivc is`K &OjW ny Aihmd Swh dy &OjIAW dy bhuq swry GoVy, K`cr qy Aslw Koh ley[
jd Aihmd Swh nUM is`KW dy AYkSn dw pqw l`gw qW aus ny jhwn ^wn nUM is`KW dw ip`Cw krn vwsqy ByijAw[ is`K jrnYlW nUM ies dI pihlW hI Aws sI[ drAsl aunHW ny ieh jwl jwx buJ ky ivCwieAw sI qW jo A&Zwn &OjW aunHW dw ip`Cw krn qy auh aunHW nUM cMgI qrHW szw dy skx[ lwhOr qoN QoVHI dUr jw ky is`K &OjW nUM Aihmd Swh dI &Oj dy Awaux dw pqw lg igAw[ aunHW ny is`K &OjW nUM do ih`isAW ivc vMf id`qw[ iek pwsy j`sw isMG qy jY isMG dy j`Qy sn qy dUjy pwsy cVHq isMG, gu`jr isMG qy lihxw isMG dy j`Qyy[ jd A&Zwn &OjW nyVy AweIAW qW is`K &OjW ny aunHW ’qy dohW pwisAW qoN hmlw kr id`qw[ jd A&Zwn iek pwsy vDx qW dUjy pwisEN is`K &OjW hmlw qyz kr dyNdIAW sn[ ieM\ A&Zwn &OjW dw bhuq nukswn ho irhw sI[ ieh lVweI hnyrw pYx qk cldI rhI sI[ ies lVweI ivc jhwn ^wn Awp vI z^mI ho igAw qy do hzwr qoN vD A&Zwn &OjI mwry gey qy kuJ kU is`K vI ShId hoey[ ies mgroN is`K &OjW Aihmd Swh dy Agly pVwA ’qy hmlw krn dI iqAwrI vwsqy &qihbwd-goieMdvwl vl clIAW geIAW ij`QoN Aihmd Swh v`loN dirAw dw p`qx pwr krn dI Aws sI[ {vI. ky. rwjvwVy, mwrwTwncw ieiqhwsicn sdwny (AMgryzI qrjmw), CyvIN ijld, s&w 146}[
Aihmd Swh nUM AwpxI &Oj dy nukswn dw bVw duK hoieAw pr auh is`KW nwl t`kr lYx dI bjwie pihlW mrh`itAW qoN bdlw lYxw cwhuMdw sI[ aus ny Awpxy jrnYl Swh vlI ^wn dy Brw zrcIN krIm dwd ^wn nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr qy hmId ^wn nUM aus dw nwieb (ifptI) bxw id`qw[ 20 nvMbr 1759 nUM aus ny goieMdvwl qoN ibAws dirAw pwr kIqw qy id`lI vl nUM cl ipAw[ Ajy auh rwh ivc hI sI ik id`lI ivc 29 nvMbr dy idn vzIr iemwdul-mulk ZwzI-aud-dIn ny swizS kr ky muZl bwdSwh AwlmgIr nUM kql krvw id`qw[ (ies mgroN AwlmgIr dUjy dw pu`qr Swh Awlm dUjw, nvW bwdSwh bixAw[ auh aus vyly ibhwr ivc sI qy Aihmd Swh qoN frdw id`lI nhIN sI Aw irhw)[
ijs vyly Aihmd Swh pwxIpq ivc mrh`itAW ’qy hmly dI iqAwrI kr irhw sI, lwhOr ivc zrcIN krIm dwd ^wn sUbydwr sI[ kuJ icr mgroN Aihmd Swh ny aus nUM pwxIpq bulw ilAw qy srbulMd ^wn nUM aus dI QW lwhOr dw sUbydwr lw id`qw[ srbulMd ^wn is`KW qoN frdw lwhOr dI QW jlMDr bYTw irhw qy aus ny Awpxy nwieb swdwq ^wn nUM lwhOr Byj id`qw[ ies mOky ’qy is`KW ny lwhOr dy Awly-duAwly mwmlw iek`Tw krnw SurU kr id`qw pr swdwq ^wn kol aunHW nUM rokx dI jurAq nhIN sI[ A^Ir frdw mwrw auh AsqI&w dy ky clw igAw[ ies ’qy srbulMd ^wn ny iek ihMdU dIvwn sUrq isMh nUM cwrj dy id`qw[ sUrq isMh vI is`KW nUM rok nw sikAw[ hux aus dI QW ’qy moimn ^wn ksUrIAw dy pu`qr mIr muhMmd ^wn nUM lwieAw igAw[ ies vyly cwr mhl dw &Ojdwr rusqm ^wn s`dozeI sI jo isAwlkot ivc qweInwq sI[ is`K &OjW ny ienHW dohW nUM hI v^q pweI r`iKAw[
rusqm ^wn s`dozeI nUM kYd krnw
AkqUbr 1760 ivc iek idn rusqm ^wn, &Ojdwr cwr mhl, nUM ^br imlI ik 50 kU is`K isAwlkot dy nyVy mwmlw vsUl rhy hn[ rusqm ^wn ny fyF-kU sO GoVsvwr &OjI nwl ley Aqy is`KW dy ip`Cy cl ipAw[ isAwlkot qoN 10 iklomItr dUr aus ny is`KW ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ is`KW ny vI aus dw ft ky mukwblw kIqw[
igxqI ivc iqMn guxw hox dy bwvjUd vI A&Zwn &OjW dw bVw nukswn hoieAw[ rusqm ^wn Gbrw ky nyVy dy iek iklHy ivc jw viVAw[ is`KW ny ies iklHy nUM vI Gyrw pw ilAw[ A^Ir aunHW rusqm ^wn qy aus dy bcy-Kucy swQIAW nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ igR&qwrW ivc mIr mnUU qy murwd byZm dw Zulwm imskIn (ijs ny mgroN ‘qihmwsnwmw’ nW dI pMjwb dI qvwrI^ vI ilKI) vI sI[ A^Ir rusqm ^wn ny jMmU dy ihMdU rwjy rwhIN is`KW nUM 20000rupY jurmwnw dy ky irhweI hwisl kIqI[ ieh Gtnw AkqUbr 1760dI hY[ (imskIn, s&y 92-98)[
lwhOr ’qy hmlw krn dw gurmqw
nvMbr 1760 ivc mIr muhMmd ^wn lwhOr dw nwzm sI[ 7 nvMbr 1760 dy idn srb`q Kwlsw dI iek bYTk Akwl q^q swihb ’qy hoeI[ ies iek`T ivc is`KW ny lwhOr ’qy hmlw krn dw gurmqw kIqw[ Kwlsw &OjW ny ies gurmqy ƒ iek-dm Aml ivc lY AWdw[ j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, cyq isMG knHeIAw, hrI isMG BMgI, g`ujr isMG BMgI qy lihxw isMG BMgI dI AgvweI ivc 10 hzwr Kwlsw &Oj ny lwhOr ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ mIr muhMmd ^wn ny Sihr dy swry drvwzy bMd krvw id`qy[ is`KW ny lwhOr dy Awly-duAwly pihlW hI kbzw kr ilAw hoieAw sI[ hux Sihr swry mulk qoN k`itAw igAw sI[ is`KW ny Sihr nUM Gyrw pwieAw hoieAw sI[ Sihr vwsIAW nUM bhuq muSikl ho rhI sI[ ieh Gyrw 11 idn jwrI irhw[
is`K Awm lokW nUM muSikl ivc nhIN sn pwauxw cwhuMdy ies kr ky aunHW ny lokW nUM pySkS kIqI ik jy auh cwhuMdy hn ik Sihr dw Gyrw cuk ilAw jwvy qW nwzm muhMmd ^wn is`KW nUM 30000 rupY nzrwnw dyvy qy is`K &OjW nUM kVwh vrqwvy[ muhMmd ^wn kol eynI rkm nhIN sI[ aus vyly psrUr qoN mwmly dI rkm lwhOr ivc pu`jI hoeI sI[ aus iv`coN is`KW nUM ieh rkm qwrI geI qy kVwh pRSwd vI vrqwieAw[ ies ’qy Kwlsw &OjW vwips clIAW geIAW[ (AlI-aud-dIn, iebrqnwmw, ijld pihlI, s&w 226-27)[ mu&qI Zulwm srvr kihMdw hY ik ieh rkm is`KW ny nhIN sI mMgI blik muhMmd ^wn ny mjbUr ho ky ieh pySkS kIqI sI qy is`KW qoN lwhOr dI GyrwbMdI cukvweI sI (qwrI^-ie-m^zn-ie-pMjwb, s&w 470)[ ies qoN AOKw ho ky srbulMd ^wn ny muhMmd ^wn nUM kYd krn dw hukm dy id`qw (aumdw-qu`q qvwrI^, s&y 150-53)[
Aihmd Swh qy mrh`itAW ivc lVweI
pMjwb qoN c`l ky Aihmd Swh ny prgxw koiel (hux AlIgVH) ivc fyry lw ley[ auh ie`Qy bYT ky mrh`itAW dI qwkq bwry jwxkwrI iek`TI krdw irhw qy lVweI dI iqAwrI krdw irhw[
jdoN mrh`itAW ƒ Aihmd Swh dI plwn dw pqw lgw qW aunHW ny ‘Drm Xu`D’ dw AYlwn kr ky bhuq nOjvwn Drm dy nW ’qy &Oj ’c Swiml kr ley[ mrh`tw &Oj ny Aihmd Swh nwl do h`Q krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ aunHW ny meI 1760 ivc cMbl dirAw pwr kIqw Aqy id`lI vl vDxw SurU kr id`qw[ mrh`itAW ny 22 julweI 1760 dy idn id`lI ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ 17 AkqUbr 1760 dy idn mrh`ty kuMjpurw (krnwl nyVy) ’qy vI kwbz ho gey[ 24 AkqUbr 1760 dy idn mrh`itAW Aqy durwnI dIAW &OjW pwnIpq ivc pu`j geIAW[ hux dovyN &YslwkuMn lVweI dI iqAwrI krn lg pey[ qkrIbn FweI mhIny dohW &OjW ivc v`fI lVweI nw hoeI[ A^Ir 14 jnvrI 1761 dy idn dohW dlW ivc Awhmo-swhmxw mukwblw ho igAw[
ies lVweI ivc Aihmd Swh dw h`Q au~pr irhw[ hzwrW mrh`ty &OjI mwry gey[ iek qwrI^dwn mwry jwx vwly mrh`itAW dI igxqI iek l`K dy krIb dsdw hY[ ies qoN bwAd A&gwn &OjW ny id`lI Sihr ivc vI kqlyAwm kIqw qy hzwrW lokW ƒ mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[ ies kqlyAwm qoN mgroN Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW ny id`lI ivc BwrI l`ut-mwr kIqI[
iek mhwn &Oj Aqy v`fI qwkq AKvwaux vwly, mrh`itAW, ƒ burI qrHW qbwh krn; Aqy l`KW-kroVW dw mwl lu`tx mgroN, Awpxy Awp ƒ dunIAW dI sB qoN v`fI qwkq Aqy kwmXwb qwkq smJdw hoieAw, Aihmd Swh 20 mwrc 1761 dy idn id`lI qoN muV ipAw[ auh 29 mwrc 1761 dy idn srhMd pu`jw[ ie`Qy pitAwly dw rwjw Awlw isMG Aihmd Swh dy drbwr ivc hwizr hoieAw Aqy bhuq swry kImqy qoh&y pyS kIqy[ Aihmd Swh ny KuS hox dI bjwie Awlw isMG ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw ikauNik aus (Awlw isMG) ny bIqy swl mrh`itAW dI mdd kIqI sI[ Awlw isMG ny Aihmd Swh qoN ies ZlqI dI muAw&I mMg leI[ Aihmd Swh ny aus ƒ iqMn l`K rupey jurmwnw Adw krn vwsqy AwiKAw[ jurmwnw vsUl krn mgroN Aihmd Swh ny iesy idn (29 mwrc 1761 nUM) Awlw isMG ƒ A&gwn hkUmq vloN ‘pitAwly dw rwjw’ dw Ahudw (i^qwb) id`qw[
mgroN Awlw isMG vloN A&ZwnIAW dI ZulwmI kbUlx ’qy srb`q Kwlsw dy jQydwr s: j`sw isMG AwhUlvwlIAw ny aus dI byie`zqI kIqI qy aus ƒ BwrI jurmwnw kIqw[ Awlw isMG ny srb`q Kwlsw ƒ vI jurmwnw Adw kr id`qw[ (Awlw isMG hr cVHdy sUrj qy hr qwkq ƒ slwm krdw huMdw sI)[ srhMd qoN c`lx qoN pihlW Aihmd Swh ny zYn ^wn nUM srhMd dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw[
cwry pwisEN coKw kImqI ^zwnw lu`t ky, hzwrW ^UbsUrq ihMdU kuVIAW igR&qwr kr ky Aqy v`fI igxqI ivc nOjvwn ihMdUAW ƒ Zulwm bxw ky Aihmd Swh 26 AprYl 1761 dy idn lwhOr pu`jw[ Aihmd Swh ny AbYd (aubYd) ^wn nUM lwhOr dw nwzm, GumMf cMd ktOcIAw nUM jlMDr-duAwb dw &Ojdwr qy Kvwjw imrzw jwn nUM cwr mhl dw &Ojdwr lwieAw qy CyqI hI vwips kwbl nUM cl ipAw[
j`sw isMG ‘bMdI-CoV’ ny 2200 ihMdU kuVIAW irhw krvweIAW
Ajy Aihmd Swh pMjwb nhIN sI pu`jw[ 10 AprYl 1761 dy idn is`KW dw srbq Kwlsw iek`T AMimRqsr ivc hoieAw[ ies mOky ’qy bhuq swry ihMdU Kwlsw &OjW dy jQydwr j`sw isMG AwhUlvwlIAw kol Aw &irAwdI hoey qy aunHW ny AwpxIAW DIAW Aihmd Swh qoN Cufvwaux vwsqy ArzoeIAW kIqIAW[ aunHW vloN kIqI geI &irAwd ATwrHvIN sdI dy ies gIq ’c pyS kIqI imldI hY:
vy moVIN BweI k`C* vwilAw isrdwrw[ (*k`C=kCihrw)
DI swfI geI, bsry ƒ geI[
eynHW dIAW gu`fIAW BuAweIN isMGW CeI[
vy moVIN BweI k`C vwilAw isrdwrw[
ihMdUAW dy ivrlwp Aqy ArzoeIAW ƒ sux ky j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy hor Kwlsw jrnYlW ny muV rhI A&gwn &Oj ’qy hmlw kr id`qw Aqy hzwrW (iek somy muqwibk 2200) ihMdU kuVIAW ƒ irhwA krvwieAw Aqy aunHW nUM aunHW dy Gro-GrIN C`f Awey[ (knHeIAw lwl, qwrI^-ie-pMjwb, s&w 100)[ hYrwnI dw mukwm ieh sI ik keIAW ihMdUAW ny fr dy mwry AwpxI DIAW, BYxW qy bIvIAW ƒ vwips lYx qoN nWh kr id`qI Aqy ikhw ik ‘jy AsIN ienHW kuVIAW nUM vwips r`K ilAw qW du`rwnI Agly hmly vyly swnUM kql kr dyvygw[’ (ieh sI hwl AwpxIAW BYxW qoN ‘rKVI’ bMnHvwaux vwly ihMdU BrwvW dw!)[ A&gwn &OjW ’qy hmly dOrwn is`KW ny aunHW dw kw&I ^zwnw qy Aslw vI Koh ilAw[ is`KW ny Aihmd Swh dI &Oj dw dirAw isMD (iek somy muqwibk dirAw Atk qk) qk ip`Cw kIqw[
hzwrW ihMdU kuVIAW irhwA krvwaux dy kwrnwmy ’qy lokW ny j`sw isMG Aqy Kwlsw &Oj ƒ bMdI-CoV dw i^qwb id`qw[ (pr ies dy mukwbly ivc 1984 dI ^UnI nvMbr ivc Aihswn-&rwmoS ihMdU dihSqgrdW ny id`lI ivc hzwrW is`KW dw kqlyAwm kIqw Aqy aunHW dI kuVIAW Agvw kr ky aunHw nwl vihSIAwnw jbr-znwh kIqw)[
Aihmd Swh ny vwips muVn qoN pihlW zYn ^wn nUM srhMd, Kvwjw AbYd nUM lwhOr, srbulMd ^wn nUM mulqwn dw sUbydwr Aqy GumMf cMd ktoc nUM jlMDr-doAwb dw &Ojdwr qweInwq kr id`qw sI[ pr ieh ivcwry qW b`s nW dy hI hwkm sn[ ienHW dI hkUmq ienHW dIAW rwjDwnIAW qy ikilHAW dy AMdr hI sI[ ieh lok pMjwb ivc v`fI &Oj qoN ibnW KulHy-Awm GuMm vI nhIN skdy sI[ pMjwb dy Asl hwkm qW is`K hI sn[
ies vyly 4 hzwr is`K &Oj du`rwnI dw ip`Cw krn geI hoeI sI[ is`K &OjW ny dirAw isMD qk Aihmd Swh dw ip`Cw kIqw[ au~QoN muVdy is`K &OjW ’qy sB qoN pihlw hmlw cwr mhl dy &Ojdwr nvwb Kvwjw imrzw ^wn ny AwpxI iek hzwr &Oj nwl kIqw[ ies lVweI ivc auh AwpxI swrI &Oj sxy mwirAw igAw[ ies lVweI ivc is`KW dy h`Q bhuq swrw Aslw vI l`gw[ ieh Gtnw meI-jUn 1761 dI hY[ ies qoN bwAd is`K jlMDr v`l vDy Aqy bVI AwswnI nwl ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ jlMDr qoN auh srhMd v`l gey[ ies vyly nvW A&Zwn sUbydwr zYn ^wn au~Qy nhIN sI[ aus dI ZYrhwzrI ivc mlyrkotlw dy BIKn ^wn ny is`KW nwl QoVHI jhI t`kr leI pr bhuq swry bMdy mrvw ky B`j igAw[ ies mgroN j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI AgvweI ivc is`K &OjW ny srhMd ivc ^Ub lu`t-mwr kIqI Aqy zYn ^wn dy au~Qy pu`jx qoN pihlW hI muV gey[ ikauNik mlyrkotlw dI &Oj ny is`KW nwl srhMd ivc t`kr leI sI ies kr ky is`K ies irAwsq nUM vI szw dyxI cwhuMdy sI[ is`KW dy mlyrkotly ’qy hmly dOrwn bhuq swry mlyrIey &OjI mwry gey[ lVweI ivc &qih hwisl krn mgroN is`KW ny Sihr dy vzIrW-AmIrW nUM ^Ub lu`itAw qy jwx l`gy kuJ ih`sy nUM A`g vI lw gey[ (b^q m`l, Kwlswnwmw, s&w 97)[
lwhOr duAwly lVweIAW
Aihmd Swh durwnI ny kwbl phuMcx mgroN is`KW nUM sbk isKwaux dw &Yslw kIqw[ ies i^Awl nwl aus ny Awpxy iek jrnYl nUr-aud-dIn QmzeI dI AgvweI ivc bwrHW hzwr &Oj isr& is`KW dy i^lw& ByjI[ rsqy ivc Awm lokW dI lu`t-mwr krdI ieh &Oj Agsq 1761 ivc JnW dirAw dy kMFy pu`j geI[ dirAw pwr kridAw hI ies dI t`kr cVHq isMG sukrckIAw dI &Oj nwl ho geI[ cVHq isMG ny pihlW qoN hI ies lVweI dI iqAwrI kIqI hoeI sI[ hor imslW dIAW &OjW vI aus dw swQ dyx phuMcIAW hoeIAW sn[ nUr-aud-dIn nUM AwpxI &Oj dI qwkq dw AYvyN hI Brm sI[ ies kr ky A&ZwnW Aqy is`KW dI zbrdsq lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc is`KW ny A&ZwnW dy ^Ub AwhU lwhy[ is`KW dy hmly dI mwr nw J`ldy hoey A&Zwn &OjI fr ky B`j pey[ aunHW ny isAwlkot dy iklHy ivc jw pnwh leI[ is`K &OjW ny aunHW dw ip`Cw kIqw qy Sihr nUM Gyr ilAw Aqy Sihr qy iklHy ivc Kwx dw smwn nw Awaux id`qw[ kuJ hI idnW ivc nUr-aud-dIn dI &Oj Bu`KI mrn lg peI[ ies ’qy iek idn nUr-aud-dIn, AwpxI &Oj nUM iek`ilAW C`f ky, iek mMgqy dy Bys ivc au~QoN inkl igAw[ ies mgroN ies &Oj ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ is`KW ny ienHW swirAW nUM muAw& kr id`qw Aqy vwips Gr (A&Zwinsqwn) jwx dI iejwzq dy id`qI[ ies lVweI ivc swrw Aslw vI is`KW dy h`Q l`gw qy aunHW dy hOsly hor vI hor bulMd ho gey[ (mu&qI Zulwm srvwr, qwrI^-ie-m^zn-pMjwb, s&w 471, sohn lwl sUrI, ijld dUjI, s&y 6-7, knHeIAw lwl, qwrI^-ie-pMjwb, s&w 81)[
Kvwjw AbYd ^wn dw cVHq isMG ’qy hmlw
ies hwr dw bdlw lYx vwsqy lwhOr dy sUbydwr &Ojdwr Kvwjw AbYd (aubYd) ^wn ny 9-10hzwr nvIN &Oj BrqI kIqI[ aus ny sqMbr 1761 ivc cVHq isMG ’qy hmlw krn dI plwn bxweI[ aus ny iek v`fI &Oj, kuJ qopW qy hor BwrI Aslw lY ky gujrWvwly v`l kUc kr id`qw[ aus ny cVHq isMG nUM gujrWvwly dy iklHy ivc Gyr ilAw[ jd ies dw pqw dUjy is`K AwgUAW nUM l`gw qW auh swry AwpxIAW &OjW lY ky au~Qy phuMc gey[ ienHW ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, jY isMG knHeIAw qy cwr BMgI jrnYl soBw isMG, gu`jr isMG, lihxw isMG qy hrI isMG vI Swiml sn[ aunHW ny Kvwjw ’qy swry pwisEN hmlw krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ jd ies dI soA Kvwjw AbYd ^wn nUM imlI qW auh hmly qoN pihlI rwq nUM hI mYdwn C`f ky dOV igAw[ ip`CoN is`KW ny aus dI &Oj ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ bO^lweI qy frI hoeI &Oj lwhOr nUM dOV geI[ ies mOky ’qy AbYd ^wn dy bhuq swry GoVy, aUT qy kImqI Aslw is`K &OjW dy h`Q l`gw[ (sohn lwl sUrI, ijld dUjI, s&w 8, imskIn, s&w 237, AlI-aud-dIn, s&w 12 ey, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 94-103, b^q m`l, s&w 82, Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 890-91)[
is`KW dw lwhOr ’qy kbzw
Kvwjw AbYd ^wn nUM Bjwaux nwl is`K &OjW dy hOsly isKrW dy ho gey sn[ is`K &OjW ny &Yslw kIqw ik ies buzidl AbYd ^wn dw lwhOr qk ip`Cw kIqw jwvy qy lwhOr pu`j ky aus nUM k`F ky lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw jwvy[ jd AbYd ^wn nUM pqw l`gw ik is`K aus dw ip`Cw kr rhy hn qW aus ny Sihr pu`j ky swry drvwzy bMd krvw id`qy qy Awp iklHy ivc vV ky bYT igAw[ eyny ivc is`K vI phuMc gey[ aunHW ny Sihr nUM swry pwisAW qoN Gyr ilAw[ ies GyrwbMdI nwl bwhroN Anwj Awauxw bMd ho igAw[ CyqI hI Sihr dy lok Bu`Ky mrn lg pey qy aunHW nUM bhuq muSiklW Awaux lg peIAW[ is`K lokW nUM qMg nhIN sn krnw cwhuMdy pr auh jwxdy sn ik lok mjbUr ho ky AbYd ^wn nUM hiQAwr su`tx ’qy mjbUr kr dyxgy[ is`KW ny Aijhw pihlW vI, nvMbr 1760 ivc, kIqw sI jdoN mIr muhMmd ^wn ny is`KW nUM 30 hzwr rupY nzrwnw dy ky Gyrw cukvwieAw sI[
kuJ icr qW lwhOr dy SihrI AbYd ^wn nUM smJwauNdy rhy pr auh buzidl nw qW is`KW dw twkrw krn vwsqy iqAwr sI qy nw hI hiQAwr su`tx vwsqy[ ieh vyK ky Sihr dy moihqbr lokW ny iek`T kr ky ivcwr kIqI ik ipClI vwr vWg ies vwr vI is`K nzrwnw lY ky cly jwxgy ies kr ky aunHW vwsqy Sihr dy drvwzy KolH id`qy jwx[
jdoN is`K &OjW Sihr ivc dwi^l hoeIAW qW Sihr vwsIAW nyy is`KW ƒ ‘jI AwieAW’ AwiKAw[ ieMv is`KW ny Sihr ’qy mukwbly qoN ibnW hI kbzw kr ilAw[ ies qoN bwAd Kwlsw &OjW iklyH vl vDIAW[ CyqI hI iklHw vI is`KW dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw[ ^vwjw AbYd ^wn is`KW nwl lVdw hoieAw mwirAw igAw[ ies mgroN Kwlsw &OjW ny lwhOr iklHy qoN j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ƒ lwhOr dw hwkm (bwdSwh) AYlwn kr id`qw[ iek lyKk ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik s: j`sw isMG ny ies mOky ’qy Awpxw is`kw vI jwrI kIqw [ ikhw jWdw hY ik ies is`ky ’qy iliKAw hoieAw sI: “is`kw zd dr jhW b-&zly Akwl[ mulk-ey-Aihmd igR&q j`sw klwl”[ pr ieh g`l shI nhIN jwpdI, ikauNik jy s: j`sw isMG ny ieh is`kw jwrI kIqw huMdw qW Awpxy Awp ƒ ‘j`sw klwl’ nw ilKdw[ dUjw, is`KW dy swry is`ikAW ’qy isr& auh iebwrq hI huMdI sI, ijs ivc gurU nwnk swihb qy gurU goibMd isMG swihb dw nW iliKAw huMdw sI[ gxyS dws vfHyrw (cwr bwZ-ie-pMjwb) ilKdw hY ik aus vyly swry pwsy nwnkSwhI is`ky clx lg pey sn qy purwxy muhMmdSwhI is`ky Zwieb ho gey sn[ ies kr ky iksy muq`sbI muslmwn ny ies qrHW dy cMd iek is`ky Fwl ky Aihmd Swh ƒ Byjy sn qW jo aus ƒ is`KW dy i^lw& BVkwieAw jw sky [ kuJ kU muslmwn lyKkW ƒ C`f ky bwkI swry qwrI^dwn ieh mMndy hn ik ieho ijhw is`kw is`KW v`loN kdy jwrI nhIN hoieAw sI[ (Aihmd Swh btwlvI, s&w 889, isAwrul muqw^rIn, ijld qIjI, s&w 74)[
lwhOr Sihr, ipCly s`q sO swl qoN, ivdySI DwVvIAW dy kbzy ivc sI[ kdy ies ’qy kdy ZOrI kwbz rhy, kdy Zulwm, kdy KljI, kdy quZlk, kdy loDI, kdy muZl qy kdy A&Zwn[ ies nUM sqMbr 1761 ivc pihlI vwrI is`KW ny hI Awzwd krvwieAw sI[
lwhOr ’qy is`KW dy kbzy mgroN j`sw isMG ny jlMDr-doAwb iv`coN A&Zwn &OjdwrW s`dwq ^wn qy sdIk byZ nUM vI Bjw id`qw[ imskIn dy kihx muqwibk “is`KW ny aunHW nUM ieM\ k`F ky su`t idqw sI ijvyN du`D ’coN m`KI k`F ky su`t idqI jwdI hY[” (imskIn, s&w 237)[ kWgVy dy rwjw GumMf cMd ny ienHW idnW ivc 4000 dI nvIN BrqI kIqI hoeI sI ijs ivc ruhIly, A&Zwn qy rwjpUq Swiml sn qy auh ienHW nUM vIh rupY GoVsvwr qy pMj rupY pYdl ispwhI qn^wh dy irhw sI[ pr GumMf cMd qW jlMDr-doAwb ivc A&ZwnW dI hwr vyK ky frdw-mwrw, ibnW liVEN, cup-cwp phwVW nUM B`j igAw[ (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 94)[ hux mwJy qy duAwby dw bhuqw ih`sw is`KW dI kmWf hyT sI[ pitAwlw, brnwlw vZYrw ivc pihlW hI Awlw isMG ^wndwn dI hkUmq kwiem ho cukI sI[
Awkl dws nUM soDx dw gurmqw qy du`rwnI dw CyvW hmlw
ienHW hwlqW ivc, 27 AkqUbr 1761 dy idn srb`q Kwlsw dw iek iek`T Akwl q^q swihb ’qy hoieAw[ ies iek`T ivc gurmqw kIqw igAw ik jMifAwly dy hMdwlIey Awkl dws (hrBgq) inrMjnIAw (jo muZlW Aqy A&ZwnW dw sB qoN v`fw eyjMt sI), ksUr dy KySgI Aqy mlyrkotlIAW (dovyN is`K duSmx pTwx irAwsqW), srhMd dy zYn ^wn (Aihmd Swh dy sUbydwr) qy hor is`K duSmxW ƒ soiDAw jwvyy[
is`KW ny sB qoN pihlW Awkl dws nUM soDx dw &Yslw kIqw[ jMifAwlw AMimRqsr qoN isr& 20 iklomItr dUr sI[ Awkl dws nUM vI is`KW dy &Ysly dI ^br iml geI[ ies ivckwr auh Awpxw iek swQI Aihmd Swh du`rwnI v`l Byjx ivc kwmXwb ho igAw[ is`KW ny jMifAwly nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ is`KW dI igxqI coKI vyK ky Awkl dws ny Awpxy Awp nUM iklHy dy AMdr bMd kr ilAw[ j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw qy j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ny Awkl dws nUM hiQAwr su`t dyx vwsqy ikhw pr aus ny nWh kr id`qI[ is`KW ny keI idn jMifAwlw dw Gyrw pweI r`iKAw pr auh ies iklHy ivc dwi^l hox ivc kwmXwb nw ho sky[
auDr Awkl dws dy vkIl Aihmd Swh nUM jw imly[ auh ies vyly CyvW hmlw krn vwsqy pMjwb v`l Aw irhw sI qy rohqws kol pu`j cukw sI[ Aihmd Swh nUM is`KW ’qy pihlW hI bVw gu`sw sI[ auh aus dy keI jrnYl mwr cuky sn qy A`Dy pMjwb ’qy kbzw kr cuky sn[ ies kr ky Awpxy cuxy hoey jrnYl nwl lY ky auh is`Dw jMifAwlw nUM cl ipAw[ Aihmd Swh dy Awaux dI ^br is`KW nUM vI iml geI[ aunHW &Yslw kIqw ik Aihmd Swh nwl t`kr lYx vwsqy jMifAwlw shI QW nhIN ies kr ky aunHW ny jMifAwly dw Gyrw cu`k ilAw qy dirAw sqluj pwr kr gey[
jdoN Aihmd Swh jMifAwlw pu`jw qW aus nUM hrBgq inrMjnIey ny d`isAw ik is`K auQoN inkl ky mwlvy vl gey sn[ Aihmd Swh is`KW ’qy BrpUr vwr krnw cwhuMdw sI pr aus nUM is`KW dy itkwxy dw pUrw pqw nhIN sI ies kr ky auh lwhOr Aw igAw qy swry pwsy is`KW dw pqw lYx vwsqy sUhIey Byj id`qy[
v`fw G`lUGwrw (5 &rvrI 1762)
3 &rvrI 1762 nUM Aihmd Swh nUM iek somy qoN ^br imlI ik is`K mlyrkotlw qoN 15-16 iklomItr dUr ipMf rweypur gu`jrvwl kol pu`j cuky sn[ ieh ^br imlidAW hI Aihmd Swh iek dm mlyrkotly vl c`l ipAw[ ies vyly aus kol iek l`K qoN vD &Oj, keI qopW Aqy bySumwr Aslw sI[ Ajy isr& iek swl pihlW hI, jnvrI 1761 ivc, auh eySIAw dI dUjI v`fI qwkq mrh`itAW ƒ burI qrHW hrw cu`kw sI[ aus dy AMdr aus vyly ‘hwkm-ie-zmwnw’ dI soc kwiem sI[ Aihmd Swh ny lwhOr qoN mlyrkotlw qk dw s&r, qkrIbn 225 iklomItr, fyF idn ivc mukwieAw[ ies dw mqlb ieh sI ik auh 36 GMty lgwqwr cldw irhw sI[ aus ny do dirAw (ibAws qy sqluj) vI pwr kIqy sn[ auh 5 &rvrI dI svyr vyly mlyrkotly dy nyVy pu`j cukw sI[ ie`Qy pu`j ky aus nUM pqw l`gw ik is`K mlyrkotlw qoN ds iklomItr dUr (mOjUdw luiDAwxw-DUrI rof ’qy), ku`p qy rhIVw ipMfW dy ivckwrly jMgl ivc bYTy sn[ aus ny AwpxI &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW ivc vMifAw Aqy by^br bYTy is`KW nUM swry pwisAW qoN Gyr ilAw[
ku`p-rhIV dy jMgl ivc is`KW nwl aunHW dy t`br vI sn[ ienHW 5 hzwr dy krIb bIbIAW qy b`icAW sxy is`KW dI kul igxqI 40-50 hzwr dy krIb sI[ 5 &rvrI 1762 qVky vyly is`KW nUM vI Aihmd Swh dy mlyrkotlw p`ujx dw pqw lg igAw sI[ aunHW ivcoN kuJ swQI inkl ky ipMf grmw (6 iklomItr dUr) vl dOV gey qW jo auQy bYTy prvwrW nUM bcwieAw jw sky[ pr ies dw pqw vI A&Zwn &Oj nUM lg igAw[ zYn ^wn qy kwsm ^wn dIAW &OjW ny is`KW dw ip`Cw kIqw[ hux is`KW t`brW nUM bcwauxw Aqy lVnw dovyN kwrvweIAW krnIAW peIAW[ pr ies lVweI ivc kwism ^wn dw kw&I nukswn hoieAw[ auh hwr Kw ky fr ky mlyrkotlw nUM B`j igAw[
idn cVHidAW hI Aihmd Swh durwnI ny is`KW ƒ iqMnW pwisAW qoN Gyrw pw ilAw[ Aihmd Swh ny Awpxy &OjIAW nUM hukm id`qw ik pMjwbI ichry vwly iksy vI bMdy nUM ijaUNdw nhIN C`fxw[ aus ny zYn ^wn nUM hdwieq kIqI ik auh pMjwbI muslmwn &OjIAW nUM ds dyvy ik auh isrW ’qy dr^qW dy hry p`qy bMnH lYx qW jo auh is`K smJ ky mwry nw jwx[
A&Zwn &OjW dI kmwn Swh vlI ^wn, jhwn ^wn, BIKn ^wn, murqzw ^wn vVYc, dIvwn l`CmI rwm qy Aihmd Swh dy Awpxy kol sI[ ieh &OjW iqMn pwisAW qoN A`gy vDx l`g peIAW[ ies hwlq ivc is`KW kol koeI cwrw nhIN sI ik auh Gyrw qoV ky inklx dI koiSS krdy[ ies kr ky is`KW ny iek vhIr dI Skl ivc brnwly vl vDxw SurU kr id`qw[ vhIr dy A`gy ip`Cy Aqy dohIN pwsIN qkVy jvwn sn qy ivckwr t`br sn[ is`K hOlI-hOlI A`gy vI vDdy gey qy nwl hI lVdy vI gey[ A&Zwn &OjW is`KW dw cwlHI iklomItr qk Gwx krdIAW geIAW[ rsqy ivc is`KW ny kuqbw qy bwhmxI ipMfW ivc Awsrw lY ky A&Zwn &OjW nwl lVnw cwihAw pr ienHW ipMfW ivc muslmwn lokW ny is`KW nUM ipMf ivc nw vVn id`qw ijs kr ky is`KW kol FweI P`t dI lVweI krn qoN ibnW koeI cwrw nhIN sI[ ies vyly is`K &OjW dI kmwn j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw qy hor jrnYl kr rhy sn[
Swm pYx qk ieh lVweI qy kqlyAwm jwrI irhw[ hux A&Zwn &OjW vI Qk cukIAW sn[ auh lgwqwr fyF idn cldy rhy sn ’qy GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW ’qy svwr rhy sn qy aus mgroN 15 GMty lVdy rhy sn[ hux auh ipAwsy, Bu`Ky qy Q`ky hoey sn[ aunHW nUM kuqbw ipMf qoN kuJ A`gy pwxI dI Fwb nzr AweI[ bhuqy &OjI pwxI pIx vwsqy iek dUjy nUM ip`Cy D`kx lg pey[ dUjy pwsy is`K AwpxIAW jwnW bcwaux vwsqy B`jy jw rhy sn qy auh pwxI pIx vwsqy vI ruky nhIN[ aunHW ny bIkwnyr vwly pwsy dOV jwrI r`KI pr jd aunHW nUM ^br imlI ik Aihmd Swh brnwly ivc ruk igAw hY qW auh vI dUr jw ky ruk gey qy swh ilAw[
ies j`do-jihd ivc qkrIbn 25-30 hzwr isMG ShId ho gey[ ShId hox vwilAW ivc bhuqy AOrqW qy b`cy sn[ is`K qvwrI^ ivc ies ƒ (pihlI meI 1746 dy G`lUGwry dy mukwbly ivc) v`fw G`lUGwrw AwK ky cyqy kIqw jWdw hY[ ies G`lUGwry ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw qy cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw ny bhuq kmwl dw rol Adw kIqw[ ienHW dohW jrnYlW nUM qIrW, briCAW qy qlvwrW dy 20-20 qoN v`D z^m Awey sn qy dUjy is`KW nUM vI 5 qoN 7 qk z^m zrUr Awey sn[
ies G`lUGwry ivc ShId hox vwly is`KW dI igxqI v`K-v`K somy v`K-v`K dsdy hn: imskIn 25 hzwr, ^zwnw-ie-AmIrw dw lyKk 25 hzwr, isAwrul muqw^rIn dw lyKk 20 hzwr, qwrI^y muz`&rI dw lyKk 22 hzwr, qwrI^y husYn SwhI dw lyKk 30 hzwr, qwrI^y Aihmd SwhI dw lyKk 30 hzwr, AlI-aud-dIn 30 hzwr, &wrstr 25 hzwr, mwlkm 20 hzwr qoN vD, ihaUgl 20 qoN 30 hzwr, rqn isMG BMgU 50 hzwr, krm isMG ihstorIAn 15 qoN 20 hzwr, gxyS dws vFyrw 30 hzwr, igAwnI igAwn isMG 13 hzwr dsdw hY[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik 20 qoN 30 hzwr qk is`K zrUr ShId hoey hoxgy[ (imskIn, s&y 241-42, qwrI^-ie-Aihmd-SwhI, s&w 16, Alw-aud-dIn s&w 124 ey, Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 885)[
Aihmd Swh v`loN Awlw isMG nUM szw
hux, brnwly ivc Aihmd Swh ny Awlw isMG dy iklHy nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ auh aus nUM vI ^qm krnw cwhuMdw sI[ Aihmd Swh ny iklHw Fwh id`qw qy swrw brnwlw swV ky qbwh kr id`qw[ ies vyly Awlw isMG inkl ky DuMdwDUVw dy iklHy ivc phuMc cukw sI[ Aihmd Swh vI auDr cl ipAw[ Awlw isMG ie`QoN vI inkl igAw[ auh njIbudOlw rwhIN srhMd (hux srihMd) ivc Aihmd Swh kol pyS ho igAw[ Aihmd Swh ny aus dy kys k`tx dw hukm jwrI kr id`qw[ A^Ir svw l`K rupY dy ky Awlw isMG ny AwpxI ie`zq bcweI[ ies qoN ielwvw Aihmd Swh ny Awlw isMG qoN 5 l`K rupY nzrwnw vI vsUl kIqw[
Aihmd Swh v`loN is`KW nwl smJOqw krn dI koiSS
Aihmd Swh ny hzwrW is`KW nUM kql qW kr id`qw sI pr auh hux AMdroN-AMdrIN frdw vI sI ik is`K ies kqlyAwm dw jvwb zrUr dyxgy[ ies kr ky aus ny Awpxy v&wdwr rwjy Awlw isMG rwhIN is`KW nwl rsweI krn dI koiSS kIqI[ aus ny is`KW nUM pySkS kIqI ik auh aus nwl ielwky dI vMf kr lYx qy iek dUjy dy ielwky ivc d^l nw dyx[ Awlw isMG dw vkIl nwnU isMG gryvwl ieh pYZwm lY ky is`K jrnYlW nUM imilAw[ is`K AwgUAW ny Aihmd Swh nUM jvwb ByijAw ik kdy vI iksy nUM QwlI ivc pw ky rwj nhIN imldw[ is`KW dw aus nwl koeI myl nhIN[ auh qW ivdySI hmlwvr hY qy pMjwb ivc AwpxI hkUmq kwiem krnw cwhuMdw hY qy is`K ivdySI hkUmq dy iblkul i^lw& hn[ aus dw qy is`KW dw myl bwrUd qy A`g dy myl vWg hY[ is`KW nUM ^udmu^iqAwrI Akwl purK ny dyxI hY qy ieh is`KW ny isr dy ky hwisl krnI hY nw ik iksy qoN mMg ky[ (rqn isMG BMgU, s&w 473)[
is`KW qoN korw jvwb suxn mgroN Aihmd Swh fr igAw qy is`KW dy hmly qoN frdw auh auQoN jwx vwsqy kwhlw pY igAw[
is`KW dy isrW dy mInwr
G`lUGwry qoN isr& 9 idn mgroN, 15 &rvrI 1762 dy idn, Aihmd Swh 50 g`fy is`KW dy isrW dy Aqy bhuq swry is`K kYdIAW nUM lY ky srhMd qoN lwhOr v`l nUM rvwnw hoieAw[ auh 3 mwrc 1762 dy idn lwhOr pu`jw[ aus ny lwhOr ivc jw ky igR&qwr is`KW ƒ ShId kIqw Aqy Sihr dIAW msIqW dy &rS Aqy dIvwrW is`KW dy lhU nwl DoqIAW qy ShId hoey is`KW dy isrW nwl mInwr bxw id`qy gey[
drbwr swihb Fwhuxw
Aihmd Swh nUM AYny is`KW dw kqlyAwm kr ky vI cYn nhIN AwieAw[ aus ny gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) nUM qbwh krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ auh 7 AprYl dy idn gurU-dw-c`k nUM cl ipAw qy 10 AprYl 1762 dy idn auQy pu`jw[ ie`Qy ieh g`l kwbly-izkr hY ik lwhOr qoN isr& 5 iklomItr dUr gurU-dw-c`k pu`jx ivc Aihmd Swh nUM cwr idn l`gy (jd ik do mhIny pihlW aus ny lwhOr qoN mlyrkotlw (ku`p) dw 225 iklomItr dw s&r isr& 36 GMty ivc qYA kIqw sI)[ drAsl auh Ajy vI is`KW qoN frdw sI ik ikqy rwh ivc auh aus nUM v^q hI nw pw dyx[
gurU-dw-c`k phuMc ky aus ny swhmxy KVHw ho ky Akwl q^q swihb Aqy drbwr swihb dIAW Ajy ADUrIAW bxIAW iemwrqW Fuhw id`qIAW qy AMimRqsr srovr ƒ mlby qy h`fIAW nwl Br id`qw[ ieh vI ikhw jWdw hY ik Akwl q^q swihb ƒ bwrUd nwl aufWidAW iek ie`t Aihmd Swh dy n`k ’qy jw v`jI[ ies ie`t nwl hoieAw z^m kdy vI TIk nw ho sikAw Aqy ies zKm ny hI A^Ir Aihmd Swh dI jwn lY leI[(pr ies g`l dI qsdIk iksy &wrsI somy qoN nhIN huMdI[ auN\ Aihmd Swh dI mOq ies qoN 10 swl bwAd 1772 ivc hoeI sI)[
Kwlsy dw cVHdI klw dw qvwrI^I gurmqw
5 &rvrI 1762 dy G`lUGwry mgroN bcy-Kucy is`K mwlvy vl inkl gey[ 9 AprYl 1762 dy idn mgroN iKdrwxy dI Fwb (hux mukqsr) ivc srb`q Kwlsw dw iek iek`T hoieAw[ ies iek`T ivc v`fy GlUGwry ’c ShId hoey isMGW ƒ AkIdq pyS krn vjoN iek gurmqw kIqw igAw[ ies gurmqy ivc AwiKAw igAw sI ik “ShIdIAW nwl swfw (mnW dw) Kot JV igAw hY Aqy AsIN kuMdn ho gey hW qy hux AsIN Aihmd Swh dw Awhmo-swhmxy twkrw krWgy[” ieh Kwlsy dI lwswnI cVHdI klw sI ik qkrIbn A`DI kOm ShId hox mgroN vI auh ieho ijhw gurmqw kr skdy hn[ ieho ijhy ^O&nwk swky mgroN vI auh dunIAW dI sB qoN v`fI dihSq nwl t`kr lYx vwsqy iqAwr sn Aqy Aijhy sn is`KW dy hOsly, is`KW dI rUhwnI qwkq qy is`KW dw mzbUq ierwdw[ is`KW ny ieh cVHdI klw gurU nwnk swihb qoN hwisl kIqI sI, gurbwxI qoN is`KI sI, ShId gurU swihbwn qoN Aqy ShIdW, murIdW, juJwrUAW qoN ivrsy ivc leI sI[
is`KW v`loN srhMd ’qy hmlw
iKdrwxy dI Fwb dy gurmqy ’qy Aml vjoN is`KW ny meI 1762 ivc srhMd ’qy hmlw kIqw[ AijhI sI ies kOm dI dlyrI qy rUhwnI qwkq ik A`DI qoN v`D kOm ShId hox dy isr& iqMn mhIny dy AMdr hI aunHW ny ies v`fI qwkq ’qy hmlw kIqw[ (brwaUn, ijld dUjI, s&w 25-26, &wrstr, ijld pihlI, s&w 100-101)[ is`KW dy ies Acwxk hmly ny srihMd dy sUbydwr zYn ^wn dy gofy luAw id`qy Aqy aus ny is`KW ƒ 50 hzwr rupY nzrwnw dyxw mMn ilAw[ jdoN is`K ieh rkm lY ky muV rhy sn qy srhMd qoN isr& 25 iklomItr dUr pu`jy sn qW ies sUbydwr ny Awpxy iek ihMdU jrnYl l`CmI nwrwiex dI slwh ’qy is`KW ’qy hmlw kr ky auh rkm lu`t leI[ ies ’qy is`KW ny dobwrw hmlw kr id`qw Aqy zYn ^wn qy l`CmI nwrwiex dw bhuq swrw swmwn lu`t ilAw qy aunHW dw srhMd qoN 20-25 iklomItr dUr ipMf hrnOlgVH qk ip`Cw kIqw[ ie`Qy iPr iek zbrdsq lVweI hoeI ijs ivc zYn ^wn nUM dobwrw hwr hwisl hoeI qy auh mYdwn C`f ky B`j igAw[ (rwjvwVy, ijld CyvIN, s&w 384, jwdU nwQ srkwr, &wl Aw& d muZl AYmpwier, s&w 491)[
is`KW ny ieh kwmXwbI audoN hwisl kIqI sI, jdoN Aihmd Swh Ajy lwhOr ivc hI sI[ jd ies dI ^br Aihmd Swh nUM imlI qW auh bVw firAw[ aus nUM mihsUs hoieAw ik aus ny srhMd-brnwlw-mlyrkotlw ’coN inkl ky shI kIqw sI[
ies ij`q mgroN is`KW dy hOsly hor vI bulMd ho gey[ is`KW ny drbwr swihb Aqy Akwl q^q swihb ’qy Pyr iek`Ty hoxw SurU kr id`qw[ auDr A&gwn swry pwsy lu`t-mwr Aqy qbwhI kr rhy sn pr ieDr is`K vI jQybMd ho rhy sn[ A&gwnW dI lu`t-mwr nwl &slW dI vI bhuq qbwhI hoeI[ ies nwl cwry pwsy AMn dw kwl pY igAw Aqy Bu`K-mrI SurU ho geI[ ies hwlwq ny lokW dy idl ivc A&gwnW Aqy muZlW vwsqy n&rq Br id`qI[ lok is`KW vloN id`qI geI ‘rwKI’ dy idnW ƒ Pyr Xwd krn l`g pey[
Aihmd Swh nwl do-do h`Q
is`K ies vkq jQybMd ho rhy sn[ auh vDyyry mzbUq qy iqAwr-br-iqAwr ho rhy sn[ aunHW ƒ 5 &rvrI dw G`lUGwrw klH vWg cyqy sI[ 5 &rvrI 1762 dy ies G`lUGwry nUM Aqy AprYl 1762 ivc drbwr swihb Aqy Akwl q^q swihb ƒ Fwhux nUM auh kdy vI nhIN Bu`l skdy sn[ ies swry mwhOl ny aunHW ivc Aihmd Swh nwl do-h`Q krn dy jzbwq Br id`qy[ auh Aihmd Swh nwl t`kr hox dI aufIk krn l`g pey[
auDr Aihmd Swh grmI qoN bcx vwsqy lwhOr qoN klwnOr Aw igAw[ aus ny cumwsw (jUn qoN sqMbr) klwnOr ivc hI ibqwieAw[ Aihmd Swh qW grmI qy brswqW qoN frdw irhw pr is`K Awpxw AYkSn krdy rhy[ j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw qy qwrw isMG ZYbw ny qkrIbn swrw duAwbw kbzy ivc kr ilAw[ ieM\ hI cVHq isMG ny lwhOr qy gujrWvwlw ivckwrlw ielwkw qy BMgIAW ny gujrWvwlw qy gujrwq dy ivckwrlw ielwkw m`l ilAw[ jmnw dy Awr-pwr vI is`KW ny pwnIpq qy krnwl ivc vI mwmlw iek`Tw kIqw[
16-17 AkqUbr 1762 dy idn ihMdU dIvwlI dw iqauhwr mnw rhy sn[ ies idn srb`q Kwlsw dw iek iek`T Akwl q^q swihb ’qy hoieAw[ ies mOky ’qy drbwr swihb ivc 30-40 hzwr dy krIb is`K iek`Ty hoey sn[ ies idn srb`q Kwlsw ny gurmqw kIqw ik hux Aihmd Swh nwl Awhmo-swhmxy qy &YslwkuMn lVweI krn dw mOkw Aw igAw hY[ auDr Aihmd Swh durwnI ny vI is`KW ’qy iek hor hmlw krn dI plwinMg kIqI hoeI sI[ jdoN aus ƒ pqw lgw ik is`K AMimRqsr ivc iek`Ty hoey hn qW auh vI &Oj lY ky ieDr vl Aw igAw Aqy AMimRqsr qoN 6 mIl dUr pVwA kIqw[ aus ny Awpxy eylcI is`KW vl Byjy Aqy eIn mMnx vwsqy ikhw[ is`KW ny Aihmd Swh dy eylcIAW nUM jvwb id`qw ik “is`K kdy iksy dI eIn nhIN mMndy qy jy Aihmd Swh is`KW dy h`Q vyKxy cwhuMdw hY qW mukwbly ivc Aw jwvy[ AsIN qW aus nUM sdw vwsqy is`K-mulk iv`coN k`Fxw hY[” is`KW dw krwrw jvwb sux ky Aihmd Swh dy eylcI vwips muV gey[ {jymz brwaUn, ihstrI Aw& rweIz AYNf prwgrYs Aw& d is`Kz, (1788), s&w 25}[
jd is`KW dw jvwb Aihmd Swh nUM pu`jw qW aus ny AwpxI &Oj ƒ is`KW ’qy hmlw krn dw hukm jwrI kr id`qw[ AMimRqsr Sihr dy bwhr Aihmd Swh Aqy Kwlsw &Oj ivckwr lhU-folHvIN jMg hoeI[ Aihmd Swh dI A`DI &Oj nUr-aud-dIn QmzeI dI AgvweI ivc kSmIr ’qy hmlw krn geI hoeI sI pr iPr vI aus kol Ajy vI 50 hzwr dy krIb &Oj sI qy Kwlsw &OjW dI igxqI vI koeI 30-40 hzwr dy krIb sI[ ies lVweI ivc is`KW ny A&gwnW dy ^Ub AwhU lwhy[ hzwrW A&gwn &OjI mwry gey Aqy sYNkVy igR&qwr kr ley gey[
aus vyly dI dunIAW dI sB qoN v`fI dihSq, ijs ny Ajy pOxy do swl pihloN mrh`itAW dI iek v`fI &Oj ƒ burI qrHW hrwieAw qy qbwh kIqw sI, aunHW is`KW h`QoN burI mwr Kw igAw, ijnHW dI A`DI dy krIb AbwdI ƒ aus ny isr& A`T mhIny pihlW kup-rhIV dy ielwky ivc ^qm kr id`qw sI[
hwrn mgroN, byiezq, kmzor Aqy audws hoieAw, Aihmd Swh rwq dy hnyry ivc AMimRqsr qoN vwips lwhOr clw igAw[ ies mgroN Aihmd Swh do mhIny au~Qy irhw pr aus ny AMimRqsr v`l iPr mUMh nw kIqw[
auh 12 idsMbr 1762 ƒ vwips Awpxy vqn muV igAw[ aus ny vwips jwx qoN pihlW iek vwr Pyr is`KW nwl smJOqw krn dI koiSS kIqI, pr is`KW ny iek zwlm nwl iksy vI qrHW dw myl r`Kx qoN nWh kr id`qI[ vwips jWdy Aihmd Swh dw Kwlsw &OjW ny JnW dirAw qk ip`Cw kIqw Aqy aus dw bhuq nukswn kIqw[ keI vwr qW Kwlsw &OjW Aihmd Swh dy Awpxy Kymy dy bhuq nyVy qk vI hmlw krdIAW sn qy auh fr nwl kMb jWdw sI[ hux aus ƒ Aihsws ho igAw sI ik auh is`KW dw is`Dw mukwblw vI nhIN kr skygw[
jdoN Aihmd Swh vwips muV igAw qW jwx qoN pihlW auh srhMd ivc zYn ^wn, jlMDr-doAwb ivc swdwq ^wn, phwVW ivc GumMf cMd ktOcIAw, bwrI-doAwb ivc murwd ^wn, rcnw-doAwb ivc jhwn ^wn, kSmIr ivc nUr-aud-dIn QmzeI qy lwhOr ivc iek ihMdU kwblI ml ƒ sUbydwr bxw igAw[ pr ienHW swirAW dI hkUmq isr& ikilHAW dy AMdr hI sI[ pMjwb ivc auh KulyH-Awm GuMm iPr vI nhIN skdy sn[ pMjwb dy Asl hwkm isr& qy isr& is`K hI sn[
is`KW Aqy A&ZwnW dI bhwdrI Aqy jMgjU qwkq dw mukwblw iemwd-aus-s`dwq dy lyKk ienHW i&kirAW ’coN l`iBAw jw skdw hY:
“du`rwnI kol sB qoN vDIAw ispwhI sn qy dUjy nMbr ’qy is`K sn[ auh bMdy nUM 900 kdmW qoN mwr skdy sn qy GoVy dI ip`T ’qy 200 koh (640 iklomItr) s&r kr skdy sn[” AYc. jI rwElIsn ilKdw hY ik “iek is`K nUM do vwr mwrnw pYNdw sI” Aqy “is`K mrh`tw &OjI nwloN gurIlw jMg ivc vDyry kwibl sn[” (AYc. jI. rwElIsn, AkwaUNt Aw& d lwst bYtl Aw& pwnIpq, ieMtrofkSn dy s&y)[
ksUr dy iek bRwhmx dI bIvI Cufwauxw
hux is`K Akwl q^q swihb Aqy drbwr swihb Ku`lyH-Awm Awaux l`g pey sn[ Akwl q^q swihb ’qy iek`T hux bwkwiedw hox l`g pey sn[ 10 AprYl 1763 dy idn jdoN Kwlsw &OjW dw iek iek`T Akwl q^q swihb ’qy ho irhw sI qW ksUr dw iek bRwhmx Akwl q^q swihb ’qy pyS hoieAw Aqy Arz kIqI ik ksUr dw hwkm ausmwn ^wn aus dI bIvI ƒ cu`k lY ky igAw hY[ hrI isMG BMgI ny iek dm aus bRwhmx dI mdd krn vwsqy ‘hW’ kr id`qI[ pr aus nUM kuJ is`K jrnYlW ny smJwieAw ik ksUr koeI mwmUlI irAwsq nhIN blik ies nUM qW v`fy-v`fy muZl qy A&Zwn hwkm vI nhIN sn Jukw sky[ pr, hrI isMG ny ikhw ik mYN bcn kr id`qw hY qy mYN qW ksUr jwvWgw hI[ ies ’qy hwzr srb`q Kwlsw ny aus vyly gurmqw soiDAw qy gurU gRMQ swihb ’coN vwk ilAw[ ies mgroN Ardwis kr ky is`K &OjW ny aus bRwhmx dI bIvI nUM vwips idvwaux vwsqy ksUr ’qy cVHweI kr id`qI[
ksUr ’qy hmly dw &Yslw kwhlI ivc ilAw igAw sI ikauNik ksUr koeI in`kI-motI irAwsq nhIN sI[ ieh bVy zbrdsq pTwxW dw ielwkw sI ijs ivc 12 v`fy iklHy sn (kot Kvwjw husYn ^wn, kot Kvwjw Zulwm muh`eI-aud-dIn, kot ausmwn ^wn, kot bdr-aud-dIn ^wn, kot murwd ^wn, kot rukn-aud-dIn ^wn, kot hlIm ^wn, kot Awzm ^wn, kot bhw-aud-dIn ^wn, pIr dw kot, kot gVHI qy k`cw kot)[ ienHW swry ikilHAW ivc &Oj vI bVI sI qy aunHW kol Aslw vI bhuq sI[
s: cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw, s. j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw qy s: hrI isMG BMgI dI AgvweI ivc Kwlsw &OjW ny ksUr ’qy cVHweI kr id`qI[ AYfvWs pwrtI ny vpwrIAW dy Bys ivc ksUr dw c`kr lw ky ^br ilAWdI ik ksUr ivc iksy nUM is`KW v`loN hmlw kIqy jwx bwry ^wbo-i^Awl vI nhIN[ dUjw, grmIAW hox kwrn pTwx swrw idn qih^winAW ivc vVy rihMdy sn[ qIjw, rmzwn (roizAW) dw mhInw hox kr ky, auh swrw idn Bu`Ky-ipAwsy rihMdy sn qy idn dw bhuqw ih`sw auh Awrwm krdy sn[ is`K jrnYlW ny &Yslw kIqw ik ksUr ’qy hmlw isKr dupihr vyly hI kIqw jwvy[ ies vyly is`K &OjW dI igxqI 24 hzwr ho cukI sI[ ksUr pu`j ky is`K &OjW ny Sihr dy hr drvwzy ’qy Awpxy &OjI qweInwq kr id`qy qy ikilHAW ’qy Dwvw bol id`qw[ sB qoN pihlW ausmwn ^wn dy iklHy ’qy kbzw kIqw igAw[ ausmwn ^wn mwirAw igAw qy bRwhmx nUM aus dI bIvI iml geI[ ies mgroN pTwxW dw cI& Zulwm muh`eI-aud-dIn vI mwirAw igAw[ aus dy BqIjy hmId ^wn ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy qy JMfw isMG BMgI qoN jwn-b^SI dI Arz kIqI[ aus nUM cwr l`K rupY nzrwnw lY ky muAw& kIqw igAw[ ksUrIAW nUM soDx mgroN is`K &OjW ny Sihr dy AmIrW nUM ^Ub lu`itAw[ ies lu`t ivc rwmgVHIAw imsl nUM bhuq kuJ l`Bw[ ikhw jWdw hY ik j`sw isMG nUM ies lu`t ivcoN AYnw sonw, hIry, moqI qy hor gihxy imly ik ies swmwn nUM iek v`fy plMG ’qy bMnH ky cwr AwdmI cu`k ky lY ky gey[ iek somy muqwibk, j`sw isMG ny ieh swrw kuJ Awpxy kbzy ivc r`K ilAw ijs nwl imslW ivc ^Ub JgVw hoieAw qy ieh AwpsI duSmxI dw v`fw kwrn bixAw[ies lVweI ivc hzwrW A&Zwn mwry gey qy sYNkVy is`K vI ShId hoey[
drbwr swihb dI iemwrq dI muV auswrI
nvMbr 1763 ivc is`KW ny drbwr swihb kMplYks dI muV auswrI SurU kIqI[ sB qoN pihlW AMimRqsr srovr dw mlbw sw& kIqw igAw Aqy aus qoN bwAd hor syvw SurU kIqI geI[ ies mOky ’qy swrIAW is`K imslW ny jIA-jwn nwl ih`sw pwieAw[ gurDwmW dI auswrI vwsqy iek`TI hoeI swrI rkm sur isMG ipMf dy SwhUkwr BweI dys rwj dy hvwly kr id`qI geI[ (BweI dys rwj is`KW dw iek hmdrd sI[ mgroN, rxjIq isMG dy rwj ivc, aus dy vwirs isMG sj gey sn)[
jlMDr-doAwb ’qy is`KW dw kbzw
jUn 1763 ivc is`K &OjW ny jlMDr-doAwb ’qy hmlw kIqw[ A&Zwn &Ojdwr swdwq ^wn ny Awpxy-Awp nUM iklHy ivc bMd kr ilAw[ is`KW ny jlMDr dy Awly-duAwly muZlW Aqy pTwxW dy ^zwny lu`t ley[
is`KW ny jhwn ^wn nUM hrwieAw
4 nvMbr 1763 dy idn is`K gurU-dw-c`k ivc iek`Ty hoey-hoey sn[ aunHW nMUM pqw l`gw ik A&Zwn jrnYl jhwn ^wn kwbl v`l jw irhw hY[ is`K &OjW ny aus nUM szw dyx dw &Yslw kIqw[ auh Ajy JnW dirAw pwr kr ky vzIrwbwd pu`jw sI ik is`K auQy Aw phuMcy[ aus ny B`j ky isAwlkot iklHy ivc morcw lw ilAw[ is`K &OjW ny iklHy nUM Gyr ilAw[ keI idn qk lVweI huMdI rhI[ iek mOky ’qy jhwn ^wn dy GoVy nUM golI l`gI qy auh mr ky ifg ipAw qy nwl hI jhwn ^wn vI[ is`KW ny smiJAw ik jhwn ^wn vI mr igAw hY[ jd is`KW ny jhwn ^wn dy mrn dw rOlw pwieAw qW A&Zwn &OjI mYdwn C`f ky B`jx lg pey[ ienHW ivc z^mI hoieAw jhwn ^wn vI sI [ A&ZwnW dw bhuq swrw Aslw vI is`KW dy h`Q Aw igAw[ is`KW ny 200 dy krIb A&Zwn &OjIAW nUM kYd kr ilAw[ (hkIkq, s&w 33, id`lI kronIklz 11 dsMbr 1763)[ ies mOky ’qy jhwn ^wn dw t`br vI aus dy nwl sI[ is`KW ny A&Zwn AOrqW qy b`icAW nUM kuJ nw ikhw sgoN aunHW nUM mih&Uz jMmU Byj id`qw[
mlyrkotlw ’qy is`KW dw kbzw
nvMbr 1763 dy A^Ir ivc is`K jrnYl gurU-dw-c`k ivc iek`Ty hoey Aqy is`KW ’qy zulm krn Aqy zwlm A&ZwnW nwl rl ky is`KW dw kqlyAwm krn dy doSIAW, mlyrkotlw dy A&ZwnW nUM szw dyx dw gurmqw kIqw[ dsMbr 1763 ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI AgvweI ivc Kwlsw &OjW ny mlyrkotlw ’qy hmlw kIqw[ mlyrkotlw dw nvwb BIKn ^wn Awpxy swQIAW nwl iml ky is`KW dw twkrw krn AwieAw pr CyqI hI mwirAw igAw[ hux is`KW ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy Sihr nUM lu`tx mgroN qbwh kr id`qw[ pr Kwlsw &OjW bhuqI dyr ie`Qy nw rukIAW[
is`KW dw muirMfw ’qy kbzw
mlyrkotlw nUM soDx mgroN is`K &OjW ny muirMfy v`l mUMh kr ilAw[ muirMfw dy cODrI (jnI ^wn qy mnI ^wn), ijnHW ny Coty swihbzwidAW qy mwqw gujrI nUM qsIhy id`qy sn qy shyVI (KyVI) dy DuMmw, drbwrI qy gMgU, ijnHW ny Coty swihbzwidAW qy mwqw gujrI nUM igR&qwr krvwieAw sI, is`KW dy mujirm sn[ jnvrI 1764 ivc is`K &OjW ny shyVI ’qy hmlw kr ky DuMmw, drbwrI qy gMgU dy vwirsW nUM szw id`qI[ ies mgroN aunHW ny muirMfw ’qy hmlw kIqw[ is`KW ny jnI ^wn qy mnI ^wn dy vwrsW nUM szw id`qI qy Sihr dy AmIrW qy cODrIAW nUM lu`t ilAw[ muirMfw dy rMGVW ny is`KW dw mukwblw krn dI koiSS kIqI pr burI qrHW hwr KwDI[ ies lVweI ivc hzwrW rMGV qy pTwx mwry gey[ aunHW iv`coN isr& bu`Fy, AOrqW qy b`cy hI bcy[ A^Ir muirMfw vI Kwlsw &OjW dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw[
muirMfw ’qy kbzw krn mgroN is`K &OjW ny kurwlI ’qy vI hmlw kr id`qw[ aunHIN idnIN zYn ^wn dw dIvwn l`CmI rwm dw Gr ie`Qy hI sI[ is`KW ny ies hmly ivc dIvwn dy Gr dw swrw ^zwnw lu`t ilAw[
is`KW dw srhMd’qy kbzw
ienHIN idnIN srhMd ivc zYn ^wn sUbydwr sI[ is`K aus nUM pihloN vI hrw cuky sn[ hux Kwlsw &OjW ny srihMd ’qy kbzw krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ 13 jnvrI 1764 dy idn 50 hzwr dy krIb is`K &OjW ny srhMd nUM Gyr ilAw[ zYn ^wn ies v`fI &Oj dw mukwblw krn dy kwibl nhIN sI[ auN\ vI lok qW kI aus dy ispwhI vI aus dy nwl nhIN sn[imskIn muqwibk auh (zYn ^wn) dohIN h`QI dOlq iek`TI kr irhw sI[ auh ispwhIAW nUM qn^whW vI nhIN sI dy irhw[ auh Awp jw ky ipMfW dy ipMf lu`tvw lYNdw sI qy ies lu`t dI rkm nUM inj vwsqy r`K lYNdw sI[ ies rkm ’coN AYvyN zrw mwsw auh &OjIAW nUM qn^whW vjoN dy dyNdw sI jo ik aunHW dI qn^wh dw msW cOQw ih`sw huMdw sI[ (imskIn, s&w 250)[
swrIAW is`K &OjW ny iek`iTAW srhMd ’qy hmlw kIqw Aqy iqMn pwisAW qoN Sihr nUM Gyr ilAw[ ies vyly zYn ^wn auQy nhIN sI[ jd zYn ^wn nUM pqw lgw qW auh Agly idn 14 jnvrI nUM cup-cwp corI-corI Sihr vl AwieAw Aqy aus ny igxy-cuxy swQI lY ky mnhyVw vwly pwisEN Sihr ivc dwi^l hox dI koiSS kIqI[ dUjy pwsy aus ny bwkI POjW nUM ngwry vjw ky is`K &OjW dw iDAwn iK`cx vwsqy kih id`qw sI[
ngwry dI Awvwz sux ky A`DI is`K &Oj ny zYn ^wn dI &Oj nwl lVn vwsqy aus Awvwz v`l mUMh kr ilAw[ Swied is`K jrnYlW nUM zYn ^wn dI skIm bwry AMdwzw sI ies kr ky aunHW ny swry pwsy Awpxy jwsUs C`fy hoey sn[ jd zYn ^wn Sihr dy nyVy pu`jw qW ies pwsy v`l vI is`K &OjI iqAwr bYTy sn[ aunHW ny zYn ^wn dI tolI ’qy golIAW dI bOCwV kr id`qI[ ies dOrwn iek golI zYn ^wn nUM v`jI ijs nwl auh z^mI ho ky if`g ipAw[ Qrwj isMG, jo nyVy hI sI, ny zYn ^wn dw isr v`F ilAw[ ies mgroN zYn ^wn dI &Oj ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy srhMd dy iklHy ’qy is`KW dw kbzw ho igAw[
srhMd ’qy kbzw krn mgroN is`K jrnYlW ny swrw ielwkw Awps ivc vMf ilAw[ Sihr dw ielwkw bu`Fw isMG dy ih`sy ivc AwieAw ijhVw mgroN Awlw isMG ny aus nUM isr& 25 hzwr rupY dy ky ‘^rId’ ilAw[
lwhOr dy sUbydwr kwbulI m`l qoN eIn mnvwauxI
&rvrI 1764 ivc soBw isMG ny lwhOr qoN 12 iklomItr dUr fyrw lw ilAw qy lwhOr jwx vwlI hr cIz lu`txI SurU kr id`qI[ A^Ir kwbulI m`l ny soBw isMG nwl smJOqw kr ky mulqwn v`loN Awaux vwly swmwn dI cuMgI aus nUM dyxI mnzUr kIqI[
cVHq isMG ny rohqws ij`iqAw qy Aihmd Swh dy cwcy srbulMd ^wn nUM kYd kIqw
ienHW idnW ivc hI cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw ny rohqws ’qy cVHweI kr id`qI[ aus vyly rohqws ivc sr&rwz ^wn kwbz sI[ aus ny iklHy dy drvwzy bMd kr ley[ is`K &Oj dw Gyrw keI idn ipAw irhw pr auh iklHy ivc dwi^l hox ivc kwmXwb nw ho sky[ A^Ir Awpxy pYNqVy muqwibk is`K &OjW auQoN cl peIAW[ sr&rwz ^wn ny smiJAw ik is`K hOslw C`f ky jw rhy hn[ ieh soc ky aus ny is`KW dw ip`Cw krnw SurU kr id`qw[ jd auh kw&I A`gy inkl AwieAw qW is`KW ny iek dm ip`Cy muV ky aus ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ hux sr&rwz ^wn is`KW dy Gyry ivc Aw igAw[ A^Ir aus ny jwn bcwaux vwsqy hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ is`KW ny aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw qy iklHy qy cVHq isMG dw kbzw ho igAw[ mgroN is`KW ny aus ’qy rihm Kw ky aus nUM aus ielwky iv`coN KwlI h`Q cly jwx dI iejwzq dy id`qI[
aunHIN idnIN Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw cwcw srbulMd ^wn kSmIr dw sUbydwr sI[ jd aus nUM rohqws Kus jwx dI ^br imlI qW auh 12 hzwr &Oj lY ky Atk Aw pu`jw[ jd ies dI ^br cVHq isMG nUM imlI qW auh swrw kuJ C`f ky srbulMd ^wn ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy cl ipAw[ cVHq isMG dw hmlw eynw zbrdsq sI ik A&Zwn ispwhI fr dy mwry B`j pey qy srbulMd ^wn ijaUNdw hI is`KW dy h`Q Aw igAw[ aus nUM rohqws dy iklHy ivc kYd kr id`qw igAw[ cVHq isMG ny srbulMd ^wn nUM SwhI kYdI vjoN r`iKAw[ iek idn aus ny ikhw, “mYnUM C`f idE, jy mYN bwdSwh bx igAw qW quhwnUM (cVHq isMG) nUM eyQoN dw &Ojdwr bx dyvWgw[” ies ’qy cVHq isMG ny ikhw ik “is`KW nUM hkUmq Akwl purK ny b^SI hoeI hY[ AsIN qYnUM kYd ivc rKxw cwhuMdy hW qW jo dunIAW nUM pqw l`gy ik Aihmd Swh dw cwcw cVHq isMG dI kYd ivc hY[” srbulMd ^wn ny cVHq isMG nUM ikhw “ies qoN vI vDIAw hovygw ik qUM mYnUM irhw kr dyh qy lok kihxgy ik cVHq isMG eyfw mhwn hY ik aus ny Aihmd Swh dy cwcy nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw sI qy rihm Kw ky irhw vI kr id`qw sI[ (gxyS dws, cwr bwZ-ie-pMjwb, s&w 131, sohn lwl, aumdw-qu`q-qvwrI^, ijld dUjI, s&w 12)[
Aihmd Swh dw sqvW hmlw qy is`KW dy i^lw& jhwd
mwrc 1764 ivc Aihmd Swh durwnI ny iek vwr Pyr pMjwb v`l mUMh kr ilAw[ drAsl aus nUM zYn ^wn dy mwry jwx, rohqws dy Kusx qy srbulMd ^wn dy igR&qwr hox, jlMDr qoN swdwq ^wn dy k`Fy jwx, lwhOr ivc kwbulI m`l dI hwr, isAwlkot ivc jhwn ^wn dI hwr qy pMjwb ivcoN A&Zwn hkUmq dy ^wqmy dw bVw duK sI[ auh is`KW nUM sbk isKwauxw cwhuMdw sI[ pr auh hux is`KW qoN frdw vI sI[ ies kr ky aus ny muslmwnW nUM ‘jhwd’ dy nW ’qy BVkwaux dI koiSS kIqI[ auh Cy mhIny koiSSW krdw irhw[ hor koeI qW nhIN pr bloc AwgU nwisr ^wn aus dy Asr hyT Aw igAw[ A^Ir 18 hzwr du`rwnI qy 12 hzwr blocI &Oj lY ky Aihmd Swh AkqUbr 1764 ivc pMjwb nUM c`l ipAw[ dovyN &OjW eymnwbwd kol iek`TIAW ho geIAW[
ies vyly pMjwb ivc bhuqIAW is`K &OjW mOjUd nhIN sn[ j`sw isMG 15 hzwr &Oj lY ky Brqpur dy jwt rwjy jvwhr isMh dI mdd vwsqy igAw hoieAw sI[ hW cVHq isMG aus vyly isAwlkot ivc hwizr sI[ jd cVHq isMG nUM Aihmd Swh dy Awaux dw pqw l`gw qW auh aus nwl do-do h`Q krn vwsqy Swh nUM Gyrn leI lwhOr vl nUM cl ipAw[ ieh g`l 27 nvMbr 1764 dI hY[ ies dOrwn cVHq isMG nUM Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW dI sUh iml geI[ aus ny Acwxk aunHW qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ies Acwxk hmly ivc Aihmd Swh dw iek jrnYl Aihmd ^wn blIdI qy aus dw pu`qr mwry gey qy bloc AwgU nwisr ^wn dw GoVw mwirAw igAw qy auh Awp vI z^mI ho igAw[ies mgroN bMdUkW, qIrW qy qlvwrW dI ^Ub jMg hoeI jo hnyrw pYx qk cldI rhI[ ies vwr vI Aihmd Swh dI &Oj dw jwn-mwl dw bVw nukswn hoieAw[
30 is`KW dIAW Akwl bMgw dy bwhr ShIdIAW
ies hmly dOrwn lu`t-mwr krdw Aihmd Swh AMimRqsr v`l vI igAw[ pihlI dsMbr 1764 ƒ jdoN auh au~Qy pu`jw qW isr& 30 is`K Akwl q^q swihb dy nwl dy buMgy ivc hwizr sn, jo q^q swihb Aqy hirmMdr swihb dI syvw-sMBwl vwsqy mOjUd sn[ aus vyly Aihmd Swh nwl 30 hzwr &OjI sn[ jd Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW ny drbwr swihb ivc dwi^l hox dI koiSS kIqI qW is`KW ny ienHW nUM roikAw[ ienHW ny is`KW nUM vyK ky aunHW ‘qy hmlw kr id`qw[ bwbw gurb^S isMG dI AgvweI ivc 30 is`K, 30 hzwr A&Zwn qy bloc &OjW nwl A-swvIN lVweI ivc jwn qoV ky lVy[ swry 30 dy 30 isMG, sYNkVy A&gwnW qy blocW ƒ mwrn mgroN, ShId ho gey[
Aihmd Swh nwl Awey iek blocI qwrI^dwn kwzI nUr muhMmd ny ies lVweI dw ibAwn kridAW iliKAw hY ik “auh isr& qIh sn pr aunHW dy idl ivc zrw ijMnw vI fr nhIN sI…auh gurU vwsqy jwnW vwrn vwsqy f`ty hoey sn… auh Syr dI qrHW AwauNdy sn Aqy lUMbV dI qrHW ip`Cy h`t jWdy sn… jy iksy ny lVweI dw hunr is`Kxw hovy qW auh is`KW nwl Awhmo-swhmxI lVweI kry… auh iek-iek pMjwh-pMjwh ijMny sn… jy auh lVweI ivc ip`Cy htdy sn qW ieh nhIN smJ lYxw cwhIdw ik auh B`j rhy sn, ieh qW aunHW dw iek pYNqVw hI huMdw hY….”
sYNkVy A&ZwnW ƒ mwrn mgroN ieh swry isMG Akwl q^q swihb qy QVHw swihb ivckwr drbwr swihb dy muK drvwzy ’qy ShId ho gey[*
(*Akwl q^q swihb dw Asl gyt bMd krnw: 1860 qk drbwr swihb dw muK drvwzw Akwl q^q swihb Aqy QVHw sihb dy ivckwr hoieAw krdw sI[ drbwr swihb dI muK sVk lwhOrI drvwzy qoN gurU dy mhl, cursqI AtwrI, drSnI ifaUFI v`loN AwauNdI sI[ jd AMgryzW ny hwl gyt qy hwl bwzwr bxwieAw Aqy drbwr swihb dy bwhr crc dI Skl dw GMtw Gr auswirAw qW aunHW ny rylvy stySn qoN drbwr swihb qk iek p`kI sVk bxweI[ hOlI-hOlI ieh rsqw Asl jwpx lg ipAw[ AMgryzW ny ieh sB kuJ drbwr swihb dy Asl ivrsy nUM ^qm krn vwsqy pihly AYkSn vjoN kIqw sI[ mgroN 2004 ivc SRomxI kmytI ny Asl rsqy nUM iblkul hI bMd kr id`qw Aqy ies QW ’qy is`KI AsUlW dy ault ‘AKMf pwT’ vwsqy kmry bxw id`qy qy gurU swihb dy XwdgwrI qy Asl rsqy nUM iblkul hI ^qm kr id`qw)[
Aihmd Swh dy ies sqvyN hmly ivc isr& AMimRqsr dI ies A-swvIN lVweI qoN isvw Aihmd Swh qy Kwlsw &OjW ivc koeI hor v`fI t`kr nhIN hoeI[ ies mgroN auh lwhOr nUM muV igAw[ ie`Qy aus nUM pqw l`gw ik aus dw swQI njIb-aud-dOlw id`lI ivc iGirAw hoieAw hY[ aus dI mdd krn vwsqy Aihmd Swh srhMd v`l cl ipAw[
lwhOr qoN cl ky Aihmd Swh id`lI vl igAw[ pr auh pMjwb dy ivckwroN, jrnYlI sVk qoN jwx dI bjwey, hrgoibMdpur nyiVEN ibAws dirAw pwr kr ky bjvwVw, guxwcOr, rwhoN, rUpV (hux ropV) qoN dirAw sqluj pwr kr ky jmnw dirAw dy aurly pwsy kuMjpury rwhIN id`lI jwxw cwhuMdw sI[ ieM\ aus nUM ieh &wslw qYA krn ivc do mhIny lg gey[ drAsl auh is`KW nwl t`kr lYx qoN guryz krnw cwhuMdw sI Aqy is`Dw id`lI pujxw cwhuMdw sI[ pr ies dy bwvjUd Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW nUM is`KW nwl keI vwr t`kr lYxI peI[
is`KW h`QoN Aihmd Swh nUM hwrW
jMifAwlw: srhMd vwsqy du`rwnI ny jMifAwlw dw rwh PiVAw[ eyQy auh Awpxy sB qoN v`fy ‘twaUt’ hrBgq inrMjnIey nUM imlx vwsqy jMifAwlw nUM igAw[ jMifAwlw dwi^l hox qoN pihlW aus nUM is`KW dy iek j`Qy nwl lVweI krnI peI[ ies lVweI ivc A&ZwnW dw bVw nukswn hoieAw[ Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dw iek jrnYl rhIm ^wn b^SI vI ies ivc mwirAw igAw[ (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 96)[
btwlw: ies hwr mgroN Aihmd Swh btwlw nUM cl ipAw[ jMifAwly dI hwr ny aus nUM bhuq frw id`qw sI[ auh frdw-frdw hOlI-hOlI cl irhw sI[ jMifAwly qoN btwlw qk dw 50iklomItr dw s&r aus ny 8 idn ivc qYA kIqw[ pr Aihmd Swh dI nmoSI audoN hor vD geI jd eyQy vI is`KW ny aus ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ies mOky ’qy hoeI lVweI ivc A&ZwnW nUM Pyr hwr hoeI qy Aihmd Swh dw cwcw jrnYl srbulMd ^wn burI qrHW z^mI ho igAw[
AdInwngr: hux Aihmd Swh ny mYdwnI ielwky ivc jwx dI bjwie phwVI rsqw PV ilAw[ auh btwlw qoN AdInwngr vl clw igAw[ AdInwngr ivc is`KW ny aus ’qy Pyr hmlw kIqw[ ies vwr is`KW dw vI nukswn hoieAw qy auh ip`Cy ht gey[ (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 97, Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 894)[
gu`sy ivc Awey Aihmd Swh ny A&Zwn &OjW nUM lu`t-mwr krn dw hukm dy id`qw[ &OjW ny hr iek Gr ivc lu`t-mwr kIqI[ irAwVkI dw ieh ielwkw kmwd, S`kr Aqy iqlW vwsqy mShUr sI[ A&ZwnW ny iqlW qy S`kr/guV dIAW ipMnIAW bxw ky r`j-r`j KwDIAW qy ielwky dIAW bhuq swrIAw gaUAW mwr ky goSq dw mzw ilAw[ (kwzI nUr muhMmd, s&w 108, 110-11, Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 493)[
ibAws dy kMFy: AdInwngr qoN A&Zwn &OjW ny dirAw ibAws (Swied qlvwVw koloN) pwr kIqw qy doAwbw ivc dwi^l ho geIAW[ eyQoN dy ihMdU Aihmd Swh dy kihr qoN frdy t`brW nUM nwl lY ky, Gr KwlI C`f ky, phwVW v`l nUM inkl gey[ 17 jnvrI 1765 dy idn Aihmd Swh bjvwVw (huiSAwrpur) kol sI[ is`KW ny eyQy vI A&ZwnW dw ip`Cw nw C`ifAw[ aunHW ny A&Zwn POjW ’qy gurIlw vwr krny SurU kIqy[ is`K keI vwr mYdwn C`f ky dOVy qy QoVHI dUr jw ky ruk ky, A&ZwnW v`loN ip`Cw kIqy jwx dI aufIk krdy rhy[ pr dUjy pwsy dI kmwn jhwn ^wn kol sI ijhVw is`KW nwl keI jMgW lV cuikAw hox kr ky aunHW dy qOr-qrIky jwxdw sI[ aus ny is`KW dw ip`Cw nw kIqw qy Awpxy morcy ’qy KVHw irhw Aqy lVdw irhw[ ieM\ is`KW ny keI vwr koiSS kIqI pr kwmXwb nw hoey[ A^Ir hnyrw pYx ’qy ieh lVweI ruk geI[ ies mgroN is`K auQoN cly gey qy A&Zwn zrw-mwsw Arwm kr ky phu &u`tx qoN pihlW hI sqluj dirAw pwr krn vwsqy rUpV vl cl pey[ aunHW ny do idn ivc hI ieh s&r qYA kr ilAw[ ie`QoN Aihmd Swh phwV dy pYrW ivcoN lMG ky srhMd jwxw cwhuMdw sI[
ropV/sqluj pwr is`KW dw hmlw: dirAw pwr krn qoN pihlW Aihmd Swh nUM iek vwr Pyr is`KW dy hmly dw twkrw krnw ipAw[ hux Aihmd Swh ny s^q hdwieqW id`qIAW hoeIAW sn ik koeI vI is`KW dw ip`Cw nhIN krygw[ ies kr ky is`KW dw hmlw QoVHI dyr hI c`ilAw qy Aihmd Swh dirAw pwr kr igAw[ ie`QoN auh mornI phwVIAW iv`coN huMdw hoieAw, 10 iklomItr roz s&r krdw do mhIny ivc kuMjpurw (krnwl dy nyVy) p`ujw[ ies vyly grmI dw bVw zor SurU ho cukw sI[
Aihmd Swh vwips kwbl nUM
kuMjpurw ivc aus nUM ^br imlI ik jvwhr isMh jwt qy njIb-aud-dOlw ivc smJOqw ho igAw hY qy hux njIb-aud-dOlw nUM aus dI mdd dI loV nhIN[ ie`Qy nwisr ^wn bloc ny slwh id`qI ik id`lI cl ky fyry lwey jwx Aqy muZl bwdSwh Swh Awlm (dUjw) qoN dOlq hwisl kIqI jwvy qy iPr bwdSwh, njIb-aud-dOlw, Swh Sujwh, &wrU^wbwd dy ruhIilAW, jwtW qy mrh`itAW dI mdd nwl is`KW ’qy BrpUr hmlw kIqw jwvy[ pr Aihmd Swh dy A&Zwn jrnYl ies dy h`k ivc nhIN sn[ aunHW nUM 1757 dI plyg Aqy 1760 dIAW bwirSW dw cyqw sI jd aunHW dy hzwrW &OjI, GoVy qy aUT mwry gey sn Aqy rwh ivc aunHW nUM is`KW ny vwr-vwr lu`itAw sI[ A^Ir Awpxy A&Zwn swQIAW dI slwh mMn ky Aihmd Swh id`lI jweyy ibnw hI vwips Awpxy vqn muV ipAw[ (kwzI nUr muhMmd, jMgnwmw, s&w 119-22)[
kuMjpurw qoN cl ky Aihmd Swh srhMd ruikAw[ ieh ngr ies vyly burI qrHW qbwh ho cukw sI[ is`KW ny jnvrI 1764 ivc ie`QoN dy A&gwn sUbydwr zYn ^wn ƒ mwrn mgroN ies ngr ƒ rwjw Awlw isMG pitAwlw ƒ sONp idqw sI[ Aihmd Swh dy srhMd pu`jx ’qy pitAwlw dw rwjw Awlw isMG kImqI qoh&y lY ky aus kol pyS hoieAw[ Aihmd Swh ny mihsUs kIqw ik Awlw isMG aus dw v&wdwr rihx vwsqy sMjIdw hY[ dUjw auh ieh vI socdw sI ik jy kr auh zYn ^wn dI QW ’qy koeI nvW A&gwn sUbydwr lw vI dyvygw qW aus ƒ vI is`K Cfxgy nhIN[ ieh soc ky aus ny Awlw isMG ƒ hI srihMd sONpxw mMn ilAw[ aus ny Awlw isMG nUM ngwrw qy inSwn (qbl-E-Awlm) b^iSS kIqy[ (kwzI nUr muhMmd, s&w 125-28)[
(Aihmd Swh dy jwx mgroN hrI isMG BMgI dI kmwn hyT Kwlsw &OjW ny Awlw isMG ƒ du`rwnI dI gulwmI kbUl krn dI szw dyx vwsqy kUc kr id`qw[ pr, j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ny Awlw isMG qoN muAw&I mMgvw ky hmlw rok idqw[ ies mOky ‘qy aus ny j`sw isMG dy j`Qy qoN pwhul vI leI)[
is`KW ny Aihmd Swh nUM duVHwieAw
is`KW qoN frdw Aihmd Swh srhMd qoN kwbl nUM cl ipAw[ auh srhMd qoN cl ky pMjwb dy mYdwnI ielwky ivc dwi^l nhIN hoieAw[ aus ny mwCIvwVw qoN dirAw sqluj pwr kIqw[ Ajy auh iqMn iklomItr vI nhIN gey sn ik is`KW ny aus ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ Aihmd Swh dI &Oj nwl cl rhy kwzI nUr muhMmd muqwibk: ies vyly A&Zwn kw&lw iqMn ih`isAW ivc cl irhw sI[ Aihmd Swh Cy hzwr &Oj nwl Awp ivckwr sI Aqy Swh vlI ^wn, jhwn ^wn qy Swh psMd ^wn 12 hzwr &Oj nwl aus dy s`jy pwsy sn qy nwisr ^wn bloc Awpxy 12 hzwr swQIAW sxy K`by pwsy sI[ ienHW dw rwh rokx vwsqy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw qy j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ‘SyrW vWg’ g`By (ivckwr) sn Aqy cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw, JMfw isMG qy lihxw isMG BMgI qy jY isMG knHeIAw s`jy pwsy sn[ hrI isMG lMmy, gulwb isMG qy gujr isMG K`by pwsy sn[
Aihmd Swh eynI is`K &Oj vyK ky fr igAw Aqy aus ny swirAW nUM sMBl-sMBl ky pYr r`Kx vwsqy ikhw[ aus ny hdwieq id`qI ik koeI vI A`gy vD ky kwrvweI krn dI koiSS nw kry[ CyqI hI is`KW qy A&ZwnW ivc Gmswx dI lVweI SurU ho geI[ lVweI ivc cVHq isMG vwly pwsy (s`jy) jhwn ^wn qy Swh vlI ny, Aihmd Swh dy rokx dy bwvjUd, A`gy vD ky is`KW nwl t`kr lYx dI koiSS kIqI sI qy aunHW dy ip`Cy KlwA bx igAw sI[ kuJ is`K &OjW ies ih`sy ivc Aw geIAW qy aunHW ny Aihmd Swh dI &Oj ’qy dohW pwisAW qoN qIrW dI bOCwV SurU kr id`qI[ ies nwl aunHW dw bVw nukswn hox lg ipAw[ ieh vyK ky nwisr ^wn bloc aus pwsy vl viDAw[ aus nUM auDr AwauNdw vyK ky cVHq isMG ny aus ’qy BrpUr hmlw kr id`qw[ pr, bloc &Oj vI f`t ky KVo geI qy kw&I icr qk dovyN iDrW lVweI krdIAW rhIAW[ hux is`KW ny Awpxw purwxw qrIkw vriqAw qy auh mYdwn iv`coN inkl pey[ blOcI &Oj is`KW dw pYNqVw nw smJ skI qy aus ny is`KW dw ip`Cw kIqw[ jd is`K kw&I dUr inkl cuky sn qW auh ruk gey qy iek dm ip`Cy muV ky blocIAW ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ies nwl aunHW (blocW) dw bVw nukswn hoieAw pr auh vwips dOV pey qy A^Ir Aihmd Swh dI bwkI &Oj nwl jw rly[ hux iPr dohW iDrW ivc zbrdsq jMg hoeI ijhVI hnyrw pYx qk cldI rhI[ ies lVweI ivc sYNkVy A&Zwn qy bloc ispwhI mwry gey[ kwzI nUr muhMmd, jMgnwmw, s&y 147-58)[
dUjy idn phu Pu`tidAW hI Aihmd Swh dI &Oj iPr A`gy vDI[ auh Ajy 5 iklomItr hI gey sn ik is`KW ny Pyr iqMnW pwisAW qoN hmlw kr id`qw[ bIqy idn dy qjrby kwrn Aihmd Swh ny Awpxy swQIAW nUM smJwieAw ik koeI vI AwpxI QW qoN nw ih`ly Aqy A`gy vDx dI koiSS nw kry qy nw hI is`KW dw ip`Cw kry[ swry kOkwss phwV vWg AwpxI QW ’qy fty rho[ is`K Awpxy-Awp hmlw krn vwsqy nyVy Awauxgy[ Aihmd Swh dI nsIhq dw aunHW ’qy pUrw Asr hoieAw[ kuJ icr aufIkx mgroN is`K &OjW A`gy vDIAW[ hux f`t ky lVweI hoeI qy dohIN pwsIN kw&I nukswn hoieAw[ ies idn Aihmd Swh Awp swrw smW firAw hI irhw[ hnyrw pYx ’qy dovyN iDrW ny jMg bMd kr id`qI[ (kwzI nUr muhMmd, s&y 161-64)[
Agly (qIjy) idn vI is`KW ny Aihmd Swh nUM Awrwm nwl s&r nhIN krn id`qw[ Aihmd Swh ny phu-Pu`tx qoN pihlW hI s&r SurU kr id`qw[ auh Ajy 8-10 iklomItr hI igAw sI ik nUrmihl dy nyVy is`KW ny aus ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ is`K aus dIAW &OjW dw nukswn kr ky B`j gey[ kuJ dUr jw ky is`KW ny Pyr hmlw kr id`qw[ ieM\ is`K &OjW swrw idn Aihmd Swh dI &Oj dy v`K-v`K ih`isAW ’qy AYkSn krdIAW rhIAW[ is`K jrnYlW dw inSwnw sI Aihmd Swh nUM v^q ivc pweI r`Kxw, aus dw nukswn krnw qy aus nUM ieh Aihsws dyxw ik hux aus nUM is`K kOm dy mulk nUM lu`tx jW Zulwm bxwayux dw i^Awl idl iv`coN k`F dyxw cwhIdw hY[ is`K AwgU Awpxy inSwny ivc kwmXwb vI hoey[ Aihmd Swh ieh swrw smW GbrwieAw hI irhw[
kwzI nUr muhMmd muqwibk is`KW ny cOQy idn vI Aihmd Swh ’qy hmly jwrI r`Ky[ ies idn is`KW ny Pyr A&gwn ny &OjW ƒ nkodr qy kpUrQlw dy ivckwr, dKxI srW qoN kuJ dUr, Gyr ilAw Aqy durwnI dy bhuq swry &OjIAW ƒ mwr mukwieAw[
kwzI Agly do idn dw hwl nhIN dsdw pr sqvyN idn dw hwl zrUr ibAwn krdw hY jd Aihmd Swh ny goieMdvwl kol ibAws dirAw pwr kIqw[ Aihmd Swh dI &Oj hOlI-hOlI cl ky do idn ivc goieMdvwl phuMc geI[ Aihmd Swh ny sB qoN pihlW Awpxw ^zwnw, vpwrI, AOrqW, b`cy vZYrw pwr krvwey qy iPr auh Awp dirAw dy kMFy ’qy KVw ho igAw bwkI dI &Oj ny dirAw pwr kIqw[ aus nUM pqw lg cukw sI ik 30 hzwr is`K &Oj dirAw dy dUjy pwr aus dI aufIk kr rhI hY[ (kwzI nUr muhMmd, s&y 183-84)[
ie`Qy is`K dirAw dy pwr iek`Ty hoey-hoey sn qy durwnI dI &Oj dI aufIk kr rhy sn[ jd Aihmd Swh ƒ ies dw pqw lgw qW aus ny vI iqAwrI kr leI[ ies mOky ’qy gih-g`c lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc A&ZwnW dy nwl-nwl is`KW dw vI kw&I nukswn hoieAw[ ies kr ky is`K &OjW CyqI hI ip`Cy ht geIAW qy gurIlw hmly krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ hux Aihmd Swh ny qyzI nwl A&Zwinsqwn vl kUc SurU kr id`qw[ ies dOrwn vI is`K &OjW aus ‘qy hmly krdIAW rhIAW[ is`K &OjW ny JnW dirAw qk Aihmd Swh dw ip`Cw nhIN C`ifAw[
JnW pwr kridAW Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW dw hor nukswn hoieAw ikauNik dirAw ivc hVH AwieAw hoieAw sI[ kwzI nUr muhMmd ilKdw hY ik is`KW dy h`QoN mwry gey aunHW dy bMidAW qoN ikqy vD bMdy JnW dirAw ivc mwry gey sn[ kwzI ilKdw hY ik hVH eyny iBAwnk sn ik bwp pu`qrW dI prvwh nhIN sI kr rhy qy mwvW ny b`icAW nUM dirAw ivc su`t idqw qy mrdW ny bIvIAW nUM bcwaux dI koeI koiSS nhIN kIqI[ (kwzI nUr muhMmd, s&y 170-71)[
JnW qoN ijhlm qk Aihmd Swh nUM koeI muSikl nhIN AweI[ ijhlm pwr kr ky aus ny Aglw pVwA rohqws jw kIqw[ ie`Qy aus ny bloc AwgU nwisr ^wn dI mdd dw SukrIAw kIqw qy aus nUM kotw, mulqwn, JMg, fyry (fyrw iesmweIl ^wn qy dUjy iqMny fyry), Xwin JnW dy p`Cm dw swrw ielwkw dy id`qw[ nwisr ^wn fyrw iesmweIl ^wn qoN dirAw pwr kr ky fyrw ZwzI ^wn huMdw hoieAw klwq clw igAw qy Aihmd Swh Atk qy ipSwvr huMdw hoieAw kwbl clw igAw[
Aihmd Swh dw ieh dOrw aus vwsqy fr, nwkwmXwbI qy nmoSI dw dOrw sI qy hux aus nUM Aihsws ho igAw sI ik auh is`KW dy mukwbly ivc iek kmzor jrnYl hY[
drbwr swihb dI auswrI
Aihmd Swh nUM burI qrHW hrw ky pMjwb iv`coN k`Fx mgroN, is`K &OjW Awpxy kOmI iejlws (srbq Kwlsw) vwsqy gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) ivc iek`TIAW hoeIAW[ 10 AprYl 1765 dy idn srb`q Kwlsw dw ieh iek`T Akwl q^q’qy hoieAw[ ies iek`T ivc gurmqw kIqw igAw ik drbwr swihb Aqy Akwl q^q dI bwkI dI auswrI Aqy ies dI sjwvt vI kIqI jwey[ nvMbr 1763 ivc, qy aus mgroN vI, BweI dys rwj kol bhuq swrI rkm ie`kTI ho cu`kI sI[ srb`q Kwlsw ny gurmqw kIqw ik Akwl q^q dI mohr BweI dys rwj ƒ sONp id`qI jwey qW jo auh is`KW qoN dsvMD dI rkm iek`TI kr skx Aqy ^rc kr skx [ (BweI dys rwj ƒ Akwl q^q swihb dw bulwrw jW numwieMdw nhIN sI bxwieAw igAw, aus ƒ isr& pYsy iek`Ty krn dw h`k id`qw igAw sI)[
is`KW dw lwhOr ’qy p`kw kbzw
10 AprYl 1765 dy srb`q Kwlsw iek`T ivc ieh gurmqw vI kIqw igAw ik lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw jwvy[ ies iek`T ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, jY isMG knHeIAw qoN ielwvw pMj BMgI jrnYl (g`ujr isMG, lihxw isMG, hrI isMG, JMfw isMG, gMfw isMG) Aqy soBw isMG knHeIAw vI hwizr sn[ ienHW ny gurmqw kIqw ik lwhOr ’qy iek dm kbzw kr ilAw jwvy[ is`K jrnYlW nUM ieh vI ^br imlI ik Aihmd Swh v`loN lwhOr ivc lwieAw sUbydwr kwbulI m`l &Oj ivc do hzwr fogirAW nUM BrqI krn vwsqy jMmU igAw hoieAw hY qy aus dy ip`Cy aus dw BqIjw b^SI AmIr isMh iklHy dI ih&wzq kr irhw hY[ is`K &OjW ny ies vDIAw mOky nUM KuMJwauxw TIk nw smiJAw Aqy j`sw isMG, lihxw isMG, gu`jr isMG qy hor jrnYlW dI AgvweI ivc lwhOr v`l cl pey[ is`K &OjW dI igxqI isr& do hzwr sI[ is`K &OjW dI mdd imhr sulqwn, Zulwm rsUl, ASr& cMnU qy bkr ArweIN ny vI kIqI qy ieh swry 16 meI 1675 dy idn qU&wn dI qyzI nwl Sihr ivc dwi^l ho gey[ idn cVHidAW hI jd ies dI ^br AmIr isMh nUM imlI qW aus ny iklHy dI kMD qoN qop dy kuJ goly brswxy SurU kr id`qy[ auDr qwrw isMG mujMg ny isr& 25 is`K ispwhIAW nUM nwl lY ky AmIr isMh dy &OjIAW dw mukwblw kIqw qy QoVHy ijhy smyN ivc hI aunHW ’qy kwbU pw ilAw[ iek somy muqwibk gu`jr isMG BMgI 50 swQIAW nUM nwl lY ky iek nwly rwhIN iklHy ivc dwi^l hoieAw qy iPr lihxw isMG vI aus kol pu`j igAw[
lwhOr iklHy ’qy purI qrHW kbzw hox mgroN d`KxI ielwkw, inAwz byZ qk, soBw isMG kol sI; kwblI m`l dI hvylI gu`jr isMG kol sI qy iklHy dw AMdrUn lihxw isMG kol sI[ (pySvw d&qr, ijld 29)[
kuJ hI plW ivc aunHW ny AmIr isMh Aqy kwbulI m`l dy juAweI jgn nwQ nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ AglI svyr nUM soBw isMG knHeIAw vI lwhOr pu`j igAw[ hux Sihr Aqy iklHy ’qy is`KW dw mukMml kbzw ho cukw sI[ jd Sihr ivc ieh ^br lokW qk pu`jI qW auh bVy ^uS hoey ikauN ik swry lok kwbulI m`l dI izAwdqI qoN duKI sn[ lokW ny is`KW nUM iml ky AwpxI ^uSI dw iezhwr kIqw qy iek dUjy nUM mubwrkW vI id`qIAW[ lok ^usI ivc Sihr ivc ieM\ GuMm rhy sn ijvyN koeI pMCI ipMjry iv`coN Awzwd ho igAw hovy[ Sihr dy isrkrdw lokW ny Kwlsw drbwr ivc hwizr ho ky is`KW dI hkUmq ƒ kbUl kr ilAw[
iek idn lokW ny kuJ is`KW nUM Sihr ivc lu`t mwr kridAW vyiKAw[ ies ’qy Sihr dy kuJ moihqbr S^s iek`Ty ho ky BMgI srdwrW kol gey[ ienHW ivc s`jx seIAd mIr, n`QU Swh, hwi&z kwdr b^S, mIAW muhMmd AwiSk, cODrI rUpw, lwlw ibSn isMh qy mhwrwj isMh vI sn[ ienHW ny srdwrW nUM Arz kIqI ik ieh ngrI gurU rwmdws swihb dI (aunHW dw jnm AsQwn) hY qy ies dI lu`t-mwr nhIN hoxI cwhIdI[ ieh sux ky dohW BMgI isrdwrW ny Sihr dy drvwzy bMd krvw id`qy Aqy muinAwdI krvw id`qI ik ijhVw koeI vI lu`t-mwr krygw aus nUM s^q szw id`qI jwvygI[ ienHW dohW ny iek hor kmwl ieh vI kIqI ik auh Awp h`QW ivc sotIAW PV ky Sihr dy bwzwrW ivc inkly qW jo sB nUM kMn ho jwx[ aunHW ny soBw isMG nUM vI pYZwm ByijAw ik auh vI Sihr dy qIjy ih`sy dw nwzm hY aus nUM vI nwl Awauxw cwhIdw hY[ ies ’qy auh vI aunHW dy nwl Aw rilAw[ ieM\ aunHW ny CyqI hI Sihr ivc Amn Amwn kwiem kr id`qw[(AlI-aud-dIn, iebrqnwmw, s&y 237-29, sohn lwl sUrI, aumdw-qu`q-qvwrI^, ijld pihlI, s&y 163-64)[
KwlsweI is`kw jwrI krnw
lwhOr ivc KwlsweI hkUmq kwiem krn mgroN is`KW ny gurU swihbwn dy nW ’qy nvIN krMsI (nwnkSwhI is`kw) vI jwrI kIqw[ ies is`ky ’qy aukrI iebwrq ieM\ sI:
dyZ-E-qyZ-E-&qih-E-nusrq bydrMg
Xw&q Az nwnk gurU goibMd isMG
(dyZ qy qyZ dI &qih Aqy &OrI mdd Akwl purK qoN, gurU nwnk qoN gurU goibMd isMG qk, gurUAW dI b^iSS nwl hwisl hoeI)
is`ky dy dUjy pwsy iliKAw sI:
“lwhOr ivc sMmq 1822 (1765) ivc GiVAw igAw[”
lwhOr ’qy kbzy qoN bwAd hux swry pMjwb ivc smu`cy qOr ’qy is`KW dI hkUmq kwiem ho cu`kI sI[ kuJ idn mgroN kwbulI m`l vI lwhOr v`l AwieAw[ aus nUM Sihr pu`jx qoN pihlW hI iek lVweI ivc mwr id`qw igAw[ienHW idnW ivc hI cVHq isMG nUM lwhOr ’qy BMgI imsl kbzy dI ^br imlI[ auh 2 hzwr &OjI lY ky lwhOr AwieAw Aqy aus ny vI Awpxw ih`sw mMigAw[ ies ’qy BMgI srdwrW ny aus nwl lVweI qoN bcx vwsqy aus nUM ikhw ik auh zmzmw qop iljw skdw hY[ aunHW soicAw ik eynI BwrI qop auh ik`Qy iljw skygw pr aus (cVHq isMG) ny kmwl kIqI ik auh aus qop nUM cukvw ky hOlI-hOlI iK`c ky gujrWvwlw lY igAw[
Aihmd Swh dw dOr ^qm hoxw
sqMbr 1765 qoN meI 1766 ivc Aihmd Swh dy jrnYl njIb-aud-dOlw ny is`KW ’qy keI vwr hmlw kIqw pr qkrIbn hr vwr burI qrHW mwr KwDI qy hr vwr aus ny Awpxw zbrdsq nukswn krvwieAw[
Aihmd Swh dw ATvW hmlw
mwrc 1765 qoN nvMbr 1766 qk Aihmd Swh ny pMjwb vl mUMh nw kIqw[ dsMbr 1766 ivc aus ny Atk dirAw pwr kIqw[ aus dI pihlI t`kr ijhlm dy kMFy rohqws ivc blm isMG dI POj nwl hoeI[ blm isMG dI &Oj dI igxqI bhuq QoVHI sI qy aunHW kol Aslw vI Gt sI[ ies kr ky is`KW dw bhuq nukswn hoieAw[ aunHW dw jrnYl Aqy do iqMn hzwr is`K &OjI mwry gey jW igR&qwr kr ley gey[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld dUjI, s&w 16 ey)[
Aihmd Swh ie`QoN isAwlkot vl cl ipAw[ jyhlm kMFy Pyr is`KW ny aus ’qy hmlw kIqw[ Aihmd Swh ny 15 kU idn isAwlkot, GxIey ky, fskw qy eymnwbwd ivc guzwry[ GxIey ky (isAwlkot-fskw rof ’qy isAwlkot qoN 13 iklomItr dUr) ivc auh kuJ idn TihirAw Aqy cwr mhl (AOrMgwbwd, psrUr, gujrwq qy isAwlkot) dy zmINdwrW nUM qlb kIqw[ aus ny aunHW nUM fyF l`K rupY jurmwnw kIqw ikauNik bhuq swry is`KW ny aunHW dy ielwikAW dy ipMfW ivc CupxgwhW bxweIAW hoeIAW sn[ auh eyQoN 15 dsMbr nUM cl ipAw qy do idn fskw ivc TihirAw[ aus dw fskw ivc Awauxw sux ky keI zmINdwr Gr C`f ky B`j gey[ Aihmd Swh ny aunHW nUM igR&qwr kr ky pyS krn dw hukm kIqw[ jd auh pyS kIqy gey qW aunHW ny s&weI pyS kIqI ik auh aus qoN fr ky hI B`jy sn[ fskw qoN c`l ky Aihmd Swh eymnwbwd pu`jw[ eyQoN cl ky aus ny 21 dsMbr nUM &wizlwbwd (lwhOr qoN 10 iklomItr dUr) pVwA kIqw[
auh 22 dsMbr dy idn lwhOr pu`jw[ is`KW ny aus nwl t`kr lY ky nukswn krvwaux dI bjwie lwhOr C`f jwx dw &Yslw kIqw[ soBw isMG, lihxw isMG qy gujr isMG lwhOr qoN cly gey[ auh jwxdy sI ik Aihmd Swh bhuqI dyr auQy nhIN rhygw ies kr ky aus nwl byvjh tkrwA kr ky qwkq guAwauxI TIk nhIN sI[ Aihmd Swh ny lwhOr dy lokW qoN is`KW dy muslmwnW qy hor SihrIAW nwl slUk bwry pu`C pVqwl kIqI qW hr iek ny is`KW dI r`jvI qwrI& kIqI[ lokW ny ieh vI d`isAw ik ijs idn eId dw iqauhwr sI aus idn is`K hwkmW ny muslmwn kwzIAW, mu&qIAW qy eImwmW nUM p`gW b^iSS kIqIAW sn[ (AlI-aud-dIn mu&qI, ijld pihlI, s&w 240, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 85)[
ieh sux ky aus ny lihxw isMG BMgI ƒ lwhOr dw sUbydwr mMn lYx dI pySkS kIqI[ aus ny iek eylcI rwhIN sUbydwrI dw ^q Aqy kuJ bwdwm vI Byjy[ lihxw isMG ny ies pySkS nUM Tukrw id`qw qy Aihmd Swh dy Byjy bdwm vwips kr id`qy qy ikhw ik swfI ^urwk bdwm nhIN blik Bu`jy hoey Coly hn[ ^Yr, byiezqI krvwaux dy bwvjUd ies vwr Aihmd Swh ny is`KW nwl t`kr nw leI[ (AlI-aud-dIn mu&qI, ijld pihlI, s&w 240)[
cwr-pMj idn lwhOr rihx mgroN Aihmd Swh ny mOlvI Abwdu`lw dy Brw dwdn ^wn nUM lwhOr dw &Ojdwr qy rihmq ^wn nUM aus dw nwieb bxw ky 1500 &Oj aunHW nUM id`qI qy Awp srhMd vl cl ipAw[
rsqy ivc 28 dsMbr 1766 dy idn &qihbwd ivc aus dI is`KW nwl JVp hoeI[ ie`Qy iklHy ivc QoVy jhy hI is`K sn jo bhwdrI nwl lVdy hoey ShId ho gey[ ibAws dirAw dy dUjy pwsy is`K &OjW ny Aihmd Swh dw ip`Cw kIqw[ ienHW ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dy 10 qoN 20 hzwr, cVHq isMG qy lihxw isMG dy ds-ds hzwr &OjI sn[ Aihmd Swh dI &Oj dI igxqI 60 qoN 70 hzwr dy ivckwr sI[ ie`Qy is`KW ƒ pqw lgw ik Aihmd Swh Awpxw t`br lwhOr C`f AwieAw hY[ ies ’qy auh lwhOr muV pey qy du`rwnI dy kYNp ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ jd Aihmd Swh ƒ ies dI ^br hoeI qW auh iek dm lwhOr ƒ vwips cl ipAw[
ie`Qy Aw ky aus ny, cMby dy rwjy Aqy AdInw byg dy iek irSqydwr sAwdq Xwr ^wn rwhIN, iek vwr Pyr is`KW ƒ smJOqy dI pySkS kIqI[ pr is`KW ny du`rwnI nwl smJOqw krnoN korI nWh kr idqI[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld dUjI, s&w 108 ey)[
15 jnvrI 1767 ƒ Aihmd Swh ny nUr-aud-dIn dI srW qoN j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, JMfw isMG BMgI qy ^uShwl isMG ƒ vI dosqI dw pYZwm ByijAw[ pr aus ny vI du`rwnI dI gulwmI kbUlxoN nWh kr idqI[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld dUjI, s&w 108 ey)[
16 jnvrI 1767 nUM Aihmd Swh dy jrnYl jhwn ^wn ƒ pqw lgw ik bhuq swry is`K AMimRqsr ivc iek`Ty hoey hn[ Agly idn aus ny is`KW ’qy cVHweI kr idqI[ ies mOky ’qy dohW iDrW ivc ^Ub jMg hoeI[ iek pihr (iqMn GMty) dI lVweI ivc jhwn ^wn dy 15 hzwr ivcoN 5-6 hzwr &OjI mwry gey[ jd ies dI ^br Aihmd Swh ƒ hoeI qW auh Awp &Oj lY ky jhwn ^wn dI mdd vwsqy pu`jw[ ies ’qy is`K au~QoN cly gey[ hux Aihmd Swh ny Awpxw mwl-m`qw jlwlwbwd (ijlHw AMimRqsr) ivc C`ifAw qy is`KW dw ip`Cw krn lg ipAw[ jd is`KW nUM ies dI ^br imlI qW is`KW ny jlwlwbwd ’qy vI hmlw kr idqw[ ies mOky ’qy nwisr ^wn bloc ny Aihmd Swh nwl v&wdwrI swibq krn vwsqy is`KW dw f`t ky mukwblw kIqw[ ies vwr vI dohW iDrW dw bhuq nukswn hoieAw[(kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld dUjI, s&w 65)[
ies mgroN Aihmd Swh nkodr-nUrmihl rwhIN srhMd vl clw igAw[ nUrmhl ivc mwlvw (hux m`D pRdyS) Aqy rwjsQwn dy rwjy aus ƒ imlx Awey[ kuJ icr eyQy Tihrn mgroN aus ny mwCIvwVw qoN sqluj pwr kIqw[ ie`QoN Aihmd Swh bnUV huMdw hoieAw AMbwlw pu`jw[ ie`Qy aus ƒ njIb-aud-dOlw ruhIlw imilAw[ ruhIlw AwgU ny Aihmd Swh ƒ id`lI ’qy hmlw nw krn vwsqy Arz kIqI[ do pihr (Cy GMty) dI mulwkwq mgroN njIb-aud-dOlw Aihmd Swh nUM mnwaux ivc kwmXwb hoieAw qy Aihmd Swh vwips muV jwx vwsqy rwzI ho igAw[
Aihmd Swh ny 17 mwrc ƒ vwpsI SurU kIqI[ 18 mwrc 1767 dy idn auh AMbwlw ivc sI ij`Qy pitAwly dy rwjw Amr isMG aus kol pyS hoieAw[ Amr isMG qoN aus ny 9 lK rupY qwvwn dI mMg kIqI[ ies mOky ’qy Aihmd Swh ny Awpxy puqr zwbqw ^wn ƒ srhMd dw sUbydwr bxwaux dw PYslw kIqw[ iesy iKAwl nwl aus ny rwjw Amr isMG ƒ kYd kr ilAw[ jd aus dI dwdI mweI P`qo (pqnI mhwrwjw Awlw isMG) ƒ ieh pqw lgw qW aus ny id`lI dy vzIr Swh vlI ^wn qk phuMc kIqI qy aus ƒ kImqI qoh&y dy ky Amr isMG dI irhweI vwsqy mnw ilAw[ vzIr ny Aihmd Swh ƒ smJwieAw ik koeI A&gwn sUbydwr aus ielwky ivc Amn nhIN rK skdw[ A&Zwn sUbydwr nUM is`K XkInn mwr dyxgy[ isr& Amr isMG hI ie`QoN dI sUbydwrI kr skygw; qy nwly auh swfw v&wdwr vI hY[ A^Ir Aihmd Swh ƒ smJ Aw geI qy aus ny Amr isMG ƒ srhMd dI sUbydwrI sONp ky ‘rwjw-ie-rwjgW’ dw i^qwb vI dy idqw [ ies ’qy pitAwly rwjy ny Awpxy Awp ƒ “Amr isMG bmzeI” ilKxw SurU kr idqw[ (ikauNik Amr isMG ƒ irhw krvwaux vwlw vzIr, Swh vlI ^wn, ^ud ‘bmzeI kbIly’ ivcoN sI)[ (seIAd iemwm-aud-dIn husYnI, qwrI^-ie-husYn SwhI, s&w 85, ^uSvkq rwey, s&w 168)[
auDr is`KW ny njIb-aud-dOlw dy ielwky ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ auh njIb-aud-dOlw v`loN Aihmd Swh ƒ is`KW dy ip`Cy pwaux dI szw dyxw cwhuMdy sn[ is`K keI idn ruhIl-KMf ivc lu`t mwr krdy rhy[ ies ’qy njIb aud dOlw ny Aihmd Swh ƒ mdd vwsqy ArzI G`lI[ Aihmd Swh ny iek dm jhwn ^wn ƒ iek v`fI &Oj dy ky myrT vl tor idqw[ ieh g`l meI 1767 dy dUjy h&qy dI hY[ A&gwn &OjW dy Awaux dI ^br imlidAW hI is`K au~QoN jwxy SurU ho gey[ kuJ is`K j`iQAW ƒ ies dw pqw nw lg sikAw qy auh A&gwn qy ruhIlw &OjW ivc iGr gey[ ies lVweI ivc is`KW ny ^Ub t`kr leI pr eynI v`fI &Oj nwl ds hzwr qoN vI Gt is`K XoDy ikMnw kU icr lV skdy sn? v`fI igxqI ivc A&ZwnW nUM mwrn mgroN 9000 dy krIb is`K ShId ho gey qy aunHW dw bhuq swrw mwl Asbwb vI A&gwnW dy h`Q Aw igAw[ (imskIn, s&y 267-68)[
ies mgroN A&gwn &OjW Pyr id`lI Aw geIAW[ keI h&qy Aihmd Swh grmI qoN frdw mihlW qy bwgW ivc hI viVAw irhw[ A^Ir mOsm qo duKI ho ky auh vwips vqn ƒ cl ipAw[
drAsl hux auh is`KW qoN frn vI lg ipAw sI[ 19 &rvrI 1767 dy idn lwrf klweIv (klk`qw ivc AMgryz sUbydwr) ny AauD dy nvwb nUM iek ^q ivc iliKAw ik is`KW ny aus dw rwh bMd kr id`qw hY[ aunHW aus nUM keI vwr lu`itAw hY[ hux jW qW auh is`KW nUM hrwvy jW aunHW nwl smJOqw kry; vrnw auh A`gy nhIN jw skdw[ aus kol iek hI cox hY ik jw qW auh vwips clw jwvy qy jW pMjwb ivc is`KW qoN byiezqI krvwvy[
ienHIN idnIN AMgryzW ny bMgwl Aqy ibhwr ’qy mukMml kbzw kr ilAw hoieAw sI[ ie`QoN dy swbkw sUbydwr mIr kwism ny Aihmd Swh koloN AMgryzW dy i^lw& mdd mMgI[ mIr kwism dw vkIl dsMbr 1766 ivc Aihmd Swh nUM imlx vwsqy rohqws igAw[ aus dI mulwkwq hox bwry koeI pqw nhIN lgdw pr ieh zrUr pqw lgdw hY ik klweIv Aqy Aihmd Swh ivckwr kuJ sWJ zrUr pY cukI sI[ 8 AprYl 1767 dI Swh vlI ^wn (Aihmd Swh dw prweIm minstr) dI lwrf klweIv nUM ilKI ic`TI ivc sw& l&zW ivc ikhw igAw sI ik ‘Aihmd Swh dI muihMm isr& is`KW dy ^wqmy vwsqy hY’ nw ik AMgryzW dy mu^wil&W dI mdd vwsqy[’ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld dUjI, s&y 11, 12 ey, 16 ey, 284)[
Aihmd Swh dy jwx mgroN gu`jr isMG, lihxw isMG qy soBw isMG ny Pyr lwhOr vl mUMh kr ilAw[ aunHW ny A&gwn sUbydwr dwdn ^wn ƒ lwhOr Cf jwx dI slwh idqI[ dwdn ^wn ny mukwmI AmIrW-vzIrW nwl slwh kIqI[ aunHW ny vI dwdn ^wn ƒ mSvrw idqw ik auh lwhOr is`KW ƒ hI dy dyvy[ dwdn ^wn ny lokW dI slwh mMn leI qy iklHw is`KW dy hvwly kr idqw[ (AlI-aud-dIn, s&y 130bI qy 144 bI)[
hux iPr gujrwq, jlMDr, p`tI, dIpwlpur, kpUrQlw, sulqwnpur, btwlw, klwnOr, huiSAwrpur-bjvwVw, rwhoN vZYrw is`KW kol Aw cuky sn[ sqluj qoN pwrlw ielwkw qy shwrnpur qk Aqy pMjwb dw mwlvw ielwkw vI is`KW dy kbzy hyT sI[ ieM\ durwnI dy jwn mgroN iek vwr Pyr swry is`K homlYNf ivc aunHW dI hkUmq kwiem ho cukI sI[
1768 ivc Aihmd Swh dy eyjMt njIb-aud-dOlw ny vI is`KW nwl keI vwr t`kr leI pr qkrIbn hr vwr burI qrHW mwr KwDI[ auh ivcwrw eynI byie`zqI mihsUs kr irhw sI ik aus dw idl sB kuJ C`f ky m`ky jwx nUM krn lg ipAw sI[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld dUjI, s&w 847)[
durwnI dw nOvW, dsvW qy XwrHvW hmlw
dsMbr 1768 ivc durwnI ny nOvIN vwr pMjwb ’qy hmlw kIqw[ pr auh ies vwr ijhlm dirAw qoN hI muV igAw ikauNik is`KW dy hmilAW kwrn hux aus ƒ AwpxI ih&wzq dw vDyry iPkr sI[ dsMbr 1769 ivc durwnI ny dsvIN vwr Pyr iksmq Azmwaux dI koiSS kIqI[ pr is`KW dy hmilAW qoN frdw ies vwr auh ipSwvr qoN hI muV igAw[ jUn 1770 ivc Aihmd Swh durwnI ny XwrHvIN vwrI pMjwb vl mUMh kr ilAw[ ies vwr aus dy nwl aus dw jrnYl jhwn ^wn nhIN sI (auh 14 mwrc 1770dy idn mr cukw sI)[ ies vwr vI Aihmd Swh grmI Aqy is`KW qoN frdw ipSwvr qoN hI muV igAw[ Agsq 1771 ivc aus ny bwrHvIN vwr hmlw krn dI plwn bxweI pr r`b ƒ ieh mnzUr nhIN sI[ hux auh iek kmzor, bu`Fw, inMmoJUxw, bybs, byidl, hwirAw hoieAw, Q`ikAw hoieAw, kmzor ho cukw, GbrwieAw hoieAw S^s sI[ A^Ir is`KW dI qwkq qoN frdw, ivcwrw, Aihmd Swh 23 AkqUbr 1772 dy idn ies dunIAW qoN ivdw ho igAw[ ies qoN bwAd A&gwn DwVvIAW dI dihSq qkrIbn ^qm ho geI[
jMgW Aqy G`lUGwirAW ivc ikMny is`K ShId hoey?
gurU Arjn swihb (30.5.1606) is`KW dy pihly ShId sn[ ies mgroN gurU hirgoibMd swihb dIAW lVweIAW: ruhIlw (27 sqMbr Aqy 3 AkqUbr 1621), gurU-dw-c`k (15.4.1634), mihrwj (17.12.1634), krqwrpur (26 qoN 28 AprYl 1635), PgvwVw (29 AprYl 1635) ivc bhuq swry is`K ShId hoey sn[ iek AMdwzy muqwibk ieh igxqI 3000 dy krIb sI[ ies mgroN id`lI ivc gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb Aqy iqMn is`KW dI ShIdI (11.11.1675) qy 1676 ivc id`lI ivc AOrMgzyb ’qy hmlw krn vwly do is`KW dI ShIdI hY[ ies mgroN BMgwxI (16.9.1688), ndOx (19.3.1691), gulyr (20.2.1696), AnMdpur (29.8.1700 qoN 1.9 1700, 16.1.1704, 7.3.1705), inrmohgVH (8.10.1700 qoN 14.10.1700), SwhI it`bI, srsw ndI dy kMFy Aqy milkpur rMGVW (6.10.1705), cmkOr (7-8.12.1705), mukqsr (29.12.1705), icqOV (2.4.1708) dIAW ShIdIAW hn[ ieh igxqI 5000 dy krIb hY[ 6 Aqy 12.4.1709 do idn gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) dI lVweI qy iPr bMdw isMG dI AgvweI ivc 26.9.1709 qoN 10 jUn 1716 qk 25/30 qoN 30/40 hzwr qk is`K ShId hoey[ Abdus smd ^wn (1716-26) ny 20 hzwr is`K ShId kIqy sn[ aus dy pu`qr zkrIAw ^wn (1726-1745) ny vI 20 hzwr qoN vD is`K ShId kIqy sn[ zkrIAw dy pu`qr XwhIAw ^wn qy lKpq rwey (1745-47) ny 15 hzwr is`K ShId kIqy[ zkrIAw dy dUjy pu`qr Swh invwz ^wn (1747-48) ny iek hzwr dy krIb is`K ShId kIqy sn[ mIr mnUU (1748-53) ny 30 hzwr qoN vD isK ShId kIqy sn[ AdInw byZ (1753-58) ny vI 5 hzwr dy krIb is`K ShId kIqy sn[ Aihmd Swh du`rwnI (1748-1764) ny 40-45 hzwr dy krIb is`KW nUM ShId kIqw sI[ Aihmd Swh dy ifptI njIb-aud-dOlw (1764-69) ny vI 5 hzwr dy krIb is`KW nUM ShId kIqw sI[ hor Coty-v`fy muZlW, A&ZwnW qy ihMdUAW ny 5 hzwr qoN vD is`K ShId kIqy sn[ ieh igxqI 1765 qk 2 l`K dy krIb bx jWdI hY[
ieh lVI ies qoN A`gy vI cldI hY[ is`KW v`loN Awpxy mulk dI AwzwdI vwsqy vI (1765-1849 ivckwr) hzwrW ShIdIAW id`qIAW geIAW sn[ 1947 ivc mulk dI vMf vyly vI l`KW is`K kql kIqy gey sn[ 1978 qoN 1995 qk vI iek qoN fyF l`K is`K kql kIqy gey sn[ auN\ hr mOq nUM ShIdI nhIN ikhw jw skdw[
is`KW dw pMjwb ’qy mukMml kbzw
16 meI 1765 dy idn BMgI imsl dy isrdwrW ny lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ 1765 qoN bwAd JnW Aqy jmnw dirAwvW dy ivckwr, is`KW dy homlYNf (mOjUdw p`CmI qy pUrbI pMjwb, hirAwxw, ihmWcl qy jMmU dw kuJ ielwkw) dy bhuqy ih`sy ‘qy is`KW dI hkUmq kwiem ho cukI sI[ id`lI dI hkUmq dw bhuqw zor jmnw dirAw dy d`Kx v`l hI rih igAw sI[ ^UM^wr A&Zwn hmlwvr Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dI dihSq vI hux Aw^rI swhW ‘qy sI[ auN\ 1765 qoN mgroN vI Aihmd Swh ny cwr vwr ies DrqI v`l mUMh kIqw pr hux auh is`KW dy mukwbly ivc BwrU nhIN sI irhw[ pr 1772 ivc aus dI mOq qoN mgroN qW is`K homlYNf dw nkSw iblkul hI bdl igAw sI[
ibAws Aqy rwvI dy ivckwr, v`fy Sihr lwhOr Aqy AMimRqsr BMgI imsl kol sn[ sihMsrw, CInw, jgdyv klW, qrn qwrn vI aunHW kol sI[ jlMDr qy kpUrQlw j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw kol sn[ jMifAwlw, siTAwlw, jlwlwbwd, vYrovwl, kot muhMmd ^wn Aqy jhWgIr dw vswieAw &qihbwd vI aus dy kbzy hyT sI[ irAwVkI dw m`qyvwl, hrgoibMdpur Aqy kwdIAW rwmgVHIAw imsl kol sI[ btwlw qy PqihgVH (cUVIAW) ivckwrlw ielwkw knHeIAw imsl dy kbzy ivc sI[ iglvwlI, pMj grweIN, SOrIAW vI jY isMG knHeIAw kol sn[
rwvI qy JnW ivckwr cVHq isMG sukrckIAw dI cVHq sI[ vzIrwbwd, hw&zwbwd, SyKUprw, nOSihrw, gujrWvwlw aus dI qy aus dy swQIAW dI irAwsq sn[ rwm ngr c`Ty muslmwnW kol sI[ ieQoN dw kuJ ielwkw qwrV qy B`tI muslmwnW kol vI sI[ (mgroN mhW isMG sukrckIAw ny c`iTAW qoN vI hkUmq Koh leI sI)[ SyKUpurw dy 30 ipMf vI sukrckIAw imsl kol sn[
isAwlkot dy klwsvwlw, cobrw, A`lVH qy kuJ hor ielwky BMgIAW kol vI sn[ isAwlkot dw iklHw vI BMgIAW dy kbzy ivc Aw cukw sI[ AMimRqsr ijly dy rwjw sWsI, iProzkI, kwlykI, ruVkI qy bwjrw vI aunHW kol hI sn[
JnW Aqy ijhlm ivckwr gujrwq BMgIAW kol sI[ Byrw, imAwnI, kwdrwbwd qy swhIvwl dy ipMf vI aunHW kol hI sn[ nmk dIAW phwVIAW dw ielwkw sukrc`kIAw imsl kol sI[
ijhlm Sihr qy kuMjwh vI iesy imsl dy kbzy hyT sn[ ies ielwky ivc isr& im`Tw itvwxw, Swhpur, JMg, swhIvwl Sihr hI muslmwn hwkmW kol sn[ ijhlm pwr vI kw&I ielwky ivc is`K imslW dw bol bwlw sI[ rwvlipMfI dy ielwky ivc cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw ny Awpxw dbdbw kwiem kIqw hoieAw sI[
huiSAwrpur, rwhoN, Anμdpur, kIrqpur, ropV vI is`K imslW kol hI sn[ ieM\ hI mwlvy ivc PUlkIAW imsl kol mOjUdw pitAwlw, sMgrUr, biTMfw, nwBw, jINd dy ielwky sn[ srhMd (hux srihMd), smwxw, PrIdkot qk is`KW dI hkUmq sI[ ieM\ hI phwV dy pYrW qoN jmnw dirAw qk dw ielwkw, sFOrw, kurUkSyqr, AMbwlw, Swhbwd, jgwDrI, bUVIAw, kYQl, nwrwiexgVH vI is`KW kol sn[ Xwin ies zon ivc bWgr dyS, mwlvw-jMgl dys, duAwbw, mwJw-irAwVkI, phwV qk is`KW dI hkUmq kwiem ho cukI sI[ ivckwr twvyN-twvyN ielwky (ksUr, mlyrkotlw, rweykot vZYrw) hI muslmwn hwkmW kol sn[
hux is`K pMjwb ivc ieko-iek hwkm sn Aqy koeI aunHW ƒ cYlMj krn jogw nhIN sI[ ienHW idnW ivc hI AMgryz jnrl jnrl bwrkr ny vI lwhOr dy hwkm JMfw isMG iek ^q iliKAw, ijs ivc is`KW ƒ pMjwb dy hwkm mMn ilAw igAw sI[ is`KW nUM ieho ijhy ^q qy pySkSW keI vwr hoeIAW pr aunHW ny ienHW ^qW nUM gOilAw vI nw ikauN ik auh qW gurU dw Awsrw lY ky is`K homlYNf dI AwzwdI vwsqy jUJ rhy sn[ ies vyly 70 hzwr qoN vD is`K &OjW mulk dI AwzwdI vwsqy lV rhIAW sn[ 1834 ivc CpI AYc. tI. ipRMsYp (ikqwb Eirijn Aw& is`K pwvr ien pMjwb, s&y 29-32) muqwibk v`K-v`K imslW dIAW &OjW dI igxqI ieM\ sI: inSwnvwlIAw swFy 12 hzwr, kroVisMGIAw 12 hzwr, BMgI 10 hzwr, knHeIAw 8 hzwr, flyvwlIAw swFy 7 hzwr, rwmgVHIAw 3 hzwr, AwhlUvwlIAw 3 hzwr, &YzlwpurIAw FweI hzwr, sukrckIAw FweI hzwr, n`keI 2 hzwr, ShIdW/inhMg 2 hzwr[ ienHW qoN ielwvw &UlkIAW irAwsq kol vI 5 hzwr &Oj sI[ ieh igxqI BwvyN sO &I sdI TIk nw vI hovy pr audoN dIAW is`K &OjW dI igxqI ivc ies qoN 10-20% qoN vD &rk nhIN ho skdw[ (ipRMsp iesy ikqwb dy s&w 147 ’qy, 1834 ivc rxjIq isMG dI &Oj dI igxqI 82014 dsdw hY, jo ik qkrIbn TIk hY; so is`K imslW dIAW &OjW dI igxqI bwry AMdwzy vI kw&I h`d qk shI hI hoxgy)[
BwvyN rwjDwnI lwhOr ’qy kbzy dw mqlb hI pMjwb ’qy rwj krnw mMinAw jWdw sI, pr is`KW ny pMjwb ivc 1750 qoN hI kuJ kU ielwikAW ivc hwkmW vWg hukm qy &urmwn jwrI krny SurU kr id`qy sn[ lwhOr qy AMimRqsr izilHAW ivc p`tI, kwCw-kwnHw, srW Amwnq ^wn dy ielwikAW ivc jY isMG kn`eIAw Aqy ibAws qy rwvI ivckwr, irAwVkI dy ielwky ivc, hkUmq isMG v`loN 1750 ivc &urmwn jwrI kIqy jwx bwry izkr imldw hY[ j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ny 1753 ivc &qihbwd (goieMdvwl qy nOrMgwbwd ivckwr) iklHy ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI, ijhVw Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dy hmly dy idnW qoN isvw hmySw AwhlUvwlIAw imsl kol hI irhw sI[ ieM\ hI eymnwbwd qy p`tI ivc vI 1754 qoN mgroN, AmlI qOr ’qy, is`KW dI hI hkUmq rhI sI[
1770 qk qW is`KW dI hkUmq bhuq v`fy ielwky ’qy kwiem ho cu`kI sI[ ies ivc dirAw ijhlm qoN krnwl Aqy hWsI qk dw ielwkw Aw jWdw sI[ isMD swgr doAwb ivc imlKw isMG QyhpurIAw dI hkUmq sI[ kuJ icr qW id`lI vI is`KW dy kbzy hyT rhI sI[ AwhlUvwlIAw imsl, kpUrQlw Aqy mwJy (srhwlI, jMifAwlw, vYrovwl) ’qy kwbz sI[ BMgIAW kol lwhOr, isAwlkot, gujrwq, qrn qwrn, mulqwn qy AMimRqsr dw kuJ ielwkw sI[ jlMDr bu`D isMG kol sI[ rwmgVHIAw imsl dI hkUmq kwdIAW, btwlw, hirgoibMdpur, imAwxI Aqy tWfw ’qy sI[ isMGpurIAw imsl bnUV, mnOlI, BrqgVH ’qy rwj krdI sI[ knHeIAw imsl kol btwlw dw prgnw sI[ ShIdW imsl dy kbzy hyT AMbwlw qy shwrnpur dw kuJ ielwkw sI[ n`keIAW kol dirAw sqluj qy lwhOr ivclw ielwkw sI[ f`lyvwlIAw imsl dI hkUmq rwhoN, nvW Sihr Aqy i&lOr ’qy sI[ kroVisMGIAw imsl dw rwj huiSAwrpur, hirAwxw Aqy bjvwVw ’qy sI[ ies qoN ielwvw pitAwlw, nwBw, jINd, srhMd (hux srihMd), jo dl Kwlsw ny ijq ky pitAwlw rwjw ƒ id`qw sI, Aqy kYQl, bUVIAw qy jINd dy rwjy vI is`K hI sn[ is`KW ny swry pwsy Awpxy &Ojdwr, Qwxydwr, dIvwn, kwrdwr, j`j qy dUjy Ahudydwr lw id`qy sn (auN\ ienHW iv`coN vDyry ihMdU sn)[
Xwin jmnw qoN ijhlm qk dw qkrIbn swrw ielwkw hI Akwl q^q swihb dI isrdwrI hyT is`K imslW kol sI[ imslW srb`q Kwlsw dy nW hyT hkUmq krdIAW sn[ Kwlsw jI dw hr pwsy bolbwlw sI[
gurU dy rwh qoN Btkx dI SurUAwq
pr…eyQoN hI gurU dw d`sy rwh qoN Btkx dI dwsqW SurU ho geI sI[ sB qoN pihlW qW imslW Awps ivc lVn lg peIAW[ AwhlUvwlIey, rwmgVHIey, sukrc`kIey, knHeIey iek dUjy qoN ielwky Kohx vwsqy Awps ivc keI vwr lVy[ eynw hI nhIN keI vwr is`K imslW ZYr-is`KW nwl rl ky vI is`KW ’qy cVH AweIAW, ijvyN bGyl isMG-muZl sWJ, j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw dI kWgVy dy rwjy nwl sWJ vZYrw[
Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dI mOq ip`CoN A&Zwn AYkSn: qImUr dw mulqwn ’qy kbzw hoxw
BMgI imsl is`K imslw ivcoN sB qoN vD qwkqvr sI[ aunHW dy kbzy hyT lwhOr, AMimRqsr, gujrwq Aqy hor bhuq swry ielwky sn[ 1780 qk qW mulqwn vI aunHW dy kbzy hyT sI[ pihlW qImUr ny aunHW qoN mulqwn Koh ilAw[ iPr kudrq ny aunHW dy muKI AwgU iek-iek kr ky Koh ley[ hrI isMG (mOq 1763) dy cwry pu`qr JMfw isMG (1774), gMfw isMG (1776), cVHq isMG (1777) qy dysU isMG (1779) QoVHy-QoVHy vk&y nwl cVHweI kr gey[ aunHW mgroN aunHW dIAW ivDvwvW, b`cy qy hor kmzor vwirs hI bcy ijhVy AwpxI qwkq kwiem nw r~K sky[ aunHW ivcoN bhuqy vwirs cMgy hwkm vI swibq nw hoey Aqy aunHW ny lok Awvwz nUM Awpxy i^lw& kr ilAw[
mulqwn ’qy BMgI imsl dw kbzw sI[ qImUr nUM ^br imlI ik auh hux is`K fyrw iesmweIl ^wn Aqy fyrw ZwzI ^wn ’qy vI kbzw krn dIAW iqAwrIAW kr rhy hn[ ieh qImUr vwsqy bVw v`fw cYlMj sI[ aus ny mulqwn ’qy hmlw krn dI iqAwrI kr leI[ pr TIk aunHW idnW ivc hI kwzI &Yzu`lw ny aus dyy i^lw& bZwvq dI iqAwrI kr leI[ &Yz`ulw ny &Oj iek`TI krnI SurU kr id`qI[ aus ny ieh AYlwx kIqw ik auh ies &Oj nUM is`KW dy i^lw& vrqx vwsqy iqAwr kr irhw hY[ pr qImUr nUM pqw lg igAw ik ieh &Oj aus nUM ^qm krn vwsqy iqAwr kIqI jw rhI hY[ ies ’qy aus ny &Yz`ulw nUM aus dy Cy hzwr swQIAW sxy kql krvw id`qw[
ies qo bwAd qImUr ny 18 hzwr XUs&zeI, du`rwnI, kwizlbwSI qy muZl ispwhIAW nUM jMgI ^wn dI AgvweI hyT mulqwn ’qy kbzw krn vwsqy Byj id`qw[ aunHW nUM ieh hdwieq sI ik auh eynw ^u&IAw qrIky nwl jwx ik is`KW nUM aunHW dI zrw vI sUh nw iml sky[ ies kr ky &Oj ny eyQoN qk kIqw ik rsqy ivcoN lMGx vwly muswi&rW qk nUM A`gy nw inklx id`qw qW jo ikqy aunHW rwhIN hI kwbl dI &Oj dy mulqwn v`l jwx dw pqw nw inkl sky[ A&ZwnW dI ieh skIm bVI kwmXwb rhI[ mulqwn dy kol phuMc ky aunHW ny pihlw pVwA kIqw Aqy AglI svyr hox qoN pihlW hI mulqwn nUM Gyr ilAw[ ies Acwxk hmly kwrn is`K pUrI qrHW sMBl nw sky[ ies dy bwvjUd is`K ft ky lVy[ bhuq swry is`K mwry gey qy bwkI dy mulqwn qoN B`j gey[ kuJ is`K dirAw ivc Fu`b ky vI mr gey[ mwry gey is`KW dI igxqI hkIkq ibnw dw lyKk (ijs bwry S`k kIqw jWdw hY ik auh lyKk qImUr Awp sI) 700 dsdw hY (s&w 40)[ pr qwrI^y AihmdSwhI dw lyKk 3 hzwr is`KW dy mrn Aqy 2 hzwr dy fu`bx dI igxqI dsdw hY (qwrI^y AihmdSwhI, s&w 21) jo vDw cVHw ky pyS kIqI jwpdI hY[
qImUr dI mOq 20 meI 1793 dy idn ho geI[ aus dI QW ’qy aus dw 23 swlw pu`qr zmwn Swh kwbl dw rwjw cuixAw igAw[ aus dw pihlw hmlw dsMbr 1793 ivc SurU hoieAw[ 15 dsMbr 1793 nUM cl ky auh hsn Abdwl, rwvlipMfI, rohqws, Swh dOlw (gujrwq), gujrWvwlw, AYmnwbwd qoN huMdw hoieAw lwhOr pu`jw Aqy ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus dy Awaux dI ^br imlx ’qy is`K iPr lwhOr nUM C`f gey Aqy jwlMDr doAwb Aqy phwVW nUM inkl gey[ auh lwhOr itk igAw Aqy aus ny lwhOr dy iklHy dI murMMmq krvweI[ Ajy aus nUM lwhOr ivc QoVHw smW hI hoieAw sI ik aus nUM Swh mihmUd dI bZwvq dIAW ^brW imlIAW[ ies hwlq ivc Swh zmwn nUM mjbUrn ip`Cy muVnw pY igAw[ jwx qoN pihlW auh Aihmd ^wn SwhcIN nUM p`CmI pMjwb Aqy hsn ^wn kwizlbwSI nUM doAwbw dw cwrj sONp id`qw[ qImUr dy kwbl v`l jwx mgroN is`K iek dm iPr vwips Aw gey qy aunHW ny A&ZwnW nUM QwinAW qoN duVHw id`qw qy Awp kbzy kr ley[ is`KW dI iek lVweI SwhcIN nwl vI hoeI ijs ivc auh Awpxy do hzwr A&Zwn ispwhIAW sxy mwirAw igAw[ (&w`rn ifpwrtmYNt, polItIkl knsltySnz, 9 jUn 1797, nMbr 70)[
Swh mihmUd nUM hrw ky duVHwaux mgroN Swh zmwn Pyr pMjwb nUM (cOQI qy Aw^rI vwr) muV ipAw[ ieh g`l sqMbr 1798 dI hY[ aus ny lwhOr pu`j ky iklHy ’qy muV kbzw kr ilAw[ hux iPr aus nUM Swh mihmUd dy prSIAw dy bwdSwh dI mdd nwl kwbl ’qy hmlw krn dIAW soAW imlIAW[ auh iPr iek dm ip`Cy muV ipAw[ ies vwr dohW iDrW ivc zbrdsq lVweI hoeI ijs ivc auh Swh mihmUd koloN hwr igAw[ Swh mihmUd ny aus nUM igR&qwr kr ky AMinHAW kr id`qw qy ies dy nwl hI aus dI bwdSwhq dw ^wqmw ho igAw[
Swh zmwn ny vI BwvyN pMjwb vl keI vwr (15 dsMbr 1793, 3 nvMbr 1795, 12 AkqUbr 1796 Aqy sqMbr 1798) hmlw krn dIAW hrkqW kIqIAW pr auh ivcwrw kwmXwb nw ho sikAw[ aus dI nwkwmXwbI dy do muK kwrn sn: kwbl dy q^q vwsqy aus dy i^lw& bZwvqW Aqy is`KW nwl v`fI t`kr lYx qoN frnw (ikauN ik auh jwxdw sI ik hux is`K aus dy brwbr dI qwkq sn)[ aus dI mOq mgroN pMjwb dys, is`K homlYNf, dy Asl hwkm isr& qy isr& is`K hI sn[
qIjy hmly dOrwn Swh zmwn 1 jnvrI 1797 dy idn lwhOr pu`jw[ ies vyly is`K lwhOr C`f ky jw culy sn; aus ny is`KW dI Bwl ivc iek v`fw j`Qw AMimRqsr ByijAw, ijhVw 11 jnvrI dy idn qVkswr hI auQy pu`j igAw[ BwvyN aus vyly igxqI dy is`K auQy hwzr sn pr aunHW ny A&Zwn &OjW nUM burI qrHW iSksq id`qI; A&Zwn hwr ky qyzI nwl lwhOr nUM B`j tury[ auh rwq qoN pihlW hI lwhOr pu`j gey[ jd Swh zmwn nUM ies hwr dw pqw lgw qW auh Aglw idn cVHn qoN pihlW hI swrI 50 hzwr &Oj lY ky AMimRqsr nUM cl ipAw[ hux qk bwkI is`K &OjW nUM vI ies Dwvy dI ^br iml cukI sI qy auh vI AMimRqsr nUM cl pey sn[ 12 jnvrI dy idn dohW iDrW ivc zbrdsq jMg hoeI[ is`K &OjIAW ny qh`eIAw kIqw hoieAw sI ik ies vwr Swh zmwn nUM mzw cKw hI dyxw cwhIdw hY so auh jIA jwn nwl duSmx dIAW &OjW ‘qy jw pey[ isr& svw pihr (cwr GMty) ivc hI 20 hzwr A&Zwn &OjW mr cukIAW sn[ AwpxI &Oj dw ieM\ burw hSr huMdw vyK ky Swh zmwn ny &Oj nUM B`jx dw hukm dy id`qw[ is`KW ny aunHW dw 20 mIl qk ip`Cw kIqw Aqy hor sYNkVy A&Zwn &OjI mwr id`qy[
is`K imslW
1. BMgI imsl
1765 qoN 1799 qk lwhOr ’qy hkUmq krn vwlI BMgI imsl Awpxy vyly dI sB qoN v`fI imsl mMnI jWdI sI[ ies dy iek muKI gurbKS isMG dy pwilq p`uqr lihxw isMG Aqy dohqy gu`jr isMG ny 1765 ’c lwhOr qy kbzw kIqw sI[ (pr mgroN aus dy vwirs cyq isMG qy mohr isMG is`KI rsqy qoN Btk gey Aqy Awm lokW nwl D`ky-SwhI krn l`g pey[ ijs kwrn SihrIAW dy kuJ nuMmwieMdy rxjIq isMG ƒ lY Awey ijs ny 7 julweI 1799 dy idn lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ ies dw izkr A`gy Awvygw)[
BMgI imsl dw moFI AMimRqsr izly dy ipMf pMjvV dw BweI C`jU/C`jw isMG sI[ aus ny gurU goibMd isMG swihb qoN KMfy dI pwhul leI sI[ aus ny cMdw isMG nwl rl ky jMgW vI lVIAW sn[ aus dy dUjy swQI sn: BImw isMG, n`Qw isMG qy jgq isMG[ mohn isMG qy gulwb isMG (ipMf DONsw, AMimRqsr), kroVw isMG (cOpwl), gurb^S isMG sMDU (roVWvwlw), Agr isMG (KMGUVw) qy swvn isMG rMDwvw[
C`jw isMG dy mrn ipCoN BImw isMG ny kmwn sMBwlI[ aus ip`CoN aus dw muqbMnw p`uqr hrI isMG iF`loN ies imsl dw AwgU bixAw[ hrI isMG dw muK fyrw (hY~fkuAwrtrz) iglvwlI ipMf ivc sI[ mgroN auh AMimRqsr ivc rihx l`g ipAw sI[ aus dIAW pihlIAW ij`qW sn: isAwlkot, kiVAwl, mIrovwl vZYrw[ aus ny cinEt Aqy JMg ’qy vI hmly kIqy[ aus ny lwhOr qoN iqMn iklomItr dUr kot seIAd ’qy vI hmlw kIqw[ ieh auh iklHw sI ijs ivc lwhOr dy A&Zwn sUbydwr Kvwjw AbYd ny Asly dw stwk r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ hrI isMG BMgI nUM srdwr jhwn ^wn dI bxweI qop (mgroN BMgIAW vwlI qop) ie`QoN hI imlI sI[ aus ny bhwvlpur dw Awlw duAwlw vI ij`q ilAw[ aus ny sWdlbwr dw kihlvwV iklHw vI ij`q ilAw pr iek l`K rupY swlwnw dw nzrwnw dyx dI sUrq ivc ies dy pihly mwlkW nUM moV id`qw[ aus dy swQIAW ny rwvlipMfI vI ij`q leI[ aus ny 12 hzwr dI &oj nwl jMmU ’qy hmlw kr ky ie`QoN dy rwjy rxjIq dyv nUM vI Awpxy hyT ilAw ky nzrwnw vsUilAw[ hrI isMG dI mOq pitAwlw ’qy hmly dOrwn golI l`gx nwl hoeI[
hrI isMG dy do pqnIAW qoN pMj pu`qr sn: JMfw isMG, gMfw isMG, dysU isMG, dIvwn isMG qy cVHq isMG[ 1763 ivc hrI isMG dI mOq mgroN JMfw isMG imsl dw jQydwr bixAw[ imsl dI vwgfor sMBwlx qoN QoVHw icr ipCoN hI aus ny mulqwn ij`q ilAw Aqy Awpxy Brw gMfw isMG ƒ sONp id`qw[ JMfw isMG ny jMmU dy rwjy ƒ vI hrwieAw qy aus qoN Krwj vsUilAw[ kmWf sMBwlx qoN mgroN aus ny fyrw iesmweIl ^wn qy pwkptn ƒ vI AwpxI isrdwrI hyT lY AWdw[ 1767 ivc aus ny AMimRqsr dI mOjUdw lUx mMfI ivc iek iklHw bxwieAw ijs nUM BMgIAW dw iklHw ikhw jwdw sI[
1772 ivc aus ny Brqpur ’qy kbzw kr ky gurb^S isMG ƒ ies dw &Ojdwr bxw idqw[ 25 dsMbr 1772 dy idn aus ny A&Zwn hwkm qYmUr dIAW &ojW nUM mulqwn ivc hwr id`qI qy ies irAwsq ’qy kbzw kr ky gMfw isMG qy lihxw isMG nwl brwbr dw vMf ilAw[ 1773 ivc JMfw isMG ny j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw nwl iml ky ksUr ’qy hmlw kIqw[ mulqwn qoN muVidAW aus ny blocW qoN eIn mnvweI Aqy JMg, mnkyrw Aqy kwlw bwZ nUM vI ij`q ilAw[ JMfw isMG ny rwmngr ’qy hmlw kr ky c`iTAW qoN zmzmw qop vI Koh leI[ iqMn mhIny dI lMbI jMg ip`CoN aus ny ksUr ƒ ij`q ilAw[ pr ies ij`q qoN iqMn mhIny dy AMdr hI iek idn iSkwr Kyfx igAW nUM aus dy mu^wil&W (bhuqy cVHq isMG nUM hI kwql mnUdy hn) ny aus dw kql krvw idqw[ JMfw isMG vyly ies imsl dI Awmdn iek kroV rupoY swlwnw sI[
JMfw isMG dI mOq mgroN BMgI imsl dI kmWf gMfw isMG ny sMBwlI[ ienHW idnW ivc BMgIAW Aqy knHeIAw imsl ivckwr ielwky m`lx dI GrylU jMg vI iCV peI[ ies islisly ivc 1776 ivc hoeI iek lMbI lVweI ivc gMfw isMG mwirAw igAw[
gMfw isMG qoN mgroN aus dy iek hor Brw cVHq isMG ny imsl dI vwg for sMBwlI[ auh SukrckIAw imsl dy muKI mhW isMG (ipqw rxjIq isMG) nwl 1777 ivc hoeI iek lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw[ hux cOQw Brw dysU isMG imsl dw muKI bixAw[ dysU isMG iek kmzor bMdw sI[ auh Awpxy ielwikAW ’qy vI Awpxw kbzw kwiem nw rK sikAw[ 1779 ivc hoeI iek lVweI ’c auh vI mwirAw igAw[ aus qoN mgroN imsl dI jQydwrI krm isMG ny sMBwlI[ 1792 ivc krm isMG vI mhW isMG SukrckIAw nwl iek lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw[ krm isMG mgroN aus dy pu`qr j`sw isMG dI vwrI AweI[ pr ienIN idnIN hI gulwb isMG (pu`qr dysU isMG) vI AMimRqsr phuMc igAw Aqy imsl dw muKI bx bYTw[ julweI 1799 ivc lwhOr ’qy ies dw hI kbzw sI, jdoN rxjIq isMG ny Sihr ƒ ies qoN Koh ilAw[ gulwb isMG, rxjIq isMG dy iKlw& &Oj lY ky AwieAw, pr jMg krn qoN pihlW hI izAwdw Srwb pIx kwrn aus dI mOq ho geI[ gulwb isMG qoN mgroN aus dy nwbwlg pu`qr ny imsl dI kmWf sMBwlI[ 1804 ivc (iek somy muqwibk 24 &rvrI 1805 nUM) rxjIq isMG ny aus qoN AMimRqsr vI Koh ilAw Aqy aus ƒ qy aus dI mW su`KW nUM kuJ jwgIr dy ky Gr ibTw idqw[
BMgI imsl dI iek Sw^ bUVIAw Aqy jgwDrI ivc vI kwbz rhI sI[ AMimRqsr izlHy dy ipMf cOmk dy lKmIr isMG dy cwr pu`qr sn: bwG isMG, bwz isMG, rwey isMG qy prjw isMG[ ienHW ivcoN prjw isMG ƒ durwnI kYdI bxw ky lY igAw sI[ ies ny jwn bcwaux vwsqy muslmwn bxnw mnzUr kr ilAw sI[ BwvyN ieh Gr muV AwieAw pr ieh irhw muslmwn hI[ bwkI dy iqMny BrwvW ny JMfw isMG vyly pwhul lY leI qy aus dy j`Qy ivc Swiml ho gey[ ienHW nwl JvwlmMdW ipMf dw nwnU isMG vI rl igAw Aqy ienHW ny iml ky bUVIAw Aqy jgwDrI Aqy ies dy Awly duAwly dy 204 ipMfW qy kbzw kr ky AwpxI irAwsq kwiem kIqI[
BMgIAW kol i&rozpur dy nyVy KweI Pymy kI, vW, bzIdpur Aqy Awly duAwly dy 37 ipMfW dw ielwkw vI sI[ ieh ielwkw jY isMG (GVIAw ipMf) dy kbzy ivc sI[ ieM\ hI gu`jr isMG, aus dy Brw nsbwhw isMG qy do BqIijAW gurb^S isMG Aqy mlqwn isMG ny i&rozpur ’qy vI kbzw kIqw hoieAw sI[
BMgI imsl dy JMfw isMG ny c`iTAW koloN zmzmw qop KohI sI[ ijs ƒ mgroN BMgIAW dI qop vjoN jwixAw jwx l`g ipAw[ ieh aus zmwny dIAW sB qoN v`fIAW qopW iv`coN iek sI qy ies qop dw crcw hr pwsy sI[ (A`j klH ieh qop lwhOr ivc peI hoeI hY)[ iesy imsl dI iek hor SwK gujrwq ivc vI sI[ ijs dw muKI swihb isMG sI (jo rxjIq isMG dw Pu`PV sI)[ 1814 ivc swihb isMG dI mOq mgroN rxjIq isMG ny ies ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny swihb isMG dIAW iqMn ivcoN do (AwpxI BUAw nUM C`f ky) pqnIAW nwl ivAwh vI kr ilAw sI[
2. AwhlUvwlIAw imsl
s. j`sw isMG (pu`qr BweI bdr isMG qy poqrw BweI gopwl) ies imsl dw moFI sI[ (kuJ lyKk AwhlU ipMf dy s`dw isMG nUM ies imsl dw moFI mMndy hn[ AwhlU ipMf pwiksqwn dy izlHw lwhOr ivc lwhOr Sihr qoN 25 iklomItr, kwhnw ipMf qoN 5 iklomItr qy guru mWgt qoN qkrIbn do iklomItr dUr hY)[ j`sw isMG ny AwpxI aumr dy muFly kuJ swl mwqw suMdr kOr dI ih&wzq ivc id`lI ivc ibqwey sn[ mgroN 1729 ivc nvwb kpUr isMG aus ƒ Awpxy nwl lY AwieAw sI[ rqn isMG BMgU muqwibk mwqw suMdr kOr iek vwr AMimRqsr AweI sI qy auh j`sw isMG nUM Awp kpUr isMG nUM sONp geI sI[ ies mOky ‘qy mwqw ny drbwr swihb ivc kIrqn vI kIqw sI qy auh vI, iek nhIN, keI vwr kIqw sI[ (rqn isMG BMgU, 1939 dI AYfISn, s&w 204)[ (2003 ivc drbwr swihb ivc bIbIAW dy kIrqn rokx vwly, bRwhmxvwdI soc vwly, cODrIAW ny nw qW kdy is`K qvwrI^ pVHI hY qy nw hI is`K i&lws&I)[
iek irvwieq muqwibk j`sw isMG dw mwmw bwG isMG aus nUM id`lI qoN lY AwieAw sI[ audoN j`sw isMG dI aumr 7 swl sI[ iek vwr (nvwb) kpUr isMG bwG isMG nUM imlx igAw[ ies mOky ’qy kpUr isMG ny bwG isMG nUM ikhw ik auh j`sw isMG nUM aus dI sONpxw ivc dy dyvy[ ies vyly j`sw isMG dI aumr 13 swl dI sI[ kpUr isMG ny j`sw isMG nUM Awpxy pu`qr vWg pwilAw[
kuJ swlW mgroN j`sw isMG ny Awpxw vKrw j`Qw bxw ilAw qy muZlW dy i^lw& jMg ivc vD-cVH ky ih`sw lYx lg ipAw[ 1739 ivc nwdr Swh ny pMjwb ’qy hmlw kIqw[ ies mOky ’qy j`sw isMG ny gurIlw lVweIAW rwhIN aus nUM cYn nw lYx id`qw[ nwdr Swh dy jwx mgroN j`sw isMG ny rwvI dirAw dy kMFy f`lyvwl ivc iek iklHw bxieAw[ 1743 ivc aus ny eymnwbwd qoN lwhOr jWdy SwhI ^zwny nUM lu`t ky GoVy qy hiQAwrW dw BMfwr jmHw kr ilAw[ 29 mwrc 1748 nUM jd swry is`K j`iQAW nUM dl Kwlsw nW hyT 11 imslW ivc jQybMd kIqw igAw qW aus nUM AwhlUvwlIAw imsl dw muKI bxwieAw igAw[ 1753 ivc is`K &OjW (dl Kwlsw) dy jQydwr nvwb kpUr isMG dI mOq mgroN j`sw isMG 30 swl (1753 qoN 1783 qk) dl Kwlsw dw muKI irhw sI[
ies imsl ny sB qoN pihlw kbzw &qihbwd ’qy 1755 ivc kIqw ijs nUM ies ny 1758 ivc imsl dw hYfkuAwrtr bxwieAw[ 1757 ivc aus ny jlMDr dy A&Zwn hwkm nUM hrwieAw[ 1758 ivc ies ny lwhOr ’qy pihlI vwrI kbzw kIqw sI (mgroN ieh AYkSn 1761 ivc vI duhrwieAw igAw sI)[
1759 ivc aus ny kWgVy dy rwjy nUM hrw ky nzrwnw lYxw SurU kIqw[ 1763 ivc nwlwgVH qy iblwspur ny vI aus nUM nzrwnw dyxw SurU kIqw[ ies qoN CyqI mgroN hI aus ny jlwlpur, goieMdvwl, buqwlw, qrnqwrn, qy KfUr vI ij`q ley[ ies qoN bwAd aus ny nfwlw, imAwxI, bygovwl vI ij`qy[ aus ny 1771 ivc rweykot vI ij`q ilAw[ 1772 ivc ies ny kpUrQlw vI ij`q ilAw qy 1780 ivc aus ny ies Sihr nUM imsl
dw hYfkuAwrtr bxw ilAw[ sulqwnpur vI aus dy kbzy ivc sI[ j`sw isMG ny PgvwVw qy tWfw auVmuV dy hwkmW qoN vI nzrwnw ilAw[ aus ny sqluj pwr kr ky eIsVU qy kot eIsw ^wn vI ij`q ley[ j`sw isMG ny 1761 ivc lwhOr ’qy kbzw kIqw pr auh auQy TihirAw nhIN sI[ 5 &rvrI 1762 dy ku`p rhIV dy (v`fy) G`lUGwry ivc aus ny kOm nUM Swndwr AgvweI id`qI[ ies idn aus nUM 22 z^m l`gy[ 1764 ivc srhMd dy zYn ^wn nUM hrwaux vyly vI aus ny AgvweI kIqI sI[ ksUr ’qy hmly ivc vI auh Swiml sI[ aus dI izMdgI dw Aw^rI Aihm AYkSn 11 mwrc 1783 dy idn id`lI dy lwl iklHy ’qy guru goibMd isMG jI dw nIlw inSwn swihb Julwauxw sI[
22 AkqUbr 1783 dy idn j`sw isMG dI mOq ho geI[ aus dIAW do DIAW sn qy pu`qr koeI nhIN sI, ies kr ky aus qoN mgroN aus dw BqIjw Bwg isMG (1735-1801) ies imsl dw muKI bixAw[
Bwg isMG ny j`sw isMG dy rwj ivc koeI vwDw nhIN kIqw[ aus dw sB qoN v`fw nukswn j`sw isMG dy lwey dIvwn bUVHw m`l ny kIqw, ijs ny do vwr bZwvq vI kIqI[ ieM\ hI aus dw JgVw rwmgVHIAw qy hor imslW nwl cldw rihMdw sI[
1801 ivc Bwg isMG dI mOq ho geI qy aus qoN bwAd &qih isMG (1789-1837) ies imsl dw muKI bixAw[ &qih isMG Aqy (mhwrwjw) rxjIq isMG Awps ivc dosqW vWg rihMdy rhy sn[ 1802 ivc &qih isMG ny rxjIq isMG dy kTUAw, nOSihrw Aqy mgroN 1803 ivc sujwnpur qy 1804 ivc ksUr ’qy hmly ivc aus dw swQ idqw sI[ 1804 ivc jd rxjIq isMG ny AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw kIqw qW vI &qih isMG aus dy nwl sI[ 1807 ivc aus ny rxjIq isMG v`loN JMg Aqy isAwlkot ’qy hmly ivc pUrw swQ id`qw[ 1809 ivc aus ny rxjIq isMG nwl iml ky kWgVw ’qy hmlw kIqw[ 1811 ivc aus ny buD isMG qoN jlMDr Kohx ivc rxjIq isMG dw swQ id`qw[ iesy swl aus ny rxjIq isMG dI mMfI, ku`lU qy 1813 ivc hzwrw dI muihMm ivc vI swQ id`qw[ 1818-19 ivc rxjIq isMG dI mulqwn muihMm ivc vI auh Swiml sI[ jd rxjIq isMG ny 1818 ivc kWgVw qy dobwrw hmlw kIqw qW vI &qih isMG aus dy nwl sI[ 1819 ivc kSmIr muihMm ivc vI aus ny rxjIq isMG dw pUrw swQ idqw[ rxjIq isMG ny ies swry bdly &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ƒ sqluj pwrly dwKw Aqy qlvMfI dy ielwky dy idqy[
1825 ivc aus dy vzIr kwdr b^S ny aus ivc qy rxjIq isMG ivc Axbx krvw id`qI[ (Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 28)[ ies ’qy 27 dsMbr 1825 nUM &qih isMG sqluj dirAw pwr kr ky Awpxy dUjy ielwky vl clw igAw (sqluj pwr aus kol 454 ipMf sn)[ aus dy ip`CoN rxjIq isMG ny aus dy ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ 1827 ivc rxjIq isMG ny aus ƒ s`cI dosqI dw XkIn idvwieAw qy vwips bulw ilAw[ 20 AkqUbr 1837 dy idn aus dI mOq ho geI[
aus mgroN aus dw pu`qr inhwl isMG (10.3.1817- 13.9.1852) muKI bixAw[ inhwl isMG dw Awpxy Brw Amr isMG nwl g`dI dw JgVw kuJ icr cldw irhw jo iek vwr vkqI qOr ’qy h`l qW ho igAw pr aus nUM suK dw swh Amr isMG dI Acwxk hoeI mOq mgroN hI AwieAw[ inhwl isMG iek kmzor rwjw sI (gir&n, s&w 503)[ aus dy b`cy A`XwSI ivc pY ky qbwh ho gey[ (^ws kr ky aus dI DI goibMd kOr ny qW bdie^lwkI dI h`d hI pwr kr id`qI qy iek ispwhI nwl B`j geI qy A^Ir bVI burI mOqy mrI)[ inhwl isMG ny AMgryzW qy lwhOr srkwr dI pihlI lVweI (dsMbr 1845- &rvrI 1846) ivc AMgrzW dy i^lw& ih`sw ilAw[ pr dUjI lVweI (1848-49) ivc auh AMgryzW dy nwl sI[ (AlI-aud-dIn mu&qI, ijld pihlI, s&y 499-500)[
1852 ivc inhwl isMG dI mOq qoN bwd rxDIr isMG (mwrc 1831-2.4.1870) kpUrQlw dw rwjw bixAw[ 1857 dy Zdr ivc aus ny AMgryzW dw swQ id`qw[ AMgryzW ny ies bdly aus nUM ‘&rzMd idlbMd’ dw i^qwb id`qw[ ies mgroN vI auh AMgryzW dw pUrw v&wdwr irhw[ 17 AkqUbr 1864 dy idn aus nUM ‘stwr Aw& ieMfIAw’ dw i^qwb imilAw[ mwrc 1870 ivc auh ieMglYNf jwx vwsqy bMbeI qoN jhwz ivc rvwnw hoieAw[ rwh ivc Adn ivc aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus dI mOq mgroN 20 swl dy KVk isMG (1850-5.9.1877) ny hkUmq sMBwlI[ aus ny s`q swl hkUmq kIqI[ 1877 ivc jgqjIq isMG (17.11. 1872-19.6.1949) rwjw bixAw[ aus ny 1948 ivc pYpsU dI kwiemI mgroN hkUmq guAw leI[ ies pirvwr dy kuMvr ibkrm isMG (ijs dy nW ‘qy jlMDr ivc muh`lw ibkrm purw bixAw hoieAw hY) ny isMG sBw lihr ivc bVw v`fw rol Adw kIqw sI[
ies imsl dI iek SwK jgrwEN Aqy mOjUdw hirAwxw dy bVog, PqihgVH qy nwrwiexgVH ’qy vI kwbz sI[ do lK swlwnw dI Awmdn vwly ies ielwky ivcoN j`sw isMG ny imrjw isMG sulqwnivMf ƒ &qihgVH, hkUmq isMG ƒ BVog Aqy dsONdw isMG ƒ nrYxgVH sONp idqw hoieAw sI[
3 rwmgVHIAw imsl
rwmgVHIAw imsl dw mu`F sW|nw ipMf (AMimRqsr) dy nMd isMG sM|wnIAw (jo ik sW|nIAw ipMf dw rihx vwlw sI) qoN b`Jdw hY[ Aihmd Swh btwlIAw qy sohn lwl sUrI ies dw moFI gu`gw ipMf (AMimRqsr) dy ^uShwl isMG nUM mMndy hn[ (Aihmd Swh, AMqkw, sohn lwl, ijld pihlI, s&w 18)[ aus dw sB qoN Aihm swQI eIcoig`l (izlHw lwhOr) dw rihx vwlw j`sw isMG (1718-20.4.1803) sI[ j`sw isMG dy dwdw hrdws isMG (mOq 1715) qy ipqw Bgvwn isMG (mOq 1739) ip`CoN surisMG ipMf (izlHw lwhOr, hux izlHw AMimRqsr) dy rihx vwly sn[(gir&n, s&w 170)[ j`sw isMG AMimRqsr dy iklHy “rwm rOxI” dw ieMcwrj sI ies kr ky ies imsl ƒ, mgroN, rwmgVHIAw imsl ikhw jwx l`g ipAw sI[
j`sw isMG ny pihlIAW ij`qW gurdwspur dy ielwky ivc hwisl kIqIAW sn[ aus ny kWgVy dy ktoc rwjy dy vI gofy luAwey qy aus qoN iKrwj hwisl kIqw[ ies dUn dy in`ky-in`ky keI hoor rwjy vI aus ƒ iKrwj idAw krdy sn[ 1775 ivc jdoN imslW dy AwpsI JgVy SurU ho gey qW dInw ngr dI lVweI ivc knHeIAw, SukrckIAw Aqy AwhlUvwlIAw imsl iek pwsy Aqy rwmgVHIAw Aqy BMgI dUjy pwsy sn[ ies lVweI ivc j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ƒ hwr hoeI sI[ iPr ies ny krm isMG (ShIdW imsl) nwl rl ky hWsI, ihswr, shwrnpur vl AYkSn kIqw Aqy ngr dy AmIrW vzIrW dy ^zwny l`ut ley[ ies ny mwrc 1783 ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, bGyl isMG qy hor is`K jrnYlW nwl iml ky id`lI dy lwl iklHy ’qy nIlw inSwn swihb g`ifAw sI[
1783 qoN 1785 qk ies ny irAwVkI Aqy jlMDr-doAwb dw kw&I ielwkw Awpxy kbzy ivc kr ilAw[ btwlw, klwnOr, dsUhw, qlvwVw, imAwxI, bygovwl vZYrw dw 7 l`K dw ielwkw ies ivc Swiml sI[ phwVI rwijAW ivcoN hrIpur, jsvwn, nUrpur, cMbw, mMfI, kWgVw dy rwjy ies ƒ iKrwj dyNdy sn[ aus ny auVmuV tWfw Aqy XwhIAwpur ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny bhuq swry iklHy vI bxwey[ hirgoibMdpur aus dw hYfkuAwrtr sI[ j`sw isMG dy sukrc`kIAW qy AwhlUvwlIAW nwl sbMD cMgy nhIN sn qy auh Awps ivc lVdy rihMdy sn[ aus ny iek vwr cVHq isMG Aqy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nUM vI hrwieAw sI[ sukrc`kIey aus qoN bVy AOKy sn[ 1796 ivc rxjIq isMG qy aus dI s`s sdw kOr ny vI aus dy imAwxI iklHy ’qy hmlw kr ky Gyrw pw ilAw ijhVw hVH Awaux kwrn msW mu`ikAw[ (Aihmd Swh btwlIAw, s&w 20)[
1803 ivc j`sw isMG dI mOq ho geI[ ies dw pu`qr joD isMG isAwxw qy dlyr nhIN sI[ 1811 ivc rxjIq isMG ny aus ƒ QoVHI jhI jwgIr Aqy 11 ipMf dy ky aus dI irAwsq ƒ Awpxy rwj ivc imlw ilAw[ (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 79)[ 23.8.1815 nUM aus dI mOq ho geI[
rwmgVHIAw imsl dy vwirs ibRitS srkwr vyly vI cMgy AhuidAW ’qy rhy sn[ joD isMG dw pu`qr mMgl isMG (1800-1879) AMgryz v`loN sI.AweI.AYs bxwieAw igAw sI[ aus dy iqMn pu`qr sn: Syr isMG, guridq isMG qy sMq isMG[ sMq isMG dw pu`qr irpdumn isMG sI qy aus dw pu`qr suMdr isMG (mOq 7.4.1926) sI, jo drbwr swihb dw srbrwh bxwieAw igAw sI[
4 n`keI imsl
rwvI qy JnW dirAwvW dy ivckwrly ielwky ƒ “n`kw” ikhw jWdw hY[ ies ielwky dw j`Qw hox kr ky ies imsl dw nW n`keI imsl bixAw sI[ mulqwn irAwsq dy bihVvwl ipMf (n`ky dw ielwkw) dw s. hIrw isMG sMDU (pu`qr cODrI hym rwj) ies imsl dy moFI sI[ hIrw isMG (jnm 1706) ny 1731 ivc KMfy dI pwhul leI sI qy audoN qoN hI ies j`Qy dw jQydwr bixAw hoieAw sI[
hIrw isMG ksUr (AprYl 1763) Aqy srhMd (jnvrI 1764) au~qy kIqy hmly ivc Swiml sI[ ies mgroN aus ny bihVvwl, dIpwlpur, cUnIAW, Ku`fIAW, jyTwpur, &rIdwbwd, SyrgVH vgYrw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ lwhOr dy Awly-duAwly Aqy sqluj qy rwvI ivckwr bhuq swrw ielwkw aus dI irAwsq sI[ aus kol 3 hzwr GoVsvwr sn[
1767 ivc pwkptn dI lVweI ivc ies dI mOq ho geI[ aus vyly aus dw pu`qr dl isMG Ajy bhuq Cotw sI ies kr ky aus dw BqIjw nwhr isMG (pu`qr n`Qw isMG) ies imsl dw muKI bixAw[ 1768 ivc kot kmwlIAw dI lVweI ivc aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus mgroN aus dw Brw rx isMG imsl AwgU bixAw[ 1781 ivc auh vI mr igAw[ aus dI QW aus dy pu`qr Bgvwn isMG ny leI[ auh iek kmzor AwgU sI[ CyqI hI aus hyTly kuJ ielwky ’qy vzIr isMG ny kbzw kr ilAw[ 1789 ivc vzIr isMG nwl hoeI iek lVweI ivc Bgvwn isMG dI mOq ho geI[ aus mgroN aus dy Brw igAwn isMG ny imsl dI kmWf sMBwl leI[ igAwn isMG 1807 ivc cVHweI kr igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny aus dy ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy aus dy pu`qr kwhn isMG ƒ 15000 rupY swlwnw dI jwgIr dy idqI[
5 f`lyvwlIAw imsl
ies imsl dw moFI gulwb isMG pu`qr BweI SrDw rwm sI, jo ipMf f`lyvwl (izlHw kpUrQlw) dw sI[ gulwb isMG ny 1726 ivc KMfy dI pwhul leI sI qy ies dy nwl hI auh ^wlsw &Oj dw ih`sw bx igAw sI[ jdoN zkrIAw ^wn Aqy lKpq rwey dy zulm dw dOr cilAw qW auh bVI bhwdrI nwl liVAw[ auh pihlI meI 1746 dy (kwhnUvwn dI CMB) vwly G`lUGwry ivcoN bc ky inkl jwx vwly igxqI dy is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ jd 1748 ivc 11 imslW bxIAW qW aus nUM f`lyvwlIAw imsl dw muKI bxwieAw igAw[ aus ny 1750 ivc isr& fyF sO is`K &OjIAW nwl jlMDr ’qy hmlw kIqw Aqy s`q sO dy krIb mugl ispwhI mwr id`qy[
1750 qoN mgroN aus dy BrwvW hridAwl isMG, guridAwl isMG Aqy jYml isMG ny vI KMfy dI pwhul hwisl kIqI Aqy is`K &Oj dw ih`sw bx gey[ ies imsl ny iek vwr iek SwhI ^jwnw pwrtI ’qy hmlw kIqw Aqy 500 rupY lu`t ley[ gulwb isMG ny auh swrI rkm swry POjIAW ivc brwbr-brwbr vMf id`qI[ aus dI ies kwrvweI ny aus dy swQIAW ivc aus dI ie`zq bhuq vDw id`qI[ gulwb isMG ny idEbMd, muz`&rngr, shwrnpur vZYrw ’qy hmlw kIqw qy ie`QoN dy hwkmW qoN nzrwny vsUl kIqy[ 1757 ivc aus ny rwvlipMfI qy rohqws ivckwr pMj l`K rupY dw
SwhI ^zwnw lu`itAw qy ies nwl hiQAwr qy GoVy ^rIdy[ ies mgroN aus ny hWsI, ihswr, rohqk, pwnIpq ’qy vI hmly kIqy qy bhuq mwl-m`qw hwisl kIqw[
1759 ivc klwnOr dI lVweI ivc auh ShId ho igAw[ aus dy dovyN byty (jYpwl isMG Aqy hridAwl isMG) 1746 dy G`lUGwry dy idnW ivc bsohlI ivc pihloN hI ShId ho cukyy sn[ ies kr ky aus dw Brw guridAwl isMG imsl dw cI& bixAw[ 1760 ivc auh vI cVweI kr igAw[ hux imsl dy &OjIAW ny s. qwrw isMG ZYbw ƒ AwpxI AwgU cux ilAw [ qwrw isMG izlHw kpUrQlw dy ipMf kMg dw rihx vwlw sI[ qwrw isMG ZYbw kol ds hzwr POj sI[ auh bVw qyz jrnYl qy cusqI-PurqI vwlw jvwn sI[ iek somy muqwibk auh lVweIAW dOrwn jUJdw-jUJdw AYkSn kr ky iek dm Zwieb ho jwieAw krdw sI, ies kr ky aus ƒ qwrw isMG “ZYbw” ikhw jWdw sI[
AprYl 1763 ivc jd is`K &OjW ny iek bRwhmx ƒ aus dI bIvI idvwaux vwsqy ksUr ’qy hmlw kIqw qW ies ny kmwl dw rol Adw kIqw[ ies hmly ivc imly ^zwny iv`coN ies imsl ƒ cwr l`K rupY dw ih`sw imilAw[ 14 jnvrI 1764 dI srihMd dI lVHweI ivc vI auh Swiml sI[ qwrw isMG ZYbw jd vI koeI ielwkw ijqdw sI qW auh iksy iek sInIAr &OjI ƒ aus dw nwzm bxw dyNdw sI[ hOlI-hOlI ieh swry ielwky Awzwd irAwsqW bx gey[ qwrw isMG ny gMg-doAwb dy ielwky ivc vI bhuq swry hmilAW ivc ih`sw ilAw[
f`lyvwlIAw irAwsq ivc d`KxI-jhWgIr, mihqpur, nkodr, kot bwdl ^wn, rwhoN, i&lOr, kot seIAd, kYQl, iphovw, lwfvw, ieMdrI, bYrwVw, rwmUvwlw (mogw) vgYrw Swiml sn[ qwrw isMG dIAW iqMn pqnIAW (rwj kOr, rqn kOr qy rijMdr kOr) sn[ aus ny AwpxI irAwsq dy kuJ ihsy ƒ Awpxy iqMnW pu`qrW (gu`jr isMG, dsONDw isMG qy JMfw isMG) ivc vMf idqw hoieAw sI qy bwkI Awpxy kol r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ aus dI bhuqI dOlq d`KxI srW ivc sI[ jd qwrw isMG bzurg ho igAw qW dsONDw isMG ny ies swry ^zwny ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[
1807 ivc qwrw isMG ny (qkrIbn 100 swl dI aumr ivc) rxjIq isMG dI sqluj pwrly ielwikAW ’qy kbzy dI muihMm ivc ih`sw ilAw[ ies mihMm dOrwn nwrwiexgVH dI lVweI ivc qwrw isMG dI mOq ho geI[ aus dy swQIAW ny ieh g`l CupweI r`KI qy aus dI dyh cupcwp rwhoN lY gey qy aus dw sskwr kr id`qw[ ies dw A&sos krn bhwny Awey rxjIq isMG ny rwhoN dy iklHy ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ qwrw isMG dI ivDvw rqn kOr ny rxjIq isMG nUM iek hwQI, 5 GoVy qy 6 l`K rupY dI pySkS kIqI pr aus ny ieh lY ky vI hmlw kr id`qw[ rwxI qy aus dy swQIAW ny ies dw f`t ky twkrw kIqw pr iksy Zdwr ny rxjIq isMG qoN motI rkm lY ky iklHy dw drvwzw KolH id`qw qy ieM\ rxjIq isMG ny rwhoN ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ s: surjIq isMG CdOVI muqwibk ieh qW murdy dw k&n lwhux vwlI g`l sI[ rxjIq isMG ny qwrw isMG dI ivDvw qoN 35 l`K rupY qy bySumwr sonw qy hIry vI Koh ley[ (^uSvkq rwey, s&w 72)[
6 inSwnvwlIAw imsl
ies imsl dy AwgU jMg dy mYdwn ivc nIlw inSwn swihb lY ky POj dI AgvweI kirAw krdy sn[ ies kr ky ies dw nW inSwnW vwlI (inSwnvwlIAw) imsl hI jwixAw jwx lg igAw[ ies dw muKI dsONDw/sONDw isMG sI jo surdyv (kot eIsw ^wn qoN 15 iklomItr) dy vwsI cODrI swihb rwey Syrig`l dw pu`qr sI[ iek hor somy muqwibk auh mnsUrvwl (izlw i&rozpur) dw rihx vwlw sI[ dsONDw isMG dy Brw sMgq isMG ny vI pwhul leI qy auh vI &Oj ivc Swiml ho igAw[ ienHW dohW qoN ielwvw jY isMG (kYroN ipMf) Aqy kOr isMG qy mwn isMG (FMf-ksyl ipMf) vI ies imsl dy muKI AwgUAW ivcoN sn[ ienHW swirAW ny 1733 ivc bwbw drbwrw isMG dy jQy qoN pwhul leI sI[
inSwnvwlIAw imsl bVI qwkqvr imsl sI[ ies kol 12 hzwr GoVsvwr sn[ 1765 ivc ies imsl dy kbzy hyT AMbwlw, Swhbwd mwrkMfw, lSkrI ^wn, dorwhw, Amloh, zIrw, isMGWvwlw qoN ielwvw mOjUdw luiDAwxy izlHy dw kuJ ih`sw (swhnyvwl vZYrw) vI sI[ 1767 ivc zwibqw ^wn nwl hoeI iek lVweI ivc dsoNDw isMG dI mOq ho geI[
aus dI QW aus dy Brw sMgq isMG ny leI[ kuJ icr mgroN sMgq isMG AMbwly qoN zIrw clw igAw ij`Qy auh 1774 ivc cVHweI kr igAw[ sMgq isMG dy iqMn pu`qr sn: kpUr isMG, mohr isMG qy AnUp isMG, jo ipqw dI mOq vyly in`ky-in`ky sn[ iqMnW ny bwp dI irAwsq Awps ivc vMf leI[ mohr isMG nUM AMbwlw qy zIrw imilAw[ kpUr isMG nUM isMGWvwlw imilAw qy AnUp isMG nUM srwey lSkrI ^wn[ ienHW dw mwmw ienHW dw nwzm (AYfminstrytr) bixAw[ 1779 ivc mohr isMG bwlZ ho igAw Aqy imsl dw cI& bx igAw[ QoVy icr mgroN hI aus dI mOq
ho geI[ aus dw iek Brw kpUr isMG pihloN hI iek hor lVweI ivc mwirAw jw cukw sI[ hux ienHW dw qIjw Brw AnUp isMG imsl dw muKI bixAw[ 1797 ivc aus dI vI mOq ho geI[ hux ies dw koeI vwirs nhIN sI[ aus vyly AMbwlw sMgq isMG dI ivDvw dXw kOr kol sI qy aus dw nwzm gurbKS isMG sI[ 1823 ’c dXw kOr vI cVHweI kr geI[ aus dy mrn mgroN AMgryzW ny ies ielwky ‘qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[
7 isMGpurIAw imsl
ies ƒ &YzlwpurIAw imsl vI kihMdy hn ikauNik ies dw moFI nvwb kpUr isMG &Yzlwpur (izlHw AMimRqsr) dw rihx vwlw sI (mgroN ies ipMf dw nW bdl ky isMGpur kr idqw igAw sI)[ nvwb kpUr isMG cODrI dlIp isMG ivrk dw pu`qr sI[ 1723 ivc ieh Gr-Gwt C`f ky pMQk syvw ivc ih`sw pwaux vwsqy bwbw drbwrw isMG dy j`Qy ivc Swiml ho igAw sI qy CyqI hI swrIAW is`K &OjW (dl Kwlsw) dw ifptI cI& bx igAw sI[ jd 1733 ivc is`KW nUM nvwbI dI pySkS kIqI geI sI qW ies nUM nvwb bxwieAw igAw sI[(iesy krky kpUr isMG dy nwm A`gy sdw leI “nvwb” l`g igAw)[ 1734 ivc ies nUM dl Kwlsw dw jQydwr (cI&) bxwieAw igAw nvwb kpUr isMG ny sqluj dirAw dy pUrbI qy p`CmI ielwikAW ivc AwpxI hkUmq kwiem kIqI ij`QoN aus nUM 6 l`K rupY swlwnw AwauNdy sn[ aus dI irAwsq ivc p`tI, hYbqpur qy jlMDr dy prgny Swiml sn[ aus kol 2500 GoVsvwr sn[ aus ny J`jr, iesmweIl ^wn, dwdrI, dujwnw, ptOdI, bhwdrgVH, &rIdwbwd, blbgVH, guVgwEN dy hwkmW qy reIsW qoN Krwj vsUl kIqw[
1753 ivc aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus mgroN aus dw BqIjw ^uShwl isMG (pu`qr BweI dwn isMG) imsl dw jQydwr bixAw[ ^uShwl isMG 1795 ivc cVHweI kr igAw[ aus vyly qk ies imsl ny jlMDr-doAwb, mnOlI, GnOlI, BrqgV, bulMdgVH, hYbqpur, p`tI, nUrpur, bihrwmpur, Awdmpur, bMgw, bylw, C`q, bnUV, Abohr vgYrw ij`q ley hoey sn[ ies dI kul Awmdn swFy iqMn l`K swlwnw sI[ ies ivcoN do l`K bwrI doAwb ivc, iek l`K ibsq duAwb ivc qy 50000 C`q bnUV dI AwmdnI sI[
KuShwl isMG qoN mgroN aus dw pu`qr buD isMG imsl dw cI& bixAw[ AkqUbr 1811 ivc rxjIq isMG ny aus ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ auh dOV ky sqluj pwr AMgryzI ielwky ivc clw igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny aus dy bwkI ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ 1816 ivc bu`D isMG dI mOq ho geI[ buD isMG dy s`q pu`qr sn[ buD isMG dI irAwsq aunHW ny Awps ivc vMf leI[
8 sukrckIAw imsl
ies imsl dw moFI sukrc`k (izlw gujrW vwlw) dw BweI dysU pu`qr cODrI Bwg m`l qy poqw qKq m`l sI, jo pwhul lY ky bu`Fw isMG bixAw sI[ ies dy do pu`qr sn: nOD isMG qy cMdw isMG (cMdw isMG dy vwirs sMDwvwlIey AKvwauNdy hn)[ 1718 ivc bu`Fw isMG dI mOq ho geI[ hux nOD isMG ies jQy dw muKI bixAw[ nOD isMG 1752 ivc mr igAw[ ies mgroN aus dy pu`qr cVHq isMG ny kmWf sMBwlI[ cVHq isMG Sukr c`k qoN gujrWvwlw Aw igAw[ aus ny ies QW ’qy iklHw bxwieAw[ CyqI hI aus ny vzIrwbwd, eymnwbwd Aqy rohqws ivc AwpxI qwkq bxw leI[ Agsq 1761 ivc ies ny AihmdSwh durwnI dy jrnYl nUr-aud-dIn ƒ isAwlkot ’coN burI qrHW BjwieAw[ sqMbr 1761 ivc aus ny lwhOr dy sUbydwr Kvwjw AbYd ƒ zbrdsq iSksq id`qI[ 5 &rvrI 1762 dy G`lUGwry vyly ies ny kmwl dw rol Adw kIqw[ 1770’c jMmU ’qy hmly dOrwn ies dI mOq ho geI[ ies mgroN aus dw nwbwlg pu`qr mhW isMG cI& bixAw[ 1790 ivc mhW isMG dI mOq mgroN aus dw pu`qr (mhwrwjw) rxjIq isMG ies imsl dw muKI bixAw[
pihlW ies imsl kol isr& gujrWvwlw hI sI[ 7 julweI 1799 ƒ rxjIq isMG ny lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ 1805 ivc AMimRqsr ’qy vI ies dw kbzw ho igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny iek-iek kr ky swrIAW is`K imslW dy ielwky Koh ley[ isr& AwhlUvwlIAw imsl dw ielwkw hI Awzwd irhw jW sqluj pwrly ielwky ies dI mwr qoN bcy rhy[ ies ny is`K jrnYlW dI mdd nwl ksUr (1807), JMg (1807), bhwvlpur qy AKnUr (1807), f`lyvwlIAw imsl dw ielwkw (1807), kWgVw (1809), gujrwq (1810), ^uSwb qy swhIvwl (1810), jMmU (1810), vzIrwbwd (1810), rwmgVHIAw imsl dw ielwkw (1811), &YzlwpurIAw/isMGpurIAw imsl dw ielwkw (1811), n`keI imsl dw ielwkw (1811), kSmIr (1812), Atk (1813), kSmIr (1812 qy 1814 dI nwkwmXwbI mgroN 1819 ivc), knHeIAw imsl dw ielwkw (1821), mulqwn (1803, 1807, 1816 qy 1817 dI nwkwmXwbI mgroN 1818 ivc), nOSihrw (1824), ipSwvr (1812 dI nwkwmXwbI mgroN 1834 ivc), fyrw ZwjI ^wn, fyrw iesmweIl ^wn (1836) vZYrw swry ielwky ijq ley[ ihmWcl dIAW swrIAW phwVI irAwsqW aus ƒ Krwj dyNdIAW sn[
1839 ivc rxjIq isMG mr igAw[ aus dy pwly hoey jMmU dy fogry-ihMdU (iDAwn isMh, gulwb isMh, sucyq isMh qy hIrw isMh), ihMdUsqwn dy bRwhmx (KuShwl cMd, lwl cMd, qyj rwm) vZYrw aus dy rwj (ijs nUM is`KW ny AwpxIAW jwnW dy ky bxwieAw sI) dI qbwhI dw kwrn bxy[ 1840 ivc aus dw iek pu`qr qy poqw Aqy 1843 ivc dUjw pu`qr qy poqw mwr id`qy gey[ A^Ir nwbwlg dlIp isMG rwjw bixAw[ 1845 ivc rxjIq isMG dy do hor pu`qr (ipSOrw isMG qy kSmIrw isMG) vI mwr idqy gey[AMgryzW ny DoKy nwl dlIp isMG ƒ g`dIEN lwh ky mulk ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ rxjIq isMG ny ijvyN muridAW dy kPn lwh ky rwj bxwieAw sI Aw^r aus dw rwj aus dy ^wndwn h`QoN EvyN hI clw igAw[(rxjIq isMG bwry q&sIl Agly cYptr ivc pyS hY)[
9 knHeIAw imsl
ies imsl dw moFI kwnHw ipMf (ijlHw lwhOr) dw BweI jY isMG sMDU (pu`qr KuShwl isMG) sI (iek irvwieq muqwibk Amr isMG ikMgrw ies dw moFI sI)[ jY isMG qy aus dy Brw JMfw isMG ny 1739 ivc kpUr isMG dy j`Qy qoN KMfy dI pwhul leI sI[ jd 1748 ivc dl Kwlsw nUM 11 imslW ivc vMf id`qw igAw qW aus dy j`Qy nUM aus dy ipMf dy nW qy knHeIAw imsl mMn ilAw igAw[ ies j`Qy ivc hkIkq isMG, jIvn isMG, qwrw isMG, mihqwb isMG (cwry vwsI ipMf julkw, kwnHw qoN 6 iklomItr) vI Swiml sn[ aus ny 1754 ivc lwhOr ’qy vI hmlw kIqw sI[ 1763 ivc iek bRwhmx dI pqnI Cufwaux vwsqy ksUr ’qy hmlw krn ivc vI auh Swiml sI[
1754 ivc jY isMG dy Brw JMfw isMG dI iek lVweI ivc mOq ho geI[ jY isMG ny Brw dI ivDvw dysW nwl ivAwh kr ilAw[ jY isMG ny nwg, hwjIpur, dwqwrpur, pTwnkot, Drmkot, sujwnpur qy mukyrIAW dw kw&I ielwkw ij`q ilAw[ jY isMG ny 1770 jMmU dy nyVy qk dw ielwkw vI ij`q ilAw sI qy ie`QoN dw rwjw aus nUM Krwj dyx lg ipAw sI[ 1778 ivc jY isMG ny mhW isMG sukrc`kIAw Aqy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nwl iml ky j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ƒ hrwieAw[ 1784 ivc aus ny kWgVy dw iklHw vI ij`q ilAw[ 1785 ivc, AwpxI 7 swl purwxI hwr dw bdlw lYx vwsqy, j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ny mhW isMG Aqy sMswr cMd ktocIey nwl iml ky ies ’qy Acl vtwlw ivc hmlw kr idqw[ ies lVweI ivc jY isMG dw pu`qr gurbKS isMG mwirAw igAw[
jY isMG Awp vI 1793 ivc cVHweI kr igAw[ aus mgroN aus dI ivDvw-ƒh sdw kOr ny imsl dI vwgfor sMBwlI[ ies vyly qk ies imsl dI hkUmq btwlw, klwnOr, dInwngr, mukyrIAW, kwdIAW vgYrw ’qy sI[ sdw kOr ny isAwsI sUJ-bUJ idKwauNidAW Awpxy pqI dy kwqlW dy iek isrdwr mhW isMG dy pu`qr rxjIq isMG (mgroN mhwrwjw) nwl AwpxI DI mihqwb kOr dw ivAwh kr idqw[ sdw kOr ny aus dIAW swrIAW muihMmW ivc AwpxI &Oj nwl AglIAW s&W ivc Swiml ho ky lVweI ivc ih`sw ilAw sI[ jy sdw kOr dw swQ nw huMdw qW rxjIq isMG Swied lwhOr ’qy vI kbzw nw kr skdw[ sdw kOr nUM aus ny pOVI bxw ky slqnq kwiem kIqI sI[ pr sdw kOr nUM ieh pqw nhIN sI ik ieh rxjIq isMG aus nUM vrq irhw sI qy AMdroN aus nUM inglx vwsqy hmySw iqAwr sI[ hoieAw vI ieM\ hI! 1821 ivc rxjIq isMG ny aus ƒ DoKy nwl kYd kr ky aus dw ielwkw Koh ilAw[ auh 1832 ivc rxjIq isMG dI kYd ivc hI mr geI[
knHeIAw imsl dw iek hor AwgU Julkw ipMf dw hkIkq isMG is`DU sI[ aus kol pTwnkot, klwnOr qy AkwlgVH dy ielwky sn[ 1782 ivc auh cVHweI kr igAw qy imsl dI kmWf aus dy nwbwlZ pu`qr jYml isMG ny sMBwlI[ aus dI DI cMd kOr dw ivAwh rxjIq isMG dy pu`qr KVg isMG nwl hoieAw[ 1812 ivc jYml isMG mr igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny ies imsl dw ielwkw Awpxy kbzy ivc kr ilAw[
10. ShIdW imsl
ies imsl dy pihly jQydwr (bwbw) dIp isMG pu`qr BweI Bgqw Kihrw sn[ Awp dw j`dI ipMf phU-ivMf (izlHw AMimRqsr) sI[ dIp isMG ny gurU goibMd isMG jI qoN pwhul hwisl kIqI sI[ aus ny kuJ icr gurU jI dI sMgq vI kIqI sI[ auh bhuq jWbwz jrnYl sI[ jd bMdw isMG bhwdr ny pMjwb dI AwzwdI dI j`dojihd dI AgvweI kIqI qW aus ny ies muihMm ivc vD cVH ky ih`sw pwieAw sI[ jd 1733 ivc is`K &OjW nUM qruxw dl qy bu`Fw dl ivc vMifAw igAw qW aus dI imsl bu`Fw dl dw ih`sw bxI sI[
bu`Fw dl dy pMj jQy bxwey gey sn[ ienHW dy muKI sn: (1) dIp isMG (2) jIvn isMG qy vIr isMG (3) kwhn isMG qy BweI ibnod isMG (4) Drm isG qy krm isMG (5) dsONDw isMG[ ienHW pMjW dw fyrw (itkwxw) drbwr swihb kMplYks ivc r`iKAw igAw sI[ bwbw dIp isMG dw jQw gurduAwirAW dI syvw sMBwl krdw huMdw sI[
1750 dy duAwly dIp isMG dw jQw qlvMfI swbo ivc rihx lg ipAw sI[ auh 1757 ivc qlvMfI swbo sn[ jd aunHW nUM A&ZwnW h`QoN drbwr swihb dI byAdbI dI ^br imlI qW auh iek jQw lY ky AMimRqsr ƒ c`l pey[ 11 nvMbr 1757 dy idn A&Zwn &OjW nwl lVidAW auh ShId ho gey[ (iPr pihlI dsMbr 1764 dy idn, aunHW dI imsl dy iek hor AwgU, lIlH ipMf dy, jQydwr gurbKS isMG Awpxy 30 swQIAW sxy, Akwl q^q swihb dy bwhr, 30000 A&Zwn POjW nwl lVdy ShId hoey sn)[
purwxIAW ilKqW ivc bwbw dIp isMG nUM iek jrnYl qy ies imsl dw muKI iliKAw imldw hY[ aus nUM ikqy vI iksy tkswl dw muKI nhIN iliKAw igAw[ purwxIAW ilKqW ivc qW kI mhwn koS, jo 1930 ivc CipAw sI, ivc vI l&z ‘dmdmI tkswl’ vI ikqy nhIN imldw[ ieh l&z jQw iBMfrW-mihqw ny 1977 ivc GiVAw igAw sI[
bwbw dIp isMG dI ShIdI mgroN su`Dw isMG ny ies imsl dI kmWf sMBwlI[ su`Dw isMG 1762 dy G`lUGwry ivc ShId ho gey[ ies qoN bwAd mrwKw ipMf (izlHw SyKUpurw) dw krm isMG sMDU imsl dw jQydwr bixAw[ Agly swl hI aus ny AMbwlw izlHy dy Sihzwdpur, mwjrI Aqy kysrI ielwikAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ 1773 ivc aus ny bwkI j`iQAW nwl iml ky zwbqw ^wn ruhIly dy ielwky ’qy hmlw kr ky lu`t-mwr kIqI[ kuJ smyN mgroN aus ny shwrnpur dy Awly-duAwly dy bhuq swry ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[
krm isMG 1794 ivc cVHweI kr igAw[ hux imsl dI jQydwrI aus dy pu`qr gulwb isMG ny sMBwlI[ auh kmzor hox kr ky shwrnpur dw ielwkw Awpxy kbzy ivc nw r`K sikAw[ pr gulwb isMG kol AMbwlw izly dw ielwkw zrUr bicAw irhw[ 1804 ivc aus ny AMgryzW dI sRprsqI kbUl kr leI[ aus dI mOq 1844 ivc hoeI[ aus dI QW aus dw pu`qr iSv ikrpwl isMG g`dI qy bYTw[ 1871 ivc iSv ikrpwl isMG mgroN aus dw pu`qr jIvn isMG imsl dw cI& bixAw[ aus dI swlwnw Awmdn 48 hzwr rupY sI[ jIvn isMG dw ivAwh pitAwlw dy mhwrwjw mihMdr isMG dI bytI bic`qr kOr nwl hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw pitAwlw ny AwpxI DI nUM 20 l`K rupY dI rkm dwj ivc id`qI sI[ 1890 ivc jIvn isMG nUM AMgryzW ny ‘stwr Aw& ieMfIAw’ dw i^qwb id`qw sI[
11 kroVisMGIAw imsl
BweI kroVw isMG ivrk ipMf brkI, izlHw lwhOr, ies imsl dw pihlw muKI sI[ ausy dy nW ’qy hI ies imsl dw nW kroVisMGIAw imsl r`iKAw igAw sI[ auN\ ies jQy dw moFI Swm isMG ipMf nwrlI (izlHw lwhOr) sI[ Swm isMG 1739 ivc ShId ho igAw sI[ aus mgroN kmWf krm isMG au~pl (pycgV ipMf) ny sMBwlI[ krm isMG vI 1748 ivc ShId ho igAw[ hux kroVw isMG ies jQy dw jQydwr bixAw[ ienHIN idnIN hI, 1748 ivc, XwrHW imslW dI kwiemI hoeI, so aus dI kmWf hox kwrn ies imsl ƒ aus dw nW imilAw[ aus kol 7-8 hzwr &Oj sI[ kroVw isMG ny CyqI hI mOjUdw huiSAwrpur izlHy dy hirAwxw qy SwmcurwsI ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[
1761 ivc qrwvVI dI lVweI ivc kroVw isMG ShId ho igAw[ aus mgroN ies imsl dI kmWf bGyl isMG DwlIvwl (Jbwl, ijlHw AMimRqsr) kol AweI[ bGyl isMG ny krnwl, shwrnpur dy ielwikAW ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ auh pMjwb dy bhuq swry Coty hwkmW qoN qwvwn ilAw krdw sI[ aus ny 1783 id`lI ’qy vI kbzw kIqw Aqy kw&I icr ies ’qoN mwmlw vsUl krdw irhw[ aus ny rohIlKMf dy ielwky ’qy vI hmlw kr ky XwrHW l`K rupY nzrwnw vsUl kIqw[ aus ny v`K-v`K mOikAW ’qy AlIgVH, Kurjw, cMdOsI, ietwvw, &rU^wbwd, murwdwbwd, AnUpSihr, bulMdSihr, ibjnOr ’qy hmly kIqy[ id`lI ’qy aus ny keI vwr hmlw kIqw qy A^Ir ies qoN p`ky qOr ’qy ih`sw lYxw SurU kIqw[ bGyl isMG dy byZm smrU, Swh Awlm bwdSwh qy hor bhuq swry v`fy-v`fy rjvwiVAW nwl sbMD sn[
bGyl isMG kol qIh hzwr &Oj sI[ ieh POj id`lI ’c ijs QW TihrI sI aus dw nW A`j vI qIs hzwrI vjoN kwiem hY[ id`lI dy s`q qvwrI^I gurduAwry ausy ny hI bxwey sn[ 1802 ivc aus dI mOq ho geI qy aus dI pqnI rwm kOr ny imsl dI vwgfor sMBwlI[ auh vI 1848 ivc cVHweI kr geI[ ies mgroN AMgryzW ny aus dy sqluj pwrly ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[
ies imsl dI iek hor SwK dw muKI BMgw isMG sI[ aus dI hkUmq kurUkSyqr, myrT vZYrw au~qy sI [ aus ny hwpuV ’qy hmlw kr ky nzrwnw vsUl pwieAw sI[ aus ny jnvrI 1791 ivc AnUp Sihr ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw Aqy ie`QoN AMgryz lYPtInYNt krnl rwbrt stUArt ƒ igR&qwr kr ky, 9 mhIny kYd ivc rKx mgroN, jurmwnw vsUl kr ky aus nUM irhweI id`qI sI[
BMgw isMG ny 1803 ivc aus ny lwrf lyk nwl rl ky id`lI ’qy vI hmlw kIqw[ 1815 ivc aus dI mOq ho geI[ BMgw isMG dI DI krm kOr mhwrwjw pitAwlw krm isMG ƒ ivAwhI hoeI sI[ BMgw isMG dI mOq mgroN aus dw pu`qr &qih isMG imsl dw muKI bixAw[ auh vI 1819 ivc byAOlwd mr igAw[ AMgryzW ny aus dI A`DI irAwsq ’qy kbjw kr ilAw qy bwkI A`DI BMgw isMG dI ivDvw hsn kOr kol rihx idqI[ hsn kOr dI mOq mgroN irAwsq dw dUjw A`D vI AMgryzW dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw[
klsIAw irAwsq: ies imsl dI iek hor Sw^ klsIAw irAwsq vI sI[ ies imsl dy rwie isMG (pu`qr mihqwb isMG), gurb^S isMG (klsIAw ipMf) qy dulcw isMG ny CCrOlI, nwrwiexgVH vgYrw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ gurb^S isMG dI mOq mgroN aus dw pu`qr joD isMG ies irAwsq dw muKI bixAw[ 1818 ivc mulqwn dI lVweI ivc joD isMG mwirAw igAw[ ies mgroN ies in`kI ijhI irAwsq dy muKI soBw isMG, lihxw isMG, ibSn isMG, rxjIq isMG qy rvISvr isMG bxy[
kYQl irAwsq: gurU Arjn swihb dy vyly BweI BgqU (puqr BweI Awdm brwV) ny is`K pMQ dI AxQk syvw kIqI[ mgroN ieh CyvyN qy sqvyN gurU vyly vI pMQ dI syvw ivc ih`sw pwauNdw irhw qy AprYl 1652 ivc cVHweI kr igAw sI[
BweI BgqU dy vwrsW ivcoN BweI gurb^s isMG dy puqr dysU isMG ny 1765 dy duAwly kYQl ’qy kbzw kIqw[ dysU isMG dI mOq 1780 ivc hoeI[ ies mgroN aus dw puqr lwl isMG hwkm bixAw[ lwl isMG dI mOq mgroN aus dy puqr pRqwp isMG ny irAwsq dI vwg-for sMBwlI pr auh CyqI hI cVHweI kr ikAw[ ies mgroN aus dw Cotw BweI audY isMG rwjw bixAw[ audY isMG vI 1843 ivc byAOlwd mr igAw[ ies ’qy AMgryzW ny ies irAwsq ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ audY isMG ny kvI sMqoK isMG nUM coKI mwlI mdd id`qI sI ijs nwl aus ny gurpRqwp sUrj gRMQ iliKAw sI[
PUlkIAW irAwsqW: B`tI rwjpUq rwjw jYsl dI sqvIN puSq is`DU Aqy is`DU dI nOvIN puSq brwV sI[ brwV qoN 13 vIN pIVHI ivc bwbw PUl sI[ PUl dy 6 puqr sn, ijnHW ivcoN iqlokw (iqlok isMG) sB qoN vfw sI qy rwmw (rwm isMG) dUjy nMbr ’qy sI[
iqlok isMG qoN nwBw ^wndwn qy nwBw irAwsq dw mu`F b`Jw[ iqlok isMG dw pu`qr guridq isMG, aus dw sUUrq isMG, aus dw hmIr isMG, aus dw jsvMq isMG, aus dw divMdr isMG, aus dy BrpUr isMG qy Bgvwn isMG 1871 qk rwj krdy[ auh dovyN byAOlwd hox kr ky bfru`KW dy hIrw isMG qy iPr aus dy pu`qr irpudmn isMG ny nwBw irAwsq ’qy rwj kIqw[ irpudmn isMG nUM 9 julweI 1923 dy idn g`dI qoN lwh id`qw igAw qy aus dI QW ’qy aus dy nwbwlZ pu`qr prqwp isMG nUM g`dI ’qy ibTwieAw igAw[ mgroN prqwp isMG piqq ho igAw[ 1948 ivc Bwrq srkwr ny pMjwb dIAW swrIAW irAwsqW nUM iek`iTAW kr ky, pYpsU sUbw bxw ky, aus ivc nwBw nUM Swml kr ky aus dI irAwsq ^qm kr id`qI[
iqlok isMG dy dUjy puqr suKcYn isMG ny jINd irAwsq kwiem kIqI[ ies dw hYfkuAwrtr sMgrUr sI[ suKcYn isMG dw puqr gjpq isMG, aus dw Bwg isMG aus dw Pqy isMG, aus dw sMgq isMG rwjw bxy[ sMgq isMG dI koeI AOlwd nhIN sI, ies leI gjpq isMG dy dUjy puqr BUp isMG dI AOlwd ’coN srUp isMG 1837 ivc rwjw bixAw[ srUp isMG qoN mgroN aus dw pu`qr rGbIr isMG, aus dw puqr blbIr isMG, aus dw rxbIr isMG qy aus dw rwjbIr isMG rwjy bxy[
pitAwlw irAwsq PUl dy puqr rwm isMG dy byty Awlw isMG ny SurU kIqI sI[ pitAwlw, biTMfw vgYrw aus dy ielwky sn[ Awlw isMG qoN mgroN aus dw poqw Amr isMG, aus dw puqr swihb isMG, aus dw krm isMG, aus dw nryNdr isMG, aus dw mhyNdr isMG, aus dw rjyNdr isMG, aus dw BUpyNdr isMG, aus dw XwdvyNdr isMG rwjy bxy[ 1948 ivc Bwrq srkwr ny pMjwb dIAW swrIAW irAwsqW nUM iek`iTAW kr ky, pYpsU sUbw bxw ky, aus ivc pitAwlw Swml kr ky, aus dI irAwsq ^qm kr id`qI[ XwdvyNdr isMG dw puqr AmirMdr isMG 2002 ivc pMjwb dw cI& minstr bixAw[
BdOV, mlOd, bjIdpur, bfru`KW, lOFGrIey prvwr vI bwbw PUl dI AOlwd hI sn[
PUlkIAW vwly Awpxy Awp ƒ bwrHvIN imsl AwKdy hn[ pr 1748 ivc jd imslW bxIAW sn qW aunHW dI igxqI isrP XwrHW sI[ PUlkIAW prvwr kdy vI srbq Kwlsw ivc Swiml nhIN sn huMdy pr auh is`K hox dy nwqy d`urwnI dy mukwbly is`K &Oj dI mdd zrUr krdy huMdy sn[ AMgryzI rwj Awaux mgroN auh AMgryzW dy pUry v&wdwr rhy sn[ isr& nwBw dw irpdumn isMG hI pMQk (is`KI) soc vwlw sI[ 1947 qoN mgroN vI mhwrwjw XwdivMdr isMG dI soc is`KI vwlI nhIN sI[ aus ny AwpxI BYx Aqy DI dovyN ihMdU rwjpUq rjvwiVAW nwl ivAwhIAW sn[ hW! 1984 qoN mgroN kYptn AmirMdr isMG pitAwlw ny pMQk v&wdwrI zrUr idKweI sI[ aus ny drbwr swihb ’qy ieMdrw gWDI dy hmly (jUn 1984) Aqy iPr surjIq brnwly v`loN kIqy hmly (AprYl 1986) dy i^lw& Awpxy AhuidAW qoN AsqI&y dy id`qy sn[
id`lI, jmnw-gMg doAwb qy rwijsQwn ivc is`KW dw dbdbw
ienHW idnW ivc hI is`K jmnw pwr id`lI, ruhIl-KMf qy rwijsQwn ivc (Brqpur vZYrw), ivc ruhIilAW Aqy jwtW dI AwpsI lVweI ivc vI rol Adw krdy rhy sn[
is`KW ny njIb-aud-dOlw nUM burI qrHW hrwieAw
1764 qoN 1770 qk, bwdSwh Swh Awlm dUjy dI ZYr hwzrI ivc, vzIr njIb-aud-dOlw iek qrHW nwl id`lI dw ifktytr sI[ aus dIAW is`KW nwl keI lVweIAW hoeIAW pr qkrIbn swrIAW ivc hI aus nUM hwr imlI[ 1770 ivc aus dI mOq ho geI[
jnvrI 1764 ivc srhMd &qih krn mgroN is`K &OjW dw iek ih`sw shwrnpur v`l clw igAw[ is`KW ny ies zon ivc bwVHw swdwq dy ielwky ivc AmIrw dI bVI lu`t-mwr kIqI[ bhuq swrw sonw, hIry jvwhrwq Aqy muhrW qy ASr&IAW is`KW dy h`Q AweIAW[ ies mOky ’qy njIb-aud-dOlw kuJ nw kr sikAw hwlW ik kuJ icr pihlW hI aus ny qkVy jwt rwjy sUrj m`l nUM lVweI ivc mwr mukwieAw sI[ iek somy muqwibk is`KW nUM nvyN jwt rwjy jvwhr isMh (pu`qr sUrj m`l) ny 11 l`K rupey dy ky ilAWdw sI (Kwlsw nwmw, s&w 34 bI)[ njIb-aud-dOlw ny vI hwlq dI mjbUrI smJ ky is`KW nUM coKI rkm id`qI Aqy vwips pMjwb jwx vwsqy mnw ilAw[ jnvrI 1765 ivc jwt rwjy jvwhr isMh ny is`KW qoN Pyr mdd mMgI Aqy ies vwr aus ny id`lI ’qy kbzw krn dI plwinMg bxweI[ auDr njIb-aud-dOlw ny vI pUrI iqAwrI kIqI hoeI sI[ is`K-jwt Gyrw bhuq icr jwrI irhw qy qkrIbn iek mhInw JVpW jwrI rhIAW[ ienHIN idnIN Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dy hmly dI ^br pu`jx ’qy njIb-aud-dOlw ny jvwhr isMh nwl smJOqw kr ilAw[
ApRYl 1766 ivc is`KW ny id`lI Sihr ’qy Pyr hmlw kr id`qw[ EKlw Gwt v`loN dwiKl ho ky swihb gMj huMdy hoey aunHW ny msUrI ielwky ivc jw fyrw lwieAw[ kuJ is`K Sy^ muhMmd ielwky qk vI pu`j gey qy ies ielwky ivcoN bhuq swrw mwl-m`qw, aUT, GoVy, m`JW qy hor fMgr vI lu`t ley (id`lI kronIklz, 17 ApRYl 1766)[ ies mgroN is`KW ny 22 ApRYl nUM KUqwnw, JunJunw Aqy bUqwnw ’qy vI hmlw kIqw pr ies vwr igxqI QoVHI hox kr ky aunHW dw vI kw&I nukswn hoieAw[
1767 ivc Aihmd Swh ny pMjwb ’qy Pyr hmlw kr id`qw[ Aihmd Swh dI hwzrI Brn vwsqy njIb-aud-dOlw ibAws dirAw qk pu`jw[[ aus dI ZYr-hwzrI dw &wiedw auTw ky is`KW ny myrT Aqy ies dy Awly-duAwly dy ielwky ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ieh ^br imlx ’qy njIb-aud-dOlw dw pu`qr zwbqw ^wn rohIlw 5 hzwr &Oj Aqy jhwn ^wn 8 hzwr &Oj lY ky myrT v`l nUM vDy pr aunHW dy Awaux dIAW ^brW imlidAW hI is`K jmnw pr kr ky cly gey[
ies qoN kuJ icr mgroN njIb-aud-dOlw dy pu`qr kwlU ^wn dI SwdI sI[ ies dw &wiedw auTw ky is`KW ny pwnIpq Aqy krnwl dy ielwky ivc hmlw kr ky cOKI lu`t-mwr kIqI[ ienHIN idnIN hI is`KW ny nnOqw ’qy kbzw kr ky ies dy iklHy nUM Awpxw hY~fkuAwrtrz bxw ilAw[ bs ies qoN kuJ icr mgroN hI njIb-aud-dOlw ny Awpxw Ahudw C`f id`qw Aqy 1770 ivc aus dI mOq vI ho geI[ njIb dy Aw^rI cwr swlW ivc is`KW ny aus dy ielwky ’qy pMj-Cy vwr hmlw kIqw Aqy 20 qoN 30 l`K rupY vsUl pwey[ ieh g`l vI kwbly-izkr hY ik njIb-aud-dOlw ny Awpxw Ahudw C`fx smyN ieh ikhw ik auh is`KW dw twkrw nhIN kr skdw[
is`KW dw id`lI ivc dbdbw
keI swl Alwhwbwd ivc Awp shyVI jlwvqnI k`tx mgroN Swh Awlm dUjw mrh`itAW dI mdd nwl id`lI ivc dwi^l hoieAw qy 6 jnvrI 1770 dy idn pihlI vwr q^q ’qy bYiTAw[ kuJ icr pihlW aus ny is`KW qoN vI mdd mMgI sI pr aus dI Srq sI ik is`KW dIAW swrIAW imslW dy AwgU aus nUM iek`iTAW ilKqI XkIn idvwaux qW auh aunHW dI ih&wzq ivc id`lI Awvygw[ pr is`K Aijhw nw kr sky qy mrh`itAW ny ieh mOkw sMBwl ilAw[ pr mrh`ty vI ies dw &wiedw nw auTw sky ikauNik aunHW dy muKI pySvw mwDv rwE dI mOq ho geI qy aunHW ivc GrogI lVweI SurU ho geI[ ieh mrh`itAW dy zvwl dw dUjw pVwA sI (pihlw pVwA 14 jnvrI 1761 dI pwnIpq dI lVweI ivc iek l`K qoN vD mrh`itAW dw kql sI)[ grWt f`& ies nUM mrh`itAW vwsqy pwnIpq qoN vI v`fw sdmw kihMdw hY (grWt f`&, ihstrI Aw& mrwTwz, ijld dUjI)[
hux BwvyN Swh Awlm id`lI Aw cukw sI pr aus dy do vzIrW nj& ^wn Aqy Abdu`l Aihd ^wn dIAW swizSW id`lI srkwr dw bVw nukswn kr rhIAW sn[ do vzIrW dI ies lVweI dw is`KW nUM bVw &wiedw hoieAw[ ieDr 1773 dy A^Ir ivc is`KW ny zwbqw ^wn rohIlw nwl sWJw &rMt bxw ilAw Aqy dsMbr 1773 Aqy jnvrI 1774 ivc id`lI ’qy do qoN vD vwr hmlw kIqw Aqy bhuq lu`t-mwr kIqI[ is`K qW Swhdrw ivc vI lu`t-mwr krdy rhy[
meI 1774 ivc Swh Awlm ny is`KW nUM Swhbwzpur dI jwgIr dyx Aqy 10 hzwr GoVsvwr r`Kx vwsqy ^rcy dI pySkS kIqI[ aus is`K AwgUAW nUM iK`lq vI ByjI[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld 4, nMbr 1026, 18 meI 1774)[ jd is`KW ny aus dw swQ dyxw nw mMinAw qW aus ny 80 hzwr &Oj BrqI kr ky is`KW dy ielwky Kohx dI skIm bxweI[ ies nUM swhvyN r`K ky Abdul Aihd ^wn ny Sihzwdw &rKuMdw b^q nUM srhMd dw sUbydwr bxw ky AYkSn dI iqAwrI SurU krvw id`qI[ aus ny vwltr rweIhwrt (smrU) nUM srhMd dw nwieb sUbydwr vI bxvw ilAw qy aus dI kmwn hyT &Oj Byj id`qI[ pr auh is`KW h`QoN hwr igAw Aqy id`lI nUM B`j igAw[ ies mgroN Abdul Aihd ^wn ny is`KW nwl ^u&IAw smJOqw kr ilAw Aqy ies plwn hyT is`KW ny id`lI dy Awly-duAwly keI hmly kIqy Aqy nj& ^wn nUM v^q pweI r`iKAw[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld 4, nMbr 1184, 27 julweI 1774 Aqy nMbr 1362, iek nvMbr 1774)[
auDr zwbqw ^wn ny nj& ^wn nwl smJOqw kr ilAw qy AwpxIAW jwgIrW vI muV hwisl kr leIAW[ ies ’qy gu`sw kr ky is`KW ny rwey isMG, qwrw isMG ZYbw qy bGyl isMG dI AgvweI ivc zwibqw ^wn dy ielwky ’qy hmlw kr id`qw Aqy guMgo, nnOqw Aqy idEbMd ivc lu`t-mwr kIqI[ A^Ir zwbqw ^wn ny is`KW nUM 50 hzwr rupey nzrwnw dy ky Cutkwrw pwieAw[ ie`QoN cl ky is`K &OjW myrT qy sonIpq rwhIN id`lI ivc dwi^l hoeIAW qy ie`QoN dy AmIrW-vzIrW nUM lu`itAw[ hux shwrnpur qy bUVIAw vI is`KW dy rihmo-krm ’qy sn[
1776 ivc is`KW Aqy zwbqw ^wn ivc iPr smJOqw ho igAw[ dohW dI sWJI 30-40 hzwr &Oj ny hux id`lI v`l kUc kr id`qw[ auDr nj& ^wn ny vI ienHW dw twkrw krn vwsqy kwism AlI ^wn nUM &Oj dy ky tor id`qw pr auh ienHW nwl lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw[ BwvyN is`K id`lI ’qy kbzw qW nw kr sky pr aunHW ny AlIgVH, myrT, iskMdrw, Kurjw vZYrw ’qy hmly kr ky bVw ^zwnw hwisl kIqw[ zwbqw ^wn qW is`KW dy Asr hyTW eynw Aw igAw ik aus ny KMfy dI pwhul vI lY leI Aqy Drm isMG nW r`K ilAw[ ies bwry ieh bol A`j vI mShUr hY: iek gurU dw do cylw, A`Dw isK A`D ruhylw[
ienHIN idnIN muZl drbwr dy nvwb vzIr Awis&-aud-dOlw ny vI is`KW qk phuMc kIqI qy smJOqy vjoN ds l`K rupey dI pySkS kIqI[ pihlW qW rwey isMG ny ies nUM mnzUr nw kIqw pr jdoN aunHW hW kIqI qW vzIr ny pySkS vwips lY leI[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, ijld 5, 20 sqMbr 1776)[
auDr nj& ^wn ny smrU nUM nwl rlw ky zwbqw ^wn dy ielwky ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ AmIrgVH Aqy gOsgVH ivckwr hoeI lVweI ivc zwbqw ^wn nUM hwr hoeI[ 14 sqMbr 1777 dI ies hwr mgroN Zulwm kwdr, A&zl ^wn, sulqwn ^wn qy hor rohIlw jrnYlW ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy pr zwbqw ^wn ny Aijhw krn qoN nWh kr id`qI[ auh jmnw pwr clw igAw[ mgroN zwbqw ^wn ny nj& ^wn nwl smJOqw kr ilAw[ aus ny AwpxI DI nj& ^wn dy muqbMny pu`qr nj& kulI ^wn nwl ivAwh id`qI Aqy AwpxI BYx dI SwdI nj& nwl krn dI pySkS vI kIqI[ ies ’qy nj& ^wn ny zwbqw ^wn nUM shwrnpur-bUVIAw dI &OjdwrI vwips dy id`qI[ pr nj& ^wn nwl rl jwx kr ky hux zwbqw ^wn nUM is`KW dy i^lw& vI lVnw pYxw sI[
1779 ivc Abdul Aihd ^wn ny is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm iv`Fx dw &Yslw kIqw[ aus nUM Brm sI ik nj& ^wn koloN zbrsdq hwr mgroN is`K kmzor ho gey hoxgy[ dUjw auh nj& ^wn dI ij`q (sUrj m`l nUM mwrnw) dy mukwbly ivc koeI v`fI kwmXwbI hwisl kr ky Awpxw nW bxwauxw cwhuMdw sI[ aus ny ies muihMm vwsqy Sihzwdw jIvn b^q nUM ispwhswlwr (&Oj dw muKI) bxn dI Arz kIqI pr aus ny bImwrI dw bhwnw lw ky nWh kr id`qI[ hux aus ny Sihzwdw &rKMdw nUM ispwhswlwr bxw ilAw qy ies &Oj ny pitAwly v`l nUM kUc kr id`qw[
bVI AjIb g`l hY ik iek is`K irAwsq ’qy muZlW dy hmly ivc bGyl isMG kroVwisMGIAw qy dysU isMG kYQl vI Swiml ho gey[ jINd dy gjpq isMG ny ies muihMm vwsqy do l`K rupY dyxy mnzUr kIqy[ ieh g`l AkqUbr 1779 dI hY[ jd Amr isMG (pitAwlw rwjw) nUM ies dI ^br imlI qW aus ny dl Kwlsw qk phuMc kIqI[ pr Ajy dl Kwlsw dIAW &OjW pitAwlw phuMcIAW nhI sn ik muZl &OjW ny pitAwlw irAwsq nUM Gyr ilAw[ ies hwlq ivc rwjw Amr isMG ny smJOqy dI g`lbwq SurU kr leI[ eyny icr ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw, jY isMG knHeIAw vZYrw dI AgvweI ivc dl Kwlsw dIAW &OjW vI Aw phuMcIAW[ aunHW ny muZl &OjW nUM iqMn pwisAW qoN Gyr ilAw[ dl Kwlsw dIAW &OjW nUM pitAwly dI mdd ’qy AwieAw vyK ky muZlW nwl Awey is`KW ivcoN bhuqy pwsw bdl ky dl Kwlsw nwl rl gey[ ienHW ny muZlW dw mwl-m`qw vI lu`txw SurU kr id`qw[ ies hwlq ivc muZlW nUM byie`zq ho ky vwips muVnw ipAw[ (kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs, AkqUbr 1779, Kwlsw nwmw, s&w 37, iebrqnwmw, ijld dUjI, s&y 8-16)[
nvMbr 1780 ivc nj& ^wn ny vI is`KW nwl t`kr lYx dI plwn bxweI[ aus ny 12000 &Oj nUM is`KW dw ip`Cw krn vwsqy qwienwq kr id`qw[ aunHIN idnIN jINd dw rwjw gjpq isMG myrT ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy igAw hoieAw sI[ nj& ^wn dI &Oj dI pihlI t`kr ausy nwl hI hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc gjpq isMG nUM hwr hoeI qy auh igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ A^Ir 3 l`K rupey dy ky aus ny AwzwdI hwisl kIqI[ hux nj& ^wn ny pMjwb v`l kUc krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ pr 6 ApRYl 1782 nUM aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus dI mOq mgroNN id`lI drbwr ivc A&rwisAwb ^wn Aqy imrzw S&I ^wn ivckwr A`gy Awaux dI dOV SurU ho geI[ ies t`kr ivc imrzw S&I ^wn mwirAw igAw[ A&rwisAwb ^wn eynw isAwxw qy jurAq vwlw nhIN sI ik auh is`KW nwl t`kr lY skdw[ is`K hux myrT qk mwmlw augrwhux l`g pey sn qy iksy dI jurAq nhIN sI ik aunHW nUM f`k skdw[ (jI.Awr.sI.ivlIAmz, d is`Kz ien d A`pr doAwb)[ ruhIlKMf, cMdOsI, hsnpur qk aunHW dw bol-bwlw sI[ auh AmIrW nUM ^Ub lu`tdy sn pr kdy iksy ZrIb nUM qMg nhIN sn krdy[
id`lI dy lwl iklHy ’qy is`KW dw nIlw inSwn swihb
id`lI drbwr dI kmzorI qy swzSI mwhOl dw is`KW ny &wiedw auTwauNidAW 8 mwrc 1783 dy idn id`lI ’qy hmlw kr id`qw[ auh kol (AlIgVH) v`loN Awey Aqy bYrwVI ivc fyrw lw ilAw[ aunHW ny mlkgMj qy sbzI mMfI dy AmIrW nUM lu`itAw qy ies mgroN aunHW dIAW hvylIAW nUM A`g lw id`qI[ ies qoN bwAd auh muZlpurw ’qy jw pey[ (id`lI kronIklz, 8 mwrc 1783)[ Swm qk auh lwl iklHy nUM Gyr cuky sn[ kSmIrI gyt dy bwhr hzwrW is`K &OjW KVHIAW sn[ is`KW ny gyt qoVn dI bhuq koiSS kIqI pr nwkwm rhy[ A^Ir 9 mwrc 1783 dy idn is`K &OjW ny qopW nwl iklHy dI kMD dw iek ih`sw aufw id`qw qy ies mGory (morI) rwhIN auh iklHy ivc dwi^l ho gey[ Aj vI ies ielwky nUM morI gyt kihMdy hn[
is`K &OjW j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw, bGyl isMG, rwey isMG vZYrw dI AgvweI ivc lwl iklHw ivc vI dwi^l ho geIAW Aqy iklHy ’qy Kwlsy dw nIlw inSwn swihb lihrw id`qw[
(audwsIAW ny JMfw buMgw, drbwr swihb ivc Bgvw JMfw lwieAw hoieAw sI; aus nUM mgroN inrmilAW ny drbwr swihb dw JMfw bxw ilAw sI[ vIhvIN sdI ivc ies dw rMg rwjpUqW vwlw kysrI bx igAw[ bUJV is`KW ny ies nUM is`KW dw JMfw mMn ilAw)[
ies mOky ’qy jrnYlW ny dl Kwlsw dw muKI hox dy nwqy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nUM q^q ’qy bYTx vwsqy ikhw pr aus ny ieh kih ky nWh kr id`qI ik is`KW ivc koeI bwdSwh nhIN huMdw, hr iek is`K bwdSwh hY[ ies kr ky koeI vI aus q^q ’qy bYTx vwsqy iqAwr nw hoieAw[
kuJ icr mgroN hI aunHW nUM bwdSwh ny id`lI dI cuMgI ivc rupey iv`coN Cy Awny (swFy 37%) ih`sy dyxy mMn ky aunHW nUM Byj id`qw[ ies mOky ’qy j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ny ikhw ik jy AsIN id`lI dy q^q ’qy nhIN bYTxw qW AsIN ies q^q dw QVHw Xwdgwr vjoN AMimRqsr ivc zrUr lY ky jwvWgy qW jo qvwrI^ ivc ieh snd rhy ik kdy id`lI dw q^q vI kdy is`KW dy kdmW hyT irhw sI qy ies dI isl hmySw hI is`KW dy pYrW hyT rhygI[ (q^q vwlI ieh is`l j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw Awpxy buMgy ivc lY igAw sI jo A`j vI au~Qy mOjUd hY)[ EQy imsl srdwrW ‘c qKq ‘qy bYTx leI AwpsI JgVw hoxw qy JgVy kr ky id`lI dw q^q Kusxw dI khwxI sB bwAd dI g`p khwxI hY[
bGyl isMG dw qIs hzwrI qy pul imTweI
aus vyly is`K &OjW dI igxqI 30 hzwr sI qy ijs QW ’qy is`K &OjW TihrIAW sn aus nUM A`j vI qIs hzwrI vjoN jwixAw jWdw hY (id`lI dw hweI kort qIs hzwrI ivc hI hY)[ ieM\ hI ijs pul ’qy ij`q dI ^uSI ivc is`K &OjIAW ny imTweI v`fI sI aus dw nW A`j vI ‘pul imTweI’ vjoN jwixAw jWdw hY[
id`lI dy qvwrI^I gurduAwry bxwauxw
ies dy nwl hI is`KW ny id`lI ivc gurU swihb nwl sbMDq QwvW ’qy XwdgwrW bxwaux vwsqy jgh vI lY leI[ gurduAwrw sIs gMj, rkwb gMj, bMglw swihb, bwlw swihb, dmdmw swihb, moqI bwZ vZYrw bxwaux vwsqy bGyl isMG qy j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ny bhuq syvw kIqI[
id`lI ivc mrh`itAW dw d^l Aqy is`KW nwl t`kr ienHIN idnIN A&rwisAwb ^wn nUM vI kql kr id`qw igAw[ hux id`lI drbwr ivc mhwdjI isMDIAw dw bol bwlw SurU ho igAw[ aus ny AMbwjI nUM id`lI dI ingrwnI sONp id`qI[ hux mhwdjI ny is`KW nwl smJOqw krn dI koSS kIqI[ aus ny is`KW nUM ds l`K rupey dI pySkS kIqI[ ies ivcoN swFy s`q l`K rupey krnwl qy FweI l`K rupey srkwr dy ielwky (id`lI qy pwnIpq dy ivckwr dy ielwky) qoN imlxy sn[ is`KW dI pMj hzwr &Oj vI id`lI ivc mOjUd rihxI sI[ (sIkrt prosIifMgz, 7 jUn 1785)[ pr ies Aihdnwmy ’qy dsq^q nw ho sky ikauNik dulcw isMG ny ies nUM mnzUr nw kIqw[ aus nUM nzrbMdI ivc r`K ky mjbUr kr ky dsq^q krvw ley gey[ pr aus ny ies nUM byie`zqI smiJAw qy ies dw jvwb dyx dw mOkw FUMfx lg ipAw[ jdoN bwkI is`K AwgUAW nUM ies dI ^br imlI qW aunHW ny mhwdjI nwloN sbMD qoV ley[ auDr AMgryzW ny vI is`KW qy mrh`itAW ivc pwV pwaux dIAW BrpUr koiSSW kIqIAW[ sIkrt prosIifMgz, 24 Agsq 1785)[
ies mgroN 1787 ivc AMbwjI mrh`tw ny pitAwly ’qy hmlw krn dI plwn bxweI[ bGyl isMG vI aus nwl rl igAw[ AMbwjI ny krm isMG qy gurid`q isMG nUM vI nwl rlwaux dI koiSS kIqI pr auh nw mMny[ hW dulcw isMG swQ dyxw zrUr mnU igAw[ aus ny Zulwm kwdr nUM vI nwl rlw ilAw[ pr AYn mOky ‘qy Zulwm kwdr AwpxI &Oj smyq vwips clw igAw[ hux AMbwjI vI lVn dI bjwie 20 hzwr rupY pitAwly qoN hwisl kr ky vwips clw igAw[
julweI 1787 ivc Zulwm kwdr ruhylw ny &Oj iek`TI kIqI Aqy id`lI nUM c`l ipAw[ aus ny mrh`itAW nUM id`lI coN B`jx ’qy mjbUr kr id`qw[ iPr aus ny iesmweIl byZ nUM nwl rlw ky mhwdjI dI &Oj nUM vI iSksq id`qI[ AYn iesy mOky ’qy aus nUM pqw l`gw ik is`K aus dy ielwky ivc lu`t-mwr kr rhy hn qW auh vwips cl ipAw[ eyny icr nUM is`K jw cuky sn[ hux auh Pyr id`lI Aw igAw[ aus ny bwdSwh dy mhl ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny bwdSwh nUM AMinHAW kr id`qw Aqy mhl dw swrw ^zwnw lu`t ilAw[ aus ny bwdSwh dy hrm dIAW AOrqW dI vI ‘byie`zqI’ kIqI[ pr CyqI hI mrh`ty hor &Oj lY ky au~Qy phuMc gey ies ’qy Zulwm kwdr id`lI coN B`j igAw qy myrT jw pu`jw[ mrh`tw &Oj ny aus dw myrT ivc vI ip`Cw kIqw Aqy aus nUM PV ky kql kr id`qw[
nvMbr-dsMbr 1788 Aqy jnvrI 1789 ivc mrh`tw AwgU rwny ^wn Aqy AlI bhwdr vI &OjW lY ky pitAwly v`l vDy[ pitAwly dw vzIr nwnU m`l vI Awpxy rwjy nwl JgV ky ienHW nwl Aw rilAw[ ies mOky ’qy BUmIAw isMG dI DI (Aqy Awlw isMG dI poqI) rwxI rijMdr kOr ny hmlwvrW nwl rwbqw bxwieAw Aqy iek l`K rupey dyxy mnU ky lVweI qoN bcwA kr ilAw[
1789 ivc is~K &OjW ny AnUp Sihr ’qy hmlw kIqw Aqy iek AMgryz A&sr stUArt nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ mgroN byZm smrU ny s`T hzwr rupY dy ky aus nUM CufviweAw[
3 nvMbr 1791 dy idn 7-8 hzwr is`K &OjW ny BMgw isMG qy hornW dI AgvweI ivc jmnw dirAw pwr kIqw Aqy gOsgVH, myrT Aqy AMqrvydI ’qy hmlw kr ky lu`t-mwr kIqI[
1794 ivc nwnw rwE mrh`tw ny 12 hzwr &Oj lY ky jmnw pwr kr ky is`K irAwsqW v`l kUc kr id`qw[ jINd qy kYQl dy rwijAW ny aus nUM qoh&y (nzrwny) Byjy[ pr rwxI swihb kOr (pitAwly dy rwjy swihb isMG dI BYx) ny aus dI eIn mnUx qoN nWh kr id`qI[ jdoN is`K srdwrW nUM mrh`itAW dy pitAwly ’qy hmly dI ^br imlI qW BMgw isMG, mihqw isMG Qwnysr, qy qwrw isMG ny AwpxIAW &ojW pitAwly Byj id`qIAW[ dohW &OjW ivckwr mrdwnpur ipMf dI jUh ivc lVweI hoeI[ ies mOky ’qy &Oj dI AgvweI rwxI swihb kOr ny Awp kIqI[auh AglIAW s&W ivc pu`j ky &OjW nUM auqSwh dyNdI rhI[ eyny ivc ieh ^br vI &Yl geI ik sqluj pwr qoN hor vI is`K &OjW pitAwly v`l Aw rhIAW hn[ ieh pqw l`gx ’qy nwnw rwE ip`Cy htx lg ipAw qy krnwl v`l c`l ipAw[ is`KW ny G`gr dirAw q`k aus dw ip`Cw kIqw[ eyny ivc hI auDroN mwDo rwE mrh`tw dI &Oj vI nwnw rwE nwl Aw imlI[ Agly idn dohW iDrW ivc Pyr zbrdsq lVweI hoeI[ do idn dI lVweI ivc hI mrh`tw &OjW Q`k geIAW Aqy auh rwq dy hnyry ivc pwnIpq nUM muV gey[
1794 ivc mhwdjI isMDIAw dI mOq ho geI[ ies mgroN mrh`itAW kol koeI v`fw lIfr nw irhw Aqy id`lI drbwr ivc aunHW dw rol iPr Gt igAw[ hux AMgryzW ny muZl bwdSwh dI mdd krn dy bhwny id`lI ivc AwpxI QW bxwauxI SurU kr id`qI[ ies dOrwn, 1797 ivc jwrj Qwms ny vI is`KW nwl t`kr lYx dI koiSS kIqI[ aus ny iek vwr pitAwly dI &Oj nUM hrwieAw vI[ pr auh is`KW nwl v`fI t`kr nhIN sI lYxI cwhuMdw ies kr ky aus ny aunHW nwl smJOqw kr ilAw[ ies qoN bwAd vI aus ny, swihb isMG bydI dy rwey kot ’qy hmly dOrwn Aqy iPr jINd Aqy kYQl ivc vI AwpxI &Oj iljw ky is`KW nwl t`kr leI[ A^Ir aus ny is`KW nwl Aihdnwmw kr ilAw[ aus ny pitAwlw qoN bfsIkrI, jmwlpur qy tohwnw; kYQl qoN knOVI; jINd qoN s&IdoN dy ielwky lY ky hWsI muV igAw[ ieh g`l mwrc 1800 dI hY[ pr Qwms dI hkUmq bhuqI dy dyr kwiem nw rhI[ dsMbr 1801 ivc AMgryzW ny jwrj Qwms dy keI ielwikAW ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny AMgryzI hkUmq nwl t`kr lYxI TIk nw smJI qy auh iek qrHW nwl ‘rItwier’ ho igAw[ 1 jnvrI 1802 dy idn AMgryzW ny aus dI rwjDwnI hWsI ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ ies qoN CyqI mgroN hI sqluj pwr is`K irAwsqW ny AMgryzW nwl Aihdnwmy kr ky aunHW qoN ‘rwKI’ lY leI (mgroN 1809 ivc rxjIq isMG qy AMgryzW ivc vI smJOqw ho igAw)[ AMgryzW dI ‘rwKI’ hyT sqluj pwr dIAW is`K irAwsqW hux dUjy jW qIjy drjy dIAW irAwsqW sn Aqy sqluj dy ies pwr dirAw isMD qk rxjIq isMG dw S^sI rwj kiem ho cukw sI[
is`K imslW dw lyKw joKw
is`K &ls&y ivc iksy dI ZulwmI krn ƒ r`d kIqw hoieAw hY[ dUjy pwsy ies dw mqlb ieh vI hY ik is`K hwkm nhIN ho skdw (ies dw mqlb hrigz ieh nhIN ik auh Awpxy mulk dI hkUmq nhIN sMBwl skdw)[ jy iek is`K hwkm bxn dI soc rKdw hY qW auh XkInn is`K &ls&y qoN jW qW Axjwx hY qy jW iPr dMBI hY, jo AKvwauxw qW is`K cwhuMdw hY pr ies ’qy Aml nhIN krnw cwhuMdw[ is`K &ls&y muqwibk hwkm (hukm clwaux vwlw) isr& Akwl purK hI hY[ is`K nwzm (Administrator), pRbMDk qW ho skdw hY hwkm nhIN[ ‘byZmpurw’ qy ‘hlymI rwj’ ivc hwkm vwlI soc nhIN r`KI jw skdI[
is`KW dI hiQAwrbMd j`dojihd muZlW qy A&ZwnW qoN hkUmq Koh ky aunHW dI jgh dsqwrW vwly (is`K) hwkm ibTwaux vwsqy nhIN sI, blik zwlm hwkmW ƒ ^qm kr ky, zulm dy dOr ƒ mukw ky, hlymI rwj kwiem krnw sI[ ies &ls&y dw inzwm bMdw isMG bhwdr ny 1710 ivc srihMd ’qy kbzy qoN bwAd kwiem kIqw igAw sI[ 1753 qoN mgroN jd is`KW ny ikswnW qy hor lokW ƒ ‘rwKI’ dI pySkS kIqI qW vI aunHW ny hwkm bxn dI soc nhIN sI r`KI[ is`K, lokW ƒ iensw&, brwbrI, ienswnI hkUk, BweIcwrk sWJ, imhr, s`jxqweI vMfdy sn[ iPr jdoN 1765 ivc aunHW ny lwhOr Aqy hor QWvW ’qy kbzy kr ky ies swry mulk dw ieMqzwm clwauxw SurU kr idqw qW aunHW dw inzwm lokW ivc eynw hridl-AzIz qy mkbUl sI ik jdoN A&Zwn jW mugl aunHW qoN is`KW dy qOr-qrIikAW, aunHW dy iensw& Aqy aunHW dy jIvn-jwc dI g`l pu`Cdy sn qW auh (mukwmI lok) is`KW dI qwrI& krdy nhIN sn Qkdy[ Xwin is`K s`cIN mu`cI auho ijhy nwzm (Administrator) sn ijs bwry gurbwxI ivc izkr hY: ‘qKiq rwjw so bhY ij qKqY lwiek hoeI]’ (sPw-1088)
pr ijauN-ijauN is`KW kol qwkq Aw geI, dOlq imlx lg peI, lok “isrdwr” AwK ky, isr Jukw ky, slwmW krn lg pey qW aunHW iv`coN bhuiqAW ƒ Awpxw Awp ‘kuJ hor hI’ lgx lg ipAw[ hOlI-hOlI aunHW ny inzwm clwaux vwsqy, lyKw r`Kx vwsqy, ^q ilKx vwsqy “A&sr” vI lwauxy SurU kr idqy[ ieh swry mulwzm ZYr-is`K qy vDyry ky ihMdU sn[ ienHW ivcoN kuJ ihMdUsqwn (hux XU.pI.) dy bRwhmx sn qy kuJ pMjwbI KqrI vI sn[ ienHW dw iek v`fw ih`sw pihlW iksy nw iksy muZl jW ihMdU rwjy, vzIr, AmIr, nvwb, &Ojdwr, nwieb vZYrw kol kMm krdw irhw sI qy aunHW kol aus inzwm dw qjrbw hI nhIN blik AwdqW vI kwiem sn[ muZl-A&gwn kwl ivc swry hwkm, dIvwn
159
(vzIr) Aqy hor Aihlkwr (A&sr) muZlIAw rMg ivc hI rMgy hoey sn[ ihMdU rjvwiVAW, nvwbW qy zmINdwrW dy qOr qrIky vI vDyry kr ky muZlW vrgy hI sn qy ies kr ky aunHW dy mulwzm (A&sr) vI muZlW vwlI i&qrq hI rKdy sn[ ies i&qrq ivc hukm krnw, A`XwSI, D`ky-SwhI, kunbw-prvrI, nSy, v`fI igxqI ivc AOrqW r`Kxw vI Swiml sI[ jdoN is`K ‘imsldwrW’ ny Awpxy inzwm vwsqy ieh Aihlkwr BrqI kIqy qW aunHW ivcoN bhuqy ienHW swbkw AihlkwrW iv`coN sn qy jW ies iksm dy lok hI sn[
dUjw, bMdw isMG vyly jUJx vwly swQIAW ivcoN bhuqy gurU swihb ny nyVy rihx vwly is`K sn jW hor hzUrI is`KW dI AOlwd sn[ jd bMdw isMG ny kuJ ielwky ij`q ley qW is`KW dy nwl-nwl bhuq swry ihMdU (gu`jr, jwt qy rwjpUq) vI aus dI &Oj ivc Swiml ho gey[ pr, ienHW dw inSwnw isr& qy isr& lu`t mwr krnw hI sI[ (hrI rwm gupqw, ihstrI Aw& dw is`Kz, ijld 2, s&w 35)[ jdoN bMdw isMG Aqy is`KW dIAW ShIdIAW dw dOr AwieAw qW ieh swry ihMdU dwVI kys muMnvw ky Pyr Awpxy ‘Asl’ rUp ivc Aw gey (ihMdU bx gey)[ mgroN Pyr, Kws kr ky mIr mnUU dI mOq (1753) mgroN, jd is`KW dy idn iPry Aqy muZl qy A&gwn kmzor hox lg pey, qW bhuq swry pMjwbI ihMdU j`t vI is`K &Oj dw ih`sw bx gey[ aunHW dw inSwnw nw qW is`KI sI Aqy nw hI zulm dw nws kr ky “hlymI rwj” kwiem krnw sI[ auh jW qW zulm jW ZrIbI qoN qMg Awey hoey is`K &OjW ivc Swiml hoey sn qy jW auh is`K rwj dy Awaux dI auNmId ivc qwkq ivc Awaux dI soc nwl Kwlsw &Oj dy nyVy hoey sn[
jdoN is`K imslW dy h`Q hkUmq AweI qW ieh qwkq qy dOlq dI l`ut krn Awey nvyN sjy AKOqI qy nvyN is`K pihlW-pihl qW is`K kwmnvYlQ dI soc nwl cldy rhy[ pr, jdoN j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw buFwpy dy Aw^rI ih`sy ivc AwieAw qW aus dI kmWf kmzor ho geI[ dUjw imslW dy AwgU hux dOlq qy qwkq vwly bx cuky sn qy auh Awpxy Awp ƒ hOlI-hOlI hwkm vI smJx lg pey sn[ ienHW ivcoN bhuqy is`K &ls&y Aqy isK jIvn-jwc qoN qkrIbn kory hI sn[ qIjw ienHW simAW ivc pVHy-ilKy ihMdU, Kws kr ky bRwhmx Aqy KqrI ihMdU, is`K imslW dy AwgUAW dy nyVy hox lg pey[ auh ienHW ƒ ilKq-pVHq krn Aqy ihswb-ikqwb r`Kx ivc ‘mdd’ krn lg pey[ hOlI-hOlI auh imslW dy AwgUAW dy “dIvwn” (vzIr) bx gey qy A^Ir auh ienHW AwgUAW ƒ AwpxI mrzI nwl clwaux lg pey[ auh AnpVH imsldwrW ƒ “isAwsq dy gur” vI
160
isKwaux lg pey[ bs iesy mwhOl ny hI is`K AwgUAW ivc hwkm hox dw Aihsws Brnw SurU kr idqw[ auh Awpxy ieMqzwm Aqy rwKI hyTly ielwikAW ƒ AwpxI irAwsq smJx lg pey[ CyqI hI aunHW ny hor ielwky Aqy qwkq hwisl krn vwsqy iek-dUjy ƒ hI Fwhuxw SurU kr idqw[ ies ny eIrKw, lu`t, Brw-mwrU jMg, D`ky SwhI Aqy idE-soc ƒ jnm idqw[ ies dy nqIjy vjoN niSAW dw pRswr vI hox lg ipAw[ pihlW, kuJ is`K isr& BMg hI vrqdy sI[ hux A&Im Aqy Srwb vI SurU ho geI[ ies dy nwl hI kwm vI BwrU hox lg ipAw[ keI-keI znwnIAW, golIAW, rKYlW, ienHW imsldwrW dy hrmW ivc Swiml hox lg peIAw[ do-FweI dhwikAW ivc hI keI imslW dy AwgU muZl hwkmW vwlI izMdgI jIx lg pey sn[ ienHW ƒ muZlIAw-is`K kihxw Zlq nhIN hovygw[ ijvyN Bwrq ivc zYl isMG rwStrpqI jW mnmohx isMG pRweIm minstr bx jwx nwl Bwrq ivc is`K rwj kwiem nhIN ho jWdw auvyN hI iek dsqwr vwly rxjIq isMG jW iksy hor is`K dy rwjw (jW mhwrwjw) bx jwx nwl aus dI hkUmq is`K rwj nhIN bx jWdI[ is`K rwj qW hI bxdw hY jy auh is`KI isDWqW muqwibk clwieAw jwvy[
is`K imslW ny hkUmq Awm is`KW dIAW kurbwnIAW nwl hwisl kIqI sI[ aunHW swirAW ny iml ky zwlm muZlW, A&ZwnW qy ihMdU rjvwiVAW nUM ^qm kIqw sI[ pr jdoN qwkq h`Q ivc Aw geI qW imslW dy isrdwr (muKI) AwpxI rwKI hyTly ielwky nUM AwpxI jwiedwd qy ivrwsq vWg smJx lg pey[ aunHW ny Awm is`K ispwhIAW dIAW kurbwnIAW sdkw hwisl hoey rwj nUM injI smJxw SurU kr id`qw qy aunHW dy jzbwqW dw glw Gu`t id`qw[ imslW dy muKI Awpxy buFwpy ivc Bu`l gey ik auh Awpxw ielwkw AwpxI imsl dy iksy hor jrnYl nUM sONp dyx qy ies dI bjwie aunHW ny Awpxy pu`qrW, BqIijAW qy hor irSqydwrW nUM hwkm bxwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ ieh soc gurU dy hukm dy ault sI[ gurU swihb dw qW hukm hY ik q^q ’qy auhI bYTxw cwhIdw hY jo q^q dy lwiek hovy[ ‘qKiq bhY qKqY kI lwiek]’( sPw 1039)[
Btkx dI ieh lihr hOlI-hOlI vDdI geI[ keI imslW dI Awps ivc hI iek dUjy dy ielwikAW ’qy kbzy krn vwsqy jMg hoeI[ ienHW jMgW ivc vDyry rol BMgI, rwmgVHIAw, sukrckIAw, knHeIAw, kroVisMGIAW imslW dw sI[ ieh pMjy imslW iek-dUjy qoN ielwky Kohx vwsqy keI vwr ju`t bxw ky vI iek dUjy dy i^lw& lVIAW sn[ ieh soc hrigz is`K-soc nhIN sI[ ieh gurU swihb dI isiKAw dy iblkul ault
161
sI[ ieh is`KI dy rwh qoN Btkxw sI[ iek vwr dw SurU hoieAw ieh A-is`K dOr idnoN-idn cuVyrw qy vfHyrw huMdw igAw qy A^Ir ies ny is`K hkUmqW ƒ ^wndwnI, injI qy mw&IAw soc vwlI hkUmq ivc bdl id`qw[ ijhVI ikrpwn zwlm dy nws vwsqy vrqI jWdI sI hux Awpxy BrwvW dIAW grdnW ‘qy clx lg peI sI[
1783 ivc AMgryz lyKk &wrstr ny ies hwlq ƒ swhvyN r`K ky ieh ikhw sI ik “ho skdw hY ik iksy imsl dw koeI ihMmqI muKI, AwpxI kwmXwbI Aqy sUJ bUJ nwl, Awpxy swQIAW (dUjIAW imslW) dI qwkq Koh ky, ies kwmnvYlQ dy FihMdy mihl dIAW nIhW ’qy, iek injI bwdSwhq kwiem kr lvygw[” (&wrstr, trYlvz, ijld pihlI, s&w 295)[ &wrstr dI ieh pySIngoeI aus dI ieh ikqwb Cpx (1798) qoN iek swl mgroN hI s`c hoxI swibq hox lg peI sI[
162
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw auBwr
23 AkqUbr 1772 dy idn Aihmd Swh durwnI dI mOq ho geI[ aus mgroN aus dw p`uqr qYmUr Swh kwbl dw hwkm bixAw[ BwvyN auh 18 meI 1793 ijaUNdw irhw pr auh pMjwb ivc kdy vI bol-bwlw kwiem nw kr sikAw[ aus mgroN aus dw puqr Swh zmwn g`dI ’qy bYiTAw[ Swh zmwn ny vI Awpxy dwdy Aihmd Swh durwnI vWg, cwr vwr pMjwb vl kUc kIqw: 15 dsMbr 1793, 3 nvMbr 1795, 12 AkqUbr 1796 Aqy sqMbr 1798[ ienHW cOhW hmilAW dOrwn do vwr aus dI t`kr is`K &OjW nwl hoeI, ijnHW ivc A&Zwn &OjW dw bhuq nukswn hoieAw[ A^Ir 4 jnvrI 1799 dy idn Swh zmwn gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) qoN AwKrI vwr Awpxy mulk ƒ rvwnw ho igAw[
lwhOr ’qy rxjIq isMG dw kbzw
1799 ivc lwhOr au~qy BMgI imsl dw kbzw sI[ cyq isMG BMgI Sihr dw nwzm sI[ auh qwkq dy mwhOl ivc jMimAw sI[ is`K Drm dI isiKAw aus dy nyiVEN vI nhIN sI lMGI[ hwkm hox dI soc nwl auh muZlW vwly rsqy ’qy hI cl ipAw sI[ auh AwkV-Kor, nS`eI, D`ky-Kor vI bx igAw sI[ jUn 1799 ivc aus ny iek AijhI hrkq kIqI ijs ny Sihr dy swry AmIrW-vzIrW ƒ aus dw mu^wil& bxw idqw[ aus ny Sihr dy iek SrI&, dwny Aqy moihqbr AwdmI mIAW bdw-aud-dIn ƒ AYvyN iek in`kI jhI g`l qoN gu`sy ho ky igR&qwr kr ky jylH ivc su`t idqw[ Sihr dy bhuq swry isrkrdw AwgUAW ny aus ƒ mIAW ƒ irhw krn vwsqy ApIl kIqI[ pr aus ny ienHW dI zrw vI prvwh nw kIqI[ A^Ir kuJ sInIAr SihrI, ijnHW ivc hkIm hwkm gey, mIAW AwiSk muhMmd, mIAW muhkm dIn, muhMmd bwikr, mu&qI muk`rm, sIr SwAdI, BweI gurbKS isMG Aqy kuJ hornW ny iek`Ty bYT ky &Yslw kIqw ik cyq isMG BMgI dI QW iksy hor ƒ lwhOr Sihr dw inzwm clwaux vwsqy AwiKAw jwvy[ soc-ivcwr krn mgroN ienHW ny iek ^q ilK ky, SukrckIAw imsl dy 19 swlw nOjvwn muKI, rxjIq isMG gujrWvwlw ƒ ByijAw Aqy lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ky ieQoN dw inzwm sMBwlx dI Arz kIqI[ aunHW ny rxjIq isMG ƒ XkIn idvwieAw ik swry isrkrdw SihrI, AmIr-vzIr qy hor AwgU aus dw swQ dyxgy[ rxjIq isMG ny
163
ies ic`TI bwry AwpxI s`s sdw kOr (muKI n`keI imsl) nwl g`lbwq kIqI[ aus ny Awpxy juAweI dI pUrI mdd krn dw vwAdw kIqw (qy loV pYx ‘qy &Oj dI Awp AgvweI kr ky muihMm ivc Swiml vI hoeI)[
ies vyly qk ‘srb`q Kwlsw’, is`K imslW jW AwgUAW dw sWJw iek`T qkrIbn AwKrI swhW ’qy sI[ sMn 1783 ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI mOq mgroN is`K imslW Awpxw iek AwgU nhIN sn cux skIAW[ auN\ vI auh 1783 qoN pihlW hI Awps ivc qwkq Kohx dI jMg vl tur cukIAW sn qy aunHW ny j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ƒ vI nzr-AMdwz krnw SurU kr id`qw sI[ is`K kOm ivcly ieqhwd, BweIcwrk soc qy pMQk lihr dw ieh iek qrHW nwl inGwr sI[ ies ƒ aus vyly Swied roikAw jw skdw sI pr ikauNik bylwg, s`cy-su`cy pihlI kqwr dy swry AwgU cVHweI kr cuky sn[ aunHW dy ij`qy ielwikAW dy nwzm/mwilk Xwin vwirs auh sn jo is`K &ls&y qoN bhuqw kr ky Axjwx sn[ auh is`K rwj nUM injI rwj smJdy hoey ply qy v`fy hoey sn[
ies kr ky iek vwr SurU hoey pu`Ty-gyV ƒ koeI TlH nw peI[ nOjvwn rxjIq isMG ƒ lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn dw s`dw dyxw, Brw-mwrU jMg Aqy vD qoN vD qwkq iek`TI krn dI A-is`K soc dI SurUAwq sI[ ihMdU imQhws ivc AwpxI hkUmq dy Awly duAwly dy dySW ivc GoVw Pyr ky Awpxy Zulwm bxwaux vwlw qrIkw, rxjIq isMG v`loN lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn nwl, is`K qvwrI^ ivc vI SurU ho igAw sI[
5 julweI 1799 dy idn rxjIq isMG qy sdw kOr 5 hzwr dy krIb &OjW lY ky lwhOr dIAw h`dW qoN kuJ dUr phuMc gey[ Agly idn aunHW lwhOr dIAW isrkrdw S^SIAqW ƒ s`dw ByijAw[ rxjIq isMG ƒ imlx Awey fYpUtgySn ivc muslmwn, is`K Aqy ihMdU swry hI Swiml sn[ ies bYTk ivc plwn bxweI geI ik AglI svyr rxjIq isMG &Oj lY ky lwhOr Sihr dy drvwzy ’qy phuMc jwvygw Aqy lok drvwzy KolH ky aus ƒ iklHy qk pu`jx vwsqy mdd dyxgy[
plwn muqwibk rxjIq isMG 7 julweI 1799 dI svyr nUM Sihr ivc dwi^l ho ky kwbz ho igAw[ iklHy ’qy kbzw krn vwsqy cyq isMG dI v&wdwr POj ny kuJ icr lVweI kIqI pr aunHW dI igxqI QoVHI hox kr ky, rxjIq isMG dw plVw Bwrw irhw[ AKIr cyq isMG ny hiQAwr su`t idqy qy aus ƒ iek jwgIr dy ky bwie`zq lwhOr qoN Byj id`qw igAw (jwgIr dw ieh pYtrn is`K &ls&y ivc mnzUr nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ jd bwbw bMdw isMG ny srhMd nUM Awzwd krvwieAw qW aus ny
164
jwgIrdwrI nUM iblkul ^qm kr id`qw sI[ hux rxjIq isMG ny Pyr pu`Tw gyV clw id`qw sI)[
BwvyN iek vwr qW cyq isMG clw igAw pr aus dy swQIAW ny ies ƒ kbUl nw kIqw[ gulwb isMG BMgI, swihb isMG BMgI (gujrwq) qy joD isMG rwmgVHIAw ny, ksUr dy A&gwn cI& ƒ nwl rlw ky, rxjIq isMG qoN lwhOr vwips Kohx dI plwn bxweI[ aunHW ny &rvrI 1801 dy dUjy A`D ivc lwhOr vl kUc kr idqw[ ieh cwry POjW ipMf BsIn dI jUh ivc phuMc geIAW[ auDr rxjIq isMG Aqy sdw kOr dIAW POjW dy nwl-nwl lwhOr vwsI vI hmlwvrW dw twkrw krn vwsqy iqAwr bYTy sn[ dovyN iDrW kuJ idn qW cup rhIAW pr iPr CotIAW-motIAW JVpW SurU ho geIAW, pr v`fI lVweI SurU nw ho skI[ &rvrI dy Aw^rI h&qy ivc BMgI AwgUAW ny mihsUs kIqw ik v`fI jMg qoN ibnW aunHW ƒ kwmXwbI hrigz nhIN iml skxI[ ies duibDw ivc do-iqMn idn hor bIq gey[ BMgI AwgUAW ny ies audwsI dy mwhOl ivc Srwb dw shwrw lYxw SurU kr idqw[ gulwb isMG burI qrHW SrwbI hox lg ipAw[ aus ny keI idn lgwqwr Srwb pIxI jwrI r`KI ijs nwl auh 28 &rvrI 1801 dy idn ktwxI ipMf ivc mr igAw[ aus dI mOq mgroN aus dI swrI &Oj iq`qr-ib`qr ho geI qy bwkI POjW vI byidl ho ky au~QoN clIAW geIAW[ auN\ jy kr dohW iDrW ivc v`fI lVweI huMdI qW ienHW cODrIAW kwrn Gwx qW dohIN pwsIN is`K &OjIAW dw hI hoxw sI[ cwhIdw qW ieh sI ik lwhOr vwsIAW dI PirAwd ‘qy rxjIq isMG BMgI inzwm dw Kwqmw kr ky auQoN dw inzwm dl Kwlsw jW mukwmI lokW dI slwh nwl iksy Xog jrnYl dy spurd kr idMdw pr is`K soc qW rxjIq isMG dy nyVy vI nhIN sI lMGdI bySk bRwhmxW qy fogirAW ny rxjIq isMG dy rwj nUM hVp kr lYx ‘c v`fw kwrw kIqw sI pr ies A-is`K rwj dw bxwauxw isr& rxjIq isMG dI A-is`K soc qy bdnIAq dw kwrw sI ,ijs nUM kdy vI jwiez nhI ikhw jw skdw[
ies kwmXwbI ny rxjIq isMG dy hOsly bulMd kr id`qy[ hux aus ny gujrWvwlw Aqy lwhOr qoN ielwvw vI dUjIAW is`K imslW dy ielwikAW vl vI llcweIAW A`KW nwl vyKxw SurU kr idqw[ eynw v`fw ielwkw ij`qx mgroN 21 swl dw jvwn rxjIq isMG msq igAw[ aus dw idl mhwrwjw bxn ’qy kr AwieAw[ rxjIq isMG ny 11 AprYl 1801 ƒ ivswKI dy idn, lwhOr ivc SwhI drbwr lwieAw Aqy swihb isMG bydI koloN “mhwrwjw” dw ‘rwj iqlk’ lgvwieAw[ ies mOky qy bwdSwhq
165
(mhwrwjw-AiDrwj) vwlIAW swrIAW ihMdU rsmW kIqIAW geIAW[ is`KI qoN Btkx v`l ieh iek Aihm kdm sI[ is`KW ny su&ny ivc vI nhIN soicAw hoxw ik auh ieho ijhIAW A-is`K rsmW krngy (gurU swihb ny qW jnyaU dI rsm nUM vI r`d kIqw sI pr rxjIq isMG ny qW ‘hwkm’ bxn vwlw pUrw bRwhmxI pwKMf kIqw sI)[ hkUmq qW bwbw bMdw isMG ny vI kwiem kIqI sI[ iqlk luAwaux jW “mhwrwjw” bxn vwlIAW rsmW qW kI krnIAW sn, aus ny qW ^ud nUM rwjw qk vI nhIN AKvwieAw sI[ aus ny rxjIq isMG vWg dUjIAW imslW dy ielwky Kohxy qW iek pwsy irhw auh qW ijhVw ielwkw vI ij`qdw sI aus nUM iksy kwibl jrnYl nUM sONp ky Awp hor ielwky ij`qx vwsqy cl pYNdw sI[ “khW rwjw Boj khW gMgU qylI”[
ksUr ’qy hmlw
1799 ivc lwhOr ’qy kbzy mgroN rxjIq isMG ny Ajy iksy hor ielwky vl mUMh nhIN sI kIqw[ drAsl auh dUjIAw imslW dw jvwby-Aml (Reaction) aufIk irhw sI[ julweI 1799 qoN &rvrI 1801 qk aus ny lwhOr dw ieMqzwm bVy suc`jy qrIky nwl kIqw[ aus ny &rvrI 1801 ivc , Awpxy ielwky vwips hwisl krn vwsqy, lwhOr qy hmlw krn Awey, BMgIAW Aqy aunHW dw swQ dyx vwlI imsl rwmgVHIAW dI QW isr& ksUr dy A&gwn hwkm ƒ szw dyx dw PYslw kIqw[ aus ny 1801 dIAW grmIAW ivc ksUr ’qy cVHweI kr idqI[ ieh hmlw iek muslmwn ’qy sI ies kr ky iksy is`K ny rxjIq isMG dI ivroDqw nw kIqI[ A^Ir ksUr dy hwkm ny mwmlw dyxw mMn ky KlwsI krvweI[ pr Agly swl aus ny Pyr mwmlw nw qwirAw qW rxjIq isMG ny Pyr hmlw kr idqw Aqy mwmlw Aqy jurmwnw dovyN vsUl kIqy[ ksUr vwlw 1806 ivc iPr AwkI ho igAw qW rxjIq isMG ny ies ’qy hmlw kr ky ies dy ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy ie`QoN dy hwkm ƒ mmkot dw iklHw Aqy kuJ jwgIr dy ky ksUr qoN tor idqw)[
AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw
ksUr ’qy hmlw krn qoN mgroN rxjIq isMG ny sWJy is`K-ngr, gurU dw c`k, AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ AMimRqsr aus vyly BMgI imsl kol sI[ aunHW h`QoN lwhOr pihlW hI Kus cuikAw sI[ 1804 ivc rxjIq isMG ny jY isMG knHeIAw qoN iek qop mMg ky AMimRqsr vl
166
kUc kr idqw[ auQy pu`j ky rxjIq isMG ny gulwb isMG BMgI dy puqr qoN cwlwkI nwl ‘BMgIAW vwlI qop’ auDwr mMgI[ aus dy nWh krn ’qy aus ’qy hmlw kr ky aus ƒ mwr ky qy aus dI mW ƒ mINh pYdy ivc GroN k`F ky aunHW dy iklHy ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ ieM\ 25 &rvrI 1804 dy idn rxjIq isMG dw AMimRqsr ’qy vI kbzw ho igAw[ ies vyly AkwlI PUlw isMG vI AMimRqsr ivc sI pr aus ny rxjIq isMG nUM rokx jW smJOqw krvwaux dI QW cu`p hI v`tI r`KI[ AMimRqsr ’qy kbzy ny Coty is`K srdwrW ƒ frw idqw qy aunHW ny rxjIq isMG qoN jwgIrW lY ky smJOqy krny SurU kr idqy[
AMgryzW nwl ‘Aihdnwmw’
25 ApRYl 1809 dy idn AMgryzW (eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI) qy rxjIq isMG ivckwr iek ‘Aihdnwmy’ qy ds^q hoey ijs hyT sqluj dirAw nUM dohW qwkqW ivc h`d mMn ilAw igAw; ies muqwibk sqluj dirAw dy p`Cm ivc rxjIq isMG dI srdwrI kbUl kr leI geI Aqy sqluj dy pUrb v`l AMgryzW dw h`k mMn ilAw igAw[
swhIvwl ’qy kbzw
c`j duAwb (JnW/cnwb Aqy ijhlm dy ivckwrlw ielwkw) ivc, ^ws kr ky swhIvwl (ijs nUM AMgryzW nyy imMtgumrI bxw id`qw sI) ivc &qih ^wn dI hkUmq sI[ &qih ^wn bhuq qgVw hwkm sI; aus dw iklHw bhuq mzbUq sI (jo Aj, vI swhIvwl qoN pwkptn rof ’qy, hrbMspurw Aqy c`k nMbr 47/5 dy ivckwr kwiem hY; hux ies dy nyVy hI nvW ngr ‘inaU mlgwdw istI’ vswieAw igAw hY)[ 25 jnvrI 1810 dy idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny swhIvwl Sihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ &qih ^wn ny lVweI krn dI bjwie 80 hzwr rupY kr dyxw mMn ilAw ijs ‘qy rxjIq isMG ny Gyrw cuk ilAw[ dUjy pwsy &qih ^wn vwAdw krn dy bwvjUd jW qW rkm iek`TI nw kr sikAw jW aus dI nIAq bdl geI[ jd rxjIq isMG nUM rkm nw pu`jI qW aus ny Awpxw eylcI pYsy lYx ByijAw[ jd auh ^wlI h`Q muV AwieAw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 7 &rvrI 1810 dy idn Sihr nUM dobwrw Gyrw pw ilAw[ jd keI idn Gyrw ipAw irhw qW Sihr ivc AMn qy cwry vZYrw dw kwl pYx lg ipAw qW Pqih ^wn ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ ieM\ swhIvwl ’qy rxjIq isMG dw
167
kbzw ho igAw Aqy &qih ^wn nUM kYd kr ky lwhOr iljwieAw igAw Aqy iklHy ivc SwhI kYdI vjoN r`iKAw igAw[
rxjIq isMG nUM koihnUr hIrw hwisl hoieAw
A&Zwinsqwn dy g`dIEN l`Qy bwdSwh Swh Sujwh dI byZm ny rxjIq isMG nUM pySkS kIqI sI ik jy auh aus dy SOhr (pqI) nUM Cufvw ky mih&Uz aus kol phuMcw dyvygw qW auh aus nUM dunIAw dw sB qoN nwXwb hIrw ‘koihnUr’ Byt kr dyvygI[ rxjIq isMG ny Awpxw vwAdw pUrw kIqw Aqy Swh Sujwh nUM bcwA ky lwhOr lY AwieAw[ ies mksd vwsqy bhuq swry is`K &OjIAW nUM jwn vI guAwauxI peI[ pr jd Swh Sujwh lwhOr phuMc igAw qW byZm ny hIrw dyx dI bjwie bhwny bxwauxy SurU kr id`qy; ijnHW ivc iek ieh vI sI ik auh hIrw aus ny iksy kol Amwnq r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ pr jd rxjIq isMG ny aus ‘qy s^qI vrqxI SurU kr id`qI Aqy aus nUM id`qI koTI ivc iek qrHW nzrbMd kr id`qw qW aus ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy pihlI jUn 1813 dy idn rwjy nUM hIrw Byt kr id`qw[ hIrw lYx vwsqy rxjIq isMG Awp aus dy Gr igAw[
Atk ‘qy kbzw
13 julweI 1813 dy idn Atk qoN 5 mIl dUr hYdrU ipMf dy bwhr, dirAw kMFy, kwbl dy hwkm dosq muhMmd ^wn dI &Oj Aqy lwhOr drbwr dI &Oj, ijs dI AgwveI kMvr ipSOrw isMG Aqy mohkm cMd kr rhy sn, ivc zbrdsq lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI dOrwn jIvMq isMG ny dosq muhMmd ^wn qy hmlw kIqw; ijs nwl auh ^wn) GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ aus dI &Oj ny aus nUM mirAw smJ ilAw Aqy B`j auTI; pr auh mirAw nhIN sI qy isr& z^mI hoieAw sI ies kr ky auh B`jdI &Oj ivc hI luk ky iKsk igAw[ ieMj Atk dy iklHy ‘qy rxjIq isMG dw kbzw ho igAw[
mulqwn ’qy kbzw
lwhOr qoN bwAd p`CmI pMjwb ivc dUjw v`fw sUbw mulqwn sI[ rxjIq isMG cwhuMdw sI ik auh ies ’qy vI kbzw kr lvy[ aus ny 1803 ivc mulqwn ij`qx vwsqy ies ngr ƒ Gyrw pw ilAw[ pr mulqwn dy pTwx bVI bhwdrI nwl lVy[ rxjIq isMG dIAW &OjW ƒ qW Anwj qk
168
dw vI mslw swhmxy AwieAw[ A^Ir, ibnw kuJ hwisl kIqy, auh vwips muV AwieAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny pMj hor hmly mulqwn ’qy kIqy (1805, 1807, 1810, 1816 qy 1817)[ Cy vwr dI nwkwmXwbI mgroN rxjIq isMG ny AkwlI PUlw isMG qoN mdd mMgI[ A^Ir 30 meI 1817 dy idn, AkwlI PUlw isMG dI &Oj ny, ShIdIAW dy ky, mulqwn ij`q ky rxjIq isMG dI JolI ivc pw idqw[hwrn mgroN mulqwn sUby dy nvwb ny mhwrwjy nUM mwlIAw dyxw mMn ilAw sI pr iek swl mgroN hI Pyr iv`tr igAw sI nwl hI aus ny JMg dy bwZI reIs Aihmd ^wn nUM pnwh vI dy id`qI sI Aqy is`KW dy i^lw& swzSW krdw irhw sI[ A^Ir 2 jUN 1818 dy idn rxjIq isMG dIy 20000 is`K &Oj ny mulqwn ’qy hmlw kr id`qw; aunHW kol zmzmw qop vI sI[ ies lVweI ivc ij`q is`KW dI hoeI pr AkwlI PUlw isMG qy hrI isMG nlvw dyvyN ies dOrwn z^mI vI hoey[ ies lVweI ivc mulqwn dy nvwb muz`&r ^wn dy pMj pu`qr Sbwb ^wn, invwz ^wn, iejwz ^wn, mumqwj ^wn, h`k invwz ^wn mwry gey[ 1818 ivc rxjIq isMG ny isAwlkot ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[
pySwvr ‘qy kbzw
1809 ivc AMgryzW nwl AMimRqsr dw Aihdnwmw krn qoN pihlW rxjIq isMG ny SyKUpurw Aqy kWgVw (20ª Agsq 1808 ƒ) ’qyy vI kbzw kr cukw sI[ Aihdnwmy mgroN rxjIq isMG qy AMgryzW ivckwr dirAw sqluj ƒ h`d mMn ilAw igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny p`Cm vl mUMh kr ilAw[ aus ny jnvrI 1810 ivc gujrwq qy KuSwb, PrvrI 1810 ivc swhIvwl, jUn 1810 ivc hlovwl, fofw qy vzIrwbwd Aqy nvMbr 1810 ivc fskw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny 1811 ivc isMGpurIAw Aqy n`keI imslW dy rcnw-duAwb ivcly ielwikAW nUM vI Koh ilAw[ 1813 ivc Atk, sqMbr 1815 ivc joD isMG rwmgVHIAw dw ielwkw, 1818 ivc JMg Aqy nvMbr 1818 ivc mulqwn vI A`D-pc`Dw aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cukw sI[ ies mgroN julweI 1819 ivc kSmIr, 1821 ivc mnkyrw qy 1824 ivc nOSihrw vI aus dI irAwsq ivc Swiml ho cuky sn[ Xwin dirAw isMD qoN dirAw sqluj qk, kpUrQlw irAwsq ƒ C`f ky, swrw ielwkw rxjIq isMG dI irAwsq dw ih`sw bx cukw sI[ ieM\ hI phwVW ivc jMmU, kWgVw, AKnUr, iBMbr, lKxpur, nUrpur, gulyr, sIbw, kotlw, jsvwn, dwqwrpur vI aus dI hkUmq dw ih`sw sn[ rxjIq isMG ny is`K imslW, muZlW, blocW, A&gwnW,
169
fogirAW qy phwVI rwjpUqW qoN irAwsqW Koh ky Awpxy hyT kr leIAW sn[ 1824 qoN mgroN fyrw iesmweIl ^wn vI 1831 ivc aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cuky sn[ hux aus ny kwbl v`l mUMh kr ilAw sI; ies rsqy dI sB qoN Aihm ij`q ipSwvr sI sI ijs ‘qy hrI isMG nlvw ny bhuq Gmswx dI jMg mgroN Aw^r 5 meI 1834 dy idn kbzw kr ilAw[
imslW dy ielwky Kohxw
ienHW idnW ivc hI rxjIq isMG ny rcnw doAwb ivc j`sw isMG du`lU Aqy dl isMG dw ielwkw Koh ilAw[ ies mgroN aus ny JnW qy ijhlm ivckwr joD isMG bwjvw dw ielwkw vI Koh ilAw[ jd 1807 ivc qwrw isMG gYbw dI mOq hoeI qW rxjIq isMG ny mwqm-pursI krn dy bhwny rwhoN jw ky ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy iPr aus dy nkodr dy ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ kuJ icr mgroN aus ny kMg ^wndwn qoN i&lOr Aqy bwbw bGyl isMG dI ivDvw qoN hirAwxw (mOjUdw izlHw huiSAwrpur ivc) vI Koh ley[ ies vyly ibAws qy rwvI ivckwrly ielwikAW ivcoN pTwnkot ivc qwrw isMG sMDU, sujwnpur ivc buD isMG b`gw, dInwngr ivc gulwb isMG KYrw, cimAwrI ivc rMDwvw ^wndwn, mwrU& ivc buD isMG kwbz sn[ rxjIq isMG ny ienHW swirAW dy ielwky Koh ky aunW ƒ jwgIrW dy idqIAW[ ieM\ hI aus ny PgvwVw (nvMbr 1802 ivc), huiSAwrpur, bjvwVw, hujrw Swh mukIm (s`eIdW qoN), kmwlIAw (KrlW qoN), ipMfI B`tIAW (B`tIAW qoN), ipMfI GYb (nvwb ^wn joDVw qoN), Pqih jMg dy Awly duAwly (muhMmd ^wn GYbw qoN) dy ielwky vI Koh ley[ ieh swrIAW ij`qW Aqy ksUr rxjIq isMG kol 1802 qoN 1808 ivckwr Aw cuky sn[ ienHW idnW ivc hI bGyl isMG kroVw isMGIAw dI srdwrnI cVHweI kr geI qy rxjIq isMG ny aus dy ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ rxjIq isMG ny qW AwpxI s`s sdw kOr nUM vI nhIN b^iSAw qy aus nUM kYd ivc su`t ky aus dy ielwikAW ‘qy kbzw kr ilAw (qy auh 11 swl nzrbMdI/kYd ivc rih ky mr geI)[ ieh g`l kwbly-izkr hY ik sdw kOr dw koeI pu`qr nhIN sI qy aus dy mrn mgroN aus dI irAwsq rxjIq isMG nUM hI iml jwxI sI pr iPr vI rxjIq isMG ny aus nUM kYd kr ky aus dw ielwkw Koh ilAw[
1809 ivc AMgryzW nwl AMimRqsr dw Aihdnwmw krn qoN pihlW rxjIq isMG ny SyKUpurw Aqy kWgVw (20 Agsq 1808 ƒ) ’qyy vI kbzw
170
kr ilAw sI[ Aihdnwmy mgroN rxjIq isMG qy AMgryzW ivckwr dirAw sqluj ƒ AwpxI h`d mMn ilAw igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny p`Cm vl mUMh kr ilAw[ aus ny jnvrI 1810 ivc gujrwq qy KuSwb, PrvrI 1810 ivc swhIvwl, jUn 1810 ivc hlovwl, fofw qy vzIrwbwd Aqy nvMbr 1810 ivc fskw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny 1811 ivc isMGpurIAw Aqy n`keI imslW dy rcnw-duAwb ivcly ielwikAW nUM vI Koh ilAw[ 1813 ivc Atk, sqMbr 1815 ivc joD isMG rwmgVHIAw dw ielwkw, 1818 ivc JMg Aqy nvMbr 1818 ivc mulqwn vI A`D-pc`Dw aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cukw sI[ ies mgroN julweI 1819 ivc kSmIr, 1821 ivc mnkyrw qy 1824 ivc nOSihrw vI aus dI irAwsq ivc Swiml ho cuky sn[ Xwin dirAw isMD qoN dirAw sqluj qk, kpUrQlw irAwsq ƒ C`f ky, swrw ielwkw rxjIq isMG dI irAwsq dw ih`sw bx cukw sI[ ieM\ hI phwVW ivc jMmU, kWgVw, AKnUr, iBMbr, lKxpur, nUrpur, gulyr, sIbw, kotlw, jsvwn, dwqwrpur ‘qy vI aus dI hkUmq sI[ rxjIq isMG ny is`K imslW, muZlW, blocW, A&gwnW, fogirAW qy phwVI rwjpUqW qoN irAwsqW Koh ky Awpxy hyT kr leIAW sn[ 1824 qoN mgroN fyrw iesmweIl ^wn (1831), ipSwvr (1834), bMnU, kohwt Aqy fyrw ZwjI ^wn (1836) vI aus dy kbjy ivc Aw cuky sn[
rxjIq isMG v`loN XUrpIn ‘jrnYlW ‘dI BrqI
rxjIq isMG ny ieh swrIAW ij`qW is`K &OjW dIAW kurbwnIAW sdkw hwisl kIqIAW sn[ auh AwpxI hkUmq nUM ‘Kwlsw drbwr’ AwK ky, is`KW nUM Kwlsw rwj dy nW ’qy vrqdw irhw[ aus dI &Oj dI igxqI, jo SurU ivc 5 hzwr sI, aus dy mrn vyly qk iek l`K ky krIb phuMc cukI sI[ aus kol 300 qopW, 20 hzwr bMdUkW qy pMjwh hzwr dy krIb GoV svwr sn[ 1822 ivc, jd aus dI &Oj ivc AYlrf qy vYNqUrw &rWsIsI jrnYl Swiml hoey, qW audoN qk swry Aihm ielwky is`K &OjW ij`q cukIAW sn[ so, rxjIq isMG dy XUrpIn, bRwhmx jW fogrw jrnYlW ny aus dy rwj dy &YlwA ivc koeI Aihm rol Adw nhIN sI kIqw[ ies dy bwvjUd rxjIq isMG dI &Oj dIAW bhuq swrIAW pltnW XUrpIn A&srW dI kmwn hyT sn[ rxjIq isMG qW aunHW dI kOmIAq bwry vI pUrI qrHW vwik& nhIN sI[ ivdySI jrnYlW nUM r`Kx smyN aunHW dI prK dw koeI qrIkw nhIN sI[ auh qW aunHW dy ivdySI hox kwrn hI aunHW nUM aucy-aucy Ahudy dy idAw krdw sI[ (vyKo ivdySI jrnYlW: AlYZzYNdr
171
gwrfInr qy hYnrI lwrYNs dIAW ikqwbW)[ aus dI &Oj ivc 20 ibRitS, 4 AmrIkn, 5 ietYlIAn, 24 &rWsIsI, 3 skwitS, 1 AwieirS, 4 rUsI, 2 jrmn, 1 AwstrIAn, 1 hMgyrIAn, 1 purqgIz, 4 XUnwnI qy 1 pr`SIAn A&sr sn[ ienHW ivcoN keI qW ibRitS eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nwl bwkwiedw rwbqw rK rhy sn qy keIAW ny nOkrI C`fx mgroN rwz ‘vycy’ qy ZdwrI kIqI[
rxjIq isMG ny ivdySI jrnYlW nUM is`K &OjIAW dy mukwbly ivc v`fIAW-v`fIAW qn^whW vI idqIAW sn, ijhVIAW keI vwr iek Awm is`K &OjI qoN 500 guxW vD qk vI sn[ rxjIq isMG ny qW XUrpIn jrnYlW dIAW g`lW sux ky &OjIAW dI vrdI vI bdl ky XUrpIn qrz dI kr id`qI[ is`K &OjIAW dI vrdI dw lVweI nwl koeI sbMD nhIN sI[ hW, ies nwl pMjwb Aqy ies dy &OjI klcr ‘qy is`Dw n&I-Asr zrUr ipAw sI[
fogirAW Aqy imsrw bRwhmxW dw Gyrw
jd rxjIq isMG kol AQwh qwkq Aw geI qW aus ny AwpxI hkUmq ivc ZYr-is`KW ƒ vDyry qwkq dyxI SurU kr idqI[ ^uSwmd-psMd qbIAq vwly rwjy nUM ^UbsUrq phwVI kuVIAW, Srwb qy hor nSy muh`eIAw krvw ky bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey rxjIq isMG dI kYbint ivc qwkq hwisl krdy rhy[ ienHW ivcoN sB qoN vD Kqrnwk sn jMmU dy rwjw jIq isMh puqr rwjw rxjIq dyau (ijs qoN 1815 ivc rxjIq isMG ny jMmU KoihAw sI) dw ccyrw Brw ikSorw isMh qy aus dy iqMn puqr: gulwb isMh, iDAwn isMh qy sucyq isMh[ rxjIq isMG ny 1821 ivc ikSorw isMh ƒ jMmU dw rwjw bxw idqw[ drAsl gulwb isMh qy aus dy Brw dwAvw krdy sn ik auh jMmU dy rwjy rxjIq dyau (ijhVw bMdw isMG dy i^lw& muihMm ivc sB qoN mUhrlI kqwr ivc sI) dy Brw dy poqry sn[ pr jy.fI.kinMGm (ihstrI Aw& d is`Kz, s&w 161) muqwibk ieh aunHW dI ‘nwjwiez’ AOlwd sI[
1822 ivc ikSorw isMh fogrw dy mrn qy gulwb isMh rwjw bx igAw[ gulwb isMh, rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq ivc, ie`ko-iek rwjw sI ijs nUM AwpxI &Oj Awp r`Kx dw h`k imilAw hoieAw sI (kinMGm, s&w 213)[ ies qoN kuJ icr mgroN gulwb isMh fogrw dw Brw sucyq isMh fogrw rwmngr dw rwjw bx igAw qy 1827 ivc iDAwn isMh dw puqr hIrw isMh vI rwjw bx igAw qy iDAwn isMh fogrw qW rwjw-klW (v`fw
172
rwjw) sI[ (A^Ir ieh fogry rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq nUM qbwh krn dw muK kwrn bxy)[ fogirAW vwsqy qW rxjIq isMG v`fy pM|y lYx vwsqy vI iqAwr ho jWdw sI[ 1828 ivc jd kWgVy dw nvW rwjw Ainru`D cMd AwpxI mW qy BYxW nwl &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dy pu`qr dy ivAwh ivc Swiml hox vwsqy AwieAw qW iDAwn isMh fogrw ny koiSS kIqI ik aus dy pu`qr hIrw isMh dw ivAwh (kWgVy dy mr cuky rwjy) sMswr cMd dI DI Aqy nvyN rwjy AnruD cMd dI BYx nwl ho jwvy[ pr kWgVy dy rwjy ies ‘nwjwiez’ prvwr nUM Awpxy qoN bhuq hI nIvW smJdy sn[ ies kr ky kuVIAW dI mW AwpxIAW DIAW nUM nwl lY ky rxjIq isMG dy ielwky ivcoN B`j ky AMgryzI ielwky ivc clI geI[ ies g`l nUMM mW ny idl nUM lw ilAw qy auh kuJ hI idnW ivc idl dy dOry nwl mr geI[ auDr rxjIq isMG ny AinruD cMd nUM AwpxIAW BYxW moV ilAwaux vwsqy ikhw[ auh aunHW nUM ilAwaux dy bhwny AMgryzI ielwky v`l igAw pr muV ky nw AwieAw[ CyqI hI auh vI sdmy nwl mr igAw[ hux rxjIq isMG ny sMswr cMd dy nwjwiez pu`qrW ivcoN iek nUM kWgVy dw rwjw bxw id`qw pr nwl hI bdlw lYx vwsqy sMswr cMd dIAW dohW DIAW nUM Awp (jbrI) ivAwh ilAw (kinMGm, 167-68)[
1811 ivc ^uShwl cMd imsr (XU.pI. dw bRwhmx) aus dw ifEFIbrdwr bx cukw sI[ieM\ hI bRwhmx imsr bylI rwm aus dw ^zwncI bx cukw sI[ rxjIq isMG dw Drm-ArQ (dwn dyx dy &Ysly krn vwlw) vzIr aus dy h`Q hox kr ky aus dy ^zwny dw bhuqw ih`sw ihMdU mMdrW ƒ jWdw irhw[ ieh vzIr jwx buJ ky, idKwvy vjoN kuJ rkm drbwr swihb ƒ vI Byt krvw dyNdw sI, pr aus qoN keI guxw vDyry mMdrW ƒ idvw dyNdw sI[ rxjIq isMG dy kroVW rupY kurUkSyqr, hrduAwr qy kwSI (bnwrs) dy bRwhmxW ƒ imly jW kWgVw, jvwlwmuKI, jMmU, kwSI dy mMdrW ’qy sonw cVwaux vwsqy idqy gey[ it`lw gorK nwQ, iDAwnpur, pMforI qy Dmqwl dy jogIAW dy fyry, drjnW iSvwly qy mMdr vI rxjIq isMG qoN v`fIAW rkmW hwisl krdy rhy[ audwsIAW qy inrmilAW dy fyry vI coKw pYsw vsUl krdy rhy[ rxjIq isMG dy ies bRwhmx vzIr ny drbwr swihb dy duAwly bhuq swrI zmIn audwsIAW nUM idvw id`qI sI (ij`Qy aunHW ny AKwVy qy fyry bxw ley ij`Qy is`K &ls&y dy ault mirAwdw clweI jWdI sI qy mgroN ienHW fyirAW ivc is`K qvwrI^, i&lws&I qy gurbwxI nUM ivgwVn vwlIAW keI ikqwbW vI ilKIAW qy prcwrIAW geIAW), hwlW ik gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) dI ieh swrI zmIn drbwr
173
swihb dI sI ijs nUM 1564 ivc gurU rwm dws swihb ny quMg ipMf dy lokW qoN pUrw mu`l qwr ky ^rIidAw sI qy ies nUM A`gy vyicAw jW dwn nhIN sI id`qw jw skdw[ CyqI hI KuShwl cMd bRwhmx dIAW koiSSW sdkw rxjIq isMG ny dsihrw, dIvwlI, holI qy hor keI ihMdU iqEhwr vI mnwauxy SrU kr id`qy sn[ ies muihMm hyT sB qoN pihlw dusihrw 2 AkqUbr 1813 dy idn mnwieAw jwxw SurU hoieAw sI[
imsrw bRwhmxW dy Asr hyT rxjIq isMG ny qW gurU swihb v`loN r`d kIqy bydI, soFI prvwrW ƒ vI gurU-AMS AwK ky cMgIAW rkmW idqIAW[ gurduAwirAW ƒ idqIAW rkmW vI pujwrI qy srbrwh hI fkwrdy rhy[ rxjIq isMG dIAW Dwrimk grWtW ivcoN 75 &IsdI ihMdUAW 10 &I sdI is`KW qy 15 &I sdI dUjy i&rikAW qy sMprdwvW ƒ imldIAW rhIAW sn[ rxjIq isMG ny qW AMimRqsr dw iejwrydwr (tYks vsUlx vwlw) vI iek bRwhmx rulIAw rwm imsr ƒ bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ies rulIAw rwm imsr dI hvylI gurduAwrw twhlI swihb AMimRqsr dy swhmxy sI[ aus iemwrq ivc 1947 qoN mgroN vI aus dy vwirs rihMdy rhy sn[ (Amr isMG, zPrnwmw rxjIq isMG, swl 1815 dy hwlwq)[ iesy lyKk muqwibk pMfq gMgw rwm dIvwn ƒ vI sB qoN au~cy AhuidAW iv`coN iek Ahudw idqw igAw sI (iesy gMgw rwm dIAW is`K-ivroDI kwrvweIAW kwrn AkwlI &Ulw isMG AMimRqsr C`f ky AnMdpur clw igAw sI)[ ienHW bRwhmx slwhkwrW ny rxjIq isMG qoN aus dy JMfy dw rMg vI nIly qoN s&Yd qy iPr Bgvw/kysrI/pIlw krvw ilAw sI[
rxjIq isMG eynw nwAihl, Axjwx qy mUrK sI ik aus nUM pqw hI nw lg sikAw ik bRwhmxW qy fogirAW ny aus dw drbwr, qwj, ^zwnw, &Oj qy inzwm sB Awpxy kbzy ivc kIqy hoey sn[ ienHW ny is`KW nUM rxjIq isMG dy ivcwrvwn-slwhkwr-srkl (Think tank) qoN dUr r`Kx ivc kmwl dI kwmXwbI hwisl kr leI sI[ieho ijhy rwj dw hSr koeI vI AwswnI nwl smJ skdw sI[
rxjIq isMG vwsqy lVn vwly jrnYl AkwlI PUlw isMG, hukmw isMG icmnI, inDwn isMG pMj-h`Qw, inhwl isMG qy Swm isMG AtwrIvwly, hrI isMG nlvw, DMnw isMG mlveI, mjITIey, CwCI qy AwhlUvwlIey isrdwr sn[ pr aus dI imhr vDyry kr ky ihMdUAW ’qy hI rhI, BwvyN auh BeIey sn, phwVIey jW pMjwbI ihMdU[ ienHW ivc muK BeIey bRwhmx: iBvwnI dws, KuShwl cMd, rwm isMh, suKrwj, gMgw rwm, bylI rwm, rUp lwl, ikSn lwl, AXuiDAw pRswd, dInw nwQ, imsr
174
dIvwn cMd; fogry: iDAwn cMd, gulwb cMd, sucyq rwm, hIrw isMh; pMjwbI ihMdU: dIvwn mohkm cMd, dIvwn Dnpq rwey, dIvwn moqI rwm, dIvwn swvn m`l, dIvwn ikrpw rwm, dIvwn AXuiDAw pRswd, dIvwn suK idAwl, dIvwn srb idAwl, AQr ml copVw qoN ielwvw muslmwn: &kIr Brw (AzIj-aud-dIn, nUr-aud-dIn qy iemwm-aud-dIn) sn[ vsqI rwm dy pu`qr goibMd rwm Aqy rwm isMG vI rxjIq isMG qoN v`fy nzrwny hwisl krdy rihMdy sn[
jy rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlvw jW iksy hor is`K jrnYl nUM gvrnrI jW koeI hor Aihm Ahudw id`qw qW auh isr& ies kr ky id`qw sI qW jo auh is`K jrnYl aus ielwky ivc Amn kwiem kr sky qy jdoN Amn kwiem ho jWdw sI jW hwlwq sOKy ho jWdy sn qW ienHW QWvW ’qy iPr ihMdU Ahudydwr Aqy A&sr lw id`qy jWdy sn[
rxjIq isMG dy drbwr ivc ZYr-is`KW dw kbzw vyK ky iek vwr, 1814 ivc, AkwlI PUlw isMG AMimRqsr C`f ky AnMdpur jw bYTw sI[ 1837 ivc jrnYl hrI isMG nlvw ny rxjIq isMG nUM ikhw ik aus ny ieh rwj is`KW dIAW kurbwnIAW sdkw hwisl kIqw hY qy auh vsIAq kr ky ies nUM is`KW dI kONsl dy hvwly kr dyx bwry hdwieq kr jwvy[ kinMGm vI nlvw dy ies ‘s`c’ v`l ieSwrw krdw hY ik auh (nlvw) ies g`l dy i^lw& sI isr& rxjIq isMG dw koeI iek pu`qr hI is`K mulk dw Aglw rwjw bxy (kinMGm, s&w 173)[ jd fogirAW ny ieh suixAw qW aunHW rxjIq isMG nUM smJwieAw ik ieh qW aus dw injI rwj hY qy is`KW dw nhIN, ies kr ky ies dw vwirs aus dw vlI-Aihd (v`fw pu`qr) hI hovygw[ ies qoN kuJ idn mgroN hI fogirAW ny iek swizS bxw ky hrI isMG nlvw nUM mrvw id`qw[ pihlW AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM vI iek swizS rc ky fogirAW ny hI mrvwieAw sI[ fogirAW ny qW rxjIq isMG dw iek vI sInIAr is`K swQI izMdw nhIN rihx id`qw sI[
rxjIq isMG nwl juVIAW lok khwxIAW dI AslIAq
rxjIq isMG dy nW nwl joVIAW jWdIAW khwxIAW (p`Qr mwrn bdly b`icAW nUM imTweI imlxw, kwly qvy dy brwbr iek bzurg AOrq nUM sonw imlxw, kwl pYx ’qy iek bzurg dy Gr kxk dI borI AwpxI ip`T ’qy cu`k ky C`f ky Awauxw Aqy ieho ijhIAW hor khwxIAW, Akbr-bIrbl dIAW khwxIAW vWg, aus dy mrn qoN bhuq dyr mgroN
175
lyKkW/pRcwrkW/FwfIAW vZYrw v`loN GVIAW geIAW sn[ hor qW hor ieh qW aus dy roznwmcy aumdwq-qu`q-qvwrI^ ivc vI drj nhIN hn hwlW ik ies roznwmcy ivc in`ky-in`ky qohi&AW dw izkr vI drj hY[ ieM\ hI Amr nwQ dw z&rnwmw rxjIq isMG vI ieho ijhI iksy khwxI dw izkr nhIN krdw[
ies dw mqlb hrigz ieh nhIN ik rxjIq isMG dw kuJ vI jmHW-p`KI nhIN sI[ aus dy rwj ivc kdy iksy nUM &WsI nhIN sI id`qI geI[ aus dy huMidAW Awm lokW nwl kdy vI D`kw nhIN sI hoieAw[ aus dI hkUmq ivc muZlW qy A&ZwnW nwloN Gt mwlIAw vsUl kIqw jWdw sI[
rxjIq isMG Aqy AMgryz
1808 qk rxjIq isMG pMjwb qy ies dy Awly duAwly dw sB qoN v`fw hwkm bx cu`kw sI[ auh audoN qk dw qy Awaux vwly vkqW ivc vI ies zon ivc sB qoN v`fy ielwky dw mhwrwjw sI[ eySIAw dI qvwrI^ ivc ies Kyqr ivcoN isr& do rwijAW dw izkr AwauNdw hY, iek pors dw qy dUjw rxjIq isMG dw[ (pr pors dI hkUmq kuJ ipMfW auqy sI pr rxjIq isMG dy mukwbly qy qW auh pwskU vI nhIN sI[ auN\ pors eynw Cotw rwjw hox dy bwvjUd iskMdr vrgI v`fI qwkq nwl liVAw sI; pr rxjIq isMG ny, eynI v`fI slqnq hox dy bwvjUd, AMgryzW qoN fr ky aunHW nwl smJOqw krn ivc dyr nhIN sI lweI)[
rxjIq isMG ny AMgryzW ƒ CyVn dI bjwie aunHW nwl pihlI jnvrI 1806 Aqy 25 AprYl 1809 ƒ do Aihdnwmy kr ley[ 1805 ivc, jdoN AMgryzW dw BjwieAw hoieAw mrh`tw XSvMq isMG rwE holkr pMjwb pu`jw qW rxjIq isMG ny srb`q Kwlsw bulw ky aunHW qoN aus dw swQ dyx bwry rwey pu`CI[ gurmqy muqwibk rxjIq isMG ny aus dw swQ qW nw id`qw pr AMgryzW nwl smJOqw zrUr krvw idqw[ pr, ies qoN bwAd rxjIq isMG ny srb`q Kwlsw dw iek`T hI nhIN hox idqw[ auN\ vI auh is`K imslW dy ielwky Kohx lg ipAw sI qy jy auh srbq Kwlsw bulwauNdw qW pihlW AwpxIAW ienHW hrkqW vwsqy jvwb-dyh huMdw[ Swied aus imslW-mwrU rwjy dy s`dy ’qy koeI is`K jrnYl AwauNdw vI nw[
1820 ivc nwgpur dw rwjw A`pw swihb AMgryzW qoN hwr ky rxjIq isMG kol pu`jw[ aus kol bhuq swrI dOlq vI sI pr rxjIq
176
isMG ny aus dI mdd krn qoN nWh kr id`qI qy Awpxy ielwky ivcoN inkl jwx vwsqy ikhw (ies ’qy A`pw swihb kWgVy clw igAw)[
ieM\ rxjIq isMG ny AMgryzW nwl sbMD bxweI r`Ky pr dUjy pwsy AMgryz aus dw rwj Kohx dIAW skImW vI bxwauNdy rhy Aqy nwl hI aus nwl idKwvy dI nyVqw vI rKdy rhy[ ies islisly ivc 1831 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy AMgryz gvrnr jnrl ivckwr rsmI mulwkwq vI krvweI geI[ ieh mulwkwq 25 AkqUbr 1831 dy idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG qy ivlIAm bYNitMg ivckwr hoeI sI[ pihlW rxjIq isMG ny sqluj dirAw pwr kr ky rUpV (hux ropV) ivc jw ky ivlIAm bYNitMg nwl mulwkwq kIqI iPr Agly idn bYNitMg ny dirAw pwr kr ky rxjIq isMG dI slqnq dy ipMf kwTgVH ivc mhwrwjw dI pRwhuxwcwrI dw AnMd mwinAw[
auN\ 1809 ivc jy rxjIq isMG AMgryzW nwl t`kr lY lYNdw qW auh AMgryzW nUM XkInn hrw dyNdw[ 1845-46 Aqy 1848-49 dIAW is`KW Aqy AMgryzW dIAW lVweIAW qoN nqIjw k`iFAw jw skdw hY ik jy 1809 ivc rxjIq isMG dI AgvweI ivc ieho ijhI is`K-AMgryz lVweI huMdI qW AMgryz AwswnI nwl Xmnw pwr D`ky gey huMdy[ 1845 qy 1849 ivc is`K AwgU hIx hox Aqy ZdwrI dy bwvjUd AMgryzW nUM Asl ivc qW hrw hI gey sn, jd ik 1809 ivc qW is`K kOmIAq dI soc nwl lVdy sn[
rxjIq isMG Aqy is`KI AsUl
jdoN 1799 ivc rxjIq isMG ny lwhOr dy byiensw& BMgI hwkmW qoN lokW dI jwn dI KlwsI krvweI qW auh srbq Kwlsw dw AsUl qoVn dy bwvjUd, kuJ h`d qk, shI cl irhw sI[ pr jdoN aus ƒ BMgIAW vWg hkUmq dw ‘Js’ pY igAw qW auh iek Awm rwjy vWg krn l`g ipAw[ sMn 1801 ivc “mhwrwjw” bxn dw lwlc aus dI sB qoN pihlI v`fI A-is`K kwrvweI sI[ ies qoN bwAd ^udpRsqI, hwkm-px, Awp-hudrwpx, hYNkV qy A`XwSI Awpxy Awp hI qurIAW AwauxIAW sn[ CyqI hI ieh swrIAW g`lW rxjIq isMG ivc AwauxIAW SurU ho geIAW sn qy kuJ hI swlW ivc auh iek Awm A`XwS rwjw bx cuikAw sI[ kMjrI morW dy ieSk ivc pwgl ho jwxw qy mgroN 53 swl dI aumr ivc gul byZm kMjrI dy ieSk ivc dIvwnw ho ky aus nwl ivAwh krn dI pySkS
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lY ky aus dy mwipAW kol jw ky byiezqI krvwauxw aus dy ie^lwk dw sB qoN nIvW isrw sI (vyKo aumdw-qu`q-qvwrI^ ivc ies idRS dw vyrvw)[ aus ny qW morW kMjrI dy nW ‘qy iek is`kw vI jwrI kIqw sI qy aus vwsqy iek aucycw pul vI bxvwieAw sI ijs nUM A`j vI ‘pul kMjrI’ dy nW nwl jwixAw jWdw hY[
(jy rxjIq isMG ny kdy gurbwxI pVI suxI qy smJI huMdI qW Swied aus nUM kdy iehnW Sbdw dy mwAny pqw huMdy: “Ago dy jy cyqIAY qW kwiequ imlY sjwie] swhW suriq gvweIAw rMig qmwsY cwie] bwbrvwxI iPir geI kuieru n rotI Kwie] (gurU gRMQ swihb , s&w 417)[ smyN dy muqwibk hux bwbr dI QW AMgryzW dy bol bwly hox vwly sn ikauNik “bwdSwh” rxjIq isMG ny A`XwSI ivc surq gvw id`qI sI)[
rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq dw bhuqw ielwkw aus dw Awpxw inj dw ijiqAw hoieAw nhIN sI[ aus leI sB qoN AOKIAW ij`qW sn: ksUr, mulqwn, kSmIr, ipSwvr, bhwvlpur, isMD qy Atk[ ieh swry dy swry ielwky AkwlI PUlw isMG qy aus dy swQI inhMgW ny Aqy hor is`K jrnYlW ny ij`q ky id`qy sn[ ies dy bwvjUd rxjIq isMG AkwlI PUlw isMG dI pRvwh nhIN sI krdw[
AkwlI PUlw isMG ShIdI imsl dw muK syvwdwr sI ijhVI gurduAwirAW dI syvw sMBwl kirAw krdI sI[ ies syvw kwrn auh srbq Kwlsw iek`T bulw ky pMQk msilAW ‘qy ivcwrW krvw skdw sI (Akwl q^q’qy ‘srbq Kwlsw iek`T’ ShIdW imsl dy muKI jW dl Kwlsw/srbq Kwlsw dy jQydwr bulwieAw krdy sn[ Akwl q^q dy AKOqI-jQydwr dw Ahudw 12 AkqUbr 1920 GiVAw sI qy ies dw mksd q^q dI iemwrq dI r`iKAw krnw Aqy pwT qy prSwd dI ifaUtI inBwauxw sI)[ rxjIq isMG ny 1805 qoN bwAd AkwlI PUlw isMG ƒ srb`q Kwlsw bulwaux hI nhIN idqw[ qvwrI^ ies bwry cup hY ik AkwlI PUlw isMG iek dlyr jrnYl hox dy bwvjUd qkVw stYNf ikauN nw lY sikAw, hwlW ik AkwlI PUlw isMG kol jWbwz XoiDAW dI iek Awzwd KwVkU &Oj vI sI[
jdoN rxjIq isMG fogirAW qy bRwhmxW dI cwplUsI Aqy AOrq qy Srwb dw gulwm ho igAw qW AkwlI PUlw isMG bhuq mwXUs ho igAw[ fogry Aqy bRwhmx rxjIq isMG ƒ Srwb (qy hor niSAW) Aqy kwm (AOrqW) ivc eynw msq krI rKdy sI ik rxjIq isMG AkwlI PUlw isMG qy hor is`K jrnYlW dI prvwh krnoN hI ht igAw sI[ A^Ir mwXUsI dy Awlm ivc AkwlI PUlw isMG sqMbr 1814 ivc AMimRqsr qoN clw igAw
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Aqy AnMdpur swihb ivc fyrw lw ilAw[ AkwlI PUlw isMG dI mwXUsI dI vjh ieh Cy nukqy sn:-
(a) rxjIq isMG vloN fogirAW ƒ Aihm Ahudy dyxw
(A) imsr gMgw rwm bRwhmx dIAW AYNtI-is`K kwrvweIAW
(e) gMgw rwm vloN ‘lwhOr drbwr’ ivc irSqydwrW dI BrqI
(s) rxjIq isMG qy kuMvr KVk isMG ivc ihMdU AihlkwrW vloN pYdw kIqy AwpxI &rk
(h) ihMdU AihlkwrW vloN rxjIq isMG qy kuMvr Syr isMG ivckwr pYdw kIqI n&rq
(k) rxjIq isMG dIAW bRwhmxvwd vwlIAW kwrvweIAW ivc vwDw
iek soc muqwibk AkwlI PUlw isMG dw inrwS ho ky B`j jwxw bhwdrI nhIN blik byidlI qy kmzorI sI[ ienHW muqwibk PUlw isMG rxjIq isMG dI v`fI &Oj nwl m`Qw nhIN sI lwauxw cwhuMdw[
ienHW idnW ivc hI jINd dw rwjw pRqwp isMG AMgryzW nwl JgVw hox mgroN AnMdpur Aw igAw Aqy AkwlI PUlw isMG kol ‘pnwh’ lY leI[ jd AMgryzW ny PUlw isMG nUM ikhw ik auh jINd dy rwjy nUM aunHW dy hvwly kr dyvy qW aus ny nWh kr id`qI[ ies ’qy AMgryzW ny pitAwlw, mlyrkotlw qy hor &OjW nUM AnMdpur swihb ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy Byj id`qw[ pr jd is`K &OjW nUM pqw l`gw ik aunHW nUM AkwlI PUlw isMG dI igR&qwrI vwsqy AnMdpur ‘qy hmlw krnw pYxw hY qW aunHW ny A`gy vDx qoN nWh kr id`qI[ A^Ir AMgryzW ny swihb isMG bydI dy pu`qr qoN ivcolgI krvw ky smJOqw kr ilAw[ hux rxjIq isMG vI ny AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM vwips bulw ilAw[
pr ies dy bwvjUd vI rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy qOr qrIikAW ivc koeI Prk nw ilAWdw[ Srwb Aqy AOrq ivc glqwn kr ky bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey rxjIq isMG qy AwpxI pkV kwiem krdy gey[ mrn vyly qk rxjIq isMG dIAW 20 rwxIAW Aqy drjnW rKYlW sn[ aus dw hrm iek v`fy A`XwS mugl bwdSwh nwloN v`Krw nhIN sI[ rxjIq isMG ny srdwrW Aqy phwVI rwijAW qy jwgIrdwrW dIAW DIAW hI nhIN blik do kMjrIAW (vysvw nwcIAW) ƒ vI AwpxIAW (rKYlW nhIN r`KIAW blik) rwxIAW bxw ilAw sI (kMjrI morW 1802 ivc qy dUjI kMjrI gul bygm 1833 ivc ivAwhI sI)[ eynw hI bs nhIN, aus ny morW qy gul bygm kMjrIAW ƒ dUjIAW rwxIAW qoN vI vDyry au~cw drjw idvwieAw[ rxjIq isMG morW vwsqy qW eynw pwZl sI ik iek vwr aus ny aus dI byh`d
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cwplUsI kridAW aus nUM sB qoN ^UbsUrq ikhw ijs ’qy aus dI phwVn pqnI (sMswr cMd dI DI) g`dW ny ^udkuSI kr leI sI (drAsl auh sB qoN suhxI sI)[ ienHW dohW kMjrIAW ny is`K Drm nhIN sI ApxwieAw qy ienHW vwsqy lwhOr dy iklHy ivc nmwz qy hor Dwrimk rsmW vwsqy ^ws msIqW bxweIAW hoeIAW sn[ morW ny qW lwhOr ivc iek vDIAw msIq Awp vI bxvweI sI[ morW nwl ivAwh kr ky aus nwl hrduAwr clw igAw sI qy 13 idn ivc iek l`K rupY Krc kr ky A`XwSI kr ky muiVAw sI (hrduAwr dw sbMD nw qW is`KW nwl sI qy nw muslmwnW nwl[ ies kr ky is`K rxjIq isMG Aqy muslmwn morW dw au~Qy, qIrQ-Xwqrw qW kIh hnImUn mnwaux jwx dw vI koeI mqlb nhIN sI)[ ieh ^rcw ‘dwn-puMn’ Kwqy ivc iliKAw igAw sI[ (‘z&rnwmw rxjIq isMG’ ivc swl 1802 qy 1833 dy hwlwq Aqy sohn lwl sUrI dI aumdw-quq-qvwrI^)[ rxjIq isMG ny qW morW dy nW ’qy is`kw/mYfl vI jwrI kIqw sI[ (kinMGm, ihstrI Aw& d is`Kz, s&w 159, 1915 dI AYfISn qy 1997 dw rIipRMt)[
bRwhmx qy fogry rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dy v`fy Aihlkwr sn[ jmWdwr ^uShwl cMd (mgroN ^uShwl isMh) bRwhmx 1811 ivc ‘ifEVIvwlw’ (Chamberlaine) bx cu`kw sI (kinMGm, s&w 160-61)[ sMn 1815 ivc dInw nwQ dIvwn qy 1817 ivc iDAwn cMd fogrw (mgroN iDAwn isMh) fogrw ifEVIvwlw bx igAw sI[ iesy swl bRwhmx qyj rwm jnrl (mgroN qyjw isMh) Aqy BeIAw rwm lwl kumydwn bixAw[ sMn 1822 ivc gulwb dws fogrw (mgroN isMh) fogrw jMmU dw rwjw, 1828 ’c iDAwn cMd fogrw vzIr, iesy swl iDAwn cMd fogrw dw pu`qr hIrw (isMh) rwjw bx igAw[ hux qkrIbn swrI dI swrI hkUmq jMmU dy fogirAW qy ihMdUsqwn dy bRwhmxW dy h`Q ivc sI[
ieh sI rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq dw FWcw ijs ivc twvW-twvW muslmwn qW idsdw sI pr koeI vI is`K ikqy nzr hI nhIN sI AwauNdw[ is`KW ƒ isrP jMg kr ky mrn qy ielwky ij`q ky dyx vwsqy r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ mrn vwsqy is`K Aqy hkUmq krn vwsqy bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey[
iek g`p ieh vI pRcwrI jWdI hY ik rxjIq isMG roz svyry gurU gRMQ swihb dw hukm sux ky drbwr lwauNdw qy hukm sux ky jMg qy jWdw sI[ jdik hkIkq ieh hY ik auh rwq dI AXwSI Aqy Srwb qy A&Im dy nSy ivc cUr hoieAw v`fy idn cVHy jwgdw sI qy ies Awdq kr ky
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keI bzurg is`KW qoN JwV JMb vI krvw cukw sI [ iesy kr ky auh isKW nUM Awpxy nyVy nhIN sI Ptkx idMdw qy jMg ‘qy jwx smyN auh bRwhmxW qoN mhUrq kFvwauNdw sI, iqlk lgwENdw Aqy hvn krdw sI[
(ieh Ajy vI Kwlsw rwj sI! ieh vI idlcsp hY ik bhuq swry kQwkwr, lYkcrwr, pRcwrk qy lyKk rxjIq isMG dIAW is&qW krdy nhIN Qkdy qy aus dy rwj nUM ‘s`cw is`K rwj’ kihx dI gusqw^I krdy hn[ ies qoN vI vD kmwl ieh hY ik 1984 qoN mgroN kuJ KwVkUAW ny rxjIq isMG vrgw rwj kwiem krn nUM Awpxw inSwnw AYlwixAw sI[ kI auh ieho ijhw rwj cwhuMdy sn? hW prkwS isMG bwdl ny 1997-2002 qy iPr 2007 ivc ieho ijhw rwj zrUr kwiem kIqw sI)[
ies bwry isrdwr kpUr isMG AwpxI ikqwb “pRwSr-pRSn” (d bYswKI Aw& gurU goibMd isMG) ivc ilKdy hn: “qkrIbn pMJI swl qk is`K hkUmq dw Awm ieMqzwm, lwhOr dI rwjDwnI ivc is`K kpqwnW dy gu`t kol irhw Aqy ies dOrwn is`KW ny (dirAw) jmnW qoN isMD (dirAw) qk, swry pMjwb ƒ bdySI pMjy ivcoN Azwd krvwaux vwsqy AwpxI jMg vI jwrI r`KI Aqy hr is`K kYptn, jQydwr jW isrdwr jdoN kuJ ielwkw Kwlsw rwj vwsqy Awzwd krvw lYNdw sI, auh aus ƒ AMimRqsr ivc Akwl q^q swihb dy kstofIAn jnrl (dl Kwlsw dy jQydwr, srbrwh nhIN) kol irkwrf ivc drj krvw idMdw sI[…ieh aus vkq qk vwsqy sI jdoN is`K AsUlW qy is`K isAwsq muqwibk bxy iek AweIn hyT ‘Kwlsw rwj’ dw rsmI AYlwn kr idqw jwvygw[” (pRwSr-pRSn, sPw 352-53) (not:- isrdwr kpUr isMG dI ikqwb pRwSr-pRSn dy swry s&w nMbr pihlI AYfISn, 1959, dy hn[ nvIAW AYfISnW ivc s&w nMbr hor ho skdy hn)[
rxjIq isMG ny Kwlsw rwj dy ielwky Koh-Koh ky S^sI hkUmq kwiem kr leI[ aus ny auh ielwky kbzy ivc kr ley ijhVy imslW ny Kwlsw rwj dy AYlwn vwsqy Awzwd krvwey sn[ ieh hkUmq ‘Kwlsw rwj’ qoN iek bwdSwh dI ‘zwqI hkUmq’ ivc bdl geI[ ieh KwlsweI qrIikAW vl qurn dI bjwie “is`K ienklwb” ƒ pu`Tw gyV dyxw sI[ hwkm bdl gey sn, qrIkw auhI sI[ muglW dI jgh p`g vwlw rwjw sI qy bRwhmxW Aqy fogirAW dy h`Q ivc swrw kMtrol sI[ ies qbwhI dI vjh dsidAW isrdwr kpUr isMG ilKdy hn:
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(1) rxjIq isMG ny Ais`K Ahudw “mhwrwjw” A^iqAwr kIqw Aqy ies mksd vwsqy “AiBSyk” dI ihMdU rsm Adw kIqI[ (pRwSr-pRSn, sPw 359)
(2) qwjpoSI qoN kuJ swl mgroN hI aus ny is`K isAwsq dy sB qoN kImqI ih`sw “srb`q Kwlsw” krn qy rok lw idqI qy Kwlsy dIAW ijqW nwl hwisl hoey ielwky qy AwpxI mrzI dI vzwrq Tos idqI[ ieh Asl ihMdU qrIkw sI[ (pRwSr-pRSn, sPw 359-60)
(3) AwpxI hkUmq dy ipClyry A`D ivc aus ny krMsI auqy ihMdU mzhb dw ip`pl dw p`qw vI aukrvw idqw qy AwpxI hkUmq ivcoN is`K AsUlW ƒ PwrKqI dy ky bRwhmx-pYtrn dy rMg ivc rMg ilAw[ (pRwSr-pRSn, sPw 360-61)
(4) rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dy irkwrf, Kws kr ky aus dy Aw^rI idnW ivc, bRwhmxW qy ihMdU mMdrW ƒ byihswb dOlq Aqy dwn nwl Bry pey hn[ ieh iek auh &rz hY jo bRwhmxW muqwibk hr ihMdU rwjy vwsqy zrUrI huMdw hY (qy rxjIq isMG isr& bRwhmxW dI hdwieq hyT cl irhw sI)[ (pRwSr-pRSn, sPw 361)
(5) jd vI iksy is`K ny ies AYNtI-is`K qrIky dI muKwlPq kIqI qW aus ƒ qrIky nwl, pr XkInn, srkwr ivcoN bMny kr id`qw igAw[ qrqIbvwr jrnYl hrI isMG nlvw, bwbw swihb isMG bydI, AkwlI PUlw isMG ƒ jW qW Kqm krvw idqw igAw qy jW byAsr kr idqw igAw (pRwsr-pRSn, sPw 361)
(6) rxjIq isMG ny nIly inSwn swihb dI jgh AwpxI POj dy JMfy ivc ihMdU dyvI dw inSwn kwiem kr idqw [
(7) rxjIq isMG Srwb qy AOrq dw gulwm bx cu`kw sI[ aus dIAW 30 qoN vD rwxIAW, drjnW rKYlW vZYrw aus dI qy aus dI hkUmq dI qbwhI dw swmwn sn[
(8) aus dI Srwb dI kmzorI bwry bhuq sbUq hn keI vwrI aus dy AkwlI pihrydwr aus ‘qy gu`sy ho pYNdy sn[ ies kr ky aus ny ieh ifaUtI vI fogirAW ƒ dy idqI sI[ Srwb qy hor niSAW ivc auh eynw glqwn ho cu`kw sI ik AKIr ienHW dI vjh nwl aus ƒ ADrMg ho igAw jo jwn-lyvw sibq hoieAw[
(9) 1825 qoN mgroN rxjIq isMG fogirAW, ^ws kr ky iDAwn isMh, dI cwplUsI dI kYd ivc Aw cukw sI[ iDAwn isMh aus dy drbwr ivc aus dI kursI (q^q) dy nyVy zmIn ’qy bYT ky aus (rxjIq isMG) dy
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pYr AwpxI JolI ivc r`K ky pwKMf kr ky aus nUM byvkU& bxwauNdw sI[ rxjIq isMG fogirAW dI ies cwplUsI dw kYdI bx cukw sI[
kuJ ilKwrI ieh AwKdy hn ik rxjIq isMG ny imslW dI burCwgrdI Kqm kr ky v`fw is`K rwj kwiem kIqw[ ieh aunHW dI bysmJI hY qy auh is`K AsUlW dI vwk&I qoN kory hn[ rxjIq isMG dw rwj shI mwAinAW ivc is`K rwj dI qbwhI sI qy gurU dI is`iKAw dy iblkul ault sI[ isrdwr kpUr isMG muqwibk:
“ieh AwKxw bymwAnw hY ik aus ny (rxjIq isMG ny) ‘burCwgrd’ is`K imslW ƒ iek jgh iek`Tw kr ky Tos bxwaux vwsqy hMBlw mwirAw, ikauNik Asl ivc aus ny is`K isAwsq dy aus kudrqI vwDy, ijs dI buinAwd ivc lokW dIAW irvwieqW sn, sunihrI ipCokV sI, jo Kwils bxwieAw igAw sI, qy ijs ƒ ^ud is`K gurUAW ny pwik bxwieAw sI, ƒ swboqwj kIqw[” (pRwSr-pRSn, s&w 365)
ies qrHW ieh AwKxw shI hovygw ik is`K imslW ny jo kuJ hwisl kIqw sI aus ƒ rxjIq isMG ny &zUl guAw idqw[ jy koeI rxjIq isMG vloN gurduAwirAW ivc sonw cVwaux dw izkr krnw cwhy qW aus ƒ irkwrf Prol ky pqw lgygw ik ijMnw sonw aus ny drbwr swihb cVHwieAw sI aus qoN pMjwh-guxw vD sonw jvwlwmuKI, jMmU, purmMfl, ktVw, jgn nwQ purI, hirduAwr, bnwrs, qy hor ihMdU mMdrW ƒ id`qw sI[ aus dw ihMdU mMdrW ƒ id`qw dwn is`K pMQ dI dOlq sI[ dUjw drbwr swihb dI iemwrq qy lwieAw rIx-ku sonw sgoN drbwr swihb dI rUhwnIAq ‘qy pwieAw prCwvW hY jo iksy vI qrIky nwl is`K &ls&y muqwibk TIk nhIN hY[ rxjIq isMG dy ies sony dI vjh nwl drbwr swihb dw nW ivgV ky “golfn tYNpl” bx igAw[ goirAW ny ieh nW sony dI vjh kr ky hI idqw sI[ mgroN bysmJ is`KW ny vI ieh nW “Apxw” ilAw[ drbwr swihb qW sony (golfn) kr ky Aihm hY qy nw hI ieh bu`q-pUjw dw A`fw (mMidr) hY[ &ls&y p`KoN golfn tYNpl nW qW drbwr swihb dI qOhIn hY[
eyQy ieh izkr krnw vI kuQWeIN nhIN hovygw ik rxjIq isMG Awpxy Awp nUM isMG swihb AKvwauNdw sI (vyKo drbwr swihb dy muK gyt ’qy l`gI q^qI)[ isMG swihb dw mqlb hY ‘isMGW dw swihb/mwilk’ (vyKo: mhwn koS, lyKk BweI kwhn isMG nwBw)[ is`K qvwrI^ ivc ‘isMG swihb’ isr& gurU goibMd isMG swihb vwsqy iliKAw hI imldw hY[ aunHW qoN ielwvw iksy hor ny kdy vI ieh l&z Awpxy nW nwl vrqx dI ihmwkq nhIN sI kIqI Aqy dUijAW nUM vrqx dI iejwzq nhIN id`qI sI[ bMdw isMG bhwdr qW Awpxy Awp nUM isr& ‘gurU dw bMdw’ ikhw krdw sI[ Aj qW jxw-Kxw grMQI vI ^ud nUM ‘isMGW dw mwilk’ (isMG swihb) AKvwauNdw hY[
183
AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw krn mgroN rxjIq isMG ny bhuq swry is`K srdwrW ƒ Coty-Cotyy ‘mnsb’ idqy sn[ muK jrnYl sn: dysw isMG mjIiTAw (cwr sO svwr), hrI isMG nlvw (sq sO svwr), hukmw isMG icmnI (200 svwr qy Coty qopKwny dw drogw), Bwg isMG murwly vwlw (500 svwr) qy jwgIr, imlKw isMG QyhpurIAw (700 svwr qy Gyp prgxw dI jwgIr), &qih isMG dy puqr Aqr isMG (5 sO svwr), imq isMG BdwnIAw (500 svwr qy ipAwdy), mwn isMG (400 svwr qy ipAwdy), krm isMG rMGV nMglIAw (100 svwr), joD isMG sOVIAW vwlw (300 svwr qy pYdl), inhwl isMG AtwrIvwlw (500 svwr qy pYdl), grBw isMG (iek hzwr svwr), idqy gey[ muslmwn gOsy ^wn nUM v`fw qop^wnw sONipAw igAw qy 2000 svwr idqy gey sn*[ ies qoN ielwvw krm isMG dolU dy puqr j`sw isMG, gu`jr isMG BMgI dy pu`qr swihb isMG, lihxw isMG BMgI dy pu`qr cyq isMG, Bwg isMG AwhUvwlIAw Aqy cimAwrI prgxw dy hwkm nwr isMG dy pu`qrW dy ds hzwr svwr qy pYdl, n`kw srdwrW dy 4 hzwr svwr qy pYdl, phwVI rwijAW dy 5 hzwr svwr qy pYdl Aqy duAwby dy srdwrW dy 7 hzwr svwr qy pYdl vI rxjIq isMG dy nwl sn[ ies qoN ielwvw aus dI AwpxI v`fI &Oj vI sI[ iesy &Oj sdkw hI auh hkUmq clw irhw sI[ ies dy nwl-nwl AkwlI &Ulw isMG dI inhMg &Oj vI aus dw swQ dyNdI rhI sI qy hr v`fy qy AOKy AYkSn ivc auh sB qoN mUhry huMdI sI[
*ieh g`l kwbly-ZOr hY ik rxjIq isMG ny muslmwn ZOsy ^wn kol 2000svwr vI sn qy BwrI qopKwnw vI sI[ ieM\ hI ivdySI jrnYlW nUM vI hzwrW &OjW dI kmwn id`qI hoeI sI[ pr, aus ny iksy vI is`K jrnYl nUM 1000qoN vD dw mnsb nhIN sI id`qw hoieAw[
rxjIq isMG dI mOq
(mhwrwjw) rxjIq isMG dI Srwb pIx dI Awdq byh`d mwVI sI[ ies ny aus dw ijsm gwl id`qw sI[ pcvMjw swl dI aumr mgroN auh ijsmwnI qOr ’qy byh`d kmzor ho cukw sI[ pr Ajy vI auh Srwb dw gulwm sI, qy Srwb vI auh qyz qoN qyz pIivAw krdw sI[ 1838 ivc jd AMgryz jnrl mYknOtn lwhOr AwieAw qW audoN vI aus ny aus nwl bYT ky AwpxI Aqy AMgryzW dI Srwb r`j dI ‘suVkI’ sI[ ies ip`CoN aus
184
’qy ADrMg dw hmlw hoieAw[ ieh vI ivcwr Awm pRclq sI ik AMgryzW ny rxjIq isMG ƒ im`TI-zihr vwlI Srwb id`qI sI, ijs ny aus ƒ CyqI hI ibsqry ’qy pw id`qw[ A^Ir 27 jUn 1839 dy idn aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus dy sskwr vyly aus dIAw cwr ihMdU rwxIAW qy s`q golIAW ‘sqI’ hoeIAW[
pMjwb ’qy AMgryzW dw kbzw krvwaux dI swizS
(bRwhmxW Aqy fogirAW v`loN rxjIq isMG dI dI slqnq AMgryzW nUM sONpx dIAW swizSW)
KVk isMG nUM g`dIEN lwhuxw
rxjIq isMG dI mOq mgroN aus dw sB qoN v`fw pu`qr KVk isMG “mhwrwjw” bixAw[ rxjIq isMG ny AwpxI hkUmq dI bhuqI qwkq iDAwn isMh fogrw qy aus dy pu`qr hIrw isMh Aqy iDAwn isMh dy BrwvW (gulwb isMh qy sucyq isMh) vZYrw ƒ sONpI hoeI sI[ iDAwn isMh pRweIm minstr sI[ KVk isMG fogirAW dIAW swzSI kwrvweIAW qoN duKI sI[ aus dw sB qoN v`fw slwhwkwr cyq isMG bwjvw sI[ fogry smJdy sn ik cyq isMG ƒ rwh ivcoN htwaux nwl hI auh swrI qwkq Awpxy h`Q ivc r`K skdy sn[ ies kr ky aunHW ny cyq isMG dy i^lw& iek swizS GVI[ aunHW ny cyq isMG v`loN AMgryzW ƒ ilKIAW nklI ic`TIAW iqAwr kIqIAW Aqy aus ƒ “Zdwr” AYlwn krvwaux vwsqy, ienHW ^qW ƒ Awpy bxweI iek “kONsl” kol pyS kIqw[ ies 11 mYNbrI kONsl ivc iqMn fogry (iDAwn isMh, kysrI isMh qy hIrw isMh), cwr sMDwvwlIey* (Aqr isMG, ikhr isMG, lihxw isMG, Syr isMG), imsr lwl isMh bRwhmx, AlYZzYNdr gwrfnr qoN ielwvw rwxI cMd kOr (mhwrwxI) Aqy kMvr nOinhwl isMG Swiml sn[ ies kONsl dI swzSI mIitMg ivc fogirAW ny mqw pws krvwieAw ik cyq isMG ƒ (jwAlI) ic`TIAW ilKx bdly szwey-mOq idqI jwvy qy KVk isMG ƒ htw ky qwkq kMvr nOinhwl isMG ƒ sONp idqI jwvy[
*sMDwvwlIey rxjIq isMG dy dwdy dy Brw dy poqy sn[ aunHW ny rxjIq isMG dIAW ij`qW ivc BwvyN koeI bhuqw rol Adw nhIN sI kIqw pr sukrckIAw imsl dy ^Yr-^wh hox dw dwAvw kr ky aunHW ny drbwr
185
ivc AwpxI QW bxw leI hoeI sI[ aunHW dy idl ivc SrIk hox dw swVw zrUr sI qy, fogirAW vWg, auh vI cwhuMdy sI ik rxjIq isMG dy swry mrd-vwirs ^qm kr ky auh hkUmq sMBwl lYx[
9 AkqUbr 1839 nUM iDAwn isMh fogrw dI AgvweI hyT ies “kONsl” dy kuJ mYNbr KVk isMG dy kmry ivc dwi^l hoey[ aunHW ny cyq isMG bwjvw ƒ l`B ky KVk isMG dy swhmxy kql kr id`qw[ KVk isMG ro-ro ky qy cI^-cI^ ky rokdw irhw pr iDAwn isMh ny Awpxy h`QIN cyq isMG ƒ kql kr idqw (kinMGm, s&w 203)[ (ie`QoN pqw lgdw hY ik KVk isMG ikho-ijhw kmzor-idl qy byjwn rwjw sI jo Awpxy slwhkwr nUM vI bcwA nw sikAw qy aus dy kql smyN isr& roNdw irhw sI)[ aunHW ny KVk isMG ƒ vI aus dI irhwieS ivc hI nzrbMd kr idqw qy nOinhwl isMG ƒ g`dI ’qy ibTw idqw[ KVk isMG eynw duKI hoieAw ik aus ny keI idn Kwxw vI nw KwDw[ nzrbMdI ivc hI fogirAW ny aus ƒ zihrIlI Kurwk dyxI SurU kr idqI[
hux kMvr nOinhwl isMG ƒ vI fogirAW dIAW cwlW smJ Awaux l`g peIAW[ aus ny iDAwn isMh ny nwl-nwl &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn, do bRwhmxW jmWdr KuShwl isMh qy BeIAw rwm isMh) qoN ielwvw lihxw isMG mjITIAw Aqy AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw ƒ vI inzwm ivc BweIvwl bxw idqw[ ieM\ fogry pUrI hkUmq ’qy kwbz nw ho sky[ ieh g`l iDAwn isMh ƒ mnzUr nhIN sI[ ies kr ky aus ny nOinhwl isMG ƒ vI ^qm krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ auDr zihrIlI Kurwk kwrn 4-5 nvMbr dI rwq ƒ KVk isMG dI mOq ho geI[ aus dw sskwr 5 nvMbr 1840 dy idn gurduAwrw fyhrw swihb Aqy SwhI msijd dy ivckwr (smwD rxjIq isMG dy nyVy) kIqw igAw[ ies mOky ’qy KVk isMG dIAW dovyN ihMdU rwjpUq rwxIAW Aqy tihlxW ƒ vI zbrdsqI sqI kIqw igAw[
nOinhwl isMG dw kql
jd swry jxy KVk isMG dw sskwr kr ky vwips iklHy nUM jw rhy sn qW, pihloN GVI swizS muqwibk, iDAwn isMh ny rOSnI gyt dw C`jw sutvw ky nOinhwl isMG ƒ mwrn dI koiSS kIqI[ ies vyly nOinhwl isMG ny gulwb isMh fogry dy pu`qr mIAW aUDm isMh dw h`Q PiVAw hoieAw sI[ gyt dw C`jw isr ’qy if`gx nwl gulwb isMh fogry dw pu`qr mIAW aUDm isMh ausy vyly mr igAw pr nOinhwl isMG ƒ AYvyN QoVHIAW jhIAW JrItW
186
hI AweIAW sn[ pr, pihlW qoN hI kIqI iqAwrI muqwibk, nOinhwl isMG ƒ iek dm jbrI iek pwlkI ivc pw ilAw igAw (swizS muqwibk pwlkI vI pihloN hI au~Qy mOjUd sI) qy iDAwn isMh fogrw pwlkI lY ky bVI qyzI nwl iklHy vl clw igAw[ lihxw isMG mjIiTAw ny aus dy nwl jwx dI koiSS kIqI qW aus ƒ rok idqw igAw[ hor qW hor nOinhwl isMG dI mW rwxI cMd kOr ƒ vI aus dy nyVy jwx dI iejwzq nw idqI geI[ auh ivcwrI iklHy dw drvwzw KulHvwaux vwsqy ikMnw icr hI drvwzy ’qy h`Q mwr-mwr ky ip`tdI rhI (fogirAW h`Q eynI qwkq sI ik mhwrwjy dI mW nUM vI iklHy ivc vVn vwsqy iejwzq nhIN sI)[ auDr iDAwn isMh ny isr ivc p`Qr mrvw-mrvw ky nOinhwl isMG ƒ ^qm krvw idqw[ (fw. hOinMmbrg, QrtI &weIv iXArz ien eIst)[ (hynrI gwrfnr dsdw hY ik C`jw fygx qoN pihlW clwkI nwl aus nUM Awpxw &OjI dsqw ilAwaux vwsqy au~QoN Byj id`qw[ auh dsdw hY ik nOinhwl isMG bwry rwz KuLHx dy fr qoN pwlkI iljwx vwilAW ivcoN do nUM kql kr id`qw igAw qy do AMgryzI ielky nUM dOV gey[ (AlYZjYNdr gwrfnr, mYmoierz)[
aus dI mOq dI ^br qIjy idn k`FI geI[ ies dy nwl hI iDAwn isMG ny Syr isMG ƒ mukyrIAW qoN bulvw ilAw qW jo aus ƒ g`dI ’qy ibTw idqw jwvy[ nOinhwl isMG dw sskwr 8 nvMbr ƒ kIqw igAw[ aus dy nwl aus dIAW do rwxIAW (ihMdU rwjpUq ktocx qy pDOVx) qy 4 golIAW sqI kIqIAW (ijaUNdIAW zbrdsqI swV idqIAW) geIAW[ (ieM\ isr& swFy 16 mhIinAW ivc rxjIq isMG dy do vwirs rwjy ^qm kr id`qy gey sn)[
cMd kOr dw rwxI bxnw
BwvyN Syr isMG mukyrIAW qoN lwhOr phuMc igAw sI pr iDAwn isMh fogrw aus ƒ mhwrwjw bxwaux ivc kwmXwb nw ho sikAw[ sMDwvwlIAW qoN hor srdwrW ny aus dI mu^wl&q kIqI[ A^Ir mjbUr ho ky fogirAW ƒ cMd kOr (KVk isMG dI pqnI qy nOinhwl isMG dI mW) ƒ hI rwxI mMnxw ipAw[ BwvyN vkqI qOr ’qy aunHW ny ieh mnzUr kr ilAw pr auh AMdroN ivs Goldy rhy qy aus ƒ rwh ivcoN htwaux vwsqy qrkIbW GVdy rhy[ ies mOky ’qy aunHW ny ieh cwlwkI kIqI ik gulwb isMh fogrw rwxI dy rwz hwisl krn vwsqy rwxI cMd kOr nwl rl igAw Aqy iDAwn isMh
187
rwjw Syr isMG dy nwl ho igAw[ auDr sMDwvwlIey (Aqr isMG, AjIq isMG, lihxw isMG) swry hI rwxI cMd kOr dw swQ dy rhy sn[
nvMbr 1840 qoN dsMbr 1840 qk rwxI cMd kOr ‘mhwrwxI’ bx ky rwj krdI rhI[ auDr fogry Syr isMG ƒ swrIAW ^brW phuMcwauNdy rihMdy sn[ hux fogirAW ny rwxI cMd kOr dy AMgryzW nwl rly hox dw prcwr krnw SurU kr id`qw[ aunHW ny cyq isMG bwjvw dIAW nklI ic`TIAW vWg rwxI dIAW jwAlI ic`TIAW vI iqAwr kr leIAW[ fogirAW dy ies ^qrnwk pRwpygMfw dw Boly qy jzbwqI is`K &OjIAW ’qy bhuq CyqI Asr ho igAw[ ies pRcwr kwrn &Oj dw iek v`fw ih`sw Syr isMG dw ihmwieqI Aqy cMd kOr dw mu^wil& bx igAw[ jnrl vYNqUrw ƒ vI fogirAW ny Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw (jW auh Awp rl igAw)[ sucyq isMh fogrw vI Syr isMG nwl Aw imilAw[ hux isr& sMDwvwlIey hI rwxI dy nwl rih gey sn qy kuJ ku v&wdwr jrnYl aus dw swQ dy rhy sn[ A^Ir &Yslw lVweI nwl hox dy hI Awswr bx gey[ Syr isMG dI &Oj ny ikly ƒ Gyr ilAw Aqy golwbwrI SurU kr idqI[ iqMn idn iklHy dy AMdroN Aqy iklHy dy au~qy golwbwrI huMdI rhI[ hux cMd kOr ny mihsUs krnw SurU kr id`qw ik auh lVweI ivc ij`q nhIN skdI[ ies kr ky aus ny hkUmq Syr isMG dy hvwly krnw mnzUr kr ilAw[
Syr isMG dw rwjw bxnw
18 jnvrI 1841 dy idn Syr isMG mhwrwjw bixAw Aqy 20 qwrI^ ƒ lwhOr dy q^q ’qy bYT igAw[ aus ny rwxI cMd kOr ƒ 9 lK rupY swlwnw dyxy mMn ley gey[ ies mgroN cMd kOr ny AwpxI swrI dOlq gulwb isMh fogry dy nwl jMmU Byj idqI[ (rwxI dy kpVy, sonw, cWdI, is`ky, muhrW, pSmIny vZYrw, 16 g`ifAW ’qy l`d ky, jMmU iljwey gey sn)[ ieh swrw kuJ aus vyly dy 80 l`K Aqy iek kroV rupY dy ivckwr sI[ ieh dOlq isr& rwxI dI injI jwiedwd nhIN sI blik ies ivc drbwr dw kw&I ^zwnw vI Swiml sI[(mgroN gulwb isMh ies rkm nUM fkwr igAw)[
ikauN ik iDAwn isMh fogrw ny Syr isMG dI sB qoN vD mdd kIqI sI, ies kr ky ausy ny hI pRweIm minstr bxnw sI[ aus ny hOlI-hOlI Pyr swrI qwkq Awpxy h`Q iv`c lYxI SurU kr idqI[ aus dy rwh ivc Ajy rwxI cMd kOr dw kMfw bwkI sI[ ies dOrwn ieh koiSS vI hoeI ik cMd kOr Aqy Syr isMG dw ivAwh kr idqw jwvy, pr rwxI dy Brw cMdw
188
isMG knHeIAw ny ieh g`l isry nw cVHn idqI[ jUn 1842 ivc mhwrwjw Syr isMG isAwlkot (iek somy muqwibk vzIrwbwd) igAw hoieAw sI (jW plwn muqwibk Awp clw igAw sI)[ iDAwn isMh fogrw ny cMd kOr dIAW golIAW nwl gMF-qrup pihlW hI kIqI hoeI sI[ aus ny ienHW golIAW h`QoN 11 jUn 1842 dI rwq ƒ cMd kOr ƒ aus dy isr ’qy c`kI dy puV mwr-mwr ky, aus dw isr Pyh ky, mrvw idqw[ (iek somw prWdy nwl bwhvW bMnH ky isr ’qy pQ`r mwr-mwr ky mwrn dI g`l ilKdw hY)[ iDAwn isMh AijhIAW swizSW dw mwihr sI[ pihlW aus ny kMvr nOinhwl isMG dI vhutI dw b`cw vI pyt ivc igrvw idqw sI qW jo iek hor vwirs pYdw nw ho sky[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny lihxw isMG qy kyhr isMG sMDwvwlIAw ƒ vI igR&qwr kr ky jylH pw idqw[
ies swry swzSI mwhOl ivc AMgryz dohrw-rol Adw kr rhy sn[ aunHW dI fogirAW nwl vI BweIvwlI sI Aqy auh sMDWvwlIAW nwl rl ky vI swizSW GV rhy sn[ jdoN rwjw Syr isMG g`dI ’qy bYTw qW Aqr isMG qy AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw sqluj pwr kr ky AMgryzI ielwky ivc cly gey sn[ kuJ icr mgroN AMgryzW ny Awpxy eyjMt imstr klwrk rwhI ienHW dohW ƒ Syr isMG qoN mAw&I idvw ky vwips lwhOr jwx dI iejwzq lY id`qI qy ienHW ƒ jwgIrW vI vwips idvw idqIAW[ ies dy nwl hI lihxw isMG qy kyhr isMG sMDwvwlIAw ƒ vI irhw kr id`qw igAw[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik swihb isMG bydI dy puqr ibkrm isMG bydI ny vI ies smJOqy ivc rol Adw kIqw hovygw[ ienHW cOhW sMDWvwlIAW ny vwips Aw ky kuJ mhIny qW v&wdwrI Aqy Srw&q vwly mwhOl ivc ibqwey pr iPr AMgrzW nwl slwhW kr ky dobwrw swizSW SurU kr idqIAW[ auDr iDAwn isMh vI AMdroN-AMdrIN mhwrwjw Syr isMG qoN Kwr Kwx lg ipAw sI ikauN ik mhwrwjy ny iDAwn isMh fogry ƒ Awpxy ’qy hwvI nhIN sI hox id`qw, jd ik iDAwn isMh pihlW rxjIq isMG qy iPr nOinhwl isMG vyly mukMml qwkq ƒ Awpxy h`Q ivc r`iKAw krdw sI[ ies dOrwn sMDwvwlIAW Aqy iDAwn isMh ivc hkUmq ’qy kbzw kr ky ies nUM Awps ivc vMf lYx bwry iek Ax-AYlwinAw smJOqw vI ho igAw sI[ ieh vI crcw sI sMDwvwlIAW ny iek JUTw hukm iqAwr krvw ilAw sI ijs muqwibk mhwrwjw Syr isMG ny iDAwn isMh fogry ƒ ^qm krn dy hukm jwrI kIqy hoey sn[ AwpxI mOq ƒ swhmxy vyK ky hI iDAwn isMh ny sMDwvwlIAW nwl nyVqw kwiem kr leI sI[
Syr isMG dI hkUmq dy SurU dy idnW ivc &Oj ny vI Awp hudrIAW kwrvweIAW krnIAW SurU kr id`qIAW sn[ aunHW ny keIAW nUM mOq dy
189
Gwt vI auqwr id`qw[ ienHW ivc iek AMgryz &waulky qy mIAW isMG sUbydwr vI Swiml sn[ jnrl kUrt qy jnrl AvIqwbl vI bVI muSikl nwl bc sky sn[ &Oj ny bhuq lu`t-mwr vI kIqI[ AMimRqsr dy Swh, srw& qy bYNkr AMgryzI ielwky v`l dOVn vwsqy iqAwr hoo gey[ ies mwhOl ivc AMgryzW ny Syr isMG nUM vI Brmwaux dI koiSS kIqI[ jnrl klwrk ny aus nUM &OjI mdd dw vwAdw kIqw pr Syr isMG ny nWh kr id`qI (kinMGm, s&w 213-14)[
mhwrwjw Syr isMG qy iDAwn isMh fogry dw kql
15 sqMbr 1843 dy idn mOkw qwV ky AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw ny mhwrwjw Syr isMG ƒ golI mwr ky mwr idqw qy aus dw isr v`F ilAw[ dUjy pwsy lihxw isMG sMDwvwlIAW ny roNdy-kurlWdy 12 swl dy b`cy pRqwb isMG (puqr mhwrwjw Syr isMG) ƒ vI kql kr id`qw[ kuJ mgroN dovyN sMDwvwlIey iDAwn isMh kol hzUrI bwg gey qy glbwq krn dy bhwny aus ƒ iklyH ivc iljw ky kql kr id`qw[ hux aunHW ny Awpxy swQIAW ƒ iklyH dI kmWf sONp id`qI Aqy drvwzy bMd krvw id`qy[ sMDwvwlIey hIrw isMh qy sucyq isMh fogrw ƒ vI kql krnw cwhMudy sn pr auh dovyN ienHW dy h`Q nw lgy[ auDr jd hIrw isMh ƒ Awpxy bwp dy kql dI ^br imlI qW auh rox-kurlwaux lg ipAw[ aus dy vzIr pMfq jlHw ny aus ƒ slwh idqI ik auh &Oj ƒ Awpxy nwl rlw ley[ ies ’qy hIrw isMh &Oj lY ky lwhOr ƒ cl ipAw[ aus ny bu`DU dy Awvy kol jw fyry lw ley[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny iek dm &OjIAW dIAW qn^whW vDw ky aunHW ƒ Awpxy ihmwieqI bxw ilAw[ hIrw isMh ny sMDwvwlIAW ƒ AMgryzW dy eyjMt AwK ky &Oj ƒ BVkw vI idqw[ ies &Oj ny lwhOr iklHy ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ fyF idn dI lVweI mgroN iklHw ijiqAw igAw[ ies lVweI ivc iek hzwr dy krIb bMdy dohW pwisAW qoN mwry gey[ lihxw isMG ƒ ies lVweI ivc golI lgI qy auh QweyN hI mwirAw igAw[ AjIq isMG ny sMgl nwl iklyH dI kMD qoN auqrn dI koiSS kIqI[ iksy ispwhI ny aus nUM pCwx ilAw qy PV ky aus dw isr v`F ilAw[ AjIq isMG dy nwl hI lihxw isMG dw isr vI v`F ky iklHy dy drvwzy ’qy ltkw idqw igAw[ ienW dy swQIAW gurmuK isMG igAwnI (pu`qr sMq isMG igAwnI), bylI rwm qoSwKwnIAw qy rwm ikSn ƒ vI PV ky bydrdI nwl kql kr id`qw igAw[ aunHW dIAW lwSW vI gMdgI ivc su`t ky zmIn ivc dbw idqIAW geIAW[
190
dlIp isMG dw mhwrwjw bxnw
ies ^UnI dirAw ƒ vhwaux dy dOrwn 5 swl dy nwbwlg kMvr dlIp isMG ƒ 18 sqMbr 1843 dy idn g`dI ’qy ibTw id`qw igAw sI[ hIrw isMh fogrw aus dw vzIr bx igAw sI[ hux hIrw isMh kol swrI qwkq Aw geI[ aus dy cwcy sucyq isMh ny vI hkUmq ivc v`fw ih`sw mMigAw[ auh mwrc 1844 dy dUjy h&qy lwhOr Aw igAw[ aus nwl 50 kU injI v&wdwr ispwhI sn[ bwkI &Oj hIrw isMh ny vDyrIAW qn^whW dy ky Awpxy nwl rlw leI sI[ hIrw isMh ny sucyq isMh ƒ pYZwm ByijAw ik qUμ qwkq hwisl nhIN kr skdw, ies kr ky AwpxI jwn nw guAw qy vwips clw jwh[ pr, sucyq isMh nhIN ruikAw[ A^Ir dohW ivc lVweI hoeI[ sucyq isMh qy aus dy swQI kysrI isMh ny swQIAW sxy ^Ub bhwdrI idKweI qy pMj-pMj, s`q-s`q &OjIAW ƒ mwr ky AKIr jwnW guAweIAW[ ieh g`l 16 mwrc 1844 dI hY[ (iek jgh ieh qwrI^ 27 mwrc vI ilKI imldI hY)[ iek somy muqwibk sucyq isMh ƒ gulwb isMh ny ByijAw sI, ikauNik auh hIrw isMh dy i^lw& sI[ pr mgroN aus ny h`Q ip`Cy iK`c ilAw sI[
jd hIrw isMh kol qwkq Aw geI qW aus ivc v`fI hYNkV Aw geI[ hux auh swrI qwkq Awpxy kol rKxI cwhuMdw sI Aqy Awpxy cwcy ƒ vI ih`sw nhIN dyxw cwhMudw sI[ aus ny mhwrwjw dlIp isMG v`loN Purmwn dy nW ’qy gulwb isMh fogry ƒ vI lwhOr drbwr dw mwmlw Byjx vwsqy hukm ByijAw[ gulwb isMh ny mjbUr ho ky kuJ rkm qW dy idqI pr bwkI rkm Aqy v&wdwrI dy sbUq dI zmwnq vjoN Awpxw mMufw sohn isMh lwhOr drbwr ivc Byj idqw[
ies swrI kqlo-gwrq ivc &Oj dw rol bVw AjIb sI[ aunHW dw vDyry qn^wh lY ky fogry hIrw isMh dw swQ dyxw Zlq sI[ ies dw mqlb hrigz ieh nhIN ik sMDwvwlIAW v`loN rwjw Syr isMG qy aus dy puqr dy kql ƒ TIk mMn ilAw jwvy[ fogry qW Zdwr qy swzSI sn[ auh KVk isMG, nOinhwl isMG qy cMd kOr dy kwql sn qy Syr isMG dy kql ivc vI BweIvwl sn[ auh qW rxjIq isMG dy swry mrd vwrsW ƒ kql kr ky hIrw isMh nUM mhwrwjw bxwaux vwsqy lgwqwr swizSW kr rhy sn[
191
bwbw bIr isMG, kMvr kSmIrw isMG dw kql
BwvyN dlIp isMG ‘mhwrwjw’ sI qy rwxI ijMdW aus dI gwrfIAn sI pr Asl qwkq hIrw isMh fogrw Aqy aus dy vzIr pMfq jlHw kol sI[ ies vyly hIrw isMh dw qwieAw gulwb isMh jMmU dw rwjw sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy do hor puqr ipSOrw isMG qy kSmIrw isMG ies vyly isAwlkot ivc sn[ gulwb isMh ienHW ƒ vI Kqm krnw cwhuMdw sI[ dohW SihzwidAW dw iek Aihlkwr mihqwb isMG, gulwb isMh fogry nwl imilAw hoieAw sI[ jdoN aunHW ƒ ieh rwz pqw lgw qW aunHW aus ƒ mrvw idqw[ ies ’qy gulwb isMh g`usy ho igAw[ iesy kr ky auh ienHW ƒ koeI frwmw rc ky ^qm krnw cwhuMdw sI[ AprYl 1844 dy SurU ivc jrnYl gulwb isMG kwhloN mnhwlIAw (fogrw nhIN) ny aunHW ƒ isAwlkot’ coN inklx ivc mdd kIqI[ kSmIrw isMG au~QoN inkl ky nOrMgwbwd ivc bwbw bIr isMG dy fyry ’qy phMuc igAw[ auDr Aqr isMG sMDwvwlIAw vI kurUkSyqr qoN muV AwieAw sI qy auh vI bwbw bIr isMG dI Srn ivc Aw cukw sI[ hrI isMG nlvw dw puqr jvwhr isMG vI aunHIN idnIN au~Qy hI sI[
jdoN hIrw isMh ƒ Aqr isMG sMDwvwlIey Aqy kMvr kSmIrw isMG dy nOrMgwbwd ivc hox dw pqw lgw qW aus ny &Oj ƒ aus pwsy kUc krn dw hukm dy idqw[ pihlW aus ny bwbw bIr isMG ƒ pYZwm ByijAw ik auh Aqr isMG ƒ aus dy hvwly kr dyvy[ ies ’qy bwbw bIr isMG ny jvwb ByijAw ik jo S^s gurU Gr ivc pnwh mMg ley aus ƒ Srx idqI jWdI hY qy iksy duSmx dy hvwly nhIN kIqw jWdw[ hux hIrw isMh ny fogrw XuUintW Aqy AwpxIAW dUjIAW v&wdwr XUintW ƒ bwbw bIr isMG dy fyry ’qy golwbwrI krn vwsqy ikhw[ hIrw isMh dw hukm sI ik iksy ƒ igR&qwr nhIN krnw qy bs kql krI jwxw hY[ ies hukm hyT lwB isMh fogrw dI &Oj ny AwauNidAW hI goly clwey[ ienHW ivcoN iek golw bwbw bIr isMG dI l`q ’qy l`gw qy auh burI qrHW z^mI ho gey[ jdoN jrnYl gulwb isMG ƒ bwby dy z^mI hox dw pqw lgw qW auh bwbw jI ƒ imlx AwieAw[ aus ny hwl-cwl pu`Cx mgroN bwbw jI ƒ ikhw ik auh Aqr isMG ƒ aunHW dy hvwly kr dyx[ ies vyly Aqr isMG Awp vI au~Qy Aw
192
igAw[ gulwb isMG aus vyly AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIey dy GoVy ’qy svwr sI[ Awpxy mwry jw cuky BqIjy dw GoVw vyK ky aus nUM roh Aw igAw[ aus ny AwpxI donwlI bMduUk coN iek golI jnrl gulwb isMG ’qy clweI, ijs nwl auh mwirAw igAw[ ies ’qy gulwb isMG dy &OjIAW ny bMdUkW clw ky Aqr isMG ƒ mwr idqw qy aus dw isr v`F ilAw[ ies mgroN aunHW ny golIAW mwr ky jvwhr isMG nlvw, kMvr kSmIrw isMG, mhwrwjw Syr isMG dw dIvwn ivswKw isMG Aqy sYNkVy (Swied hzwrW) hor is`K mwr idqy[ ies dy nwl hI hIrw isMh dI &Oj ny swrw fyrw vI lut ilAw[ ies kqlyAwm ivcoN kuJ lok bc ky inkl gey Aqy dirAw vl dOVy[ dirAw dy dUjy pwsy kpUrQlw dI &Oj ny golwbwrI kr ky ienHW ivcoN bhuqy is`K mwr id`qy[ ies mgroN hIrw isMh dI &Oj Aqr isMG dw isr lY ky hIrw isMh kol lwhOr pu`jI qy eInwm hwisl kIqy[ ieh kqlyAwm 6 meI 1845 dy idn hoieAw sI[
&Oj ivcoN is`KW dI CWtI qy fogirAW dI BrqI
jd bwbw bIr isMG, kMvr kSmIrw isMG qy jvwhr isMG nlvw qy sYNkVy is`KW dy kql dI ^br is`K &OjIAW qk phMucI qW aunHW ivc hIrw isMh dy i^lw& bhuq gu`sw &YilAw[ jd ies dI sUh hIrw isMh ƒ imlI qW aus ny bhuq swry is`K jrnYl htw idqy Aqy v`fI igxqI ivc is`K &OjIAW dI Cu`tI kr idqI[ pMfq jlHy dI slwh ’qy aus ny bhuq swry fogry, ihmWclI phwVIey Aqy muslmwn &Oj ivc BrqI kr ley[ aus ƒ fr sI ik Blk ƒ mslw au~Tx ’qy is`K &OjI aus ƒ mwr vI skdy hn[ hzwrW ZYr-is`KW nUM &Oj ivc BrqI krn dy bwvjUd vI hIrw isMh is`KW qoN burI qrHW frdw rihMdw sI[
rwxI ijMdW dI byiezqI krnw
13 dsMbr 1844 dy idn poh mhIny dI sMgrWd sI[ bRwhmxW ny rwxI ijMdW ƒ Brmw ky dwn-pMun krvwaux vwsqy ikhw[ rwxI ny bRwhmxW dy nwl-nwl inhMgW, PkIrW Aqy ZrIb-gurby ƒ lMgr pwxI CkwieAw Aqy QoVHI-QoVHI rkm vI id`qI[ ies swry dw Krc qkrIbn pMj hzwr rupY AwieAw[ rwxI ny hIrw isMh ƒ Drm-ArQ Kwqy ’cNo ieh rkm dyx vwsqy AwiKAw[ aus vyly ies mihkmy dw cwrj pMfq jlHw kol sI[ aus ny AwK ByijAw ik dwn isr& bRwhmxW ƒ iml skdw hY, inhMgW jW PkIrW ƒ nhIN[ jlHy ny isr& do sO rupY rwxI ƒ Byjy[ rwxI ny ieh rkm
193
vwips moV idqI Aqy is`K jrnYlW qy hor mohqbr is`KW dw iek`T bulw ilAw[ rwxI ny h`Q joV ky ienHW ƒ mu^wiqb hMuidAw AwiKAw:
“Kwlsw jI ieh pwqSwhI quhwfI hY[ qusIN hI swnUM b^SI hY[ dlIp isMG bwlk hY[ ieh phwVIey rwjy Aqy jlHw idloN swƒ mwr dyxw cwhMudy hn[ ieh swfw ikhw vI nhIN mMndy[ swfw-quhwfw ieSt Kwlsw jI hY [ aus dI syvw pUjw nhIN krn dyNdy[ eyQy swfy irhwieSI kmirAW ivc vI zorI vV AwauNdy hn qy D`kw krdy hn[ jW qusIN swƒ mwr idE jW ienHW dI kYd coN k`Fo[”
ieh sux ky isMGW ny rwxI dI mdd krn dw vwAdw kIqw[ Agly pMj-Cy idn keI is`K rwxI ƒ imlx AwauNdy qy mdd krn dw vwAdw krdy rhy[ aunHW ivcoN keI qW rwxI dI r`iKAw vwsqy aus ’qy pihrw vI dyx lg pey[
hIrw isMh qy pMfq jlHw dw kql
hIrw isMh fogry ƒ rwxI ijMdW dy iek`TW dw pqw lgw qW auh Gbrw igAw[ hux aus ƒ jwpx lg ipAw ik koeI nw koeI is`K &OjI aus ƒ zrUr kql kr dyvygw[ ies kr ky aus ny jMmU nUM B`j jwx dw &Yslw kIqw[ aus ny Awpxw Aqy lwhOr drbwr dy hIry-jvwhrwq qy hor swrw Kzwnw iek`Tw kIqw Aqy s`q hwQIAW ’qy l`d ilAw[ 21 dsMbr 1844 ƒ auh swrI cwr hzwr fogrw &Oj nwl lwhOr qoN jMmU vl cl ipAw[ CyqI hI ies dI ^br is`K jrnYlW ƒ iml geI[ bhuq swrI is`K &Oj GoiVAW ’qy svwr ho ky ienHW dy ip`Cy cl peI[ rsqy ivc is`KW Aqy fogirAW ivc ^Ub lVweI hoeI[ is`K &OjW ny fogirAW dy ^Ub AwhU lwhy[ bhuq swry fogry mwry gey[ lwhOr qoN 35-40 iklomItr dUr qk lVweI huMdI geI[ ie`Qy iek ipMf lubwixAW dw sI[ is`K &Oj nyVy pu`jI vyK ky, hIrw isMh, pMfq j`lHw, sohx isMh (puqr gulwb isMh fogrw) qy lwB isMh fogrw ie`Qy luk gey[ pr kuJ icr mgroN, jd aunHW ƒ bhuq ipAws lgI qW auh iek KUh vl Awey[ is`K &OjIAW dI ingwh aunHW vl peI qW aunHW ny ienHW qy bMdUkW nwl golIAW clwauxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ ienHW nwl hwQI qy bYTw sohx isMh mwirAw igAw[ lwB isMh fogry ƒ vI golI lgI[ auh GoVw Bjw ky jMmU vl clw igAw[ is`K &OjW ny aus dw ip`Cw kIqw qy 7-8 iklomItr dUr jw ky aus ƒ Gyr ky mwr idqw[ ies dy nwl hI is`K POjIAW ny hIrw isMh ’qy vI hmlw kIqw[ aus ny A`goN twkrw kIqw pr iek is`K dy nyzy nwl auh vI mwirAw igAw[ pMfq jlHw qW qlvwr dy iek vwr nwl hI mwirAw igAw[ ienHW swirAW dy mrn mgroN &OjW drbwr dw swrw ^zwnw qy hor swrw mwl-m`qw lY ky lwhOr muV AweIAW[
194
jvwhr isMG dw mwirAw jwxw
hIrw isMh fogry ƒ ^qm krn nwl BwvyN lwhOr drbwr v`fy fogirAW qoN qW Awzwd ho igAw sI pr iek fogrw gulwb isMh Ajy vI jMmU ivc rwj kr irhw sI[ hux rwxI ijMdW ny Awpxy Brw jvwhr isMG ƒ vzIr bxw idqw qy imsr lwl isMh (bRwhmx) ƒ aus dw muK slwhkwr lw idqw[ ies dy nwl hI iek “pMcwieq” vI kwiem kr idqI geI[ ‘Kwlsw’ &Oj dy pMcW ivc jvwhr isMG, BweI rwm isMG (puqr vsqI rwm), dIvwn dInw nwQ, b^SI Bgq rwm Aqy &kIr nUr-aud-dIn Swiml sn[ BwvyN ienHW ivc iek vI fogrw nhIN sI pr pMjW ivcoN do ihMdU Aqy iek (rwm isMG) ArD-ihMdU sn[ ienHW ivcoN dIvwn dInw nwQ S`kI kwrvweIAW ivc msrU& sI qy aus dw rwbqw AMgryjW nwl bixAw hoieAw sI[
ies vyly srkwrI ^zwny dw vI mwVw hwl sI[ pihlW (jnvrI 1841 ivc) mhwrwjw KVk isMG dI ivDvw rwxI cMd kOr v`loN q^q C`fx vyly, aus dI dOlq dI ih&wzq dy nW ’qy, gulwb isMh fogrw bVw mwl-m`qw jMmU iljw cukw sI[ ipCly pMj swlW ivc 35 hzwr qoN vD nvyN ispwhI BrqI kIqy jwx kr ky &Oj dI igxqI iek l`K vIh hzwr ho cukI sI[ ienHW dIAW qn^whW ’qy vI bhuq ^rc ho irhw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw bhuq swrI rkm, v`K-v`K hwlqW ivc, mhwrwjy, pRweIm minstr, Drm-ArQ vzIr aufw cuky sn[ AKOqI dwn-pMun dy nW ’qy kw&I rkm ^rc kIqI jw cukI sI[ auDr keI zmIdwrW, jgIrdwrW, &OjdwrW, AwimlW, kroVIAW, sUbydwrW vZYrw vl mwmly dy coKy bkwey cly Aw rhy sn[ ienHW ivc dIvwn mUl rwj (mulqwn) Aqy gulwb isMh (jMmU) vI sn[ gulwb isMh v`l qW 35 l`K rupY inkldy sn (rwxI cMd kOr dw Kurd-brd kIqw ^zwnw vKrw sI)[ vwr-vwr kihx dy bwvjUd jd gulwb isMh ny rkm nw ByjI qW is`K &OjW ny mwrc 1845 ivc jMmU vl kUc kr idqw[ jd is`K &OjW jMmU pu`jIAW qW aus ny is`K &OjW A`gy hiQAwr sut id`qy Aqy aunHW nwl lwhOr jwx vwsqy iqAwr ho igAw[ aus ny 35 ivcoN 27 l`K rupY mwmlw vI dy idqw[
kuJ idn lwhOr rukx mgroN gulwb isMh vwips jMmU clw igAw ij`Qy jw ky aus ny AMgryzW nwl rwbqw bxwauxw SurU kr idqw[ aus ny fogirAW Aqy hor kbwielIAW ƒ vI lwlc dy ky Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw Aqy AMdroN-AMdrIN bZwvq dIAW iqAwrIAW krn lg ipAw[ Ajy aus
195
dy kuJ swQI lwhOr ivc is`K &Oj dw ih`sw vI sn[ ienHW ivcoN ipRQI isMh fogrw lwhOr dIAW swrIAW ^brW jMmU ivc gulwb isMh ƒ phMucwauNdw rihMdw sI[ gulwb isMh ƒ ieh vI pqw lg igAw sI ik jvwhr isMG aus dw sB qoN v`fw duSmx hY[ ies kr ky aus ny jvwhr isMG ƒ ^qm krn dI qrkIb GVnI SurU kr idqI[ aus ny ipRQI isMh fogry rwhIN &OjIAW ƒ irSvq dy ky jvwhr isMG dy i^lw& kr idqw[ auDr jvwhr isMG vI gulwb isMG dy i^lw& kwrvweI krn dI plwn bxw irhw sI[ ies vyly kMvr ipSOrw isMG isAwlkot ivc sI[ ipSOrw isMG ny vI gulwb isMh dI cuk ivc Aw ky bZwvq kr idqI[ jvwhr isMG ny &Oj Byj ky aus ƒ igR&qwr krn dw hukm dy idqw[ jdoN ieh &Oj jMmU vl geI qW ipSOrw isMG ny hiQAwr sut idqy[ jdoN aus ƒ lwhOr ilAwieAw jw irhw sI qW aus ƒ rwh ivc kql kr idqw igAw[ ieh kql drAsl gulwb isMh ny krvwieAw sI[ aultw aus ny prcwr SurU kr idqw ik ieh kql jvwhr isMG dIAW hdwieqW ’qy hoieAw sI[ ies pRcwr ivc ipRQI isMh fogry ny v`fw rol Adw kIqw[ ies dw nqIjw ieh hoieAw ik is`K &OjW jvwhr isMG dy i^lw& ho geIAW Aqy iek idn aus ƒ kql kr idqw[ ijs vyly aus ƒ kql kIqw igAw, aus ny Awpxw Bwxjw (mhwrwjw dlIp isMG) AwpxI god ivc cuikAw hoieAw sI[ is`K &OjW ny mhwrwjy ƒ aus qoN Koh ilAw qy aus (dlIp isMG) dy swhmxy hI jvwhr isMG ƒ kql kr idqw[ ieh Gtnw 21 sqMbr 1845 dI hY[
lwhOr srkwr ^qm krn dI iqAwrI
jvwhr isMG dI mOq mgroN 8 nvMbr 1845 dy idn imsr lwl isMh (bRwhmx) nUM vzIr bxw idqw igAw qy qyj isMh bRwhmx is`K &OjW dw muKI bx igAw[ rwxI ijMdW Aqy bwkI &OjI pMcwieq ny is`K rwj dy duSmxW dy iek ih`sy, jMmU dy fogirAW, ƒ qW drbwr coN ^qm kr idqw sI pr aunW dI QW iek hor Zdwr tolw, ihMdUsqwn dy bRwhmxW dw, A`gy ilAw ky aus ƒ swrI qwkq sONp idqI sI[ dohW bRwhmxW ny qwkq sMBwlx dy nwl hI AMgryzW nwl swz-bwz vI krnI SurU kr idqI sI[ qyjw isMh, lwl isMh bRwhmx lwhOr ivc Aqy gulwb isMh fogrw jMmU ivc AMgryzW nwl imly hoey sn[ ienHW qoN ielwvw lwhOr dy keI XUrpIn jrnYl vI AMgryzW nwl rwbqw bxw rhy sn[ hux rxjIq isMG dw rwj ^qm krn vwsqy zmIn iqAwr ho cukI sI Aqy rsqw pDrw ho igAw sI[
196
AMgryzW Aqy is`KW dIAW lVweIAW
mhwrwjw rxjIq dI mOq qoN fyF kU swl pihlW hI, brqwnIAw pMjwb ’qyy mukMml kbzw kr ky ies ƒ brqwnvI hkUmq ivc Swiml krn dI plwinMg bxw irhw sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Agsq 1835 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc, Srwb Aqy hor niSAW kwrn, ADrMg dI mwr hyT Aw cukw sI (qy Ajy vI Srwb pIx dI QW ‘suVkdw’ sI)[ pr, 1836 ivc aus ƒ jwpx lg ipAw sI ik auh bu`Fw ho irhw hY[ 1837 ivc aus ’qy ADrMg dw dUjw hmlw hoieAw[ aus dw swrw s`jw pwsw ADrMg nwl mwirAw igAw[ 1838 ivc jdoN gvrnr jnrl lwrf AOklYNf lwhOr AwieAw qW mhwrwjw ny aus nwl do vwr Srwb pIqI[ AMgryzW muqwibk rxjIq isMG v`loN aunHW nUM pyS kIqI geI Srwb bVI qyz sI[ lwrf AOklYNf v`loN hwizr kIqI geI Srwb vI mhwrwjw ny pIqI sI[ ienHW dohW pwrtIAW qoN mgroN rxjIq isMG dI zbwn bolxoN ht geI qy auh hux isr& ieSwirAW nwl g`lW krn lg ipAw sI[ Agly 6 kU mhIny aus ny ibsqry ’qy lyt ky hI ibqwey[ A^Ir kw&I qV&-qV& ky rxjIq isMG cVHweI kr igAw[ lwrf AOklYNf vloN pyS kIqI geI Srwb bwry aunHIN idnIN Awm crcw sI ik AgMryzW ny Srwb ivc koeI zihr imlwieAw sI qy ies Srwb ny hI rxjIq isMG dI zbwn ƒ ADMrg kIqw sI[
drAsl AMgryz kwPI icr qoN hI pMjwb ’qy kbzw krn dIAW iqAwrIAW kr rhy sn[ AMgryzI srklW ivc ies bwry Aksr crcw cldw rihMdw sI[ 1838 ivc hYnrI &yn ny brqwnvI srkwr ƒ iek plwinMg bxw ky vI dy idqI sI[ ies muqwibk 2 swl ivc pMjwb ’qy kbzw kIqw jwxw sI[ ies qoN pihlW vI, ijMny vI AMgryzI A&sr, pMjwb ivc sYr-spwty vwsqy jW rxjIq isMG ƒ srkwrI numwieMdy vjoN imlx AwauNdy rihMdy sn, auh swry pMjwb dI &OjI qwkq jwxn dI koiSS krdy rihMdy sn[ mYtkw& (1809) qoN lY ky lwrf AOklYNf (1838) qk swry hI lwhOr drbwr dIAW sr`hdW, sVkW, pulW, byVIAW, CwauxIAW, hiQAwrW, &OjW Aqy ih&wzqI qwkq bwry jwxkwrI hwisl krdy rhy sn Aqy AMgryzI srkwr dw &OjI mihkmw ies swrI sUhIAw jwxkwrI dy ihswb nwl plwinMg kr ky pMjwb ƒ hVpx dI skIm bxwauNdw rihMdw sI[
197
1838 dI hYnrI &yn dI plwinMg, Aqy aus qoN do swl mgroN is`K-AMgryz-A&Zwn imSn (ijs hyT Swh zmwn ƒ kwbl dw qKq idvwauxw sI) dOrwn vI jdoN pMjwb ivcoN AMgryzI &OjW lMGIAW qW auh A&gwn imSn nwloN vDyry ‘pMjwb imSn’ bwry soc rhy sn[ iesy imSn dOrwn AMgryzI A&srW ny jMmU dy rwjy gulwb isMh fogrw nwl vI pUrI swz-bwz kr leI hoeI sI[ kuJ hor jwsUsW rwhIN lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh vI AMgryzW nwl iml gey sn[ ieh plwinMg isr& ^u&IAw &OjI mIitMgW ivc hI nhIN sI bx rhI blik sInIAr AMgryz A&srW Aqy hwkmW dy GrW ivc vI ies dw crcw hMudw rihMdw sI[ 26 meI 1841 dy idn hYnrI lwrMs dI bIvI v`loN AwpxI iek dosq ƒ ieMglYNf ByjI ic`TI qoN ies swizS dw pqw lgdw hY[ aus ny iliKAw sI: “hr pwsy jMg Aqy jMg dIAW A&vwhW hn Aqy ies ivc koeI S`k nhIN ik AglIAW srdIAW ivc pMjwb ’qy kbzw krn dw, icrW qoN mulqvI kIqw, &Yslw kr ilAw jwvygw[” hYnrI lwrMs dI jIvnI ilKx vwly AYfvwrfz Aqy mYrIvwlo ilKdy hn ik gulwb isMh fogrw Aqy krnl Aivqwbl dI aunHW nwl sWJ bx cukI sI [ ihaU k`uk vI ilKdw hY ik fogrw gulwb isMh dw AMgryzW nwl pUrw rwbqw sI qy aus ny lVweI dI sUrq ivc pUrI mdd dI pySkS kIqI sI[ (ihaU ku`k, d is`K vwrz, s&w 22, hor vyKo: AYfvwrfz AYNf mYrIvlo, bwieEgw&I Aw& hYnrI lwrMs)[
AMgRyzW dI pMjwb ’qy kbzw krn dI plwn
1838 dI pMjwb ’qy kbzy dI AMgryzI plwn ƒ Aml ivc ilAwaux vwsqy Cy swl lg gey[ pr 1844 ivc ies ƒ iek vwr Pyr Agy pw idqw igAw ikauN ik AMgryz AwpxI &Oj ƒ Ajy hor mzbUq krnw cwhMudy sn[ 11 &rvrI 1844 ƒ lwrf AYlnbOro ny iliKAw sI ik “mYƒ inJk ho ky kbUl kr lYxw cwhIdw hY ik jd mYN AwpxI &Oj dI hwlq ƒ pUrI qrHW vyKdw hW myrw ivcwr hY ik (pMjwb ’qy) hmlw jy kr vDyry A`gy nhIN pwauxw qW Gto-Gt nvMbr 1845 qk zrUr mulqvI kr dyxw cwhIdw hY[” (hrbMs isMG, hYrItyj Aw& d is`Kz, s&w 117, sIqw rwm kohlI, snsY~t Aw& is`K AYmpwieAr, s& 101)[
1845 dy SurU ivc lwrf hwrifMg Aqy jnrl g& ny dirAw sqluj ’qy pul bxwaux dI nIAq nwl nvIAW byVIAW bxvwauxIAW SurU kr idqIAW sn[ sqluj pwr hmlw krn vwsqy byVIAW dI bhuq AhmIAq sI[ ies dy nwl hI myjr brOf&u`t ƒ luiDAwxw ivc ibRitS eyjMt lw
198
id`qw igAw[ aus ny brqwnvI srkwr ƒ ie`QoN qk ilK idqw ik dlIp isMG dI mOq mgroN pMjwb vI swfw mMn ilAw jwvygw[ (brOf&ut dIAW 7.12.1844, 30.1.1845 Aqy 28.2.1845 dIAW ic`TIAW ivc ieh g`l sw& l&zW ivc khI geI imldI hY)[
bRwhmx lwl isMh (pRweIm minstr), qyjw isMh (kmWfr ien cI&), fogrw gulwb isMh (rwjw jMmU), dIvwn mUl rwj, jnrl AYvIqwbl Aqy keI horW nwl gMF-qrup krn mgroN hux AMgryzW v`loN jMg krn dw bhwnw krn dI SurUAwq vI brOf&u`t ny kIqI[ aus ny mwrc 1845 ivc lwl isMG AdwlqI dI iek tolI (jo lwhOr drbwr v`loN sqluj pwr AweI hoeI sI) au~qy byvjh &wieirMg krvw idqI ijs nwl iek is`K &OjI mirAw igAw[ ieh qW lwl isMG dI isAwxp sI ik aus ny ies dy jvwb ivc golI nhIN clvweI nhIN qW is`K-AMgryz jMg eyQoN hI SurU ho geI hMudI[ (rwbrt AYn. kst, ErIAYNtl AYNf ilMguiesitk AY~seyz, s&w 43, sIqw rwm kohlI, snsY~t Aw& d is`K AYmpwieAr, s&w 101, kinMGm, s&w 253)[ AMgryzW ny mulqwn dy sUbydwr dIvwn mUl rwj ƒ vI BVkwaux dI koiSS kIqI Aqy pUrI mdd dw vwAdw kIqw[
dUjy pwsy AMgryzW ny Awpxy eyjMt jrnYl qyjw isMh rwhI is`K &OjW ƒ vI BVkwaux dI koiSS kIqI[ aunHW ny lwhOr ivc ieh pRwpygMfw SurU kr id`qw ik AMgryz lwhOr ’qy kbjw krn dIAW iqAwrIAW krI bYTy hn Aqy aunHW dy hmly qoN pihlW hI swƒ hmlw kr dyxw cwhIdw hY[ nvMbr 1845 ivc is`K &Oj dy muKI AwgU rxjIq isMG dI smwD ’qy ie`kTy hoey[ ies mIitMg ivc jMg bwry crcw kIqI geI[ ies mIitMg ivc rwxI ijMdW Aqy Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw ny AMgryzW nwl lVweI nw krn dI slwh idqI[ pr dUjy pwsy swzSI bRwhmx Aqy fogry hmly dy h`k ivc sn[ rwxI ijMdW Aqy Swm isMG AtwrI dIAW slwhW ƒ nzr-AMdwz krvw ky, lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh ny, AMgryzW nwl jMg sbMDI swry h`k Awp hwisl kr ley (Aqy ies mgroN pMcW dI mIitMg bulwauxI vI bMd kr idqI)[
lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh AMgryz pulItIkl eyjMt kYptn inklsn nwl lgwqwr rwbqw rK rhy sn (kinMGm, s&w 257)[ plwn muqwibk dohW ny is`K &OjW nUM BVkwaux vwsqy ieh pRwpygMfw SurU kr idqw ik: 1. sqluj dy pwrly bMny AMgryzI &OjW jmHW ho rhIAW hn; 2. AMgryz &Irojpur dy bYNk ivc rwjw sucyq isMh dy nW ’qy jmHW 18 lK rupY nhIN moV rhy; 3. AMgryzW ny rwjw sucyq isMh dI jwiedwd zbq kr leI hY;
199
4. AMgryzW ny sqluj pwrly rxjIq isMG dy ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw hY, vZYrw[ ies frwmy dy Agly AYkt vjoN, iqMn dsMbr 1845 dy idn, lwhOr drbwr v`loN iek vkIl ƒ gvrnr jnrl kol Byj ky brOf&ut dIAW kwrvweIAW dw jvwb mMigAw igAw[ plwn muqwibk gvrnr jnrl ny lwhOr drbwr dy vkIl ƒ imlx qoN nWh kr idqI[ drAsl ies dw mqlb pMjwb ivc ieh ^br &Ylwauxw sI ik AMgryzW ny lwhOr drbwr nwl sbMD ^qm kr idqy hn qy hux &Yslw jMg nwl hoxw hY[ hwlW ik is`K &Oj dy bRwhmx qy fogry muKIAW ny 17 nvMbr nUM hI hmly dI plwn bxw leI hoeI sI (kinMGm, s&w 258-59)[
drAsl swry puAwVy dI jVH myjr brOf&u`t sI[ AMgryzW dw Awpxw i^Awl sI ik jy brOf&u`t nUM pMjwb msilAW dw cwrj nw id`qw huMdw qW is`KW nwl lVweIAW nw huMdIAW[ brOf&u`t hmySw hI is`KW nwl duSmxI vwlIAW hrkqW krdw irhw sI (kinMGm, s&w 255)[
auDr AgMryz vI pUrIAW iqAwrIAW kr rhy sn[ 20 nvMbr 1845 dy idn AMbwlw qy myrT CauxIAW ivc bYTI &Oj ƒ iqAwr rihx dw hukm dy idqw igAw sI[ 10 dsMbr 1845 ƒ ieh &OjW &Irozpur vl cl vI cukIAW sn[ ies dy nwl hI luiDAwxy ivc AMgryzI &Oj dw brgyfIAr vHIlr vI iek v`fI &Oj lY ky &Irozpur vl cl ipAw sI[ 17 dsMbr 1845 dI Swm ƒ AMgryzI &Oj mudkI ivc phuMc cukI sI[ AMgryzW dI AMbwlw, luiDAwxw qy &Irozpur ivclIAW &OjW dI kul igxqI sqwrW hzwr sI qy aunHW kol 69 qopW sn[ klk`qw rIivaU (nMbr 16, s&w 472) muqwibk ies &Oj dI igxqI 17727 sI qy 31 dsMbr nUM lwrf hwrifMg dI AgvweI ivc AweI &Oj dy 16700 jvwn pw ky ieh igxqI swFy 32 hzwr ho geI sI[ AMgryzW muqwibk ies dy mukwbly ivc is`K &OjW dI igxqI 35 qoN 40 hzwr dy ivckwr sI[
lwhOr drbwr ivc bYTy ZdwrW, lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh, nwl ie`Qy hI ‘lVweI’ krn dI plwinMg bxI hoeI sI[ lwl isMh ny qW kYptn inkolsn nwl ^qo-^qwbq vI kIqI sI pr aus dI byvkqI mOq kwrn ies sB dI pUrI q&sIl srkwrI kwZzW ivc nhIN Aw skI (kinMGm, s&w 263)[
lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh dw ierwdw sI ik is`K &OjW nUM isr& hwr hI nw imly blik auh pUrI qrHW qbwh ho jwx Aqy auh (lwl qy qyjw) AMgryzW hyT vzIr bx jwx qy AMgryz aunHW dw ieh Aihswn mMndy rihx ik aunHW nUM ienHW ZdwrW ny hI pMjwb dy hwkm bxwieAw sI (kinMGm,
200
s&w 263)[ iesy swizS hyT auh AwpxI &Oj nUM burI qrHW hrwaux vwsqy swrI kwrvweI kr rhy sn[
lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh ny 24 nvMbr 1845 ƒ &OjW ƒ kUc krn dw hukm dy idqw[ 12 dsMbr ƒ ieh &OjW dirAw pwr kr ky lwhOr drbwr dy sqluj dirAw dy dUjy pwsy (rxjIq isMG dy sqluj pwrly Awpxy ielwky ivc hI, AMgryzI ielwky ivc nhIN) phuMc geIAW[ ienHW is`K &OjW ivc ZdwrW ny ieh A&vwh &YlweI hoeI sI ik AMgryzW ƒ hrw ky id`lI ’qy kbzw kr ilAw jwvygw Aqy ies mgroN klk`qw kwbU kr ky lMfn vl mwrc kIqw jwvygw qy au~Qy hkUmq kwiem kIqI jwvygI[ (jy.AYc. gOrfn, d is`Kz, s&w 134)[
13 dsMbr 1845 lwrf hwrifMg ny lwhOr drbwr dy i^lw& jMg dw AYlwn kr idqw[ Ajy qk ies vyly is`K &OjW ny iek golI vI nhIN sI clweI[ AYm.sI. smweIQ ny, ihstrI AwP ryinMg &YmlI Aw& lwhOr ivc, 1847 ivc, ieh iliKAw sI ik “mYN ieh iblkul nhIN mMndw ik is`KW ny byvjh hmlw kIqw sI qy AsIN bVI sihnSIlqw nwl jvwby-Aml idqw sI[ myrw i^Awl hY ik AsIN icrW qoN hI is`KW dy i^lw& szw dyx vwlI soc nwl ivhwr krnw SurU kIqw hoieAw sI Aqy swfw vqIrw auho ijhw hI sI ijs ƒ bwdSwh ‘hwkmwnw vqIrw’ AwKdy hn[” smweIQ ilKdw hY ik “AsIN (AMgryzW ny) dosqI dy AsUl Awp qoVy sn[ ieh AsIN sI ijnHW ny ies jMg qoN iek swl pihlW hI sqluj pwrly is`K ielwky ’qy kbzw kIqw hoieAw sI[ AsIN ipCly keI swlW qoN, drAsl rxjIq isMG dI mOq dy vyly qoN hI, ‘AwjVI qy biGAwV’ vwlI khwxI Kyfdy rhy sW[ A^bwrW Aqy isAwsI AwgU iehI rOlw pwauNdy rhy sn ik ‘is`K Aw rhy hn'[” (smweIQ, ieMtrofkSn dy s&y 21 qoN 24 qk, hor vyKo: jy.AYc. gOrfn, d is`Kz, s&w 134, mYkgrYgr, ihstrI Aw& d is`Kz, s&w 107)[
mudkI dI lVweI
AMgryzW nwl bxweI plwn muqwibk lwl isMh ny (&Irozpur ’qy hmlw kr ky AwswnI nwl kbzw krn dI QW ’qy) mudkI vl hmlw krvwieAw[ smweIQ ilKdw hY ik “is`K bVy Awrwm nwl AMgryzW ƒ hrw ky id`lI puj skdy sn pr lwl isMh ny is`K &OjW ƒ b`dovwl qoN A`gy nhIN jwx idqw qy iPr sqluuj dirAw dy kMFy qk hI rukx dw hukm dy
201
idqw[ jy is`K &OjW ƒ A`gy jwx idqw hMudw qW auh ‘gyNd vWg irVHdIAW jWdIAW’ qy id`lI qk pu`j jWdIAW[”
18 dsMbr 1845 dy idn mudkI ivc hoeI lVweI ivc is`K &OjW ny AMgryzW ƒ burI qrHW hrwieAw[ ies lVweI ivc gvrnr jnrl dy do eyAfIz, sr rwbrt syl qy sr jOs& mYkgYsikl, qoN ielwvw 215 AMgryz &OjI mwry gey sn qy 657 z^mI hoey sn[ (sIqw rwm kohlI, snsY~t Aw& d is`K AYmpwieAr, s&w 107)[ ies vyly AMgryz jrnYl g`& kol 11 hzwr &Oj sI[
PyrU Sihr dI lVweI
dUjI lVweI 21 dsMbr dy idn PyrU Sihr ivc hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc vI lwl isMh Aqy qyjw isMh ny, AMgryzW nwl pihlW bxy plwn muqwibk, is`K &OjW ƒ pUrw Aslw nw idqw, aunHW ƒ AMgryzW dy nwzuk Aqy Aihm iTkwixAW ’qy hmlw nw krn idqw Aqy ijs pwsy is`K &OjW dI qwkq vDyry vyKI au~QoN hI hmlw rukvw idqw qW jo AMgryz &OjW dI mdd kIqI jw sky[ ies mgroN lwl isMh, knHeIAw lwl, AXuiDAw pRSwd qy Amr nwQ 6-7 hzwr is`K &OjW ƒ iek`ilAW C`f ky mYdwn’ coN iKsk gey pr AwgU-hIx is`K &OjW mYdwn ivc f`tIAW rhIAW[ ienHW dw inSwnw kmWfr-hIx is`K &Oj ƒ mrvwaux dw sI[ ies jMg ivc is`KW dy i^lw& lV rhy AMgryz jrnYl kinMGm muqwibk “lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh dw inSwnw ie`kw-du`kw (is`K fvIznW) ƒ Kqm kr ky AMgryzW dI mdd krnw nhIN sI blik swrI &Oj ƒ iKMfw-puMfw ky ^qm krnw sI[” ieh dovyN bRwhmx AMgryzW ƒ ijqw ky aunHW hyT v`fy vzIr (pRweIm minstr) bxnw locdy sn[ ienHW ny AMgryzW ƒ AwpxI v&wdwrI swibq vI kr ivKweI sI[ (kinMGm, ihstrI Aw& d is`Ks, s&w 267, 2005 dI AYfISn)[
PyrU Sihr dI lVweI ivc 694 AMgryzW mwry gey sn qy 1721 z^mI hoey sn[ mwry jwx vwilAW ivcoN 103 A&sr vI sn qy ienHW ivc auh myjr brOf&ut vI Swiml sI ijs ny ies jMg dI pihlI golI clweI sI[ (kinMGm, s&w 268)[ ies lVweI ivc FweI-iqMn hzwr is`K vI mwry gey sn[
ies lVweI ivc Zdwr bRwhmxW lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh ny AMgryzW dw prw swQ id`qw pr iPr vI AMgryz A&sr is`KW qoN burI qrHW fry hoey sn (kinMGm, s&w 268)[
202
ies jMg dOrwn pitAwlw, nwBw qy hor sqluj pwrlIAW is`K irAwsqW AMgryzW v`loN lwhOr drbwr dy i^lw& lVIAW sn[ ieM\ hI AMgryzI &Oj dy A&sr swry hI AMgryz sn pr aunHW hyT lVn vwly ispwhIAW iv`coN bhuqy pUrbIey qy bMgwlI hI sn[ dUjy l&zW ivc pMjwb ‘qy AMgryzI kbzw krvwaux vwly ihMdUsqwnI Aqy sqluj pwr pMjwbI irAwsqW dy &OjI sn[
luiDAwxw ivc rxjoD isMG dw hmlw
&Irozpur qoN ielwvw luiDAwxw v`l vI is`K &OjW ny Awpxw &rMt KolH idqw sI[ 17 jnvrI 1846 dy idn lwfvw dy rwjy rxjoD isMG ny sqluj dirAw pwr b`dovwl ivc AMgryz CwvxI ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ pr rxjoD isMG kbzw krn mgroN au~Qy hI itk igAw Aqy nw qW auh &Irozpur v`l A`gy viDAw qy nw hI aus ny id`lI v`loN Awaux vwlI AMgryz &Oj bwry hI soicAw[ ieh iek joSIlw pr plwn-rihq AYkSn sI[ rxjoD isMG dw kbzw isr& ds idn hI kwiem irhw[ 28 jnvrI ƒ hYnrI simQ dI &Oj nwl AlIvwl ivc hoeI lVweI ivc rxjoD isMG ƒ hwr hoeI qy aus ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ kinMGm muqwibk rxjoD isMG ny kbzw qW kr ilAw pr jdoN hYnrI simQ &Oj lY ky aus qoN luiDAwxw Awzwd krvwaux AwieAw qW aus ny Awp &Oj dI AgvweI nhIN kIqI[ dUjw auh kbzw krn mgroN au~Qy hI itikAw irhw qy A`g vD ky hor AYkSn kr ky AMgryzW nUM k`Fx dI koiSS nhIN kIqI[ (kinMGm, s&y 271-75)[
BwvyN luiDAwxw nUM AMgryzW ny Awzwd krvw ilAw sI pr ieh ij`q aunHW dI AwpxI qwkq kwrn nhIN sI hoeI blik rxjoD isMG dI bysmJI kwrn hoeI sI[ luiDAwxw vwips lYx mgroN vI AMgryz A&sr burI qrHW Gbrwey qy bO^lwey pey sn[ hor qW hor gvrnr jnrl qy kmWfr-ien-cI& vI burI qrHW ‘kMb rhy sn’ qy aunHW ny hux pMjwb ij`qx dI QW ‘p`Cm’ (lMfn vwpsI) v`l vyKxw SurU kr id`qw sI[…lwl isMh qy qyj isMh vI burI qrHW Gbrw gey sn[ gulwb isMh fogrw ny vI mihsUs krnw SurU kr id`qw sI ik Kwlsw &OjW s`cmuc iek haUAw (byh`d qwkqvr) hn[ (kinMGm, s&w 274)[
gulwb isMh fogrw dw lwhOr pu`jxw
auDr AMgryzW nwl bxI plwn muqwbk gulwb isMh fogrw 27 jnvrI 1846 ƒ lwhOr phMuc igAw Aqy srkwr dI kmWf sMBwl leI,
203
pr auh Ajy vI burI qrHW firAw hoieAw sI[ aus nUM is`K &OjW qoN bhuq fr lg irhw sI[ TIk iesy vyly luiDAwxy ’qy AMgryzW dy muV kwbz hox dI ^br pu`jI[ gulwb isMh ny Awpxw h`Q au~pr r`Kx vwsqy is`K &OjW nUM hwrW hwisl krn dIAW iJVkW mwrIAW Aqy ikhw ik aunHW nUM eyfy v`fy qy qwkvr guAWFI nwl kwhlI qy gu`sy ivc pM|w nhIN sI lYxw cwhIdw[ gulwb isMh ny kwhlI ivc AMgryzW nwl ‘smJOqy’ dI glbwq vI SurU kr leI[ pr drAsl gvrnr jnrl ies ’qy ^uS nhIN sI[ auh eynI CyqI smJOqw nhIN sI cwhuMdw blik auh qW pMjwb ’qy kbzw krnw cwhuMdw sI[ (kinMGm, s&w 278)[ gvrnr jnrl ny gulwb isMh nUM pYZwm ByijAw ik auh lwhOr ivc is`KW (drAsl gulwb isMh) dI hkUmq nUM mnzUr krn vwsqy rwzI hY bSrqy ik is`K &Oj qoV id`qI jwvy[ pr gulwb isMh ny ies vwsqy AwpxI mjbUrI zwihr kIqI qy ikhw ik auh is`K &OjW qoN frdw hY[ kinMGm dw i^Awl hY ik drAsl gulwb isMh ^udgrzI kr ky ieh kih irhw sI[ (kinMGm, s&w 279)[
sBrwEN dI lVweI
ies hwlq ivc AMgryz msly nUM ltkwauxw vI nhIN sn cwhuMdy[ ies kr ky aunHW dw ZdwrW (gulwb isMh, qyjw isMh qy lwl isMh) nwl ieh smJOqw hooieAw ik lVweI krvw ky AMgryz &Oj nUM is`K &OjW ’qy hwvI kIqw jwvy Aqy iPr hwrI hoeI is`K &Oj nUM lwhOr drbwr v`loN iqAwg id`qw jwvy[ ies qoN mgroN lwhOr dw rsqw AMgryzW vwsqy KulHw C`f id`qw jwvy[ kinMGm kihMdw hY ik “swizSW Bry Aqy ies Srmnwk ZdwrI dy mwhOl ivc sBrwEN dI lVweI lVI geI[” (kinMGm, s&w 279)[ (ieh rwz KolHx kr ky kinMGm nUM nOkrI qoN k`F id`qw igAw sI)[ m`ry kihMdw hY ik ieho ijhI (ZdwrI vwlI) lVweI dI imswl pRwcIn jW AjokI qvwrI^ ivc ikqy vI nhIN imldI (fw: gMfw isMG, prweIvyt kwrspONfYNs irlyitMg tU AYNglo-is`K vwrz, s&w 98)[
hux rxjIq isMG dy rwj dw ^wqmw Aqy nwl hI is`KW dI qbwhI dw AwZwz ho cukw sI[ gulwb isMh qW AMgryzW nwl audoN qoN hI sbMD bxw cukw sI jd AMgryzW ny A&Zwinsqwn ivc AwpxIAW &OjW ByjIAW sn[ AMgryz qW aus nUM jlwlwbwd dw ielwkw dyx vwsqy vI iqAwr sn pr aus ny frdy ny audoN ieh kbUl nw kIqw (kinMGm, s&w 223-24)[
ies jMg dI Aw^rI lVweI 10 &rvrI 1846 dy idn sBrwEN ivc lVI geI[ hux qyjw isMh Aqy lwl isMh ny dobwrw plwinMg bxweI ijs
204
hyT ieh XkInI bxwieAw igAw ik AMgryz &OjW iPr ij`q jwx Aqy aunHW dy lwhOr p`ujx dw rsqw sw& ho jwvy[
klk`qw irvIaU muqwibk Zdwr lwl isMh bRwhmx ny qW kYptn inkolsn nUM sBrwEN dy hmly dI pUrI plwn ilKqI rUp ivc ByjI hoeI sI[ inkolsn kol ieh plwn 7 &rvrI 1846 dy idn puj cukI sI (klk`qw rIvIaU, jUn 1849, s&w 549)[
sBrwEN dI lVweI ivc vI is`KW dw h`Q aupr sI[ AMgryzI &OjW dy iqMn hmly burI qrHW nwkwm rhy sn qy AMgryz mwr Kw ky ip`Cy hty sn[ aunHW au~qy moVvW hmlw kr ky aunHW ƒ ^qm krn dI bjwie, jyqU is`K &OjW dw kmWfr-ien-cI& (qyjw isMh) mYdwn C`f ky B`j igAw qy jWdw hoieAw dirAw sqluj ’qy bixAw byVIAW dw bixAw hoieAw pul vI qoV igAw (kinMGm, s&w 284)[ aus ny ies dI ieqlwh AMgryzI &Oj ƒ vI kr idqI[ ies ’qy AMgryzI &Oj ny is`KW ’qy nvW hmlw kr idqw[
jrnYlW qoN s`KxI is`K &Oj Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw dI AgvweI hyT ft ky lVI, pr A^Ir bhuqy is`K ShId ho gey[ AwgU-hIx is`K &OjI Gbrw ky ip`Cy v`l dOVy qy pul tu`itAw hox kr ky aunHW ivcoN bhuq swry dirAw ivc fub ky mr gey[ ies qoN ielwvw gulwb isMh fogry Aqy qyjw isMh ny sqluj dy kMFy ’qy 10 qopW r`KIAW hoeIAW sn ijnHW nwl vwips AwauNdy is`K &OjI Zdwr AwK ky golIAW nwl aufw idqy gey[ Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw Aqy aus dy swQI Aw^rI swhW qk lVdy rhy[ Swm isMG nUM AkIdq pyS krdw hoieAw duSmx &Oj dw jrnYl kinMGm ilKdw hY ik lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh dI ZdwrI dy bwvjUd Swm isMG gurU goibMd isMG dy s`cy pu`qr vWg jUiJAw qy ShId hoieAw (kinMGm, s&w 281, 2005 dI AYfISn)[ kinMGm Swm isMG nUM 284 s&y ’qy Pyr jzbwq BrI AkIdq pyS krdw hoieAw ilKdw hY ik “Zdwr lwl isMh AwpxIAW &OjW dw qwzw hmlw krvwaux dI bjwie, pihly hmly vyly hI dOV igAw qy jWdI vwrI iek ikSqI fob igAw (qW jo &OjW vwips nw muV skx)[ pr mhwn Swm isMG (AtwrIvwlw) ƒ Awpxw pRx Xwd sI[ aus ny icty bsqr pwey hoey sn qy auh Awpxw isr qlI ’qy r`K ky Awpxy swQIAW sxy jUJ irhw sI qy vwr vwr Awpxy swQIAW ƒ h`lw-SyrI dy ky lVweI kr irhw sI[ auh audoN qk lVdw igAw jd qk ShId nw ho igAw[” gir&n ilKdw hY ik Swm isMG nUM s`q golIAW l`gIAW qy auh ShId ho igAw qy aus dy nwl hI aus dy 50 jWbwz swQI vI jo isr& qlvwrW nwl jUJy sn[ (gir&n, rxjIq isMG, s&y 63-64)[
205
ies lVweI ivc AMgryzW dy 320 &OjI mry qy 2083 z^mI hoey sn[ dUjy pwsy 8000 is`K &OjI vI mwry gey[ lwrf g`& mwry jwx vwly is`KW dI igxqI 12 qoN 15 hzwr dy ivckwr dsdw hY[
AMgryzW ny sqluj pwr kIqw
sBrwEN dI ‘ij`q’ mgroN AMgryzW ƒ lwhOr jWdI sVk ’qy rokx vwlw koeI nhIN sI[ lwhOr drbwr dw pRDwn mMqrI Zdwr sI, &OjW dw jrnYl Zdwr sI qy ienHW iqMnW ZdwrW gulwb isMh fogrw, bRwhmx lwl isMh qy bRwhmx qyjw isMh dw lwhOr drbwr ’qy kbzw sI[ so, 12 &rvrI 1846 dy idn AMgryzI &Oj ny sqluj dirAw pwr kIqw Aqy ibnW iksy mukwbly dy ksUr dy iklHy ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ ksUr dy muKI pTwx AwgU AMgryzW ƒ ‘jI AwieAW’ kihx vwsqy ie`kTy ho ky aunHW ƒ imly qy aunHW dI syvw kIqI[ do idn bwAd lwhOr drbwr dw fYpUtySn gulwb isMh fogrw dI AgvweI hyT glbwq krn vwsqy nzrwny lY ky pyS ho igAw[ hux AMgryzW ny hor byiezqI krn vwsqy ienHW ƒ imlx qoN nWh kr idqI qy ikhw ik mhwrwjw dlIp isMG Aqy bwkI is`K rwjy qy jgIrdwr Awp Awaux Aqy gvrnr jnrl A`gy pyS hox[ ihaU k`uk ilKdw hY ik 18 &rvrI 1846 dy idn dlIp isMG qy hor drbwrI gvrnr jnrl Agy pyS hoey[ ies mOky ’qy aunHW (is`KW) ƒ zrw vI Adb-ie`zq nw idqI geI qy QoVHy icr mgroN hI cly jwx vwsqy AwK idqw igAw[ mIitMg ivc isr& Aihdnwmy dIAW SrqW suxw ky ies ’qy dsq^q krn vwsqy AwiKAw igAw[ (ihaU ku`k, s&w 106, sIqw rwm kohlI, s&w 117)[
drAsl gvrnr jnrl is`KW nUM isr& iT`T hI nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdw blik aunHW ivc A`goN vwsqy dihSq vI pYdw krnw cwhuMdw sI qy hux auh sqluj dI QW ’qy ibAws dirAw nUM rxjIq isMG dI h`d bxwauxw cwhuMdw sI qy ieM\ hI phwV v`loN vI is`KW dw rwh rokxw cwhuMdw sI (kinMGm, s&w 286)[
ZdwrW nUM eInwm
hux ZdwrW nUM eInwm dyx bwry ivcwrW hoeIAW[ AMgryzW ny pMjwb qoN bwkI swry phwVI ielwky Kohx vwsqy jMmU-kSmIr gulwb isMh nUM dyx dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ ies dw iek hor kwrn ieh sI ik Zdwr lwl isMh AMgryzW dI mdd krn dw eInwm lYxw cwhuMdw sI[ pr aus vwsqy mslw ieh sI ik jy gulwb isMh lwhOr ivc vzIr vjoN rihMdw qW lwl isMh dI
206
qkq Gt jwxI sI (kinMGm, s&w 287)[ ies kr ky dohW nUM ^uS krn vwsqy iek nUM jMmU-kSmIr dw Awzwd mulk (dirAw ibAws dy au~pr dy phwVW qoN isMD qk dw ielwkw) Aqy dUjy nUM lwhOr dI AmlI/AslI hkUmq id`qI jw rhI sI (kinMGm, s&w 288)[ ikauNik Ajy pMjwb ivc pRweIm minstr AMgryzW ny nhIN bxwauxw sI qy mhwrwjw dlIp isMG (drAsl rwxI ijMdW) ny bxwauxw sI[ AMgryz jwxdy sn ik ZdwrIAW dy bwvjUd lwl isMh rwxI ijMdW dw sB qoN v`fw ieqbwrI sI qy rwxI ny aus nUM hI pRweIm minstr bxwauxw sI[ ieh sI rwxI dI bysmJI qy aus dw cwplUs ZdwrW lwl isMh Aqy gulwb isMh ’qy AMnHw Brosw[
ies vyly AMimRqsr ivc 20 hzwr qy lwhOr ivc 15 hzwr is`K &Oj hwizr sI[ ies kr ky AMgryzW ny pMjwb ’qy iek dm kbzw nw krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ (ihaU k`uk, s&w 106, sIqw rwm kohlI, s&w 118)[ pr iek v`fI AMgryz &Oj mhwrwjw dlIp isMG ƒ A`gy lw ky lwhOr pu`jI Aqy mIAWmIr CwvxI ivc fyrw lw ilAw[
jrnYl ihaU k`uk ilKdw hY ik jdoN AMgryz &Oj lwhOr ’coN lMG rhI sI qW is`K aunHW ƒ vyK ky kcIcIAW v`t rhy sn pr ihMdU qy muslmwnW ƒ koeI A&sos nhIN sI ho irhw[ (ihaU k`uk, d is`K vwrz, s&w 106)[
AMgryzI &Oj dy kmWfr ny hukm jwrI kIqw ik swrIAW is`K &OjW CwauxI ’coN inkl jwx Aqy rwvI dirAw pwr kr ky Swhdrw clIAW jwx[ iksy is`K &OjI ƒ ilKqI primt qoN ibnW Sihr ivc vVn dI iejwzq nhIN sI[ lwhOr Sihr Aqy CwauxI ’qy hux AMgryzW dw mukMml kbzw sI[
lwhOr dw Aihdnwmw
9 mwrc 1846 ƒ lwhOr drbwr Aqy AMgryzW ivckwr 16 nukiqAW dy iek Aihdnwmy ’qy dsq^q hoey[ 11 mwrc ƒ ies ivc hor vwDw kIqw igAw[ mgroN 16 mwrc 11846 ƒ gulwb isMh fogry nwl iek hor Aihdnwmw hoieAw[ ienHW iqMnW (9, 11 qy 16 mwrc dy) AihdnwimAW hyT:
1. jlMDr doAwb (sqluj qy ibAws dirAw ivckwrlw ielwkw) AMgryzW ƒ jMg dy ^rcy vjoN dy id`qw igAw[
2. lwhOr drbwr nUM fyF kroV rupY jMg dw hrjwnw vI pwieAw igAw[
207
ies rkm dI AdwiegI vwsqy lwhOr drbwr dy ^zwny ivc purI rkm nhIN sI ies kr ky ieh rkm Adw krn vwsqy gulwb isMh fogry ny 68 l`K rupY ivc kSmIr dw sUbw ‘KrId’ ilAw[ ieh crcw sI ik gulwb isMh ny ieh rkm Awpxy kol pey rwxI cMd kOr dy ^zwny Aqy Aqy lwhOr drbwr coN corI kIqy hor pYisAW ivcoN Adw kIqI sI[ pr kinMGm dw kihxw hY ik ieh rkm kdy vI Adw nhIN sI kIqI geI (kinMGm, s&w 288) drAsl kSmIr qW gulwb isMh nUM ZdwrI dy eInwm vjoN id`qw igAw sI[ aus kol ies dOlq qoN ielwvw cMd kOr Aqy lwhOr drbwr dy iek kroV qoN vD rupY qy hor ^zwnw vI mOjUd sI jo aus dI injI dOlq bx igAw sI[
3. lwhOr drbwr isr& 25 btwlIAn pYdl &Oj qy 12 hzwr GoVsvwr rK skygw[
4. AMgryzW v`loN kbzy ivc leIAW geIAW qopW qoN ielwvw auh 36 qopW ijhVIAW AMgryzW dy i^lw& vrqIAW jwx vwsqy sBrwEN iljweIAW geIAW sn, hux AMgryzW dIAW ho jwxgIAW[
5. AMgryz &OjW lwhOr drbwr dy ielwky ivcoN jdoN cwhux lMG skxgIAW[
6. lwhOr drbwr iksy XUrpIn nUM AMgryzW dI mnzUrI ibnW nOkrI ’qy nhIN r`Kygw[
7. AMgryzW Aqy lwhOr drbwr ivc “cMgw mwhOl kwiem krn” (drAsl ZdwrI) dy eInwm vjoN gulwb isMh nUM jMmU ivc ^udmu^iqAwrI id`qI jwvygI[
8. AMgryzI &Oj iek swl vwsqy lwhOr ivc rhygI qy ies dw ^rcw lwhOr drbwr dyvygw[ ies ivc ienHW 8 qoN ielwvw 8 hor nwAihm nukqy vI sn[
16 nukiqAW vwly ies Aihdnwmy ’qy AMgryzW v`loN &rYfirk k`rI, hYnrI lwrYNs qy rwbrt imMtgumrI; Aqy is`KW v`loN BweI rwm isMG, lwl isMh, qyjw isMh, cqr isMG AtwrI, rxjoooD isMG mjIiTAw, dIvwn dInw nwQ, &kIr nUr-aud-dIn dy dsq^q sn[ (pUrw Aihdnwmw vyKo: kinMGm, s&w 371-74)[
ies mgroN gvrnr jnrl Aqy AMgryzI POjW dw kmWfr-ien-cI& 20 hzwr AMgryzI &Oj sxy lwhOr ivc rhy qy is`K &Oj qoVn dI ingrwnI krdy rhy[ kinMGm ilKdw hY ik nOkrIEN k`Fy gey &OjIAW ivc nw qW hwry hoey bwZIAW vwlI audwsI sI qy nw hI qn^whdwr ispwhIAW vwlI gusqw^I qy bygwngI[ sgoN aunHW ivc jyqUAW vwlI mrdwngI dw nUr idsdw sI Aqy aunHW dIAW g`lW ivc kmwl dI cVHdI klw dw Aihsws (kinMGm, s&w 289)
208
ies Aihdnwmy mgroN kihx ƒ qW lwhOr ’qy dlIp isMG dw rwj sI; aus kol &Oj qy iklHw vI sn; pr drAsl ie`Qy AMgryzW dI hkUmq sI ikauNik dlIp isMG dw pRweIm minstr lwl isMh Aqy &OjW dw muKI qyjw isMh AMgryzW dy zr^rId Zulwm sn[
ienHW lVweIAW ivc iqMn v`fy ZdwrW (gulwb isMh, qyjw isMh qy lwl isMh) ny AMgryzW vwsqy hI swrw kuJ kIqw sI[ gulwb isMh jMmU kSmIr dw rwjw bx igAw sI[ pr qyjw isMh qy lwl isMh ƒ AijhI koeI irAwsq nhIN sI imlI[ lwl isMh ies kwrn AOKw sI qy aus ny gulwb isMh ƒ rwj idqy jwx dy rwh ivc rukwvt bxn dI koiSS vI kIqI[ nqIjy vjoN aus ƒ pMjwb coN jlwvqn ho ky fyhrwdUn jwxw ipAw[ qIjy Zdwr qyjw isMh ƒ is`K &OjW dw kmWfr-ien-cI& (isr& nW dw hI) rihx id`qw igAw[ rwxI ijMdW ƒ nwbwlg mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dI rIjYNt bxw idqw igAw[
ZdwrW dw ipCokV
ieh g`l bVI Aihm hY ik rxjIq isMG ny AwpxI hkUmq dI bhuqI qwkq fogirAW Aqy bRwhmxW nUM sONpI hoeI sI Aqy is`KW, muslmwnW Aqy pMjwbI ihMdUAW (KqrIAW) kol msW cwr-ku Ahudy sn[ rxjIq isMG dy mrn ip`CoN AMgryzW nwl iml ky ZdwrI krn vwly isr& fogry (gulwb isMh) Aqy bRRwhmx (lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh) sn[ iksy vI drbwrI is`K ny AMgryzW nwl swzbwz nhIN kIqI sI[ hor qW hor muslmwn qy pMjwbI ihMdUAW iv`coN vI koeI vI AMgryzW dw eyjMt nhIN sI bixAw[ ZdwrI krn dw ‘Sr&’ isr& fogirAW Aqy bRwhmxW nUM hwisl sI[ auN\ qvwrI^ ivc bRwhmx vzIrW v`loN bwdSwhW nwl ZdwrI krn jW swizSW krn dIAW byihswb imswlW mOjUd hn (cwxkX qoN SurU ho ky lwl isMh, qyjw isMh qk hI nhIN hor bhuq swry kys Aijhy hn)[
Brovwl dw Aihdnwmw
lwl isMh ƒ fyhrwdUn jlwvqn krn mgroN AMgryzW ny koeI nvW pRweIm minstr nw bxn idqw qy aus dy QW iek “kOsl Aw& rIjYNsI” kwiem kr idqI[ ies kONsl ivc Zdwr qyjw isMh, dIvwn dInw nwQ, &kIr nUr-aud-dIn qy Syr isMG AtwrIvwlw Swiml sn[ mgroN ies ivc ieh cwr hor mYNbr pwey gey: Aqr isMG kwilAWvwlw, SmSyr isMG
209
sMDwvwlIAw, rxjoD isMG mjIiTAw qy BweI inDwn isMG[ ies kONsl ’qy muK kMtrol AMgryz rYzIfYNt hYnrI lwrMs dw sI[ (mwrc mgroN 1848 ivc lwrMs dI QW &rYfirk k`rI Aw igAw sI)[
16 dsMbr 1846 dy idn AMgryzW ny ies kONsl koloN ‘Arz’ krvw ky iek nvyN Aihdnwmy ’qy dsq^q krvw ley[ ies muqwibk rwxI ijMdW ƒ rIjYNt dy Ahudy qoN htw ky fyF lK rupY slwnw dI pYnSn dy idqI geI[ hYnrI lwrMs hux lwhOr srkwr dw rIjYNt bx igAw[ ies Aihdnwmy muqwibk dlIp isMG dy 16 swl dw hox qk AMgryzW dw kMtrol rihxw sI[ dlIp isMG ies vyly swFy A`T swl dw ho cukw sI Aqy aus ny 4 sqMbr 1854 ƒ 16 swl dw hoxw sI[ audoN qk AMgryz rYzfYNt ny hI sB kuJ hoxw sI[ hux AMgryzW ny pMjwb ƒ hVpx vwsqy Aw^rI iqAwrIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[
rwxI ijMd kOr ƒ kYd krnw
lwhOr dI Asl qwkq Awpxy h`Q ivc lYx mgroN AMgryzW ny pMjwb ’qy pUrI qrHW kbzw krn dy plwn hyT, sB qoN pihlw vwr rwxI ijMdW ’qy krn dI qrkIb bxwauxI SurU kIqI [ &rYfirk k`rI cwhMudw sI ik rwxI ƒ lwhOr coN bwhr ByijAw jwvy ikauNik iek auhI sI ijhVI AMgryzW dy rwh dw roVw sI[ lok aus dI ie`zq vI krdy sn qy aus dw ikhw vI mMndy sn[ pr gvrnr jnrl ies dy h`k ivc nhIN sI ik aus ƒ aus dy nwbwlg puqr qoN vKrw kr idqw jwvy, ikauN ik ies kwrvweI nwl is`KW ivc ros &Yl jwx dw fr sI[ (lwrf flhOzI dI k`rI nUM ic`TI, 16 dsMbr 1846)[
ienHIN idnIN iek hor Gtnw vwpr geI[ &rvrI 1847 ivc lwhOr drbwr dy iek v&wdwr BweI prymw isMG ny plwn bxweI ik Zdwr qyjw isMh qy AMgryz rYzIfYNt ƒ, aunHIN idnI SwlImwr bwZ ivc hox vwly iek smwgm ivc, kql kr ky mhwrwjw dlIp isMG ƒ Agvw kr ky, AMgryzW ƒ k`Fx vwsqy muihMm clweI jwey[ pr AMjwm hox qoN pihlW hI ies plwn dI sUh AMgryzW ƒ iml geI[ BweI prymw isMG qy aus dy swQIAW ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ ies swizS ƒ ADwr bxw ky rwxI ’qy vI muk`dmw clwaux dI socI geI[ AMgryzW dw ielzwm sI ik BweI prymw isMG ƒ BweI mhwrwj isMG (nOrMgwbwdI) Aqy rwxI dI ihmwieq hwisl sI[ pr mhwrwxI i^lw& koeI sbUq nhIN sI, isvwey ies dy ik aus dw munSI bUtw isMG (jo mgroN isMG sBw lihr dw AwgU bixAw sI) BweI prymw isMG ƒ do vwr imilAw sI[ AMgryz rYzIfYNt dI rwxI ijMdW
210
’qy kys clwaux dI is&wrS ƒ gvrnr jnrl ny r`d kr idqw ikauNik bUtw isMG vwlw sbUq kmzor-jhI g`l sI jo lokW ƒ hzm nhIN hoxI sI[ (hYnrI lwrMs dI AYlIAt nUM ic`TI, sqMbr 1847)[
ies mgroN 7 Agsq 1847 dy idn rYzIfYt ny AMgryzW dy mddgwrW, pr lwhOr drbwr dy ZdwrW, dy snmwn ivc iek smwgm r`iKAw[ ies smwgm ivc Zdwr qyjw isMh ƒ rwjw dw iqlk lwieAw jwxw sI[ bwl mhwrwjw dlIp isMG ny AYn mOky ’qy h`Q ip`Cy kr ky iqlk lwaux qoN nWh kr idqI[ ies ’qy AMgryzW ny iek pujwrI koloN iqlk luAw idqw[ lwrf hwrifMg ny ies dw izMmydwr rwxI ƒ TihrwauNidAW ikhw ik auh Awpxy duSmxW dy snmwn qoN AOKI sI iesy kr ky aus ny mMufy (dlIp isMG) ƒ Aijhw krnoN roikAw sI[ hwlWik dlIp isMG ny kysr ivc auNgl pw vI idqI sI pr (rwxI dy ieSwrw krn ’qy) aus ny h`Q ip`Cy kr ley qy kursI ’qy FoA lw ky bYT igAw[ ies Gtnw mgroN rwxI dy pMj v&wdwr syvwdwr (mMglw, jIvn isMG, hIrw isMG, AmIr b^S qy hridAwl) ƒ nOkrI qoN k`F ky lwhOr qoN bwhr Byj idqw igAw[ rwxI ƒ vI iklHy dIAW dIvwrW dy AMdr mihdUd kr idqw igAw[ aus ƒ AwpxI mrzI dy lokW nwl imlxoN vI rok idqw igAw[ ies qoN kuJ idn mgroN, 19 Agsq 1847 ƒ, aus ƒ lwhOr qoN SyKUpurw Byj idqw igAw[ aus dI pYnSn vI fyF lK qoN Gtw ky isr& 48 hzwr rupY (qIjw ih`sw qoN vI Gt) kr idqI geI[
(rwxI ijMdW nwl eyQy hI bs nhIN kIqI geI[ meI 1848 ivc aus ƒ pMjwb qoN ihMdUsqwn ivc Byj idqw igAw[ aus ƒ SyKUpurw qoN bnwrs iljwieAw igAw[ 15 meI 1848 dw idn aus dw pMjwb ivc Aw^rI idn sI[ aus dI pYnSn, jo pihlW fyF l`K qoN 48 hzwr kr idqI geI sI, hux auh hor Gtw ky isr& 12 hzwr swlwnw kr idqI geI[ ievwn bY~l rwxI dI ies byiezqI bwry kihMdw hY ik ‘ies qrHW iek bwdSwh dI mW, iek dosq dI ivDvw, ƒ ^qm kr dyx dI swizS hyT, aus nUM do AMgryz A&srW qy iek muslmwn cI& dI spurdgI ivc jlwvqn kr idqw igAw[’ (ievwn bY~l, AnYksySn Aw& d pMjwb AYNf mhwrwjw dlIp isMG, s&w 18)[ rwxI ijMdW dI hor byiezqI krn vwsqy iek idn 14 juulweI 1848 ƒ aus dy swry kpVy auqrvw ky aus dI jwmw-qlwSI leI geI[ aus dy 50 lK rupY dy gihxy Aqy do lK nkd rupY zbq kr ley gey[ ieho ijhIAW hrkqW dI qW kwbul dy bwdSwh dosq muhMmd ^wn ny vI inMdw kIqI)[ (ievwn bY~l, s&w 10)[
211
mulqwn dI bZwvq
sqMbr 1844 ivc Awpxy ipqw dI mOq mgroN dIvwn mUl rwj ƒ mulqwn dw gvrnr bxwieAw igAw sI[ 1846 ivc AMgryzW dy lwhOr drbwr ’qy kbzy mgroN, lwl isMh dIAW swizSW hyT, aus dw mwmlw 25% vDw idqw igAw[ aus ny ibnW iksy iSkwieq qoN ies ƒ mnzUr kr ilAw[ ieh gl 29 AkqUbr 1846 dI hY[ lwl isMh ny eyQy hI bs nhIN kIqI[ hux aus ny mUl rwj dy keI h`k Koh ley pr aus dw iejwrw nw GtwieAw[ mUl rwj dIAW AdwlqI qwkqW vI Gtw idqIAW geIAW[ ies dw nqIjw ieh inkilAw ik auh mwmlw nw dyx vwilAW dy i^lw& koeI AYkSn nhIN sI lY skdw[ A^Ir qMg Aw ky aus ny dsMbr 1847 ivc AsqI&w dy idqw[ rYzIfYNt ny aus dw AsqI&w mnzUr kr ilAw Aqy nvyN sUbydwr dy Awaux qk syvw inBwaux Aqy mwrc 1848 qk mulqwn rukx vwsqy AwK idqw[ hux &rYfirk k`rI lwhOr ivc nvW rYzIfYNt bx ky Aw igAw sI[ aus ny kwhn isMG mwn ƒ mulqwn dw nvW sUbydwr lw idqw Aqy vYns AYginaU ƒ aus dw isAwsI slwhkwr qy lY&tInYNt AYNfrsn ƒ aus dw AisstYNt bxw idqw[ 19 AprYl 1848 dy idn kwhn isMG mwn mulqwn pu`jw[ dIvwn mUlrwj ny sUbydwrI dw cwrj aus ƒ sMBwl idqw[
jdoN cwrj lY ky kwhn isMG qy dovyN AMgryz bwhr inkl rhy sn qW iek &OjI A&sr godV isMG mzhbI ny AYNfrsn Aqy AYginaU ’qy hmlw kr ky aunHW ƒ kql kr idqw[ ieh koeI Acwnk GtI Gtnw nhIN sI[ is`K &OjW ivc AMgryzW v`loN pMjwb ’qy kbzw, rwxI ijMdW dI byiezqI Aqy kYd, is`K jrnYlW qy A&srW dIAW qwkqW Kohxw, ZdwrW ƒ Ahudy Aqy snmwn b^Sxw bwry ^brW pujdIAW rihMdIAW sn qy auh AMdroN-AMdrI g`usy nwl Bry pIqy bYTy sn[ dIvwn mUl rwj dI QW kwhn isMG mwn, qy auh vI do AMgryz APsrW dI ingrwnI hyT, lwieAw jwxw vkqI AYkSn dw kwrn bixAw[
jdoN do AMgryz A&srW dy mrn dI ^br &rYfirk k`rI rYzIfYNt kol pu`jI qW pihlW qW aus ny &Oj ƒ mulqwn jwx dw hukm dy idqw pr mgroN aus ny ierwdw bdl ilAw qy ies ƒ is`KW qy Qopx dI qrkIb GVnI SurU kr idqI[ ieh soc ky aus ny hrbrt AYfvwrfyz ƒ bMnU ivc ^q Byj ky AwiKAw ik auh kwhn isMG mwn ƒ khy ik auh dIvwn mUl rwj ƒ hI sUbydwr rihx dyvy[ meI 1848 ivc rYzIfYNt ny AYfvwrfyz ƒ &Oj lY ky mulqwn jwx vwsqy AwK idqw[ ies vyly qk (hIrw isMh fogrw v`loN 1845 ivc ShId kIqy bwbw bIr isMG nOrMgwbwd dy vwirs) BweI
212
mhwrwj isMG vI mulqwn puj cuky sn[ aunHW ny a~uQy phuMc ky is`K &OjW ƒ jQybMd krnw SurU kr idqw[
jd mUl rwj ƒ AYfvwrfyz dy Awaux dw pqw lgw qW aus ny Amn smJOqy dI pySkS kIqI[ AYfvwrfyz ny ieh pySkS Tukrw idqI qy mulqwn ’qyy hmlw kr idqw[ pihlW qW in`kIAW motIAW JVpW hoeIAW pr 18 jUn 1848 ƒ iek v`fI lVweI hoeI ijs ivc AYfvwrfyz ƒ ij`q hwisl hoeI[ Aw^rI lVweI pihlI julweI dy idn hoeI ijs ivc dIvwn mUl rwj dw hwQI mwirAw igAw qy ies dy nwl hI aus dI mOq dI A&vwh vI &Yl geI[ ies nwl aus dy swQIAW dy hOsly ifg pey[ aus ny Awpxy Awp ƒ iklHy ivc bMd kr ilAw[ AMgryzI &OjW ny iklHy ƒ swry pwisEN Gyr ilAw[ ieh Gyrw cwr h&qy jwrI irhw[ dIvwn mUl rwj kwbl qoN dosq muhMmd ^wn dI mdd dI Aws vI rK irhw sI[ pr nw qW kwbl qoN Aqy nw AtwrI vwilAW qoN koeI mdd pu`j skI[ 17 dsMbr 1848 ƒ AMgryz &OjW ny iklHy ’qy iek zbrdsq hmlw kIqw qy AMdr dwi^l ho geIAW[ AKIr mUl rwj ny hiQAwr su`t idqy[ dIvwn mUl rwj ’qy kql, jMg krn Aqy ZdwrI dw mukdmw clw ky aus ƒ mOq dI szw suxweI geI (jo gvrnr jnrl ny aumr kYd ivc bdl idqI)[ jnvrI 1850 q`k aus ƒ lwhOr ikly ivc rK ky mgroN &ort ivlIAmz (klk`qw) Byj idqw igAw[ pr ^rwb ishq kwrn aus ƒ bnwrs lY AWdw igAw Aqy Kwxy ivc hlkI zihr dy ky aus ƒ mOq dy mUMh ivc D`k idqw igAw; A^Ir 11 Agsq 1851 dy idn, 36 swl dI aumr ivc auh cVHweI kr igAw[ dIvwn mUl rwj bwry lwrf flhOzI dw ivcwr sI ik “mUl rwj kol bZwvq dI AgvweI krn vwsqy nw qW ijgrw sI qy nw hI ^wihS[ ieh qW AYfvwrfyz dIAW izAwdqIAW sn ijs ny is`KW dy kOmI jzbwq aus dy h`k ivc kr id`qy sn[” (ievwn bY~l, s&w 50)[
cqr isMG AtwrIvwlw
cqr isMG AtwrIvwlw rxjIq isMG dw iek sInIAr drbwrI sI[ aus dI DI dI mMgxI (mhwrwjw) dlIp isMG nwl hoeI-hoeI sI[ aus nUM julweI 1847 ivc hzwry dw gvrnr bxwieAw igAw sI[ kYptn jymz AYbt nUM aus dw slwhkwr bxw ky AisstYNt rYzIfYNt lwieAw igAw sI[ AYbt ny ielwky dy muslmwnW nUM isKW dy i^lw& BVkwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ ies dw ipCokV ieh sI ik AMgryz hr hIly cqr isMG dI DI dw (mhwrwjw) dlIp isMG nwl irSqw ^qm krnw cwhuMdy sI[ aus vyly lwhOr drbwr ZdwrW nwl BirAw ipAw sI qy hr pwsy aunHW nUM hI Ahudy
213
imly hoey sn[ isr& cqr isMG vrgy iek-do bMdy sn ijhVy rxjIq isMG pirvwr dy ^Yr-^wh sn[
AYbt dIAW swizSW bwry cqr isMG nUM pqw lg cukw sI[ aus ny Agsq 1848 ivc lwhOr ivc ibRitS eyjMt nUM iek lMmw ^q ilK ky AYbt dIAW kwrvweIAW dI q&sIl id`qI[ pr cqr isMG dy doSW dI pVqwl krn dI bjwey rYzIfYNt ny aultw cqr isMG nUM ikhw ik auh AYbt nwl hI g`l kry[ dUjy pwsy AYbt hzwrw C`f ky auQoN 55 iklomItr dUr SyrvW nUM clw igAw[ aus ny vwips Awaux qoN nWh kr id`qI qy ikhw ik mYnUM cqr isMG ’qy ieqbwr nhIN[ dUjy pwsy AYbt ny muslmwnW nUM BVkwauxw jwrI r`iKAw[ hux cqr isMG nUM Aihsws ho igAw ik AMgryzW dI nIAq sw& nhIN sI ies kr ky aus ny is`K &OjIAW nUM vDyry cOks rihx vwsqy AwK id`qw[
ies mwhOl ivc iek idn muslmwnW dI iek v`fI BIV ny cqr isMG dI irhwieS nUM Gyr ilAw[ ies vyly qopW dw cwrj iek AMgryz kYnorw kol sI[ BIV nUM iKMfwaux vwsqy cqr isMG ny kYnorw nUM &wier krn vwsqy ikhw[ kYnorw ny cqr isMG dw hukm mMnxoN nWh kr id`qI[ jd cqr isMG ny kYnorw nUM qop C`f ky cly jwx dw hukm id`qw qW aus ny ies qoN vI nWh kr id`qI[ jd kuJ is`KW ny aus nwl bihs kIqI qW aus ny Awpxy iek AisstYNt nUM aunHW is`KW ’qy hI &wier krn vwsqy ikhw[ jd aus is`K ny Aijhw krnoN nWh kr id`qI qW kYnorw ny aus is`K nUM hI golI mwr ky mwr id`qw[ hux kYnorw ny ^ud is`KW ’qy qop clwaux dI koiSS kIqI[ pr aus koloN qop cwrj nw ho skI[ jd aus ny dobwrw koiSS kIqI qW do is`K aus nUM rokx vwsqy A`gy vDy[ kYnorw ny Awpxy ipsqOl nwl auh dovyN is`K vI mwr id`qy[ iqMn is`K mwry jwx mgroN is`KW nUM roh Aw igAw[ aunHW iv`coN iek is`K ny A`gy ho ky kYnorw nUM mwr id`qw qy qop Awpxy kbzy ivc lY leI[ ies mgroN aunHW ny &wier kIqw qW mslmwnW dI BIV au~QoN iqqr-ibqr ho geI[ jy qop dw &wier kr ky frwvw nw id`qw jWdw qW ies BIV ny cqr isMG qy bwkI is`KW nUM mwr dyxw sI[ (ievwn bY~l, s&w 23-23 qy 29-30)[
AwpxI ih&wzq, kYnorw v`loN hukm AdUlI krnw Aqy iqMn is`KW dw kql, iqMny g`lW cqr isMG dy h`k ivc sn[ pr AYbt ny kYnorw dy mwry jwx nUM “bydrdI nwl kIqw igAw kql” swibq krn dI koiSS kIqI[ mgr auh Aijhw krn ivc kwmXwb nw ho sikAw[ hux AYbt ny cqr isMG dy i^lw& kuJ jwAlI ic`TIAW vI iqAwr krvweIAW[ pr auh cqr isMG nUM bwZI swibq nw kr sikAw[ ies dy bwvjUd inkolsn ny
214
aus nUM gvrnrI qoN brqr& kr id`qw qy aus dI jwgIr zbq kr leI[ ieh cqr isMG dI byie`zqI hI nhIN aus nwl zbrdsq D`kw vI sI[ cqr isMG nwl ieh pihlI izAwdqI nhIN sI[ pihloN vI cqr isMG dy vwr-vwr kihx dy bwvjUd AMgryz (mhwrwjw) dlIp isMG qy aus dI DI dI SwdI dI iejwzq nhIN sn dy rhy[ ies qoN pihlW aus dI kuVmxI (qy mhwrwjy dI mW) rwxI ijMdW nUM iek kYdI vWg pMjwb iv`coN k`F ky bnwrs dy iklHy ivc kYd kr cuky sn[ so ieh iqMny sdmy aus dy idl ivc ros qy roh Brn vwsqy kw&I sn[ (ievwn bY~l, s&y 29-43)[
Syr isMG AtwrIvwlw nwl izAwdqI
cqr isMG ny rYzIfYNt nUM ies izAwdqI dy i^lw& phuMc kIqI pr aus ny zrw-mwsw vI prvwh nw kIqI[ ies vyly cqr isMG dw bytw Syr isMG iblkul cupcwp sI[ Syr isMG ny qW mulqwn dI muihMm vyly vI mUl rwj dy svwl ’qy vI AMgryzW dI mdd kIqI sI[ (AYfvwrfyz, AYn ieXr AOn pMjwb &rMtIArz, ijld dUjI, s&y 420-24)[ pr dUjy pwsy AMgryz Syr isMG nwl vI izAwdqI krdy rihMdy sn[ aunHW qW iek vwr aus nUM kql krvwaux dI koiSS vI kIqI sI[ (pMjwb pyprz, 1849, nMbr 330 qy 344)[ ies qoN sw& zwhr hY ik AMgryz mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dy hr swQI nUM zlIl kr ky mYdwn coN htwauxw cwhuMdy sn; qy cqr isMG qy Syr isMG qW aus dy hox vwly shurw qy swlw sn[ Aijhw jpdw hY ik dlIp isMG nUM is`KW nwl irSqw r`KxoN rokx Aqy eIsweI bxwaux dI plwinMg AMgryzW dI pihloN qoN hI sI[
ies swry mwhOl qoN mjbUr ho ky cqr isMG ny &Yslw kr ilAw ik AMgryzW nwl hiQAwrbMd t`kr lYxI hI pYxI hY[ cqr isMG dy &Ysly mgroN Syr isMG ny vI Awpxy bwp dw swQ dyx dw AYlwx kr id`qw[ aus ny Awpxy Brw gulwb isMG nUM vI ^q iliKAw ijs ivc aus ny ikhw ik “&rMgIAW ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI byZm nwl izAwdqI kIqI hY[ aunHW ny lokW dI mW nUM kYd kr ky ihMdUsqwn Byj id`qw hY[ aunHW ny swfy nwl kIqw Aihdnwmw qoiVAw hY[” (pMjwb pyprz, nMbr 359, AYfvwrfyz, s&w 505)[
Syr isMG dy &Ysly mgroN keI is`K AwgU, swbkw jrnYl Aqy &OjI aus dw swQ dyx vwsqy iqAwr ho gey[ ies vyly bhuq swry is`K &OjI &wirg kr ky GrW nUM Byjy jw cuky sn[ hwlwq ieho ijhy ho cuky sn ik qkrIbn hr iek ipMf ivc koeI nw koeI nOkrI qoN k`iFAw &OjI zrUr sI[ rwxI ijMdW, cqr isMG qy hornW nwl ho rhy slUk, ZdwrW nUM eInwm
215
qy hor D`ky dy nwl-nwl, AwpxI guAwcI hkUmq qy Awn-Swn kwrn vI lokW ivc bVw rMj sI[ BwvyN Awm lok roh ivc sn pr rxjIq isMG dy pYdw kIqy jwgIrdwr qy hor ‘srdwr’ AMgryzW nwl t`kr lYx vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sn ikauNik auh suK rihxy qy AYS-pRsq ho cuky sn qy v`fI qW kIh mwmUlI jhI j`dojihd vwsqy vI iqAwr nhIN sn[ ieh qW lok Awvwz Aqy hr pwsy ho rhI hwhwkwr sI ijs ny ienHW ivcoN kuJ nUM lVweI ivc Swiml hox vwsqy iqAwr kIqw[ (ibkrmjIq hsrq, AYNglo is`K rIlySnz, s&w 311, AYm. AYl.AwhlUvwlIAw, pMjwbz pwienIAr &rIfm &weItrz, s&w 65)[
ies vyly cqr isMG iek hor muSikl ivc &isAw hoieAw sI[ AYbt ny muslmwnW nUM aus dy i^lw& BVkwieAw hoieAw sI[ jy ies hwlq ivc cqr isMG AMgryzW nwl t`kr lYNdw qW aus nUM lokl muslmwnW dI mu^wl&q imlxI sI qy aus nUM dohW &rMtW ’qy lVnw pYxw sI[ ies kr ky cqr isMG ny bVI cOksI vrqI[ aus ny kwbl dy hwkm AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn nwl rwbqw bxw ky AMgryzW dy i^lw& sWJw muhwz bxw ilAw[ aus ny sulqwn muhMmd ^wn rwhIN aus (AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn) nwl smJOqw kr ilAw ijs hyT AmIr dy pu`qr ny AwpxI &Oj lY ky cqr isMG dy kYNp ivc Swiml hoxw sI[ (pMjwb pyprz, 1849, nMbr 661, sIkrt knsltySnz, 24 nvMbr 1849, nMbr 312)[
auDr lwrf flhOzI ny pMjwb ’qy mukMml kbzw krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw hoieAw sI[ aus ny ienHIN idnIN Awpxy iek not ivc iliKAw sI ik ‘jd qk &Oj ivc is`K kwiem hn qy is`K A&sr AhuidAW ’qy qweInwq hn, audoN qk is`KW v`loN bZwvq krn dy Awswr XkInn kwiem rihxgy[’
rwmngr dI lVweI
AtwrIvwilAW Aqy AMgryzW ivckwr jMg dIAW iqAwrIAW dw mwhOl qkrIbn do mhIny cldw irhw[ dohW iDrW ivc pihlI lVweI 22 nvMbr 1848 dy idn rwmngr ivc hoeI[ AMgryzI &Oj dI kmWf jnrl g`& kol sI[ BwvyN ieh lVweI ibnW iksy &Ysly dy ^qm ho geI pr ies lVweI ivc dohW iDrW dw kw&I nukswn hoieAw[ AMgryzW dy sYNkVy &OjIAW qoN ielwvw aunHW dy brgyfIAr jnrl ikaUrtn Aqy lY&tInYNt krnl hYvlwk vI mwry gey[ eynw nukswn krvwaux qoN bwAd AMgryz keI h&qy sihmy rhy Aqy Aglw pYNqVw socdy, pr auprly A&srW dw hukm aufIkdy, rhy[
216
cyilAWvwlw dI lVweI
s`q h&qy dI cu`p mgroN ibRitS &OjW iek vwr Pyr t`kr lYx vwsqy iqAwr ho geIAW[ AglI lVweI 13 jnvrI 1849 dy idn ipMf cyilAWvwlw (AMgryz ies nUM icilAWvwlw ilKdy sn) dI jUh ivc hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc vDyry kr ky AMgryzI &OjW hI Swiml hoeIAW[ ihMdUsqwnI jW musilm &OjW nUM ies ivc Swiml nhIN kIqw igAw[
is`K &OjI ies lVweI ivc jIA-jwn nwl lVy[ aunHW dy idlW ivc pMjwb ’qy AMgryzI kbzy dy i^lw& roh PYl cukw sI[ auh AMgryzW nUM qwry idKwauxw cwhuMdy sI[ auDr AMgryz &OjIAW nUM mudkI Aqy &IrozSwh dIAW lVweIAW dw BulyKw sI pr aunHW nUM ieh nhIN sI pqw ik ies lVweI ivc lwl isMh, kn`eIAw lwl, AXuiDAw pRswd qy Amr nwQ vrgy Zdwr AgvweI nhIN sn kr rhy blik ieh SyrW dI &Oj sI, jo jzbwq dI CW hyT jUJ rhI sI[
ies lVweI ivc ibRitS &Oj burI qrHW qbwh ho geI[ ies lVweI ivc 2446 AMgryz &OjI Aqy 132 A&sr mwry gey qy AMgryzW ny cwr qopW vI guAw leIAW[
ies jMg bwry klk`qw rIvIaU (1849) ny iliKAw ik ies sb-kMtInYNt (swaUQ eySIAw) ivc brqwnIAW dIAW lVweIAW ivcoN cyilAWvwlw sB qoN vD qbwhkuMn sI[ gir&n ies nUM “A&Zwinsqwn ivc brqwnvI &OjW dy kqlyAwm vWg ^O&nwk” dsdw hY[ AYfivn Awrnlf ny ies lVweI bwry ikhw sI ik “jy is`K AijhI iek hor lVweI ij`q jWdy qW brqwnIAW dI hkUmq nw isr& pMjwb coN hI ^qm ho jwxI sI blik aunHW nUM Bwrq ivcoN vI k`F id`qw jwxw sI[” jrnYl QYkivl ilKdw hY ik “myrw i^Awl hY ik ies G`lUGwry ivcoN myrw iek vI ispwhI nhIN sI bicAw[… iek-iek is`K swfy iqMn-iqMn ispwhIAW nUM mwrn dy kwibl sI[…brqwnvI &Oj is`K &OjIAW qoN eynI ^O&zdw sI ik auh mYdwn iv`coN ieM\ B`j gey sn ijvyN ByfW AwpxI jwn bcwaux vwsqy BjdIAW hn[”
ies lVweI ny AMgryzW ivc eynw ^O& pYdw kIqw ik brqwnvI pwrlImYNt ivc vI ies dw mwqm mnwieAw igAw[ ies mOky ’qy, 80 swl dy, ifaUk Aw& vYilMgfn (ijs ny vwtrlU dI lVweI ivc nYpolIAn nUM hrwieAw sI) ny pMjwb jw ky is`KW dy i^lw& jMg ivc ih`sw lYx dI
217
^wihS dw iezhwr kIqw[ cyilAWvwlw dI jMg dw ieMglYNf ivc eynw rMj qy mwqm hoieAw ik jwrj mYryifQ vrgy mMny-prmMny Swier dI klm ny vI iek drd-BrI mwqmI nzm ilKI:
icilAWvwlw! icilAW vwlw!!
iek hnyrw audws ipMf
ijs nUM duSmx ny GyirAw hoieAw hY[
srd pwxIAW dy dUjy pwr
auh ip`Cy htx nUM iqAwr hY,
qdoN kql qy G`lUGwrw
aus dI hwr dy ievz ivc imlxy sn[
icilAWvwlw! icilAW vwlw!!
JwVIAW vwly jMgl nwl iGirAw mYdwny jMg
ijs dI zmIn ’qy lhU dI cwdr ivCI hoeI hY
ieh mOq dy prvwinAW dI &Oj
^O&nwk mukwbilAW ivc
(ij`q dy) Brm dI grj nwl dbI hoeI jUJdI hY[
icilAWvwlw! icilAW vwlw!!
iek mINh BrI rwq ivc mwry jw cuky &OjIAW,
z^mIAW qy mr rihAW dI sWJI qkdIr
qy jdoN aunHW dy swQI byshwry Asmwn dI C`q hyT
if`gy pey sn[
icilAWvwlw! icilAW vwlw!!
(mYryifQ dI nzm dw pMjwbI ivc ieh qrjmw lyKk dw Awpxw hY)
ies lVweI ivc hoeI hwr bdly jnrl g`& nUM htw ky sr cwrls nYpIAr nUM AMgryzI &OjW dw kmWfr-ien-cI& bxw id`qw igAw[
gujrwq dI lVweI
cyilAWvwlw dI lVweI ivc BvyN is`K &OjW jyqU rhIAW sn pr hux aunHW dw qkrIbn swrw Aslw mu`k cukw sI[ aunHW nUM AglI lVweI qlvwrW nwl hI lVnI pYxI sI[ is`K &OjW dw jwnI nukswn vI kw&I hoieAw sI[ dUjy pwsy AMgryzW nUM Asly Aqy &OjIAW dI koeI kmI nhIN sI[ iPr brqwnIAW iek`lw nhIN sI aus kol swrw ihMdUsqwn sI, byihswb Aslw sI, iPr keI musilm, ihMdU sUibAW Aqy sqluj pwrlIAW is`K irAwsqW dIAW &OjW vI brqwnIAW dy nwl sn[ ies mwhOl ivc is`K eyfI v`fI qwkq nwl t`kr lY rhy sn qy auh vI iek AtwrIvwlw pirvwr ijs nwl koeI vI v`fw ‘srdwr’ swQ nhIN sI dy
218
irhw[ pr iek svwl bVw hYrwnI BirAw hY ik cyilAWvwlw ivc lVweI ij`qx mgroN is`K &OjW cup kr ky ikauN bYTIAW rhIAW sn[ aunHW nUM lwhOr v`l kUc krnw cwhIdw sI jW AMgryzW dy hor kYNpW ’qy hmlw kr ky hiQAwr lu`txy cwhIdy sn qy AMgryzW nUM lwhOr iv`coN k`Fx dI koiSS krnI cwhIdI sI[
&rvrI 1849 ivc cwrls nYpIAr ny ibRitS &OjW dI kmWf sMBwl leI[ hux iek nvIN lVweI dI iqAwrI SurU ho geI[ AglI lVweI 21 &rvrI 1849 dy idn gujrwq Sihr dy bwhr lVI geI[ ies lVweI vyly cqr isMG dw swQ dyx vwsqy A&Zwn &OjW vI pu`jIAW hoeIAW sn, pr AYn mOky ’qy ieh &OjW ibnw liVEN vwips clIAW geIAW[ hux is`K iek`ly lV rhy sn[ aunHW kol lVn vwsqy isr& qlvwrW sn[ qopW Aqy bMdUkW nwl lYs AMgryz &OjW nwl qlvwrW vwly is`K ikMnw-ku lV skdy sn! iPr ies vwr ibRitS &OjW dI igxqI vI bhuq izAwdw sI[
jd AMgryzW ny vyiKAw ik is`K &OjW dI igxqI bhuqI nhIN qy aunHW kol Aslw vI QoVHw hY qW aunW ny is`KW nUM swry pwisAW qoN Gyrw pw ilAw Aqy is`KW ’qy AMnHyvwh golwbwrI SurU kr id`qI[ golIAW dI bOCwV qoN bcx vwsqy is`K &OjI eyDr-auDr B`jxy SurU ho gey[ ibRitS &OjW ny dOVy jWdy is`K &OjIAW dw ip`Cw kIqw[ keI-keI AMgryzW ny iek`ly-iek`ly is`K nUM Gyr-Gyr ky mwirAw[ ibRitS &OjW ny iek vI is`K nUM igR&qwr nhIN kIqw[ aunHW nUM cyilAWvwlw dw eynw gu`sw sI ik auh z^mI pey is`KW nUM vI golIAW mwr-mwr ky mwrdy rhy, golIAW l`gx nwl burI qrHW z^mI hoey pey is`KW nUM vI qlvwrW nwl v`Fdy rhy[ ibRitS &OjW ny bVI byrihmI nwl AwpxI ipClI hwr dw gu`sw k`iFAw[ ibRitS &OjW ny ies idn iqMn qoN pMj hzwr qk is`K ieM\ kql kIqy[ ieh sI ibRitS &Oj dI bhwdrI qy aunHW dI ienswnIAq!
is“K &OjW ny hiQAwr su`ty
gujrwq dI hwr mgroN cqr isMG qy Syr isMG ny A&Zwinsqwn B`jx dI koiSS kIqI pr AYbt ny aunHW dw rwh rok ilAw[ ies ’qy aunHW ny hiQAwr su`tx dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ dohW ny 14 mwrc 1849 dy idn rwvlipMfI kol jnrl iglbrt A`gy hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ QYkivl ies hiQAwr su`tx dw hwl dsidAW ilKdw hY ik “hiQAwr su`tx vyly iek is`K bzurg dIAW A`KW ivc hMJU Aw gey qy aus ny ApxI bMdUk rKidAW AwiKAw A`j rxjIq isMG mr igAw[” (cqr isMG nUM 1 nvMbr 1849 nUM
219
igR&qwr kr ky klk`qw Byj id`qw igAw ij`Qy auh, Kwxy ivc hlkw-hlkw zihr id`qy jwx kwrn, 27 dsMbr 1855 dy idn cVHweI kr igAw[ AMgRyzW ny Kwxy ivc zihr dy ky iek`lw cqr isMG hI nhIN hor vI AnykW kYdIAW nUM mwirAw sI[ ieh sI AMgRyzW dw iensw& qy aunHW dI ienswnIAq qy jMg dy AsUlW ’qy aunHW dw XkIn!)[
(hux i&rkwpRsq ihMdU ilKwrI 1857 dy Zdr nUM ‘Bwrq dI AwzwdI dI pihlI jMg’ kihx lg pey hn pr cqr isMG-Syr isMG, BweI mhwrwj isMG qy rwxI ijMdw dIAW koiSSW Asl pihlI jMg sn)[
is`K &OjW v`loN hiQAwr su`tx qoN 15 idn bwAd, 29 mwrc 1849 nUM lwrf flhOzI ny pMjwb nUM AMgryzI rwj ivc Swiml krn dw AYlwn kr id`qw[
BwvyN rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq shI mwAinAW ivc is`K hkUmq nhIN sI qy isr& iek S^s dw ^wndwnI rwj sI, pr 1848-49 dIAW lVweIAW ivc, is`K &OjW qy Awm is`K AMgryzW dy i^lw& ieM\ lVy ijvyN auh Awpxy rwj vwsqy lV rhy hox[ ieh iblkul ATwrHvIN sdI dI j`dojihd vW| sI[ drAsl fogirAW dy mrn ip`CoN, AMgryzW dy pMjwb ’qy kbzw krn qy rwxI ijMdW nUM kYd krn kwrn, is`KW dy idl ivc rxjIq isMG dy rwj vwsqy hmdrdI pYdw ho geI sI[ lwhOr drbwr ivc Ajy vI ZdwrW dw kbzw sI qy is`K aunHW nwl imlx vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sn[ iehI kwrn sn ik is`KW ny AtwrIvwilAW nUM imlvrqx id`qw sI[
BweI mhwrwj isMG
gujrwq ivc is`KW dI hwr mgroN AtwrIvwilAW ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy, pr, BweI mhwrwj isMG nOrMgwbwdI ies dy h`k ivc nhIN sn (AYm.AYl. AwhlUvwlIAw, pMjwbz pwienIAr &rIfm &weItrz, s&w 48)[ auh Ajy Gto-Gt iek hor lVweI zrUr lVnw cwhuMdy sn[ krnl rCpwl isMG qoN isvw hor koeI vI BweI mhwrwj isMG dw swQ dyx vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sI (blvMq isMG, AwrmI Aw& mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, s&w 73)[[
rwvlipMfI ivc AtwrIvwilAW Aqy hornW v`loN hiQAwr su`tx vyly BweI mhwrwj isMG ienHW dy nwl Swiml nhIN hoieAw[ auh au~QoN inkl ky kSmIr vl nUM clw igAw[ auh kuJ icr ipMf dyvI btwlw ivc TihirAw[ ie`Qy aus ny kuJ swQIAW nwl rwbqw bxwieAw[ CyqI aus dy kuJ swQI aus nwl Swiml ho gey[ hux aus ny cMbI ivc fyry lw ley[ ie`QoN auh v`K-v`K QWvW ’qy jWdw irhw Aqy bhuq swry is`KW nUM imldw
220
irhw[ ie`Qy aus nUM pqw l`gw ik dlIp isMG nUM g`dI qoN lwh ky pMjwb nUM AMgryzI rwj ivc imlwieAw jw cukw hY[ hux BweI mhwrwj isMG ny dlIp isMG nUM Agvw krn dI koiSS vI kIqI pr ijnHW nUM ieh ifaUtI sONpI geI sI auh ibnW kuJ hwisl kIiqAW hI igR&qwr ho gey[ ies nwl AMgryzW ny dlIp isMG dI sikaUirtI vDw id`qI qy auh iek qrHW nwl kYdI hI bxw ilAw igAw[ hux AMgryzW ny dlIp isMG nUM pMjwb ivcoN k`Fx dw &Yslw kr ilAw[
jUn qoN AkqUbr 1849 qk BweI mhwrwj isMG sUjovwl (btwlw nyVy) irhw[ ikauNik aus kol qy aus dy swQIAW kol pYsy dI kmI sI, ies kr ky aus ny Awpxy swQIAW nUM hiQAwrW Aqy pYisAW dw ieMqzwm krn vwsqy v`K-v`K ielwikAW ivc ByijAw[ bhuq swry is`KW ny aunHW nUM mdd dw XkIn idvwieAw[ BweI mhwrwj isMG ny kwbl dy AmIr nwl vI rwbqw kIqw[ aus ny iek vwr Pyr mdd krn dw ‘vwAdw’ kIqw (lwrw lwieAw)[
BweI mhwrwj isMG ny lokW nUM jgwaux vwsqy gRMQIAW qy pRcwrkW dI ifaUtI lweI[ ies mgroN auh Awp sUjovwl qoN gulyrW, ikSnpur, kurwlw, jlMDr, huiSAwrpur qy keI hor jgh vI igAw[ swrw hwl jwxn mgroN aus ny hiQAwr hwisl krn vwsqy jlMDr qy huiSAwrpur dIAW CwvxIAW ’qy hmlw krn dI plwn bxweI[ ies inSwny nUM hwisl krn vwsqy aus ny ienHW CwvxIAW ivc keI is`K &OjIAW nwl g`lbwq vI kIqI[
BweI mhwrwj isMG dIAW kwrvweIAW bwry AMgryz hwkmW nUM vI QoVHI-bhuq ^br iml cukI sI[ pr, auh swrw zor lw skx dy bwvjUd aus q`k nhIN sn phuMc sky[ bhuq swrI ibRitS sUhIAw pulIs aus dy ip`Cy l`gI hoeI sI[ iek vwr mulqwn dy nyVy auh msW hI PVy jwx qoN bicAw[ iek vwr AMgryzW nUM ieh vI ^br imlI ik auh fu`b igAw hY[ ies ^br ’qy aunHW ny bVI ^uSI mnweI[ pr ieh ^uSI QoVHw icr hI kwiem rhI jd ieh pqw l`gw ik ieh isr& A&vwh hI sI (pMjwb pyprz, 1849, nMbr 213)[
hux AMgryzW ny ies is`K jrnYl BweI mhwrwj isMG dI igR&qwrI vwsqy ds hzwr rupY dw eInwm AYlwx kr id`qw[ dunIAW Br dI qvwrI^ ivc (2001 ivc ibn lwdn dy eInwm qoN pihlW) eyfw v`fw eInwm iksy dw nhIN sI r`iKAw igAw[ 1849 dy ds hzwr rupY A`j dy kroV rupY dy brwbr sn[
221
BweI mhwrwj isMG qoN swry AMgryz, sxy lwrf flhOzI dy, eynw frdy sn ik iek vwr lwrf flhOzI ny iliKAw sI ik “..jy auh myry h`Q Aw igAw qW mYN aus nUM &WsI lw idAWgw[” (flhOzI pyprz, nMbr 87, 15 dsMbr 1849)[ BweI mhwrwj isMG bwry brwauUtn dy l&z sn: “ies mOky ’qy iek is`K mhwrwj isMG auiTAw[ aus ny Kwlsy dI qlvwr imAwn coN k`FI Aqy ibRitS (ijhVy is`KW nUM ^qm krn vwsqy muslmwnW nwl imly hoey sn) dy i^lw& bZwvq dw JMfw KVw kIqw[ mhwrwj isMG ny Awm is`KW, sUbweI AihlkwrW Aqy sUby dIAW isrkrdw hsqIAW nwl rwbqw bxwieAw[ aus ny aunHW qoN &Mf ley qy ipMfW ivc lokW ivc AsMqoS dI lihr clweI[ lok aus dI &Oj nUM rotI dyNdy sn; pyNfU j`t aus dy nwl rl gey sn; Coty A&sr, kwrdwr, pulIs qy &Oj ny aus nUM Kwlsy dw muhwi&z AwK ky siqkwr id`qw[” (brwaUtn pyprz, ibRitS imaUizAm, lMfn, &olIE 193 bI qy 194 ey)[
jlMDr dy, audoN dy ifptI kimSnr, vMisqwrq muqwibk, “BweI iek Awm AwdmI nhIN hY[ auh mukwmI lokW vwsqy auvyN hI hY ijvyN k`tV eIsweIAW vwsqy jIss krweIst hY[” (sIkrt kMsltySnz, qwrI^ 31 jnvrI 1850, nMbr 25)[
iehI kwrn sn ik AMgryz hwkm BweI mhwrwj isMG qoN bVw frdy sn qy aus dI Bwl ivc swrI mSInrI l`gI hoeI sI[ AMgryzW ny muslmwnW Aqy ihMdUAW ivc ieh prcwr kIqw hoieAw sI ik BweI mhwrwj isMG inrol Kwlsw rwj kwiem krnw cwhMdw hY[ AMgryzW dy ies pRcwr kwrn ds hzwr rupY dy eInwm dy lwlc ny keI muslmwnW qy ihMdUAW ivc AmIr bxn dI ^wihS pYdw kr id`qI qy auh AMgryzW dy mu^br bxn vwsqy iqAwr ho gey[
28 dsMbr 1849 dy idn, jlMDr qy huiSAwrpr CwauxIAW ’qy hmly qoN isr& 6 idn pihlW, BweI mhwrwj isMG Awdmpur nyVy iek gMny dy Kyq ivc Awpxy 21 swQIAW sxy luky hoey sn ik aunHW nUM iek muslmwn ny vyK ilAw[ aus ny jlMDr jw ky ifptI kimSnr nUM ies dI ieqlwh dy id`qI[ ifptI kimSnr iek dm BwrI &ors lY ky Awdmpur Aw pu`jw[ &Oj ny aus Kyq nUM cwry pwisAW qoN Gyr ilAw[ eynI v`fI &Oj vyK ky BweI mhwrwj isMG ny mihsUs kIqw ik auh B`j vI nhIN skxgy[ BweI mhwrwj isMG nUM igR&qwr kr ky ausy vkq sMglW qy byVIAW ivc jkV
222
id`qw igAw[ BweI mhwrwj isMG nUM jlMDr jylH ivc phuMcwieAw igAw[ jd auh auQy pu`jy qW auQy qweInwq pihrydwrW ny BweI mhwrwj isMG nUM vyK ky isr Jukw ky siqkwr zwihr kIqw[ ies qoN ifptI kimSnr hor fr igAw qy aus nUM jlMDr r`Kx dI bjwie klk`qw Byj id`qw[ AMgryz Ajy vI aus qoN bhuq frdy sI ies kr ky aunHW ny aus nUM jlwvqn kr ky isMgwpur Byj id`qw[
isMgwpur ivc aus nUM iek in`kI ijhI koTVI ivc r`iKAw igAw ij`Qy islH qy hnyrw sI[ ies in`kI ijhI koTVI ivc vI aus nUM byVIAW pweIAW hoeIAW sn[ nqIjy dy qOr ’qy BweI mhwrwj isMG nUM p`iTAW dIAW drdW SurU ho geIAW[ hnyrI koTVI dI kYd kwrn aus dIAW A`KW dI rOSnI vI jWdI rhI[ QoVHy icr ivc hI auh h`fIAW dI mu`T bx ky rih igAw (ieh sI AMgryzW dw iek isAwsI kYdI nwl slUk[ AMgryzW nUM vwr knvYnSnz, ienswnIAq, iensw& sB Bu`l cuky sn qy aunHW ’qy isr& iek zwlm vihSI soc hwvI sI[ A^Ir ies ‘nrk’ ivc 5 swl qoN vD smW kYd k`tidAW auh 5 julweI 1856 dy idn cVHweI kr igAw[
BweI mhwrwj isMG dy nwl aus dy swry krIbI swQI vI PVy gey sn qy ip`Cy koeI jQybMd krn vwlw nhIN sI rih igAw[ ies kr ky AMgryzW dy i^lw& hox vwlI Aw^rI j`dojihd ADUrI rih geI[ (BweI mhwrwj isMG sbMDI AYm.AYl. AwhlUvwlIAw dI ikqwb bhuq kImqI jwxkwrI nwl BrI hoeI hY)[
rwxI ijMdW dI j`dojihd
lwrf flhOzI ny rwxI ijMdW bwry iek vwr iliKAw sI ik “pMjwb ivc iek`lI rwxI ijMd kOr hI mrdW vwlI hsqI rKdI hY[” (prweIvyt kwrspONfYNs rIlyitMg tU is`K vwrz, s&w 167)[ iehI kwrn sI ik AMgryz aus qoN bhuq frdy sn[ (ijhw ik ip`Cy izkr Aw cukw hY) rwxI nUM 16 meI 1848 dy idn, iek kYdI vjoN, bnwrs iljwieAw igAw sI[ bnwrs iklHy iv`coN vI aus dw rwbqw BweI mhwrwj isMG Aqy cqr isMG AtwrIvwlw nwl bixAw hoieAw sI[ jd ies dw pqw AMgryzW nUM l`igAw qW aunHW ny sikauirtI vDwaux dI bjwey rwxI nUM icnwr dy sB qoN
223
vD mih&Uz iklHy ivc Byjx dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ ieh g`l mwrc 1849 dy A^Irly idnW dI hY[ jd rwxI nUM ies g`l dw pqw l`gw qW auh rox lg peI qy ies dw f`tvW ivroD kIqw[ jd aus nUM zbrdsqI iljwaux dI DmkI id`qI geI qW mjbUrn aus nUM jwxw ipAw[ aus nUM icnwr phuMcwaux vwsqy iek v`fI &Oj vI nwl ByjI geI[ ies &Oj dI AgvweI myjr mYkgrYgr Awp kr irhw sI[ icnwr phuMc ky myjr mYkgrygr ny rwxI nUM kYptn rIAs dy hvwly kridAW ikhw ik auh rwxI dI Awvwz pCwx lvy Aqy hr roz AMdr jw ky aus dI koTVI ivc aus nUM vyK ky Awvy[ ikauNik rwxI ny prdy ivc hoxw sI, aus nUM aus dI Awvwz qoN pCwixAw jwxw sI[
rwxI ijMdW dw iklHy ivcoN bc inklxw
5 qoN 15 AprYl 1849 qk kYptn rIAs hr roz rwxI dy kmry ivc jw ky aus dI Awvwz dI Snw^q kr ky aus dI ‘hwzrI’ lwauNdw irhw[ 15 AprYl nUM kYptn ny mihsUs kIqw ik aus dI Awvwz ivc &rk hY[ jd kYptn ny ‘rwxI’ (aus dy kpVy pw ky bYTI syvwdwrnI) qoN Awvwz ivc &rk dw kwrn pu`iCAw qW aus ny ikhw ik mYnUM zukwm hoieAw hY[ kYptn ny ies nUM s`c smJ ilAw qy muV igAw[ drAsl rwxI ijMdW qW 6 AprYl nUM hI iklHy iv`coN inkl cukI sI[ A^Ir 19 AprYl nUM rwxI dy inkl cuky hox dw rwz KuilHAw (sIkrt kMsltySnz, 26 meI 1849, nMbr 125, 136)[
icnwr ivcoN inkl ky rwxI ijMdW pihlW ptnw pu`jI qy iPr nYpwl nUM clI geI[ auh 29 AprYl 1849 dy idn kTmMfU pu`jI[ ie`Qy aus ny nYpwl dy rwjy qoN AMgryzW dy i^lw& mdd mMgI pr aus ivcwry kol eyfI v`fI qwkq dy i^lw& KVHy hox jogI jwn ik`Qy sI? rwxI ijMdW ny jMmU dy rwjy gulwb isMh fogrw nwl vI rwbqw bxwieAw pr auh qW ^ud AMgryzW dy nwl imilAw hoieAw sI (ijMdW eynI BolI sI ik auh Awpxy sB qoN v`fy duSmxW nUM vI nhIN pCwxdI sI)[ gulwb isMh ny rwxI dI mdd krn dI bjwie ieh swrI jwxkwrI AMgryzW nUM dy id`qI[ (polItIkl kMsltySnz, 22 mwrc 1850)[
rwxI ijMdW dIAW kwrvweIAW hux AMgryzW nUM pUrI qrHW pqw lg cukIAW sn qy jy auh cwhuMdy qW aus nUM Pyr kwbU kr skdy sn; pr aunHW nUM pqw lg cuikAw sI ik koeI vI is`K jW ZYr-is`K rwxI dI mdd krn
224
vwsqy iqAwr nhIN hoieAw, ies kr ky aunHW rwxI nUM aus dy hwl ’qy hI C`f id`qw, pr, ies dy bwvjUd vI aus dI pUrI ingrwnI krdy rhy Aqy aus‘qy pUrI ingh rKdy rhy[
rwxI ijMdW ny hOslw C`ifAw
swry pwisEN byauNmId ho ky A^Ir rwxI ny hOslw C`f id`qw[ 1856 ivc rwxI ny AMgryzW qk phuMc kr ky Awpxy pu`qr kol ieMglYNf jwx dI ‘iejwzq’ mMgI[ pr AMgryzW ny aus nUM ies dI iejwzq dyx qoN nWh kr id`qI[ auh nhIN sI cwhuMdy ik ijMdW dlIp isMG kol jwvy qy aus dy AMdr is`K-jzbwq muV izMdw kry[ 1857 ivc kuJ rjvwiVAW qy hornW ny AMgryzW dy i^lw& bZwvq kr id`qI[ ikauNik rwxI nUM AMgryzW ny p`lw nhIN sI &VwieAw ies vwsqy rwxI ny kuJ is`KW nUM ^q vI ilK ky ienHW ZdrIAW dI mdd krn vwsqy ikhw[ (sIkrt kMsltySnz, 17 jUn 1859)[ pr ies vyly qk Awm is`K inrws ho ky bYT cuky sn qy auh koeI rol Adw krn dI rOA ivc nhIN sn[ dUjw 1857 dy Zdr ivc muZl bwdSwh, muq`sbI mOlvI qy pUrbIey (ihMdUsqwnI) rjvwVy, jgIrdwr qy &OjI Swiml sn[ ienHW ivcoN bhuqy auhI &OjI sn ijnHW ny lwhOr ’qy AMgryzI &Oj dy hmly ivc is`KW dy i^lw& jMg lVI sI qy pMjwb nUM AMgryzW dw Zulwm bxwieAw sI[ ^Yr, pMjwb hI nhIN mhWrwStr, rwjpUqwnw, mdrws qy drjnW hor ihMdU rwijAW ny vI ZdrIAW dw swQ nw id`qw[ ies kr ky Zdr &ylH ho igAw[ ies mgroN rwxI dI ieh Aws vI ^qm ho geI[
rwxI ijMdW ieMglYNf pu`jI
1860 ivc rwxI ny Pyr AMgryzI srkwr nUM ApIl kIqI ik aus nUM Awpxy pu`qr kol jwx dI iejwzq id`qI jwvy[ ies vkq rwxI dI aumr cwlHI swl dy krIb sI[ auh swry pwisEN hwr cukI sI, byidl ho cukI sI qy swrIAW auNmIdW ^qm kr cukI sI[ AMgryz ieh swrw kuJ jwxdy sn[ auDr dlIp isMG is`KI jW rwj krn dy su&ny Bu`l cukw sI qy ieMglYNf ivc iek Awm A`XwS eIsweI Sihzwdy vWg jIA irhw sI[ AMgryz mihsUs krdy sn ik hux rwxI dlIp isMG ’qy koeI Asr nhIN pw skygI[ A^Ir aunHW ny 1861 ivc rwxI nUM ieMglYNf jwx dI iejwzq dy id`qI[ kuJ mhIinAW mgroN dlIp isMG bMbeI AwieAw Aqy AwpxI mW nUM 13 swl mgroN imilAw[ ies vyly aus ny isr-mUMh muMinAw hoieAw sI[
225
pu`qr nUM ies rUp ivc vyK ky auh Bu`bW mwr ky roeI[ pr aus dy rox dw dlIp isMG ’qy koeI Asr nw hoieAw Aqy aus ny is`KI srUp ivc Awaux dw Pokw vwAdw vI nw kIqw[ dlIp isMG aus nUM Awpxy nwl ieMglYNf zrUr lY igAw[ auh 4 meI 1861 nUM ieMglYNf vwsqy rvwnw hoey qy julweI ivc au~Qy phuMc gey[ pu`qr kol pu`j ky vI rwxI ivcwrI audws hox qoN isvw kuJ vI nhIN sI kr skdI[ auh Aksr roNdI rihMdI sI[ A^Ir JurdI, roNdI, qV&dI rwxI ijMdW AwpxIAW A`KW dI joiq vI guAw bYTI qy ‘h`fIAW dI mu`T’ bx ky rih geI[ ieh vI ho skdw hY ik AMgryzW ny aus nUM dvweIAW dy nW ’qy zihr dy ky aus dw kMfw k`Fx dI koiSS kIqI hovy[ auh bhuqI dyr ijaUNdI nw rhI qy do swl dy AMdr-AMdr, pihlI Agsq 1863 dy idn, ieMglYNf ivc hI cVHweI kr geI[ ieM\ (lwrf flhOzI dy l&zW ivc) “pMjwb dI ie`ko-iek ‘mrd’ S^sIAq” idlgIr ho ky ies dunIAW qoN clI geI[ (mweIkl AlYZzYNdr AYNf suSIlw AnMd, kueIn ivktorIAwz dlIp isMG, s&y 97-101)[
aus dIAW AsQIAW jl-pRvwh krn vwsqy AMgryzW ny aus dy pu`qr nUM isr& bMbeI qk Awaux dI iejwzq id`qI qy pMjwb v`l mUMh vI nw krn id`qw[
dlIp isMG dy Aw^rI idn
Awpxy bwp dI mOq (27 jUn 1839) qoN cwr swl mgroN, pMj swl dI aumr ivc (18 sqMbr 1843 dy idn), iek v`fI slqnq dw mhwrwjw bxn vwly, dlIp isMG nUM 29 mwrc 1849 dy idn, jMmU dy fogirAW qy ihMdUsqwn dy bRwhmx ZdwrW dI mdd nwl, g`dI qoN lwh ky AMgryzW ny pMjwb ’qy p`kw kbzw kr ilAw sI[
dlIp isMG nUM g`dI qoN lwhux qoN pihlW aus dI mW nUM kYd kr ky ihMdUsqwn jlwvqn kIqw jw cukw sI qy hux dlIp isMG nUM vI pMjwb ivcoN k`F ky ihMdUsqwn Byjx dw hukm kr id`qw igAw sI[ dlIp isMG 21 dsMbr 1849 dy idn Aw^rI vwr Awpxy bwp dI smwD ’qy igAw qy ies mgroN aus nUM pMjwb qoN hmySw vwsqy k`F ky, ihMdUsqwn dy ngr &qihgVH (jmnw dirAw dy kMFy) qy Byj id`qw igAw[ aus dy nwl aus dy Brw mhwrwjw Syr isMG dI iek ivDvw qy aus dw 6 swlw puqr iSvdyv isMG vI sn[ s&r krdy-krdy auh 17 &rvrI 1850 dy idn &qihgVH pu`jy[ dlIp isMG dy ie`Qy pu`jx mgroN aus dy swry is`K qy pMjwbI syvwdwr
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htw id`qy gey[ hux aus dw swQI aus dw ausqwd fw. logn, aus dI GrvwlI lyfI loign, iek ihMdU qoN eIsweI bixAw Bjn lwl qy kuJ gory nOkr sn[ Xwin aus nUM is`KI qy pMjwbI mwhOl qoN pUrI qrHW dUr kr id`qw igAw sI[ aus nUM eIsweI bxwaux vwsqy ieh swrw kuJ krnw zrUrI sI[ (mweIkl AlYZzYNdr Aqy AYs. AwnMd, kueIn ivktorIAwz dlIp isMG, s&y 97-101, vDyry q&sIl vwsqy: lyfI loign, sr jwhn loign AYNf dlIp isMG)[
ies eIsweI bxwaux vwly mwhOl ivc swFy 11 swl dw dlIp isMG bhuqI dyr bc nw sikAw Aqy isr& iqMn swl dy AMdr hI auh is`KI nUM C`f ky eIsweIAW vWg jIx lg ipAw[ 1853 dy SurU huMidAW hI aus ny eIsweI bxn dI ^whS zwihr kIqI[ 8 mwrc 1853 dy idn aus nUM ‘bYptweIz’ kr ky eIsweI bxw ilAw igAw[ ies vyly aus dI aumr 14 swl 6 mhIny sI[ (dlIp isMG AYNf gvrnimMt, s&w 83)[
dlIp isMG nUM eIsweI bxwaux qoN CyqI mgroN hI ieMglYNf iljwieAw igAw[ auh 19 AprYl 1852 dy idn jhwz ivc ciVHAw Aqy meI ivc lMfn phuMc igAw[ ie`Qy aus nUM A`XwSI dy mwhOl ivc r`iKAw igAw qW jo auh hor kuJ vI socx jogw nw rhy[
s`q swl mgroN, 1861 ivc, aus nUM AwpxI mW nUM ieMglYNf ilAwaux dI iejwzq imlI, ijhVI ik au~Qy Aw ky fyF swl mgroN hI cVHweI kr geI[ ies vyly auh 25 swl dw sI[ mW dI mOq mgroN aus ny iek jrmn kuVI bMbw mUlr nwl ivAwh krvwieAw ijs ny aus dy 2 pu`qrW qy iek DI nUM jnm id`qw[
dlIp isMG nUM cMgI pYnSn imldI sI ijs kwrn auh A`XwSI vwlI izMdgI ibqwauNdw sI[ hOlI-hOlI aus ny Awpxy ^rcy bhuq vDw ley pr aus dI pYnSn EnI hI rihxI sI[ nqIjy dy qOr ’qy auh krzweI ho igAw[ hux auh 44 swl dw ho cukw sI[ aus ny Awpxy Awp nUM swbk rwjw d`s ky 31 Agsq 1882 dI ‘d tweImz’ A^bwr ivc iek ieSiqhwr vI CwipAw ijs ivc aus ny AwpxI jwiedwd qy pYnSn vDwaux dIAW g`lW kIqIAW (nw ik rwj vwips lYx dIAW)[ pr aus dI ApIl ny nw qW ibRitS lokW ’qy koeI Asr kIqw qy nw hI kueIn ivktorIAw jW ibRitS srkwr ’qy[ inrws hoieAw dlIp isMG hux is`KW v`l muiVAw[ ienHW idnW ivc aus dw rwbqw Twkr isMG sMDwvwlIAw nwl bx cukw sI[ Twkr isMG 1884 ivc ieMglYNf vI AieAw qy dlIp isMG nUM imilAw[ dohW ivc hoeI g`lbwq mgroN dlIp isMG ny is`K bx jwx
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dw AYlwx kIqw[ 9 mwrc 1886 nUM aus ny is`K pMQ qoN eIsweI bxn dI muAw&I vI mMgI qy nwl hI rwj hwisl krn ivc mdd vI mMgI[
hux dlIp isMG ny pMjwb jwx dw &Yslw kIqw[ ibRitS srkwr ny qW aus nUM pMjwb jwx dI iejwzq dyxI hI nhIN sI[ ies kr ky auh cupcwp, AprYl 1886 dy SurU ivc, ieMglYNf qoN cl ipAw Aqy Adn phuMc igAw[ aus nUM pMjwb jwx dI koiSS krn qoN rokx vwsqy 15 AprYl 1886 dy idn Adn ivc ibRitS A&srW ny aus nUM cupcwp ieMglYNf prq jwx vwsqy AwiKAw[ aus ny Awpxw pirvwr qW vwips Byj id`qw pr auh Awp au~Qy hI irhw qy is`KW nwl rwbqw bxwieAw[ aus ny ie`Qy hI 25 meI 1886 dy idn pMj is`KW qoN ‘KMfy dI pwhul’ leI[ (kueIn ivktorIAwz dlIp isMG, s&w 222)[ dlIp isMG dI ies kwrvweI mgroN, ibRitS hwkmW ny jUn 1886 dy SurU ivc hI aus nUM zbrdsqI ieMglYNf nUM ifport kr id`qw[ ie`QoN iek idn auh cupcwp &rWs nUM inkl igAw qy au~Qy jw ky &rYNc srkwr qoN pWfIcrI jwx dI iejwzq mMgI[ pr &rYNc srkwr ny aus nUM pWfIcrI jwx dI iejwzq nw id`qI[ pr auh AwierYS nW hyT pwsport hwisl krn ivc kwmXwb ho igAw[ pYirs qoN auh jrmn dy Sihr briln phuMc igAw qy ie`QoN Awrwm nwl rUs pu`j igAw[ rUs ivc aus ny zwr (rUs dw rwjw) qoN AMgryzW dy i^lw& mdd mMgI pr zwr dw ivcwr sI ik dlIp isMG drAsl AMgryzW dy i^lw& j`dojihd ivc Gt idlcspI rKdw hY qy AwpxI Awmdn vDwauxw aus dw muK inSwnw hY[ ies kr ky zwr ny aus dI mdd krn qoN nWh kr id`qI[ inrws dlIp isMG ny hux eyQoN AkqUbr 1887 ivc pMjwb dy is`KW qoN mdd mMgI pr iksy vI is`K ny aus dI mdd nw kIqI[ A^Ir auh vwips ieMglYNf muV AwieAw[
1887 ivc aus dI bIvI bMbw (mulr) mr geI[ dlIp isMG ny BwvyN Adn ivc ‘KMfy dI pwhul’ lY leI sI pr aus dw is`K Drm ivc Swied koeI XkIn nhIN sI[ aus dw hux vI swrw qOr-qrIkw iek eIsweI vwlw hI sI[ bMbw dy mrn mgroN aus ny iek ieMgilS AOrq Adw fgls vYQirl nwl ivAwh kr ilAw ijs qoN do hor DIAW ny jnm ilAw[
1890 ivc kueIn ivktorIAw ny aus ’qy qrs KWidAW aus dy swry krzy, Awpxy koloN pYsy Adw kr ky, lwh id`qy Aqy aus nUM SwhI muAw&I dy id`qI[ pr auh Ajy vI h`Q pYr mwrdw irhw[ AkqUbr 1893 ivc auh pYirs clw igAw[ 23 AkqUbr 1893 dy idn aus dI eyQoN dy grYNf hotl ivc mOq ho geI[ ies vyly aus dI aumr 55 swl dI sI[ dlIp isMG dI lwS aus dI pihlI bIvI bMbw mUlr dI kbr dy nyVy dbw id`qI
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geI (1999 ivc ieMglYNf vsdy kuJ is`KW v`loN dlIp isMG dw bu`q nyVy dy ksby QY~t&orf ivc lwieAw igAw hY)[
dlIp isMG dI mOq dy nwl hI rxjIq isMG pirvwr dw AMq ho igAw[ dlIp isMG dy pihly ivAwh coN iqMn (do pu`qr qy iek DI) qy dUjy ivAwh coN do DIAW sn[ ienHW pMjW ivcoN bMbw qoN isvw iksy dI koeI AOlwd nhIN sI[ bMbw dI DI ny iek vwr pwiksqwn Aw ky iek muslmwn nwl (is`K nwl nhIN) ivAwh vI krvwieAw pr auh vI koeI b`cw pYdw krn qoN pihlW hI mr geI[ ieM\ dlIp isMG dy pMjy b`cy byAOlwdy rhy qy aus ^wndwn dw nW inSwn vI hux ies dunIAW ivc nhIN irhw[ (iek pirvwr Awpxy Awp nUM iSvdyv isMG, jo Syr isMG dw pu`qr sI, dI AOlwd dsdw hY pr auh Ajy qk ieh swibq nhIN kr sikAw)[
(qkrIbn iek sO swl mgroN sMDwvwlIAw pirvwr dy byAMq isMG sMDwvwlIAw qy aus dy pu`qr suKdyv isMG (hux AMimRqsr) ny dlIp isMG dw ‘vwirs’ hox dy nwqy iPr ies pirvwr dI g`l dobwrw pMjwb ivc CyVI)[
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ikqwbwvlI (ibbilEgrw&I)
1716 qoN 1839 qk dy smyN bwry sB qoN vD sm`grI &wrsI soimAW ivc imldI hY[ aunHW ivcoN keIAW dw AMgryzI ivc qrjmw ho cukw hY[
A^bwrwq-ie-drbwry muA`lw: AOrMgzyb, bhwdr Swh Aqy ies qoN mgroN dy keI bwdSwhW dI hkUmq dOrwn, SwhI drbwr ivc hox vwlIAW kwrvweIAW dIAW rozwnw irportW (jo jYpur ƒ ilKy ^qW ivc drj sn) ƒ “A^bwrwq-ie-drbwry muA`lw” nW hyT CwipAw jw cukw hY[ ieh id`lI drbwr dI kwrvweI dI qÍwrIK dw sB qoN vD shI irkwrf hn[ ies ivc bMdw isMG dI j`dojihd, ShIdI, isK G`lUGwirAW vZYrw dy hwlwq vyrvy nwl imldy hn[ iesy ivcoN pqw lgdw hY ik gurU goibMd isMG swihb jI ’qy CuirAW dw vwr kr ky, aunHW nUM ShId krn vwly jmSYd ^wn dy pu`qr ƒ bhwdr Swh bwdSwh ny iK`lq id`qI sI, AOrMgzyb mgroN v`K-v`K muZl bwdSwh ikvyN g`dI ‘qy bYTy qy ikvyN mwry gey vgYrw[ muZl drbwr dI fwierI hox kr ky ieh iek bhuq kImqI somw hY[
mAwsr-ie-AwlmgIrI: AOrMbzyb dy munSI (pI. ey.) musqie`d ^wn muhMmd swkI ny, bhwdrSwh dy hukm ’qy, SwhI drbwr dy roznwmcy (muhMmd kwism dy rswlw dh-swlw) dy ADwr ’qy AOrMgzyb dy Aihd dI, swl-vwr qÍwrI^, ies ikqwb ivc pyS kIqI hoeI hY[ ies ivc is`KW bwry vI QoVHI jhI jwxkwrI iml jWdI hY[ ieh rcnw 1710 dI hY[
qzikrwqul slwqIn-ie-cg`qw: ies dw lyKk muhMmd hwdI kwmvr ^wn muZl srkwr dw iek A&sr sI, jo bhwdr Swh dy pu`qr r&I-aul-Swn dy nwl huMdw sI[ aus dI ifaUtI bwdSwh nUM ^brW Byjxw huMdI sI[ aus ny do ijldW dI ies ikqwb ivc jhWgIr qoN 1724 qk dy hwl ilKy hn[ pihlI ijld ivc AOrMgzyb qk dw qy dUjI ivc 1707 qoN 1724 qk dw hwl hY[ dUjI ijld ivc bMdw isMG bwry bVI kImqI jwxkwrI idqI hoeI hY[ bMdw isMG dIAW ij`qW, bhwdr Swh v`loN &Oj lY ky jwxw, sFOrw Aqy lohgVH dI lVweI, bMdw isMG dw lohgVH iv`coN bc ky inkl jwxw, rwjw nwhn dI igR&qwrI, jlMDr Aqy jMmU dy &OjdwrW dw is`KW nwl lVweI ivc mrnw, gurdws nMgl dw Gyrw, bMdw isMG Aqy is`KW dI igR&qwrI qy ShIdIAW dw q&sIl nwl vyrvw ies rcnw ivc imldw hY[ lohgV dy Gyry (nvMbr-dsMbr 1710) Aqy bMdw isMG dy inklx bwry jo vyrvw ies ny idqw hY auh iksy hor QW ’qy nhIN lBdw[
qwrI^y ierwdq ^wnI: ies dw lyKk ierwdq ^wn sI ijhVw Sihzwdw muhMmd Awzm dw nOkr sI qy aus dI mOq mgroN ^wn ^wnw kol nOkr ho igAw sI qy muhMmd Awzm dy mrn mgroN ieh Gr bYT igAw sI qy ies mgroN aus ny ieh ikqwb ilKI sI[ ies dI ikqwb ivc aus vyly dw A`KIN if`Tw hwl hY[ ies ivc is`KW bwry vI QoVHI-jhI jwxkwrI imldI hY[
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iebrqnwmw: muhMmd kwism lwhOrI id`lI drbwr ivc iek mulwzm sI qy aus ny jo kuJ Awpxy A`KIN vyiKAw sI, aus ny aus ƒ 1723 ivc iek ikqwb dy rUp ivc iliKAw[ ies ivc bMdw isMG qy aus dI ShIdI dw kw&I vyrvw id`qw hoieAw hY[ auN\ ies ivc is`K gurUAW dI sMKyp qÍwrI^ vI idqI hoeI hY jo vDyry kr ky suxI-suxweI khwxI hY[ ies ivc AOrMgzyb v`loN gurU goibMd isMG swihb jI bwry kIqy aus hukm dw izkr hY ijs ivc aus ny ikhw sI ik “jy gurU goibMd isMG Dwrimk drvySW vWg rihxw cwhy qW TIk hY[ auh JroKw qy sjdw (sMgqW ƒ drbwr lw ky drSn dyxw qy m`Qw itkwauxw) bMd kr dyvy qy SwhI izMdgI jIxw C`f dyvy qW cMgw hY[ pr jy auh AwpxIAW kwrvweIAW jwrI r`Kx dI izd kry qW vzIr ^wn (swhirMd dw sUbydwr) aus ’qy hmlw kr ky aus ƒ Awpxy sUby ’coN k`F dyvy[” lyKk Coty swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI dw izkr vI krdw hY[ auh gurU goibMd isMG swihb jI dI ShIdI ƒ GoiVAW dI kImq dI AdwiegI dw JgVw kihx dw JUT vI ilKdw hY (Swied ieh SwhI pRwpygMfw sI)[ kwism swhirMd (c`pV icVI) dI lVweI dw vI kw&I vyrvw dyNdw hY pr nwl hI vzIr ^wn dy zwlm hox Aqy su`cw nMd v`loN dOlq iek`TI krn dIAW krqUqW dw izkr vI inSMg ho ky krdw hY[ bMdw isMG qy muZlW ivc btwlw, klwnOr, lwhOr dIAW lVweIAW bwry auh q&sIl nwl ilKdw hY[ muslmwnW v`loN lwhOr ’c is`KW dy i^lw& jhwd KVw krn bwry sB qoN v`D vyrvw ausy ny hI idqw hY[ ieM\ hI BIlovwl dI lVweI Aqy Sms ^wn qy bwiezId ^wn dI is`KW nwl hoeI lVweI ’c mOq bwry vI aus ny kw&I vyrvw idqw hY[ auh gurdws nMgl dy Gyry dw kmwl dI bwrIkI nwl izkr krdw hY ik ikvyN muZl ispwhI bMdw isMG dy nW Aqy is`K &OjW dy izkr qoN hI ^O&-zdw sn[ bMdw isMG dI igR&qwrI vyly is`KW dI h`fIAW dw FWcw rihx mgroN PVy jwx dw izkr vI ^UbsUrq hY[
dsqUr-aul-inSw: Xwr muhMmd dI ies ilKq ivc swhirMd ivc is`KW dI ij`q mgroN kuJ muslmwnW dy is`K bxn dw izkr hY[ Xwr muhMmd gu`sy ivc dIndwr ^wn qoN dIndwr isMG bxy muslmwn nUM ‘dIndwr ^wn bydIn ipsr jlwl ^wn ruhylw’ ilKdw hY[
iebrqnwmw (dUjw): muhMmd kwism qoN ielwvw imrzw muhMmd hwrsI ny vI iek iebrqnwmw iliKAw sI[ aus ny ies ivc bMdw isMG dIAW lVweIAW Aqy ShIdI dw q&sIl nwl vyrvw idqw hY[ imrzw muhMmd vI SwhI drbwr dw iek A&sr sI qy aus kol 50 zwq GoVsvwr dw mnsb sI[ auh Sihzwdw r&I-aul-Swn dI &Oj dy nwl hI rihMdw sI[ &rvrI 1712 ivc bhwdr Swh dI mOq mgroN aus dI lwS nUM byZmW dy nwl iehI id`lI lY ky igAw sI[ 1719 ivc kuJ icr vwsqy auh rwhoN prgny dw Aiml vI bixAw sI[ ieh rcnw 1721 jW ies qoN CyqI mgroN dI hY[ imrzw muhMmd gurU goibMd isMG swihb jI ‘qy kwqlwnw hmly, c`pV icVI dI lVweI, bMdw isMG dIAw ij`qW, rwhoN ivc is`KW dI hwr, bhwdr Swh dw Awp &Oj lY ky pMjwb jwxw, Sms ^wn qy bwiezId ^wn dy lVweI ivc mrn dw izkr q&sIl nwl krdw hY[ &r`^sIAr vloN muhMmd
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AmIn ^wn ƒ bMdw isMG dw ip`Cw krn Byjxw qy bMdy dI igR&qwrI, id`lI ivc 29 &rvrI 1716 dy idn is`K kYdIAW dw jlUs, vZYrw dI byimswl qsvIr aus ny hI pyS kIqI hY[ ies nzwry dw auh cSmdId gvwh sI[ ShId hox qoN nw frn bwry bMdw isMG dy swQI &OjI is`K kYdIAW dy l&z ies ny hI pyS kIqy hn[ imrzw muhMmd hwrsI ny 1750 ivc qwrI^y muhMMmd SwhI vI ilKI sI[
Swhnwmw: ieh rcnw mIr muhMmd Aihsn s`jwd dI hY, jo aus ny &r`^sIAr dy kihx ’qy 1718 ivc ilKI sI[ c`pV icVI dw nW sB qoN pihlW ies ny hI id`qw sI[ vzIr ^wn dI mOq dw idRS vI iesy ny hI kmwl dy vyrvy nwl pyS kIqw sI[ bMdw isMG v`loN jwrI kIqy gey is`K is`ky dI iebwrq vI sB qoN pihlW ies ny hI id`qI sI[ ies kr ky aus kwl dI is`K qvwrI^ bwry ieh iek nwXwb somw hY[
mun`vr-aul-klwm: 1722 dI ieh ilKq iek ihMdU ilKwrI iSv dws dI ilKI hoeI hY[ ies ikqwb ivc bMdw isMG dy KMfy dI pwhul lYx qy aus dI j`dojihd dw izkr imldw hY[
&qUhwqnwmw sm`dI: ies dw lyKk Zulwm mhI-aul-dIn ^wn hY[ 1723 ivc ilKI geI ies ikqwb ivc gurdws nMgl dI lVweI (1715) dw A`KIN if`Tw hwl mOjUd hY[
muMq^bul lubwb: ^w&I ^wn ny ieh ilKq 1731 ivc AMjwm kIqI sI[ ies ivc ^w&I ^wn ny bMdw isMG qoN lY ky 1730 qk dI qvwrI^ id`qI hY[ aus dI ilKq ivc qwrI^W dw vyrvw jW qrqIb shI nhIN imldI ies kr ky keI kuJ AgV-ip`CV hY[ 1716 ivc PVy gey is`KW dy j`Qy ivc Swiml kIqy gey iek nOjvwn dy sbMD ivc (iek mW, ijs ny JUT bol ky Awpxy ies pu`qr dI irhweI krvwaux dI koiSS kIqI sI qy b`cy ny ikhw sI “myrI mW JUT boldI hY[ mYN idloN, rUh qoN, gurU dw is`K hW[ mYƒ CyqI myry ShId swQIAW kol Byjo (ShId kr idE)” dw ^UbsUrq izkr aus ny hI kIqw hY[ bMdw isMG bhwdr qy SwhI &OjW dy muKI muhMmd AmIn ^wn dI AwpsI g`lbwq vI ies ny id`qI hY, ies glbwq ivc bMdw isMG ny ikhw sI ik “jd pwp qy bymuKqw vD jWdI hY qW r`b myry vrgy bMdy ƒ ies pwp ƒ ^qm krn vwsqy Byj dyNdw hY[” lVweI dOrwn is`KW v`loN gjwey jWdy “&qih drSn” dy jYkwry dw izkr vI iesy ny hI sw& l&zW ivc kIqw hY[
mIrwq-ie-vwirdwq: muhMmd sU&I vwird ny ieh ilKq 1734 ivc pUrI kIqI sI[ ieh ikqwb muZlIAw ^wndwn dI qÍwrI^ hY[ ies ivc is`KW bwry bhuq izAwdw sm`grI qW nhIN pr bMdw isMG dy nMdyV qoN Awaux, id`lI nyVy KrKOdw ivc pihlw hY~f kuAwrtrz bxwaux Aqy c`pV icVI dI jMg, vzIr ^wn dI mOq qy aus qoN ip`Cy dy hwlwq dw izkr zrUr hY[ ies ikqwb ivc bMdy v`loN zwq-pwq ^qm krn, aUc-nIc dw Prk imtwaux, Awm lokW ƒ hkUmq ivc QW dyx bwry q&sIl nwl iliKAw hoieAw hY[
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qzikrwqul mulk: ies dw lyKk XwhIAw ^wn hY[ ieh ilKq 1737 dI hY[ ies ivc vI aus kwl dI qvwrI^ dI kImqI sm`grI BrI hoeI hY[
qwrI^-ie-muhMmd SwhI: KuShwl cMd dI ieh ilKq 1741 ivc iqAwr hoeI sI [ KuShwl cMd id`lI drbwr dy dIvwnI d&qr dw iek munSI sI[ ies ikqwb dw iek hor nW “ndr-aul-zmwnI” vI hY[ ies ihMdU lyKk dI ikqwb ivc bMdw isMG dy KMfy dI pwhul lYx dw izkr imldw hY[ iesy ikqwb ivc mwrc 1716 ivc bMdw isMG dy swQI 733 is`KW nwl ShId kIqy jwx vwly iek nv-ivAwhy is`K nOjvwn dI ShIdI dw vyrvw vI hY, jo AwpxI mW nUM pCwxn qoN nWh kr dyNdw hY ikauN ik auh aus nUM ‘ihMdU’ AwK ky bcwaux vwsqy JUT boldI hY[ ies ikqwb ivc bwdSwh muhMmd Swh (rMgIlw) dI hkUmq vyly qk dI is`KW dI hwlq dw kuJ izkr vI imldw hY[
qwrI^-ie-AihmdSwhI Aqy qwrI^-ie-AwlmgIr swnI, dovyN 1748 qoN 1759 dy ivckwr ilKIAW geIAW sn[ ienHW dohW ikqwbW dy KriVAW au~qy iksy ilKwrI dw nW nhIN imldw[ ienHW dohW ikqwbW ivc do muZl bwdSwhW dI qrs BrI hwlq dw izkr hY[ keI QWeIN is`KW dy hmilAW dw izkr vI AwauNdw hY[ g`dIEN lwhy id`lI dy bwdSwh Aihmd Swh dw hwl ilKx vwlw ilKwrI qW ieh vI ieMkSw& krdw hY ik aus bwdSwh dI qrs vwlI hwlq dyK ky aus (lyKk) dIAW A`KW ivc vI hMJU Aw gey sn[
^zwnw-ie-AmIrw: Zulwm AlI Awzwd iblgrwmI dI ieh ilKq 1762-63 ivc pUrI hoeI sI[ Zulwm AlI 1761-62 ivc pMjwb ivc s&r kr irhw sI qy aus ny iek cSmdId gvwh vWg keI kuJ A`KIN vyiKAw sI[ auh 1761 ivc is`KW dy lwhOr ’qy kbzy, 5 &rvrI 1762 dy G`lUGwry Aqy pitAwlw dy rwjy Awlw isMG v`loN A&ZwnW nwl lVweI dOrwn mrh`itAW dI mdd krn dw izkr vI krdw hY[
kwzI nUr muhMmd dw “jMgnwmw” (1765) vI iek bhuq hI kImqI qÍwrI^I dsqwvyz hY[ lyKk 1764 ivc Aihmd Swh durwnI dy hmly dOrwn aus dy nwl-nwl cl irhw sI qy auhI ibAwn kIqw hY jo aus dIAW AwpxIAW A`KW ny vyiKAw sI[ kwzI nUr muhMmd pihlI dsMbr 1764 dy idn Akwl q^q swihb nyVy, drbwr swihb dy muK gyt ’qy, bwbw gurb^S isMG lIlH Aqy 30 ShIdW dI bhwdrI ƒ AkIdq pyS kridAW, is`KW dy ie^lwk, aunHW dI dlyrI, aunHW dI jIvn-jwc bwry kmwl dI vyrvw dyNdw hY[ auh aunHW ƒ gu`sy ivc “ku`qy” kihx dy bwvjUd vI aunHW dIAW SyrW vwlIAW ^UbIAW, bhwdrI qy &irSiqAW vrgy ie^lwk dw ibAwn krdw hY[ ies ikqwb dI Koj s. krm isMG ihstorIAn ny kIqI sI ijs nUM fw: gMfw isMG ny sMpwdn kr ky Cwp ilAw sI[
muAwsr-aul-aumrw: Swh invwz ^wn Sms-aud-dOlw (ijs dI mOq 11 meI 1758 nUM hoeI sI) dI iqMn ijldW ivc CpI ieh ikqwb 1758 dI ilKI hoeI hY[ ies ivc bwdSwh Akbr qoN 1758 qk dy muZl bwdSwhW A&srW, jrnYlW Aqy aunHW dy ^wndwnW dw bVI q&sIl nwl vyrvw idqw igAw hY[
233
Aijhw jwpdw hY ik Swh invwz ^wn kol bhuq swry irkwrf qy hor sm`grI mOjUd sI ijs kr ky auh eynI bwrIkI vwlI vyrvy dy sikAw sI[ ienHW jIvnIAW ivc pMjwb nwl sbMD rKx vwly sUbydwrW, &OjdwrW Aqy hor A&srW dIAW, is`KW dy i^lwP muihMmW dOrwn, kIqIAW kwrvweIAW dw vI coKy vyrvy nwl izkr hY[ ieh ikqwb ‘eySIAYtk soswietI’ bMgwl ny 1888 ivc AMgryzI qrjmw krvw ky CwpI sI[
qihmws nwmw: mIr mMnU dy iek Zulwm vjoN SurU ho ky Aqy mgroN muZl inzwm ivc AwpxI jgh bxwaux vwly nOjvwn qihmws ^wn imskIn dI ieh rcnw 1780 dI hY[ ies ivc 1748 qoN 1780 qk dI bVI kImqI jwxkwrI hY[ ies ivc aus ny mIr mMnU dI mOq (1753) dw A`KIN if`Tw hwl, aus dI bygm dIAW krqUqW, AdInw byg, iBKwrI ^wn, kwms byg, moimn ^wn dIAW swizSW qoN ielwvw Aihmd Swh durwnI dy swry hmilAW dI bVI bwrIkI nwl vyrvw idqw hY[ aus ny bwbw dIp isMG dI, 11 nvMbr 1757 dI, lVweI dw muZl-p`K vI bVI q&sIl nwl idqw hoieAw hY[ is`K-AdInw-mrh`tw &rMt v`loN lwhOr ’qy kbzw (1758), is`KW dy lwhOr ‘qy hmly (1761), pMjwb ivc is`KW dy bol-bwly, id`lI dy bwdSwhW, rohIlKMf dy rwijAW, Brqpur dy jwtW dI qÍwrI^ dw vI ies ivc bhuq vyrvw mOjUd hY[ is`KW dI 1780 qk dI qÍwrI^ ilKx vyly ies ikqwb ƒ hrigz nzr-AMdwz nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ ies kwl dw iek hor kImqI somw 1782 ivc ilKI seIAd Zulwm husYn dI isAwrul muqw^rIn hY[ BwvyN ieh ATwrHvIN sdI dy A^Irly kwl ivc ilKI geI sI qy cSmdId gvwh dI pySkwrI nhIN, pr ies ivc vI bhuq kImqI sm`grI imldI hY[
au~nIvIN sdI dIAW &wrsI ilKqW ivc vI is`KW bwry kw&I sm`grI imldI hY pr ieh cSmdId gvwhW dy ibAwn nhIN hn blik dUjIAW ilKqW Aqy lokW dy ibAwnW ’qy AwDwrq rcnwvW hn[ ienHW ivc, 1806 ivc iksy gumnwm dI ilKI Aihvwl-ie-qvwrI^-ie-pMjwb, 1812 dI ^uSvkq rwey (lwhOr drbwr ivc AMgryzW dw vkIl) dI ikqwb-ie-qwrI^-ie-pMjwb, 1812 qoN 1840 qk dy smyN ivc iqAwr hoeI sohn lwl sUrI dI aumdwq-auq-qvwrIK, iesy kwl dI Aihmd Swh btwlIAw dI qwrI^-ie-pMjwb, 1848 dI bUty Swh dI qwrI^-ie-pMjwb (ijs ivc aus ny drbwr swihb dI nINh sWeIN mIAW mIr koloN rKvwey jwx dw pRwpygMfw SurU kIqw sI, ijs nUM kuJ bysmJ is`K AwgUAW ny cupcwp mMn ilAw sI), 1849 dI gxyS dws dI irswlw-ie-swihbnwmw (cwr bwZ-ie-pMjwb), 1854 dI AlI-aud-dIn dI iebrq nwmw Swiml hn[ ies qoN ielwvw 1868 ivc Zulwm srvr kurYSI lwhOrI dI qvwrIi^ m^zin pMjwb Aqy s`Xd nwsr AlI dI qvwrIi^ prgxw mmdot v mukiqsr vI pMjwb dI ijEgrw&I qy qvwrI^ dw mswlw sMBwlI bYTIAW hn[ iesy kwl dIAW gulSin-pMjwb Aqy pMjwb dI sYr vI pMjwb dI ijEgrw&I Aqy klcr bwry kw&I kImqI jwxkwrI nwl BrIAW hoeIAW hn[
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&wrsI soimAW bwry sMpwdq rcnwvW ivcoN sB qoN vD kMm AYlIAt qy fwaUsn dw hY ijnHW ny bhuq swrIAW &wrsI ikqwbW (KriVAW) dw AMgryzI qrjmw “ihstrI Aw& ieMfIAw AYz tolf bwey iets ihstorIAnz” isrlyK hyT, 8 ijldW ivc, 1877 ivc CwipAw sI[ auN\ ieh qrjmw keI QWeIN bhuq zlq hox kr ky pUrw s`c nhIN pyS kr sikAw[ fw. gMfw isMG ny kuJ &wrsI soimAW ƒ aurdU qy Pyr pMjwbI ivc “mwi^j-ie-qvwrI^-ie-is`KW” vjoN CwipAw sI[ 2001 ivc, jy. AYs. gryvwl Aqy ier&wn hbIb ny, 20 &wrsI ilKqW ivcoN coxvIN sm`grI dw qrjmw “is`K ihstrI ien prSIAn sorisz” dy nW hyT CwipAw sI[ ies ivc sMpwdkW ny AwpxI mrzI dI qy ADUrI sm`grI cuxI hY, pUrI nhIN[
&wrsI soimAW dy AwDwr ’qy s. krm isMG ihstorIAn, hrI rwm gupqw, fw gMfw isMG, fw. POjw isMG, fw. Bgq isMG ny is`K qvwrI^ ilKI hY[ ienHW ivcoN hrI rwm gupqw dI is`KW bwry phuMc bhuq jgh p`KpwqI (keI vwr nWh-p`KI) vI ho geI hY[ eynw v`fw kMm srAMjwm krn dy bwvjUd vI, aus dy AMdr dw AwrIAw smwjI qvwrI^ nwl iensw& nhIN kr sikAw[ &wrsI soimAW ivcoN sB qoN pihlW krm isMG ihstorIAn ny bMdw bhwdr ikqwb ivc hvwly idqy sI, ijnHW ƒ hU-b-hU fw: hrI rwm gupqw, fw. gMfw isMG qy s. rxDIr isMG rIsrc skwlr ny vriqAw sI[
&wrsI soimAW qoN ielwvw, aurdU ivc ilKI nUr Aihmd icSqI dI “qihkIkwq-ie-icSqI” ivc bVI invyklI jwxkwrI idqI hoeI hY[ auN\ ieh ilKq bhuqI purwxI nhIN blik 1906 dI hY[
bMdw isMG qoN imsl kwl dy smyN (1708 qoN 1783) bwry s: krm isMG ihstorIAn dI bMdw kOx Qw qy bMdw bhwdr (1915) Aqy mhwrwjw Awlw isMG (1918), s: sohn isMG dI bMdw d bryv, fw. gMfw isMG dI bMdw bhwdr (1935) qy Aihmd Swh du`rwnI (1959) qy j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ikqwbw ivc vI bVI kImqI jwxkwrI imldI hY[
AMgryzI ivc “kYlMfr Aw& prSIAn kwrspONfYNs” (jo 1911 qy 1914 ivc do ijldW ivc CpI) ivc 1759 qoN 1769 qk dI dI qÍwrI^ dI bVI kImqI jwxkwrI imldI hY[ ienHW srkwrI ^qW ivcoN shI qwrI^W Aqy GtnwvW iml jWdIAW hn[
AMgryzI somy
AMgryzI soimAW ivcoN 1782-83 dI jwrj &wrYstr dI “ey jrnI &rwm bMgwl tU ieMglYNf”, 1788 dI myjr jymz brwaUn dI “ihstrI Aw& d Eirjn AYNf prwgrY~s Aw& dw is`Kz ien ieMfIAn trYkts” (ijs ƒ isr& ieMfIAn trYkts vI iliKAw jWdw hY), 1803 dI jwrj Qwms dI “imltrI mYmoierz”, 1812 dI mwlkm dI “skY~c Aw& dw is`Kz” (ijs ivc ‘gurmqw’ dy &ls&y dw sB qoN vD ^UbsUrq ibAwn kIqw hoieAw hY) Aqy jy. fI. kinMGm dI 1846
235
dI “ihstrI Aw& dw is`Kz” (ijs ivc AMgryzW dIAW swizSW Aqy rxjIq isMG dy drbwrI bRwhmxW qy fogirAW dI ZdwrI dw ^UbsUrq izkr hY) bVIAW Aihm ilKqW hn Aqy ienHW ivc kImqI jwxkwrI CupI hoeI hY[ XUrpIn lyKkW v`loN is`KW bwry pyS kIqI geI sm`grI nUM iek`Tw kr ky fw: gMfw isMG ny ArlI XUrpIn AkwaUNt Aw& d is`Kz (1962) ivc Cwp idqw sI[
ies kwl bwry lypl girPn dI 1870 dI “rwjwz Aw& d pMjwb”, AYc. ey. roz dI 1911 dI “glwsrI Aw& d trweIbz AYNf kwstz Aw& pMjwb”, fYnIzl iebtsn dI 1881 dI “pMjwb kwstz” ivc vI bVI kImqI jwxkwrI BrI peI hY[ mYkwil& dI “d is`K irlIjn” (1905) vI iek cMgI rcnw mMnI jw skdI hY[ is`K qvwrI^ bwry kinMGm qoN mgroN mYkwil& ny hI sB qoN vD shI pySkwrI kIqI sI[
is`K qvwrI^ bwry imlx vwlIAW ikqwbW Aqy hor dsqwvyzW bwry vI ikqwbW qy sUcIAW vI imldIAW hn[ ienHW ivcoN muK hn: sIqw rwm kohlI dI kYtwlwg Aw& Kwlsw drbwr irkrfz (1919, 1927), jy.pI-AYc. vogl dI kYtwlwg Aw& BUrI isMh imaUzm AYt cMbw (1909), fw: gMfw isMG dIy ey ibblIEgrw&I Aw& d pMjwb (1966) Aqy ey ibblIEgrw&I Aw& is`Kiezm (1967), iekrwm AlI milk dI ey ibblIEgrw&I Aw& d pMjwb AYNf iets ifpYNfYNsIz: 1849-1910 (1968), fblXU. Ayirk gustw&sn Aqy kYnQ fblXU. jons dI sorisz AOn pMjwb ihstrI (1975), ikrpwl isMG dI kYtwlwg Aw& prSIAn sorisz AOn is`Kiezm, nwrmn jyrwlf bYrIAr dI pMjwb ihstrI ien pirMtf ibRitS fwkUmYNts (1969), pMjwb ien nweIntInQ sYNcurI trYkts (1969) Aqy bYnf kMtrovrSIAl iltrycr AYNf ibRiS kOtrOl ien ibRitS ieMfIAw (1976) Aqy sIfISAs iltrycr ien pMjwb vZYrw[ nwrmn jyrwlf bYrIAr BweI q^q isMG skUl i&rozpur CwvnI ivc igAwnI id`q isMG lwiebryrI ivc Koj krn vwsqy jWdw irhw sI qy auQoN dw bhuq swrw kImqI iltrycr cuk ky lY igAw sI[ ibRitS lwiebryrI lMfn vwilAW ny vI keI ibblIEgrw&Iz CwpIAW hoeIAW hn[ fw: &Ojw isMG dI ihstorIAnz AYNf ihstorIEgrw&I Aw& d is`Kz (1978) vI iek kImqI dsqwvyz hY[
pMjwb dy ngrW dI qvwrI^ bwry vI kuJ ikqwbW Cp cukIAW hn[ ienHW ivcoN muK hn: igAwnI igAwn isMG, krm isMG ihstorIAn, fw: &Ojw isMG, jIq isMG sIql qy ikrpwl isMG dIAW AMimRqsr bwry, lqI& dI lwhOr bwry, fw: hrijMdr isMG idlgIr dIAW AYnsweIklopIfIAw Aw& jlMDr, AnMdpur swihb Aqy kIrqpur swihb bwry[ ivswKw isMG dI iqMn ijldW ivc mwlvw ieiqhws (1954) ivc q`Q qy imQhws nUM burI qrHW rlg`f kIqw hoieAw hY pr iPr vI ieh iek &wiedymMd sm`grI hY[
muZl kwl bwry &Ojw isMG dI AYift kIqI pMjwb dw ieiqhws, ijld qIjI, dUjI AYfISn 1988, sr muhMmd lqI& dI qwrI^-ie-pMjwb, 1891, Awr brn dI kYNbirj ihstrI Aw& ieMfIAw, ijld cOQI, 1963, rOey cODrI dI styt
236
AYNf irlIjn ien muZl ieMfIAw, 1951, ey. bI. AYm. hbIbu`lw dI d &waUNfySn Aw& musilm rUl ien ieMfIAw, dUjI AYfISn 1961, vOlslI hyg dI kYNbirj ihstrI Aw& ieMfIAw, ijld qIjI, 1965, ky. AYm. pwnIkr dI ey srvy Aw& ieMfIAn ihstrI, 1962, ey. ierYlI dI d gryt muZlz, 1997, jwdU nwQ srkwr dI ihstrI Aw& AOrMgzyb, 1912 Aqy &wl Aw& muZl AYmpwier, 1938, jOhn AY& ircrf dI d muZl AYmpwier, 1993, ivc bhuq &wiedymMd sm`grI mOjUd hY[ jOhn kIA dI ieMfIAw ey ihstrI, 2000, sB qoN vDIAw ikqwbW iv`coN iek hY[ ies qoN ielwvw bwbr, Akbr qy jhWgIr dIAW quzk (svY-jIvnIAW), zuli&kwr ArdsqwnI dI dibsqwn-ie-mzwihb {ienHW iv`coN bhuqw kuJ fw: gMfw isMG ny qvwrI^-ie-mwi^z-ie-is`KW dy nW hT 1949 ivc CwipAw sI}, AlbrUnI dI qihkI-aul-ihMd, iebn bqUqw dI rhlw, ihaUn sWg dw s&rnwmw, tw`f dI AYnlz AYNf AYNtIkz Aw& rwijsQwn, 1960, hyvl dI AwrIAn rUl ien ieMfIAw, nwizm dI mihmUd ZznI, AlkU&I dI c`c nwmw, 740-50, rwsw dI ipRQvI rwj rwso, v`K-v`K izilHAW dy gztIAr vI bhuq kuJ smweI bYTy hn[ drjnW &wrsI sroqW dw qrjmw: AYlIAt AYNf fwaUsn dI ihstrI Aw& ieMfIAw AYz tolf bwey iets ihstorIAnz (auN\ ieh qrjmy ZlqIAW nwl Bry hoey hn), 7 ijldW, 1867-80 vI bVy vwk&I-BrpUr somy hn[ ies qoN ielwvw mAwsrul aumrw ivc vI bVI kImqI jwxkwrI BrI hoeI hY (ies bwry vyrvw SurU ivc id`qw hoieAw hY)[
AYNtI-is`K skUl:
is`K Drm dy &ls&y Aqy qvwrI^ nUM ivgwVn vwsqy vI v`K-v`K p`KW dy lyKk mOky-mOky ’qy koiSSW krdy rhy sn[ sB qoN pihlIAW AijhIAW ilKqW muslmwn ilKwrIAW dIAW sn ijhVy is`KW nUM n&rq krdy sn[ sB qoN pihlI swzSI ilKq bUty Swh dI ‘qvwrI^y is`KW’ sI ijhVI AMgryzW ny aus qoN 1848 ivc ilKvweI sI[ drbwr swihb dI nINh mIAW mIr v`loN r`Ky jwx bwry sB qoN pihlW ies ny hI pRcwr kIqw sI[ ausy ny hI pRcwr kIqw sI ik drbwr swihb dI nINh r`Kx vyly iet nUM imsqrI ny cu`k ky pwsw plt ky r`iKAw sI ijs qoN gurU Arjn swihb ny pySngoeI kIqI sI ik drbwr swihb 3 vwr FwihAw jwvygw)[ ies ikqwb dy jvwb ivc rqn isMG BMgU ny ‘pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS’ iliKAw sI)[
ihMdUAW iv`coN ieh hrkq sohn lwl sUrI ny ‘aumdwq-auq-qvwrI^’ ivc kIqI sI (jW aus dy nW ’qy ikqwb Cwpx vwly AYfItr, aus dy poqy ny)[ sUrI ny rxjIq isMG dI cwplUsI zrUr kIqI hY pr aus ny gurU swihb bwry bVw kuJ kUV iliKAw hY[ eIsweIAW iv`coN imSnrIAW ny is`K &ls&w Aqy qvwrI^ nUM ies kr ky ivgwVn dI koiSS kIqI qW jo is`KW ivc gurU swihb Aqy is`K Drm vwsqy SrDw Gt jwvy qy aunHW nUM eIsweI bxn vwsqy pyirAw jw sky[
237
eIsweIAW iv`coN sB qoN pihlI hrkq ArnYst trYNp ny 1887 ivc kIqI sI[ aus ny ‘d Awid gRMQ’ ivc is`K Drm qy &ls&y bwry vI Zlq iliKAw Aqy gurbwxI dI Zlq trWslySn vI kIqI[ ieh mumikn hY ik aus dI swizS ivc aus dy bRwhmx slwhkwrW dw h`Q vI hovy[
trMp qoN bwAd ihMdU ilKwrIAW gokl cMd nwrMg (trWs&rmySn Aw& is`Kiezm), 1945 dI ilKq, Aqy ieMdU BUSn bYnrjI (AYvolUSn Aw& is`Kiezm), 1947 dI ilKq, ny vI is`K Drm nUM ivgwVn dIAW hrkqW ivc ih`sw pwieAw[ AwrIAw smwjI lyKkW ivcoN dOlq rwey (swihby kmwl) Aqy prmw nMd (bMdw bYrwgI) ny is`K Drm dy i^lw& swzSI ilKqW id`qIAW[ fwktr hrI rwm gupqw ny is`K qvwrI^ bwry bVI imhnq nwl Koj kIqI Aqy &wrsI soimAW dy ADwr ’qy bVI kImqI sm`grI pyS kIqI; pr AwpxI AwrIAw smwjI phuMc kwrn auh is`K qvwrI^ nwl zbrdsq D`kw kr igAw qy AwpxI ikrq dI kImq Gtw leI[ do hor is`K-ivroDI lyKkW jwdU nwQ srkwr ny ‘&wl Aw& muZl AYNpwier’, 1932 dI ilKq, Aqy sqIS cMdr ny pwrtIz AYNf pwilitks AYt d muZl kort ivc vI is`K qvwrI^ nUM jwx buJ ky ivgwiVAw qy is`KW nwl n&rq nUM AwpxIAW ilKqW ivc SryAwm pyS kIqw[
mklwaUf dw rol
1970 qoN mgroN is`K qÍwrI^ ƒ ivgwVn vwsqy iek aucycI lihr vI clweI geI sI[ ies lihr dw muKI ihaU mklwaUf ƒ mMinAw jWdw hY[ inaUzIlYNf dw ieh iesweI imSnrI pihlW byAirMg XUnIAn kirscIAn kwlj btwlw ivc pVHwauNdw (drAsl pMjwbIAW ƒ iesweI bxn vwsqy pRyrdw) irhw sI qy iPr AYNtI-isK ieMtrnYSnl lw`bI ny aus ƒ trWto XUnIvristI ivc “is`K cyAr” ’qy ibTvw idqw[ ieh ihaU mklwaUf, jy. AYs. gryvwl dw ^ws swQI sI (iesy kr ky mklwaUf ny AwpxI ikqwb “bI-40 jnm swKI” iesy gryvwl ƒ hI smrpx kIqI sI, pr mgroN gryvwl qy mklwaUf ivc ivgV geI sI)[ jy. AYs. gryvwl Aqy aus dy hor cyly (ieMdU bMgw, surjIq hWs vZYrw) pihlW hI is`K i&lws&I Aqy qÍwrI^ ƒ ivgwVn ivc Aihm rol Adw kr rhy sn qy ies grup ny keI ikqwbW ivc is`K kOm dy i^lwP SryAwm iliKAw sI[ mklwaUf ny keI stUfYNt A`gy ilAWdy Aqy aunHW ƒ nOkrIAW qy ifgrIAW idvweIAW[ iPr ienHW swirAW ny is`K Drm, PlsPw, qÍwrI^ Aqy gurbwxI dy i^lw& lyK qy ikqwbW ilKIAW Aqy mklwaUf ny ienHW ƒ pI-AYc. fI. dIAW ifgrIAW vI idvweIAW qy XUnIvristIAW ivc nOkrIAW vI; Xwin is`KI nwl ZdwrI dw eInwm idvwieAw[
mklwaUf dy ^ws cyilAW ivc hrjoq aubrwey, ipSOrw isMG, guirMdr mwn, lwaU &Yc vgYrw Swiml hn[ ies qoN ielwvw ArivMdrpwl isMG mMfyr (AmrIkw) qy gurhrpwl isMG (ieMglYNf) hn ijnHW nUM is`K cyArz ‘qy iesy kr
238
ky ibTwieAw igAw hY ik auh is`K &ls&y Aqy is`K qwvrI^ nUM ivgwVn, aulJnW pYdw krn Aqy is`Ki ivc SrDw ^qm krn ivc rol Adw krn[
ies AYNtI-is`K skUl dy hor swQIAW ivc AweI. jy. isMG inaUXwrk (ijs ny mklwaUf nUM ‘mhwn sihjDwrI is`K’ dw i^qwb id`qw sI), jyrwlf bYrIAr (AmrIkw), rUfI Qwmsn (fYnmwrk), mihMdr isMG (BweI vIr isMG sdn id`lI) vrgy Aqy kuJ is`KI dy mu^wl& K`by-p`KI lyKk qy aunHW dy is`D qy Ais`Dy ihmwieqI vI hn[ pRo. hrbMs isMG pitAwlw dI DI, in`kI-guinMdr kOr, nUM ies grup ny hmySw r`d kIqw sI, pr jd aus kuVI ny Awpxy is`K pqI nUM qlwk dy ky iek eIsweI buAwey-&rYNf gory AwdmI nwl ivAwh kr ilAw qW ies grup ny in`kI-guinMdr nUM vI Awpxy swQIAW ivc Swiml kr ilAw[
mklwauf grup dI soc vwly hor eIsweI lyKkW ivc Evn kol, sI. AYc. loieln, sI.bI.vYbstr vI hn[ isr& inEl ikMg hI ieko-iek p`CmI lyKk sI ijs ny is`K Drm bwry swvIN phuMc ApxweI sI[
AYNtI-is`K pbilSr
ies AYNtI-is`K skUl dy eIsweI pbilSrW (AwksPorf XUnIvristI pRYs, pYNguien vgYrw) nwl vI koeI ‘^ws’ sbMD hn ijnHW kr ky ienHW lyKkW dIAw byh`d GtIAw Akwdimk p`Dr dIAw ikqwbW ƒ jMgI p`Dr ’qy CwipAw jWdw hY[ kmwl dI g`l qW ieh hY ik ienHW ikqwbW ivcoN ienHW pbilSrW nUM koeI ^ws kmweI vI nhIN huMdI[ ieh swibq krdw hY ik ies AYNtI is`K skUl dy lyKkW dIAW ikqwbW nUM swizS hyT CwipAw jWdw hY[
is`KW AdwirAW ivc swzSIAW dw snmwn
ijs-ijs Adwry ivc is`K Drm dy doKI bYTy hn au~Qy hI aupr izkr kIqy lyKkW ƒ “mhW ivdvwn” kih ky siqkwr qy AYvwrf id`qy jWdy hn[ pr hYrwnI dI g`l ieh hY ik 2006 ivc jy. AYs. gryvwl ƒ qW iek is`K Adwry gurU goibMd isMG Kwlsw kwlj ny cMfIgVH ivc 51 hzwr rupY dw AYvwrf vI idqw hY[ gryvwl dIAW ilKqW is`K &ls&y Aqy qvwrI^ ‘qy bhuq cwlwkI nwl gu`Jw hmlw krdIAW hn[ auh guru Arjn swihb v`loN is`KI dw pRcwr qy pRswr nUM ‘Akbr dI imhrbwnI’ dw is`tw mMndw hY[ auh is`K Drm nUM purn qy Awzwd Drm vI nhIN mMndw[ aus dIAW ilKqW ivc jMmU dy Zdwr fogirAW ivcoN kdy vI iksy iek dy i^lw& iek vI l&z iliKAw nhIN imldw ikauNik jd krn isMh fogrw sYNtr ivc vzIr sI qW aus dI mdd nwl gryvwl ieMfIAn ihstrI ieMstIicaUt iSmlw ivc fwierYktr bxwieAw igAw sI[ id`lI ivc prmjIq isMG srnw qy SRomxI kmytI ivc m`kV aus nUM prmot krdy hn[ ies dy ipCokV ivc ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr hY ijs ny 1985 ivc hrcMd isMG lONgovwl koloN rwjIv gWDI nwl smJOqw krvwaux ivc sB qoN vD rol Adw kIqw sI qy
239
ZdwrI kIqI qy krvweI sI[ ipRQIpwl kpUr ies jy.AYs. gryvwl dw ividAwrQI qy cylw hY[
SRomxI kmytI dw nvW ‘isK ieiqhws’
ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr dw s`kw cwcw ikrpwl isMG hY ijs ny pitAwlw XUnIvristI koloN l`KW rupY lY ky ‘jnmswKI pRMprw’ ilKI jo inrI Zlq ibAwnI, Zlq q`QW Aqy g`pW ‘qy ADwrq hY[ hux SRomxI kmytI ny 50 l`K rupY Krc ky ikrpwl isMG qoN sMqoK isMG dI ‘sUrj pRkwS’ sMpwdn krvwauxI SurU kIqI hoeI hY (Xwin dohIN h`QIN ikrpwl isMG nUM pYsw lutwieAw jw irhw hY)[ ikrpwl isMG nUM qW ‘pRo&Ysr Aw& is`Kiezm’ dw i^qwb dyx dw frwmw vI kIqw jw cukw hY[
ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr ny vI ^ud kdy koeI ikqwb nhIN ilKI (j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw aus dI ieko-iek ikqwb hY, ijs dy 50 si&AW ivc kuJ vI ‘Koj’ nhIN hY)[ aus ny kuJ ikqwbW sMpwdn zrUr kIqIAW hn ijnHW ivc aus ny 8, 10 jW 15 s&y ilKy huMdy hn; ienHW si&AW ivc vI aus ny 80 qoN 90% sm`grI aus ikqwb ivcoN id`qy hvwly huMdy hn[
ikauNik ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr Avqwr isMG m`kV dw tIcr irhw hY, ies kr ky aus nUM hr QW promot kIqw jw irhw hY[ aus ny iek ikqwb pitAwlw UnIvristI dy vweIs cWslr jspwl isG nUM smrpx kIqI sI,; ies kr ky pitAwlw XUnIvristI dy hr smwgm ivc aus nUM mwx id`qw jWdw hY[ SRomxI kmytI ny ‘isK ieiqhws’ nUM dobwrw ilKvwaux vwsqy iek kmytI bxweI sI ijs ivc jy. AYs. gryvwl, ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr qy aus dw s`kw cwcw ikrpwl isMG Aqy jy.AYs. gryvwl dI ihMdU dosq ieMdU bMgw Swiml kIqy sn[ ies qoN smiJAw jw skdw hY ik ieh ikho ijhw ieiqhws iliKAw jwvygw[ ieh auho ijhw hI hovygw ijho ijhw SRomxI kmytI ny 1999 ivc ihMdI ivc is`K ieiqhws CwipAw sI[ ^Yr ieh ieiqhws Cpy jW nw Cpy pr ies dy nW ‘qy iek do kroV rupY zrUr ies cOkVI nUM dy id`qy jwxgy[
A`j is`K qÍwrIK ilKx vwly sMjIdw Aqy shI lyKk ^qm ho rhy hn[ do-cwr KojIAW ƒ C`f ky koeI vI ies Kyqr ivc kMm nhIN kr irhw Aqy nvyN skwlr pYdw nhIN kIqy jw rhy [ ies dy ^qrnwk nqIjy swhmxy Aw rhy hn Aqy A`goN qW mukMml qbwhI SurU ho jwvygI[ ies mgroN is`K qvwrI^ Aqy &lsPy ƒ gMDlw kr ky ies ƒ r`d krn dIAW hrkqW SurU ho jwxgIAW[
is`K qvwrI^ bwry jy koeI QoVHy ivc jwxkwrI cwhuMdw hovy qW ieh ikqwbW kw&I hn:
sYnwpqI (gur soBw), srUp isMG kOiSS (gurU kIAW swKIAW), syvw isMG (ShId iblws), kinMGm (ihstrI Aw& d is`Kz), eIvwn bYl (AnYksySn Aw& pMjwb AYNf mhwrwjw dlIp isMG), mYkwil& (d is`K irlIjn), hrbMs isMG (hYrItyj Aw& d is`Kz), krm isMG ihstorIAn (bMdw isMG bhwdr, sdw kOr qy ieiqhwsk Koj), kwhn isMG nwBw (hm ihMdU nhIN), fw: gMfw isMG (is`K
240
ieiqhws bwry, is`K ieiqhws vl qy Aihmd Swh du`rwnI), pRo: swihb isMG (gur ieiqhws) pqvMq isMG qy hrjI milk (pMjwb: &Ytl imskYlkulySn), fw: hrijMdr isMG idlgIr (is`K qvwrI^ ivc Akwl q^q swihb dw rol Aqy mukMml is`K qvwrI^ – pMjwbI qy AMgryI, dohW ivc)[