AMgryzW dy kbzy mgroN pMjwb dI hwlq
(1849-1907)
{All this material is copy right of Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer)
AMgryzW dy kbzy mgroN pMjwb dI isAwsI hwlq
is`K &Oj qy ikilHAW nUM ^qm krnw
Drm bcwaux dI j`dojihd
rxjIq isMG vyly is`KI, pMjwb qy pMjwbI ivrsy dI hwlq
AμgryzW dIAW is`K Drm dy i^lw& swizSW
eIsweI Drm dw pRcwr
gurduAwirAW ivc ihMdU Drm dw pRcwr
inrμkwrI lihr
gurU gRMQ swihb duAwly lWvW SurU krnw
‘bwbw’ rwm isμG qy kUkw lihr
kUikAW ny smwDW FwhIAW
kUikAW ny bu`cV mwry
bu`cVW dy kwql kUikAW nMU szwvW
rwm isMG dI igR&qwrI
kUky nwmDwrI ikvyN bxy
kUikAW v`loN mhMqW dI mdd
kI kUky is`K hn
is`KI dy inAwrwpx ƒ bcwaux dI j`dojihd (isMG sBw lihr)
gurmuKI A^bwr SurU krnw
isMG sBw AMimRqsr ’qy ibprn soc dw kbzw
gurU gMRQ swihb Aqy gutky Cwpxw
lwhOr Aqy AMimRqsr sBwvW ivc &u`t
AwrIAw smwj dw hmlw
drbwr swihb ivc ibjlI
pRo: gurmuK isMG dy i^lw& AKOqI hukmnwmw
mu`FlI lIfriSp dw tur jwxw
isMG sBw lihr dI dyxw
is`K rwijAW ny ihMdUAW nwl DIAW ivAwhIAW
cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dI kwiemI
cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dw rol
drbwr swihb ’qy bRwhmxW dw kbzw
ArUV isMG srbrwh dw rol
AnMd mYirj AYkt
pMjwb ’qy AMgryzW dw kbzw
AMgRyzW dy kbzy mgroN pMjwb dw isAwsI, mwlI qy smwjk nkSw
(mhwrwjw) rxjIq isMG 27 jUn 1839 dy idn mr igAw[ aus dy ip`CoN aus dw v`fw pu`qr KVg isMG g`dI ’qy bYiTAw[ rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy drbwr ivc swry v`fy Aqy Aihm AhuidAW ’qy jMmU dy fogry Aqy ihMdusqwn dy bRwhmx ibTwey hoey sn[ v`fy vzIr, A&sr, &Oj dy jrnYl, sUbydwr, &Ojdwr, j`j, ^zwny dy ieMcwrj vDyry kr ky ihMdU hI sn[ rxjIq isMG dw rwj bhwdr XoDy is`K ispwhIAW ny kurbwnIAW dy ky bxwieAw sI[ pr aunHW isMGW dI QW rxjIq isMG ny drbwr jW inzwm ivc nhIN sI r`KI[ cwplUs, nSy Aqy husn dy vpwrI, fogry qy bRwhmx idloN is`K Drm nwl ^wr KWdy sI[ nw qW auh is`K sn qy nw pMjwbI[ aunHW ny ies rwj dI kwiemI vwsqy koeI kurbwnI nhIN kIqI sI[ ies kr ky aunHW dw ies rwj, is`KI jW rxjIq isMG dy t`br jW pMjwb nwl koeI jzbwqI irSqw nhIN sI[ ienHW swzSI fogirAW Aqy bRwhmxW ny pihlW KVg isMG dy sB qoN v&wdwr swQI qy slwhkwr cyq isMG nUM 9 AkqUbr 1839 dy idn mwr idqw[ iPr KVg isMG ƒ vI hOlI-hOlI zihr dy ky 4 nvMbr dy idn mwr idqw[ Agly idn aus dy sskwr qoN muVdy hoey aus dy pu`qr nOinhwl isMG ƒ vI mwr id`qw igAw sI[ 1841 ivc rwxI cMd kOr nUM vI mwr id`qw[ iesy swzSI lVI ivc 15 sqMbr 1843 dy idn qIjy rwjy Syr isMG qy aus dy nwbwlg pu`qr pRqwb isMG ƒ vI mwr idqw igAw[ jy iesy idn sMDwvwlIAW dy h`QoN iDAwn isMh fogrw nw mwirAw jWdw qW rxjIq isMG dw koeI vI vwirs nhIN sI bcxw[ hux pMj swl dw dlIp isMG 18 sqMbr 1843 ƒ g`dI ’qy bYTw[ ies qoN ip`CoN vI fogirAW ny bs nhIN kIqI[ auh Ajy vI rxjIq isMG dy swry vwrsW nUM iek-iek kr ky mwrdy/mrvwauNdy rhy[ 1845 dIAW grmIAW ivc gulwb isMh fogry ny kMvr ipSOrw isMG nUM mrvw id`qw[ 6 meI 1845 dy idn hIrw isMh fogry ny bwbw bIr isMG, kMvr kSmIrw isMG qy jvwhr isMG nlvw vI mwr id`qy[ ies mgroN fogirAW ny rwxI ijMdW dy Brw jvwhr isMG nUM vI 21 sqMbr 1845 dy idn kql krvw id`qw[
dUjy pwsy AMgryzW ny gulwb isMh fogrw, lwl isMh bRwhmx, qyjw isMh jrnYl vgYrw nwl swizSW bxw ky jMg SurU krvwaux dw mwhOl bxw idqw[ AMgryzW ny ienHW ZdwrW koloN do jMgW krvw ky aunHW ny pMjwb ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy 29 mwrc 1849 dy idn pMjwb ƒ AMgryzI rwj ivc imlw ilAw[
rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq nUM AMgryz bVI kYrI ingwh nwl vyKdy sn[ 1845-49 ivc aunHW dw ierwdw rxjIq isMG nUM hrwaux dw nhIN blik ies mulk dI hoNd nUM ^qm krn qy ies (rxjIq isMG) dy ^wndwn nUM iblkul ^qm krn dw sI[ lwrf flhOzI v`loN lwhOr dy rYzIfYNt hYnrI lwrMs nUM ilKI iek ic`TI ivc ieh l&z sw& pVHy jw skdy hn[ lwrMs ies AYkSn dy i^lw& sI[ ies kr ky jdoN flhOzI ny rxjIq isMG vwly ‘pMjwb’ nUM AMgryzI hkUmq ivc Swiml krn dw AYlwx kIqw qW lwrMs ny AsqI&w dy id`qw[
‘pMjwb’ ’qy kbzw krn mgroN flhOzI ny iek ‘borf Aw& AYfminstrySn’ bxw id`qw[ auh ies dw muKI hYnrI lwrMs nUM bxwauxw cwhuMdw sI ies kr ky aus ny kooiSS kr ky aus dw AsqI&w vwips krvw ilAw[ flhOzI nUM hYnrI lwrMs dI is`KW nwl hmdrdI bwry pqw sI ies kr ky aus ny ies borf ivc aus dw Brw jOhn lwrMs (joo flhOzI dI pwlsI dw p`kw ihmwieqI sI) Aqy cwrls mYnsl (mgroN aus dI QW ’qy rObrt imMtgumrI) vI mYNbr pw id`qy[
is`K &Oj Aqy ikilHAW nUM ^qm krnw
AMgryzW ny sB qooN pihlw kMm rxjIq isMG dI &Oj nUM ^qm krn dw kIqw[ lwhOr ivc &OjIAW dw iek iek`T kr ky hr iek &OjI nUM qn^whW dy ky Gro-GrIN tor id`qw igAw qy aunHW qoN hiQAwr lY ley gey[ srkwr dy hvwly kIqy gey hiQAwrW dI igxqI iek l`K au~nI hzwr s`q sO iCAwnvyN sI[ ies dy nwl hI &Yslw kIqw igAw ik v`fy-v`fy qy p`ky iklHy jW ijhVy iklHy AMgryzW nUM ih&wzqI jW &OjI p`KoN cwhIdy hn, nUM C`f ky, SihrW, ksibAW Aqy ipMfW dy swry iklHy Fwh id`qy jwx[ kuJ hI mhIinAW ivc bhuq swry ikilHAW dw nwm-E-inSwn imt cuikAw sI[
ieh g`l bVI hYrwnI vwlI hY ik is`K &OjIAW ny cupcwp swry hiQAwr dy id`qy sn qy iklHy Fuhwauxy mnzUr kr ley sn[ drAsl rxjIq isMG ny is`K &OjIAW nUM qn^whdwr mulwzmW vWg r`iKAw sI nw ik ‘rwj dy mwlkW/muhwi&zW/ih`sydwrW’ vWg[ aunHW ivc ieh Aihsws hI nhIN sI ik ieh aunHW dI AwpxI hkUmq hY[ aunHW nUM idsdw sI ik swrI qwkq rxjIq isMG dI injI hY qy AmlI qOr ’qy ies nUM fogry qy ihMdUsqwnI bRwhmx vzIr qy jrnYl clw rhy hn[ aunHW nUM idsdw sI ik XUrp dy gory/&rMgI aunHW qoN sYNkVy qy hzwrW guxw vD qn^wh lY rhy sn[ aunHW nUM rxjIq isMG dI Drm-hIx isAwsq qy is`KI jIvn qoN dUrI vI sw& nzr AwauNdI sI[ ies kr ky auh jzbwqI qOr ’qy ies hkUmq nwl juVy hoey nhIN sn[ auh smJdy sI ik auh isr& qn^whdwr hn qy hor kuJ nhIN[ ies kr ky rxjIq isMG dw rwj jWdw vyK ky aunHW nUM koeI bhuqI qklI& nhIN sI hoeI[ hW, aunHW nUM AwpxI nOkrI dy Kus jwx dw A&sos zrUr sI[
jgIrdwr qy iklHydwr vI AOKy nhIN sn ikauNik aunHW nUM v&wdwrI bdly jwgIrW kwiem r`Ky jwx dw XkIn idvw id`qw igAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny vI aunHW nUM ieh jwgIrW injI v&wdwrI kr ky hI id`qIAW sn[ A`XwSI qy sOK dI izMdgI bsr kr rhy ienHW jwgIrdwrW vwsqy rxjIq isMG dI QW ’qy AMgryzW nwl v&wdwrI kwiem krnw koeI v`fI g`l nhIN sI[ ies kr ky aunHW nUM ikilHAW dy jwx dw vI koeI A&sos nhIN sI[ nwly hux aunHW ny ikhVw lVweIAW lVIAW sn qy aunHW nUM ih&wzq qW nvyN hwkmW ny v&wdwrI dy bdly ivc dyxI hI sI[
pihlW-pihl qW AMgryzW ny is`K &OjIAW nUM Gro-GrIN Byj id`qw pr mgroN aunHW ny mihsUs kIqw ik isr& AMgryzW jW bwhr dy AihlkwrW nwl qW hkUmq nhIN kIqI jw skxI ies kr ky flhOzI ny kuJ is`K &OjIAW nUM nOkrIAW dyx dw &Yslw kIqw[ ies mksd vwsqy aunHW ny v&wdwrIAW dI prK krn mgroN is`K &ojIAW dy pMj ipAwdw dsqy Aqy pMj rjmMtW bx id`qIAW[ ies qoN ielwvw pMjwb-A&Zwn bwrfr dI ih&wzq vwsqy bxweI &ors ivc iek hzwr dy krIb is`KW nUM vI BrqI kIqw igAw[(mgroN swrwgVHI dI lVweI ivc iesy &Oj ny hI srh`d bcweI sI)[ pMjwb ivc Amn-Amwn kwiem r`Kx vwsqy BrqI kIqI pMdrW hzwr pulIs ivc vI ds kU &I sdI is`K sn[
ies qoN mgroN AMgryzW ny pMjwb ivc SihrI inzwm dw buinAwdI FWcw vI KVHw kIqw[ nihrW, sVkW qoN ielwvw ryl dI ptVI vI ivCwauxI SurU kr id`qI geI[ ieh swrw kuJ lookW ivc AMgryz vwsqy n&rq nUM Gtwaux ivc bVw mddgwr swibq hoieAw[ rwbrt imMtgumrI Aqy fOnlf mklwaUf kwl (&rvrI 1859 qoN jUn 1870) ivckwr pMjwbIAW nUM AMgryzW ny bVIAW shUlqW dyxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW qW jo auh aunHW (pMjwbIAW) dI hmdrdI Aqy ihmwieq hwisl kr skx[ ies ivc pMjwb ivc skUl KolHxw, nihrW bxwauxw, sVkW bxwauxw qy hor buinAwdI FWcw kwiem krnw vI Swiml sI[
1870 ivc eIjrtn dy jwx mgroN pMjwb dI vwg-for sr hYnrI fyvIz kol AweI[ auh 1877 qk pMjwb dw lY&tInYNt gvrnr jnrl irhw[ 1882 ivc aus dI QW ’qy cwrls AYcIsn Aqy aus mgroN 1887 qoN 1892 q`k jI.bI. lwiel lY&tInYNt gvrnr jnrl rhy[
is`K Drm nUM bcwaux dI j`dojihd
rxjIq isMG vyly is`KI, pMjwb qy pMjwbI ivrsy dy hwlwq
rxjIq isMG dw Awpxw jIvn is`KI qoN kohW dUr sI[ (do muslmwwn nwcIAW sxy) drjnW bIvIAW, ies qoN ikqy vD rKYlW, rozwnw qyz Srwb suVkxw, A&Im Kwxw qy hor nSy krnw, cwplUsI krn vwilAW nUM AhuidAW qy dOlq nwl mwlw-mwl krnw, bMdw isMG bhwdr v`loN r`d kIqy jwgIrdwrI isstm nUM sdw vwsqy p`ikAW krnw, Drm ‘qy c`lx dIAW slwhW dyx vwilAW Aqy ie^lwk dI g`l smJwaux dI koiSS krn vwilAW nUM dUr D`kxw qy szwvW qk dyxw aus dw suBwA sI[ ieh sI iek (mhw)rwjw ijs nUM aus dI prjw, Xwin is`KW, ny Awpxw rol mwfl bxwauxw sI[
aus ny cwlHI swl hkUmq kIqI sI[ pr, aus ny Awpxy Aihd ivc is`K Drm, pMjwbI, pMjwbIAq, pMjwb dI qvwrI^ jW klcr sMBwlx vwsqy zrw-mwsw vI kwrvweI nhIN sI kIqI[ aus ny iksy ShId (sxy bwbw bMdw isMG, BweI mnI isMG, bwbw dIp isMG, su`Kw isMG-mihqwb isMG, do G`lUGwirAW dy ShIdW) dI koeI Xwdgwr nhIN bxweI[ aus ny Drm pRcwr vwsqy kuJ nhIN kIqw[ aus ny gurbwxI bwry ikqwbW jW is`K qvwrI^ nhIN ilKvweI[ aus ny koeI skUl qk nhIN KoilHAw[ aus ny srkwrI bolI pMjwbI/gurmuKI dI QW &wrsI r`KI[ aus ny qW Drm-ArQ mihkmw vI iksy is`K dI QW iek bRwhmx nUM id`qw hoieAw sI ijhVw aus qoN is`KI dy ault hrkqW krvwauNdw rihMdw sI qy is`K pMQ v`loN kurbwnIAW kr ky iek`Tw kIqw ^zwnw A-is`K kwrvweIAW vwsqy Krcdw rihMdw sI[ jd qk AkwlI PUlw isMG ijaUNdw irhw audoN qk gurduAwry kw&I h`d q`k bRwhmxI Asr qoN bcy rhy pr aus nUM ShId krvwaux mgroN fogirAW qy bRwhmxW ny inrmilAW, audwsIAW qy bRwhmxW nUM gurduAwirAW dI syvw-sMBwl ivc Swiml krnw SurU kr id`qw[ (ieh g`l vI kwbly-izkr hY ik jd 1859 ivc AMgRyzW ny vI drbwr swihb AMimRqsr dw dsqUry-Aml bxwieAw qy ies dy ieMqzwm vwsqy iek kmytI bxweI qW ies dw muKI ‘rwjw’ qyj rwm/isMh bRwhmx bxwieAw sI[ Xwin AMgryz vI gurduAwirAW ivc bRwhmxI krm kWf qy ‘mirAwdw’ SurU krvwaux ivc brwbr dy BweIvwl sn)[ ienHW pujwrIAW dw is`KI nwl koeI sbMD nhIN sI[ ienHW ny gurduAwirAW nUM bRwhmxI krm-kWf dy sYNtr bxw id`qw qy is`K Drm Asly qoN tu`t ky isr& bRwhmxI krm-kWf vwlw Drm bx igAw[ krm-kWf vwly lokW nUM aunHW dy Drm qoN htw ky dUjy Drm v`l lwauxw bVw Awswn huMdw hY[ iehI hwl 1839 qk rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq dOrwn is`KI dw ho cukw sI[ rxjIq isMG dw rwj ^qm hox qoN do swl mgroN 1851 ivc (bwbw) idAwl nW dy iek prcwrk ny inrMkwrI lihr dy nW ’qy is`K Drm dy suDwr dI lihr SurU kIqI[ rxjIq isMG vyly is`KI dI hwlq ies qoN pqw lg skdI hY ik ies (bwbw) idAwl nW dy prcwrk ny ^ud vI KMfy dI pwhul nhIN sI leI hoeI[
pMjwb ivc eIsweI Drm
bhuqy hwkm idloN ^ud Drm nUM mMndy nhIN qy nw hI auh Drm dw prcwr krnw cwhuMdy hn[ iehI hwl AMgryzW dw 1849 ivc sI (qy iehI hux 2015 ivc vI hY)[ hwkm jmwq dy lok Drm dw qW idKwvw hI krdy sn/hn[ pr audoN AMgryzW ny mihsUs kIqw ik pMjwb nUM sdw vwsqy kbzy ivc r`Kx Aqy lokW nUM AwzwdI dw su&nw lYxoN rokx vwsqy zrUrI sI ik aunHW nUM aunHW dy Drm, klcr, bolI dy ivrsy qoN qoV id`qw jwvy[ iesy kr ky pMjwb ’qy kbzw krn mgroN AMgryzW dI plwinMg sI ik eIsweI Drm dw pRcwr kr ky swrw pMjwb hI eIsweI bxwaux dI koiSS kIqI jwvy[ aunHW ny ies swizS dI kwmXwbI vwsqy sB qoN pihlW SwhI ^wndwn ƒ eIsweI bxwaux v`l kdm auTwey gey[ (swbkw) mhwrwjw dlIp isMG ƒ aunHW ny iek qrHW nwl ‘kYd’ kIqw hoieAw sI[ aus ƒ iksy is`K nwl imlx dI iejwzq nhIN sI[ aus b`cy ƒ Puslw ky qy mUrK bxw ky, pMdrW swl qoN vI Gt aumr ivc, 8 mwrc 1853 dy idn eIsweI bxw ky 19 AprYl 1854 ƒ ieMglYNf nUM tor idqw igAw[ (auN\ dlIp isMG pihlw is`K nhIN sI ijs nUM eIsweI bxwieAw igAw sI[ dwaUd isMG pihlw is`K sI ijs nUM dlIp isMG qoN pihlW 1853 dy SurU ivc eIsweI bxwieAw igAw sI)[ dlIp isMG nUM eIsweI bxw ky ieh vI slwh id`qI geI sI ik auh AwpxI pYnSn ivcoN 500 rupY swlwnw AMimRqsr dy eIsweI imSn nUM dwn idAw kry
(jo aus ny dyxy SurU kr id`qy sn)[ dlIp isMG qoN ielwvw idAwl isMG mjIiTAw qoN AMimRqsr ivc eIsweI igrjy vwsqy QW dwn ivc leI geI qy aus qoN mjITw ivc vI iek igrjw Gr bxvwieAw igAw[
ies dy nwl hI AMgryz srkwr ny bhuq swry pwdrI vI pMjwb ivc lY AWdy[ sB qoN pihlW 1849 ivc luiDAwxw ivc eIsweI imSn kwiem kIqw igAw Aqy sI.fblXU. &ormYn qy jOhn inaUtn nUM ies dy muKI bxwieAw igAw[ ienHW pwdrIAW ny pMjwb SihrW dy bwzwrW ivc KVHy ho ky eIsweI Drm dw prcwr krnw SurU kr id`qw[ iPr 9 &rvrI 1852 ƒ ‘crc imSnrI AYsosIeySn’ bxw ky ies dy hY~fkuAwrtrz is`K-ngr AMimRqsr ivc bxw idqy gey[ ies sYNtr ivc pwstr fblXU.AYc. prikm dI AgvweI hyT, iqMn pMjwbI (kysr isMG, rulIAw rwm, eImwm-aud-dIn), ijnHW pMjwbIAW ny klk`qw eIsweI imSn qoN tRyinMg leI sI, pRcwrk bxw ky lY AWdy gey[ ies mgroN hor pMjwbI eIsweI imSnrI vI iqAwr kIqy gey[ AMgryz srkwr ny eIsweI Drm dw iltrycr Cwp-Cwp ky is`KI dy i^lw& mwhOl pYdw kIqw[ ies dy nwl hI is`KW dy Drm, i&lws&I qy qvwrI^ bwry v`K-v`K ilKqW Cwp ky aulJxW qy BulyKy KVHy krn dIAW koiSSW kIqIAW geIAW[ is`K imslW dy AwgUAW Aqy is`K rwijAW-mhwrwijAW ƒ lutyry, fwkU qy zwlm swibq krn vwsqy (bUty Swh, ^uSvKq rwey qy hornW rwhIN) JUTI qvwrI^ dw pRcwr kIqw igAw[
dUjy pwsy AMgryzW ny v&dwrI swibq krn vwly ijnHW is`KW ƒ nOkrIAW Aqy Ahudy id`qy, aunHW ivcoN vI kuJ lok eIsweI bx gey[ ieh vyK ky, nOkrIAW Aqy &wiedw Bwlx vwly kmzor qy buzidl lok vI lwlc v`s ho ky Drm bdlx lg pey[ 1855 qk, isr& pMj swlW ivc hI, 375 ipMfW ivc iesweI imSn kwiem ho cuky sn[ ienHW dy pRcwr hyT 1860 qk 20 hzwr dy krIb lok eIsweI bx cuky sn Aqy 5-7 hzwr hor ieho ijhw jIvn jIx vwsqy iqAwr sn[ pMjwb ivc AMgryzI hkUmq dy pihly 50 swlW ivc jo lok eIsweI bxy sn aunHW ivcoN 95% dby kucly qy dilq (AKOqI ACUq) hI sn[ A`j 2015 ivc vI 90% qoN vD pMjwbI eIsweI smwj dy iesy ih`sy ivcoN hn[
dsMbr 1862 ivc pMjwb imSnrI kwn&rMs hoeI ijs ivc plwn bxweI geI ik hor is`KW ƒ nOkrIAW, skUl Aqy hor shUlqW dy ky Awpxy vl iKicAw jwvy[ Agly 20 swlW ivc pMjwb ivc sYNkVy skUl, ifspYNsrIAW Aqy hor Adwry SurU kIqy gey ijnHW ny eIsweIAW dw prcwr Awswn bxw idqw[ b`cy skUlW dy islybs ivc vI eIsweI Drm bwry pVHn lg pey[ aunHW ƒ nOkrIAW vI imlx lg peIAW[
(iehI hwl 1947 qoN bwAd Bwrq dI hkUmq ihMdU AwgUAW dy h`Q Awaux vyly hoieAw sI[ audoN vI bhuq swry kmzor qy buzidl is`K, nOkrIAW Aqy AhuidAW dy lwlc ivc, piqq ho gey[ iehI g`l iPr 1977-78 ivc duhrweI geI jd sYNtr dI jnqw srkwr ivcly i&rkU ihMdU AMsrW ny bhuq swry kmzor qy buzidl is`KW nUM nOkrIAW qy qr`kIAW dy ky inrMkwrIAW, rwDwsuAwmIAW qy srsw fyry vwly nwl joiVAw[ iPr 1997-2002 dOrwn bwdl srkwr vyly vI Bwjpw dy i&rkU AwgUAW ny Awp vI, qy by-dIny bwdl rwhIN vI, bhuq swry lwlcI, kmzor qy buzidl is`KW nUM Awr.AYs.AYs., nUrmihlIey AwSUqoS, mwn isMG iphovw, nwmDwrIAW, ipAwrw BinAwrw qy hor swDW nwl joVn ivc swzSI rol Adw kIqw[ bwdl ny qW ^ud hvn/pUjw kr/krvw ky, srsw fyry jw ky Aqy aus dI bIvI ny nUrmihlIey dy kdmW ivc bYT ky is`KW ivc Drm ivc AkIdw qy prp`kqw Aqy pMQk jzbwq ^qm krn ivc v`fw rol Adw kIqw)[
ieh dunIAW dw irvwz hY ik kmzor, lwcwr, ZrIb lok CyqI hI hwkm kOm dy Drm ƒ Apxwaux vwsqy iqAwr ho jWdy hn[ pihlI pIVHI lwlc jW mjbUrI hyT Aijhw krdI hY pr dUjI qy qIjI pIVHI ƒ Awpxw nvW Drm Asl Drm lgx lg pYNdw hY qy qIjI pIVHI nUM qW bzurgW dw Drm Bu`l cukw huMdw hY[ iPr auh Awpxy v`fy-vfyirAW dy purwxy Drm ƒ mwVw, nIvW Aqy ‘pRwcIn’ kihx lg pYNdy hn[ rwijsQwn dy rwjpUqW ’coN, kSmIr dy bRwhmxW ‘coN qy pMjwb dy j`tW ’coN muslmwn bxy lok Aijhy hI hn[ ienHW ivcoN bhuiqAW dy v`fy-vfyry jbrI muslmwn bxwey gey sn jW jwn bcwaux vwsqy qy jW idKwvy dy muslmwn bxy sn qW jo srkwr qoN &wiedy hwisl kr skx[ pr pMj-s`q puSqW qoN bwAd ieh muslmwn m`uFly (Arb dy) muslmwnW qoN vI vDyry k`tV ho cuky sn[
ijnHW kOmW dw rwj Kus jwvy, aunHW dy mMnx vwilAW ivcoN kmzor qy buzidl lokW dw Dwrimk AkIdw vI folx lg pYNdw hY[ 1849 ivc AMgryzW v`loN is`KW qoN rwj Kohy jwx mgroN vI ieMv hI hoieAw[ rxjIq isMG vyly is`KW dI igxqI 80 l`K Aqy iek kroV dy ivckwr sI, ijhVI ik 1861 ivc Gt ky 11 l`K 41 hzwr 848 rih geI[ Xwin 70 lK dy krIb lok is`KI qoN munkr ho cuky sn[ hor qW hor is`K pMQ dy sB qoN v`fy Aqy Dwrimk Sihr AMimRqsr ivc is`KW dI AwbwdI, jo 1849 ivc iqMn l`K dy krIb sI, 1868 ivc 2 l`K 32 hzwr 224 sI, 1881 ivc 2 lK 16 hzwr 136 rih geI sI[ Xwin ieko Sihr ivc 80 hzwr qoN vD is`K Awpxw Drm C`f cuky sn qy auh vI aus Sihr ivc ij`Qy is`KW dw sB qoN v`fw sYNtr drbwr swihb sI[ isAwlkot ivc qW 20 &I sdI is`K Awpxw Drm C`f cuky sn[ lwhOr ivc ies qoN vI v`fI qbwhI hoeI sI[ drAsl dlIp isMG Aqy kpUrQlw irAwsq dy kMvr hrnwm isMG dw iesweI Drm vl Juk jwxw Aqy fogirAW qy srkwrI bRwhmxW dw idKwvy dy is`K qoN iek dm ihMdU bx jwxw is`KW ’qy bVw mwVw Asr kr igAw[ rwj Kus jwxw, hOsly psq ho jwxw, kOmI sWJ Gt jwxw vI v`fy kwrn sn[
1997-2002 ivc Aqy iPr 2007 qoN 2015 qk vI, bwdl dI hkUmq dOrwn, bwdl v`loN rwStr soiem syvk sMG dw ih`sw bx jwx nwl vI is`K nOjvwnW ‘qy bVw mwrU Asr ipAw[ iPr bwdl ny kyswDwrI is`KW nUM ip`Cy su`t ky, piqqW nUM A`gy ilAwaux nwl qW inrI qbwhI hI ho geI[ ies dw Aglw pVwA sI kyswDwrI is`KW nUM iblkul hI r`d krnw Aqy Awpxy dl dy 90% Ahudydwr piqq is`K jW ZYr is`K bxwauxw[ ieh auhI rol sI jo rxjIq isMG ny fogirAW qy bRwhmxW nUM Ahudy dy ky kIqw sI[ iesy kr ky ihMdU, piqq qy ‘idKwvy dy’ (phoney) is`K bwdl dy rwj nUM rxjIq isMG dy rwj nwl qSbIh dyNdy sn[
AμgryzW dIAW is`K Drm dy i^lw& swizSW
jd AμgryzW ny d`KxI eySIAw dy kw&I ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qW aunHW dI igR&q qoN isr& pμjwb (lwhOr drbwr) hI Awzwd sI[ auh is`KW bwry zrw-mwsw, suxI-suxweI jwxkwrI qW rKdy sn pr ies kOm dI qvwrI^ qy &ls&y bwry aunHW kol koeI is`kybMd vwk&I nhIN sI[ ies ivc koeI S`k nhIN ik cwrls ivliknsnz ny ‘is`Kz AYNf idAr kwlj ien ptnw’ (1781) ivc Aqy 1788 ivc brwaUn ny ‘ieμfIAn trYkts’ ivc Awpxy muslmwn qy ihμdU slwhkwrW qoN hwisl kIqI jwxkwrI dy ADwr ’qy kuJ smgrI iqAwr kr ky lμfn ivcly srkwr dy ‘ieμfIAw Awi&s’ ƒ ByjI sI pr ieh ADUrI, k`cI Aqy S`kI sI[
AμgryzW v`loN mukwmI lokW koloN is`KW bwry ikqwbW ilKvwaux dI pihlI koiSS buD isμG rwhIN kIqI geI sI ijs ny 1784 ivc irswlw dr Aihvwly nwnkSwh drvyS iliKAw[ ies mgroN 1809 ivc krnl AwkqrlonI ny lwhOr drbwr ivc Awpxy eyjμt ^uSvkq rwey koloN qvwrIKy-is`KW (1811-14) ilKvweI[ ieμ\ hI mgroN btwly dy Aihmd Swh qoN vI izkr-ie-gurUAW-vw-iebqdw-ie isμGW-v-mzwb-ie-ieSW (1818) ilKvweI[ jwhn mwlkm ny b^q m`l qoN Kwlsw nwmw (1810-14) ilvKwieAw qy Awp vI skY~c Aw& d is`Kz (1812) ilKI[
1846 ivc pμjwb ’qy qkrIbn A`Dw kbzw ho jwx mgroN vI AμgryzW ny is`KW bwry bhuq ikqwbW ilKvweIAW, ijvyN rqn cμd bwl qoN Kwilswnwmw (1846), gxyS dws vfyhrw qoN chwr bwZ-ie-pμjwb (1847), bUty Swh qoN qwrI^-ie-pMjwb (1848)[ sohn lwl sUrI, jo ik rxjIq isμG dw qn^whdwr mulwzm sI, ny vI AμgryzW dI mrzI nwl aumdw-qu`q-qvwrIK iqAwr kIqI[
AμgryzW v`loN iqAwr krvweIAW geIAW jW kuJ AμgryzW vloN Awpxy qOr ’qy ilKIAW geIAW ikqwbW ivcoN sw& pqw lg jWdw hY ik srkwr is`KW bwry iek pwsy qW fMUGI jwxkwrI hwisl krn vwsqy Aqy dUjw isKW dy iKælwPæ pRwpygμfw krn dI soc nwl ikqwbW ilKvw rhI sI[
Aμgryz is`KW dI qvwrI^ Aqy &ls&y ƒ ault-pult, v`K-v`K pyS kr ky aunHW ivc aulJx, BulyKw Aqy duic`qI pYdw kr ky aunHW ƒ eIsweIAq vl tornw cwhuμdy sn[ aunHW ny mwlkm rwhIN gurU gRμQ swihb dy mukwbly iek hor ‘gRμQ’ (bicqr nwtk, hux AKOqI dsm gRMQ) hox dw pRcwr kr ky is`KW ƒ aulJx ivc pwieAw jo Aj 2015 ivc vI auvyN hI kwiem hY[ aunHW ny is`K Drm ƒ ihμdUAW dy pRotYstYNt (suDwrk) ih`sy vjoN pyS kr ky is`KW dy inAwrwpx ƒ s`t mwrn dI koiSS vI kIqI[ aunHW ny Awpxy eyjMtW rwhIN is`K ihMdU hn vrgIAW ikqwbW ilKvweIAW[ BweI kwn isμG nwBw ƒ ies dy jvwb ivc hm ihμdU nhIN ilK ky r`d kIqw[
AμgryzW ny inrmly qy audwsIAW ƒ vDyry ‘is`kybμd’ is`K pyS krn dI koiSS kIqI[ aunHW ny bUty Swh rwhIN ieh BulyKw KVw kIqw ik drbwr swihb dI nINh iek muslmwn ny r`KI sI[ ieh ilKx dw mksd ihμdUAW ƒ Brm pwauxw sI ik is`K ieslwm dy nyVy hn[ AμgryzW ny qW gurU nwnk swihb nMU kbIr dw cylw swibq krn dI nwkwm koiSS vI kIqI (hwlWik Bgq kbIr qy bwbw rivdws ny 1508 ivc gurU nwnk swihb dI bnwrs PyrI vyly aunHW nUM Awpxw ‘gurU” DwirAw sI)[ ieμ\ hI mgroN smweIQ (ryAinrμg &YmlI Aw& lwhOr) Aqy hornW ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isμG Aqy hor srdwrW dy ieKlwk bwry ku&r qoilAw Aqy hor vI bhuq GtIAw prcwr kIqw)[
Dwrimk &ls&y ƒ Zlq pyS krn ivc cwrls ivliknz, brwaUn, jwrj &Orstr, mwlkm, AYc.AYc. ivlsn ny bVI swzSI sm`grI pyS kIqI qy is`K Drm ƒ ihμdU suDwrvwdI, r`b qoN munkr, imlItYNt kOm vZYrw dy &qvy id`qy qy Zlq sm`grI dw pRcwr qy pRswr kIqw[
pr ienHW swzSI ilKqW dy mukwbly ivc kinμGm (1846) qy mYkwil& (1905) ny vD qoN vD s`c ilKx dI koiSS kIqI qy nqIjy dy qOr ’qy kinMGm nUM qW srkwr qoN nOkrI qoN brqr&I dw eInwm vI hwisl hoieAw[
BwvyN AμgryzW ny 1780 Aqy 1850 ivckwr bhuq swrI Zlq sm`grI bzwr ivc su`tI pr auh is`KW ƒ aulJwaux, frwaux, Puslwaux ivc bhuq izAwdw kwmXwb nw ho sky[ ies mgroN aunHW ny ies pwsy v`loN hmly Gtw id`qy[ hux aunHW ny is`KW iv`c nvyN “toly” pYdw krny SurU kr idqy Aqy ienHW nUM AKOqI ‘sMprdwvW’ kih ky kbUlIAq dyxI SurU kr id`qI[ inrmly, audwsI, bydI, soFI, B`ly vZYrw srkwr dI srprsqI vwly lok sn[ 1920 qoN mgroN kUky (hux nwmDwrI) vI AμgryzW dIAW hdwieqW muqwibk c`ly Aqy aunHW ny gurU-fμm KVHw kr ilAw[ AμgryzW ny kurpt srbrwh Aqy mhμq gurduAwirAW dy iek qrHW nwl mwilk bxw ky ienHW AdwirAW ivc ihμdU buq pUjw, ivBcwr, kurpSn, krm-kWf vZYrw ƒ auqswihq kIqw[
ieμ\ hI AμgryzW ny &Oj ’coN irtwier hoey jW nWvW ktvw ky Awey jW Awp Byjy swDW dw tolw KVw krnw SurU kr idqw jW aunHW ƒ ‘sμq’ AwK ky auicAwauxw (promot krnw) SurU kr id`qw[ 1880 qoN 1930 qk pμjwh swl ivc AμgryzW ny keI AKOqI-sμq pYdw kIqy sn qy jW aunHW ƒ srprsqI Aqy/jW shUlqW idqIAW sn[ ieh swD hI sn ijhVy AMgryzW dI hkUmq dy i^lw& kdy Awvwz nhIN auTwauNdy sn qy sgoN lokW ivc srkwr-pRsqI dw jzbw Brdy sn[
AμgryzW ny is`KW dy i^lw& ihμdUAW ƒ vI pUrw imlvrqx Aqy srprsqI idqI[ snwqn sBw qy AwrIAw smwj AμgryzW dI hI dyx sn[ BwvyN ieh dovyN A`f-A`f sn pr srkwr dohW ƒ hI is`KW dy i^lw& vrqdI sI[ AμgryzW ny kSmIr, pμjwb, sUbw srh`d ivc muslmwnW qy is`KW ivc vI Pu`t pwaux vwsqy hr hrbw vriqAw[
1920-25 dI AkwlI lihr vyly vI AμgryzW ny kuJ AkwlI AwgU ^rId ky aunHW rwhIN pμQ ivc Pu`t pwaux dIAW ‘sμjIdw’ koiSSW kIqIAW[ jo lok ^rIdy nhIN jw skdy sn aunHW ƒ hor keI qrIikAW nwl mShUrI, mwhOl Aqy mukwm muh`eIAw kr ky sInIAr AwgU bxwaux dIAW koiSSW kIqIAW jo 1947 qoN mgroN kWgrs qy Awr.AYs.AYs. ny vI duhrwieAw[ Aj vI bhuqy ‘AkwlI’ qy hor is`K AwgU AijhIAW eyjMsIAW dIAW hdwieqW hyT cldy hn[
eIsweI Drm dw pRcwr
pμjwb ’qy AμgryzW dy kbzy qoN pihlW vI eIsweI prcwrkW ƒ pμjwb ivc Byjx dIAW kwrvweIAW hoeIAW sn[ sB qoN pihlI koiSS Swied iPlOr ivc hoeI sI jdoN iek swbkw ihμdU golk nwQ ny iklHy dy nyVy AμjIl dw pRcwr krn dI koiSS kIqI[ is`KW ny ies ƒ PV ilAw Aqy iSkμjy ivc bμnH ky kYd kr idqw Aqy c`kI dw iek puV aus dy isr ’qy rK idqw[ kuJ idn dI kYd mgroN aus ƒ dirAw pwr krvw ky luiDAwxy Byj idqw igAw[
nvμbr 1838 ivc iek eIsweI kpUrQly igAw Aqy aus ny eIsweIAq bwry trYkt bzwr ivc vμfxy SurU kr idqy[ is`KW ny aus ƒ PV ilAw qy aus dy pYrW ivc byVIAW pw ky kYd kr idqw[ mgroN rwjw kpUrQlw dy muslmwn j`j ny aus ƒ C`f idqw[ iPr jd kpUrQly dw Sihzwdw hrnwm isμG eIsweI bx igAw qW aus ny crc Aqy eIsweI skUl KolH id`qy[
is`K eIsweI Drm dy prcwr bwry kw&I h`d qk cOks sn, pr inhμg qW ies bwry bVy s^q sn[ 24 mwrc 1864 dy idn Anμdpur swihb ivc eIsweI Drm dw pRcwr kr rhy iek pwdrI lYvI jYnvIAr ƒ iek is`K &kIr ny mwr idqw sI[ iPr 27 ApRYl 1864 dy idn ipSwvr ivc iek hor pwdrI eIswfor loienQl vI iesy doS kwrn iek is`K cOkIdwr ny mwr id`qw sI[
ies dy bwvjUd eIsweI Awpxy imSn QW-QW kwiem kr rhy sn[ SurU-SurU ivc BwvyN aunHW ƒ kql Aqy kut-mwr qy gwlHW nwl “jI AwieAW” AwiKAw igAw, pr hOlI-hOlI lok ienHW v`loN Avysly ho gey[ AμgryzW ny Awpxy kbzy hyTly pμjwb mulk dy ielwky ivc qW 1834 ivc hI pRcwr krnw SurU kr idqw sI[ aunHW dw pihlw imSn luiDAwxw (1834) qy ies mgroN jlμDr (1846), lwhOr (1848), Aμbwlw Sihr (1848), Aμbwlw CwauxI (1850), rwvlipμfI (1856), kpUrQlw (1860), huiSAwrpur (1867), &Irozpur (1869), rUpV (1890), Kμnw (1894), i&lOr (1897), ksUr (1900), mogw (1909) ivc imSn kwiem hoey[ ieh swry imSn AmrIkn pRYsibtyrIAnW ny kwiem kIqy sn[ ies qoN ielwvw AmrIkn XUnwietf pRYsibtyrIAn, crc imSn suswietI, klIsIAw (skwtlYNf), mYQoifst klIisAw (inaUzIlYˆf) qy hor imSn soswietIAW ny vI 15-20 imSn kwiem kIqy[
AYny imSn kwiem hox dy bwvjUd pμjwbIAW ivcoN eIsweI bxn vwilAW dI igxqI mwmUlI sI[ drAsl is`KW ivcoN koeI vI eIsweI bxn vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sI qy SihrI ihμdUAW ivcoN kuJ ku, rozgwr dI Aws ivc, hwkm Drm ƒ A^iqAwr krn vwsqy iqAwr sn[ is`KW ivcoN jwgIrdwrW ivcoN Drm qbdIlI dI Aws ho skdI sI ikauNik auh AwpxIAW jwgIrW kwiem r`Kx vwsqy Aijhw kr skdy sn[ pr ies mksd vwsqy iek A`D &I sdI qoN vD dI Aws nhIN sI[ auN\ eynw vI nw ho sikAw qy isr& kMvr hrnwm isMG (kpUrQlw) qy auNglW ’qy igxy jwx vwly lokW qoN isvw koeI vI eIsweI nw bixAw[ SihrW ivc hoeI nwkwmXwbI mgroN eIsweI pwdrI ipμfW vl muVy[ ihstrI Aw& Aw`vr imSnz ien ieμfIAw dy lyKk AYlvu`f mOirs vyrHI ny 1926 ivc CpI ies ikqwb ivc ieμnkSw& kIqw sI ik ipμfW dy ilqwVy, dby hoey qy nIvyN lok aunHW vl CyqI iK`cy gey sn jd ik SihrIAW ƒ auh eIsweI nhIN bxw sky sn[ pμjwb ivc AμgryzI hkUmq dy pihly 50 swlW ivc jo lok eIsweI bxy aunHW ivcoN 95 &I sdI dilq qy hor p`CVIAW zwqW dy lok sn[
eIsweI Drm dy pRcwr vwsqy imSn soswietIAW qy srkwr ny lok BlweI dy bhuq kμm kIqy[ ienHW ny Gto-Gt Cy kwlj KolHy (AYP.sI. kwlj lwhOr, iknyrf grlz kwlj lwhOr, m`ry kwlj isAwlkot, gorfn kwlj rwvlipμfI, AYfvrfz kwlj ipSwvr, bI.XU.sI. kwlj btwlw), drjn qoN vD hweI skUl Aqy drjn dy krIb hspqwl (sxy brwaun hwspItl luiDAwxw, DwrIvwl, Aμbwlw, i&rozpur, qrnqwrn, kWgVw, jgwDrI, isAwlkot, lwhOr, imμtgumrI, jlwlpur, j`tW, tYkslw vZYrw) qoN ielwvw do-ku kohVI AwSrm (qrnqwrn qy Aμbwlw) vI kwiem kIqy[ ies swry dy bwvjUd Awm lok eIsweI Drm vl iK`cy nw jw sky[ hW skUlW-kwljW dw iek &wiedw ieh zrUr hoieAw ik lokW ivc jwgo AweI Aqy auh Awpxy h`kW qy AwzwdI vwsqy cOks ho gey qy mgroN AwzwdI dI j`dojihd vwsqy auT KVy[ ies dw mwAnw sw& ieh hY ik lok BlweI dy pRwjYkt vI Drm bdlI ’c mddgwr nhIN huμdy[ isr& auh Drm hI iK`c pwauNdw hY ijhVw lokW dy idlW ivc auqr jwvy[ fr, lwlc, shUlqW vZYrw QoVHy lokW ƒ hI Asr-Aμdwz krdIAW hn qy auh vI QuVW vwly qy mjbUr Aqy lwcwr lokW ƒ[ Aijhy lok vI auproN-auproN Drm bdlI krdy hn[ hW ieh qW skdw hY ik aunHW dI qIjI-cOQI puSq BwvyN nvyN Drm ƒ idloN mμnx lg pey[ so, eIsweI pμjwb Aqy is`KW ivc Awpxw Asr nw pw sky, mgroN ies ivc isμG sBw lihr dw vI v`fw rol sI[
gurduAwirAW ivc ihMdU Drm dw pRcwr
ies dy nwl hI is`KW dy gurduAwry (jo 1823 ivc AkwlI PUlw isMG dI ShIdI qoN mgroN, fogirAW dI srprsqI hyT Aw cuky sn) ivc is`K Drm dI QW ihMdU Drm dw pRcwr vDyry hox lg ipAw sI[ gurduAwirAW ivc ihMdU krm kWf hI nhIN blik ihMdU imQhwsk dyvI-dyviqAW dIAW mUrqIAW vI vVn lg peIAw sn[ ieh fogirAW Aqy bRwhmxW dI swizS hI sI ik rxjIq isMG dI smwD ivc QW-QW ihMdU imQhwsk dyvI-dyviqAW dIAW qsvIrW Aqy muK drvwzy ’qy aunHW dy buq lgy hoey sn[ drbwr swihb dy hY~f gRMQI sMq isMG igAwnI Aqy Akwl q^q swihb dy pujwrI gurmuK isMG dy Gr dy bwhr gxyS dw buq lgw hoieAw sI[ Akwl q^q swihb, bwbw Atl Aqy hor gurduAwirAW ivc vI QW-QW ’qy imQhwsk ihMdU dyvI-dyviqAW dIAW qsvIrW bxIAW hoeIAW sn[ keI gurduAwirAW ƒ mMdr bxw id`qw igAw sI (ienHW ivc jMmU Aqy sRIngr dy gurduAwry muK sn ijnHW nUM gulwb isMh fogry ny mMdr bxwieAw sI) Aqy keIAW dy nyVy iek-A`D ihMdU mUrqI rK ky hOlI-hOlI Coty Aqy iPr v`fy bhuq mMdr auswr idqy gey sn[
Aj vI drbwr swihb AMimRqsr dy Awly-duAwly Gto-Gt 20 “bwbrI msijdW” (mMdr) bxy hoey hn[ kIrqpur, krqwrpur, pwauNtw, Anμdpur swry gurU swihb ny kImq dy ky KrIdy hoey sn[ AMgryzI rwj ivc ienHW ngrW ivc vI QW-QW ’qy mMdr auswr idqy gey sn[ AMimRqsr ivc qW drbwr swihb dy mUhry, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy buMgy vwlI QW ’qy, GMtw-Gr dy nW ’qy, iek crc dI Skl dI iemwrq bxw idqI geI sI[ ieh 1880-84 ivc bxI sI qy is`KW ny 1948 ivc FwhI sI[ (Agly s&y ‘qy vyKo: aus crc numw GMtw-Gr dI jUn 1923 dI AMimRqsr srovr dI kwr syvw dy vyly dI qsvIr)[
1997 qoN mgroN, bwdl dy rwj ivc vI is`K SihrW ivc hI nhIN gurduAwirAW dy mUhry, aunHW dy nwl-nwl, nyVy qy Awly-duAwly 100 qoN vD mMdr bxwey gey hn[ ihMdU gurduAwirAW dy nyVy iksy QW ’qy zmIn ivc iek p`Qr dI mUrqI d`b dyNdy hn qy iPr ies dy ‘pRwcIn’ mMdr hox dw frwmw SurU kr dyNdy hn[ ies qoN ielwvw pMjwb ivc QW-QW ’qy iksy ip`pl jW bohV hyT (hux qW bzwrW ivc ibjlI dy KMiBAW nwl bMnH ky vI) iek-A`D mUrqI jW lMmw p`Qr, jy ho sky qW iSvilMg vrgw, r`K ky, do-cwr mhIny iek-do Pu`l r`K ky ‘pUjw’’dw frwmw kr ky mgroN aus QW ’qy k`cI, in`kI ijhI vlgx bxw id`qI jWdI hY qy mgroN aus nUM ihMMdU-pUjw AsQwn kih ky mMdr bxwaux dIAW kwrvweIAW SurU ho jWdIAW hn[ gurUAW dy vswey hoey ngrW ivc 1947 qk iek vI mMdr nhIN sI pr hux iek`ly AMimRqsr ivc hI, glIAW dy moVW ’qyy, purwxy KUhW kMFy jW KoilAW vZYrw ivc p`Qr r`K ky KVHy kIqy hoey 500 dy krIb ‘nwjwiez-D`kw-mMdr’ bxw ley gey hn[ iehI hwl kIrqpur, krqwrpur, qrnqwrn, AnMdpur dw vI hY[ pMjwb dy bwkI SihrW ivc vI bsW dy A`ifAW ’qyy, glIAW dy moVW ’qy, purwxy KUhW kMFy jW KoilAW vZYrw ivc hzwrW Aijhy nwjwiez-D`kw-’mMdr’ bx cuky hn[ hux BeIAW dIAW Ju`gIAW ivc qy aunHW dy nyVy-qyVy dIAW srkwrI zmInW ivc vI ieM\ hI sYNkVy “nwjwiez-D`kw-mMdr” bxwey jw cuky hn qy hr roz nvyN bx rhy hn[
AMgryzI rwj ivc, srkwrI srprsqI hyT, bydI, soFI qy B`ly Awpxy Awp ƒ gurU AwKx lg pey sn[ ieM\ hI ienHW qy hor swD toilAW ny is`KW ƒ ihMdU idhwiVAW Aqy sMskwrW (sMgrWd, m`isAw, pUrnmwsI, pMcmI, SrwD, hvn, gu`gw-pUjw, ivSvkrmw-pUjw, jTyirAW dI pUjw, qulsI, kMjkW vZYrw) dy nwl-nwl ihMdU iqauhwrW (dIvwlI, holI, bsMq, rKVI) vl vI torn dIAW kwrvweIAW kIqIAW[ ienHW ny gurU hirgoibMd swihb dy dIvwlI vwly idn (gvwlIAr iklHy iv`coN irhweI mgroN) AMimRqsr pu`jx dy JUTw ieiqhws nUM prcwrnw SurU kr idqw[ isAwsI qwkq Kusx qy mwlI hwlq kmzor hox nwl Boly-Bwly qy bysmJ is`K ienHW sMkt-mocn SbdW, mMqr qy Xg-hvn ivc Psx lg pey[
22 dsMbr 1869 ƒ srkwr ny drbwr swihb qoN bicAw-KuicAw is`K ieMqzwm vI Koh ilAw[ bRwhmx qyj rwm (jo rwjw qyjw isMh AKvwauNdw sI qy ijs ny ZdwrI kr ky, &Oj mrvw ky, AMgryzW ƒ pMjwb sMBwl idqw sI) drbwr swihb dy ieMqzwm vwlI ies kmytI dw muKI bxw idqw igAw qy iesy kmytI ny drbwr swihb dw dsqUr-ie-Aml iqAwr kIqw sI[ ies dy nwl hI drbwr swihb, Akwl q^q swihb Aqy hor gurduAwirAW ivc ihMdU krm kWf Aqy ihMdU sskwr Aqy irvwieqW prcwry jwx lg pey[ hux gurduAwirAW dw pRbMD inrmilAW qy audwsIAW dy h`Q Aw igAw[ hOlI-hOlI ienHW ivcoN bhuqy A`XwS, kurpt Aqy ivBcwrI bxdy gey[ mMdrW dy pujwrIAW vWg gurduAwirAW dy pujwrI, gMRQI, BweI, srbrwh, mhMq sB gurduAwirAW dy cVHwvy ƒ A`XwSI Aqy injI ^ricAW vwsqy vrqx lg pey[ auh gurduAwirAW dIAW eImwrqW Aqy lMgr ’qy vI zrw mwsw hI pYsw KricAw krdy sn[ pr Drm pRcwr vwsqy qW iek pYsw vI ^rc nhIN sI huMdw[ gurduAwirAW ivc isr& krm-kWf qy pwKMf Aqy jW iPr pwp qy ADrm dw bolbwlw sI[
iehI hwl Aj klH ho cukw hY[ hux iPr gurduAwry mhMqW qy msMdW dy A`fy bx cuky hn[ hux bhuqy gurduAwirAW dy cODrI ienHW nUM AwpxIAW injI jwiedwdW qy dukwnW smJdy hn[ hux qW nvyN jwgIrdwr qy AmIr is`K AwpxI dOlq eImwrqW bxwaux, gurduAwirAW dIAW iemwrqW ‘qy sMgmrmmr qy sonw lwaux, rumwly cVHwaux, mu&q rotIAW (lMgr) KuAwaux vZYrw vwsqy ^rc krdy hn pr Drm prcwr vwsqy nhIN[
auN\ ies mwhOl ivc iek jmHW-p`KI Gtnw vI hoeI[ 1850 qoN mgroN AMgryzW ny pMjwb ivc keI skUl KolyH[ ienHW skUlW ivc pVHn vwly b`icAW ƒ dunIAW Br ivc ho rhI qr`kI, KojW qy igAwn dy nwl-nwl isAwsI jwg vI AweI[ aunHW ƒ Awpxy isAwsI qy Dwrimk h`k, ienklwb, AwzwdI, ^udmu^iqAwrI dI smJ vI Awaux lg peI[ ies nwl bhuq swry is`K srgrm ho gey qy auh soSl, Dwrimk Aqy isAwsI srgrmIAW ivc ih`sw lYx lg pey[ ies ny is`KW ivc iek nIm-ivdvwn klws pYdw kr idqI[ ienHW pRo&YsrW, ieMjnIArW, ausqwdW, vkIlW ivcoN kuJ Awlm-&wzl lok vI A`gy Awey[
Drm pRcwr dI kmI, isAwsI qwkq dI AxhoNd, gYr-DrmW dw pRcwr vZYrw ny is`KW ƒ is`KI qoN dUr zrUr kIqw[ kuJ b`cy eIsweI Drm vl vI iK`cy jwx lg pey[ pr sB qoN vD mwrU Asr ihMdU Drm dw sI[ ihMdUAW ny Boly-Bwly is`KW ivc ieh prcwr krn SurU kr idqw ik is`K ihMdU-smwj dw ih`sw hn qy ieh iek lwswnI Drm nhIN hY[ is`KW dy Dwrimk sskwrW (ivAwh, mOq) vZYrw ƒ bRwhmxW ny iPr hweIjYk kr ilAw[ keI is`K, bysmJI ivc, A`g/vydI duAwly lwvW lYx lg pey[ ieM\ hI mOq sbMDI keI rsmW vI is`KI dI bjwie ihMdU sskwrW vwlIAW hox lg peIAW (qy kuJ qW A`j vI ho rhIAW hn)[ AnpVH hox kwrn aunHW ƒ pqw hI nw l`gw ik kdoN bRwhmxW ny is`KI ƒ ingl ilAw[
inrμkwrI lihr
rxjIq isMG dy rwj ivc is`K smwj ivc bRwhmxI rsmW (krm kWf) dw byihswb dw^lw hoieAw[ AMgryzW dw rwj Awaux mgroN ies ivc hor vwDw hoieAw[ bRwhmxI Asr dy i^lw& pihlI j`dojihd poTohwr dy ‘bwbw’ idAwl (1783-1855) ny SurU kIqI sI[ aus ny 1851 ivc rwvlipMfI ivc inrMkwrI drbwr dI nINh r`KI[ aus ny is`KW dI izMdgI ivcoN bRwhmxI sskwr hI nhIN blik swry krm kWf k`Fx vwsqy vI koiSSW kIqIAW[ aus ny A`g duAwly Pyry, srwD, sUqk-pwqk, mhUrq vgYrw ƒ is`KI ivcoN jlwvqn kIqw[ (auN\ idlcsp g`l ieh hY ik idAwl ny ^ud KMfy dI pwhul vI nhIN sI leI hoeI)[
inrMkwrI lihr ikvyN SurU hoeI: inrμkwrI lihr dw mu`F (bwbw) idAwl ny bμinHAw sI[ ies mlhoqrw-KqrI pRvwr dw ipCokV kwbl dw sI pr mgroN auh ipSwvr Aw gey sn[ 1808 ivc idAwl rwvlipMfI igAw qy kirAwny dI dukwn SurU kr leI[ auh 1809 ivc Byrw igAw qW au~Qy dy iek KqrI crn dws kpUr ny AwpxI DI dw ivAwh aus nwl krn dI ^wihS zwihr kIqI[ ieh mhInw cyqr (mwrc) dw sI qy ihMdU ies mhIny ivc ivAwh nhIN krdy, ies kr ky pujwrIAW ny aus dw ivAwh krvwaux dIAW rsmW inBwaux qoN nWh kr idqI[ mjbUrI ivc ieh rsm gurU gRMQ swihb iv`coN lwvW dy cwr Sbd, AnMd swihb (Cy Sbd) pVH ky Aqy Ardws kr ky inBweI geI (AnMd swihb pUrw pVHn dI jgh ies dy pihly pMj qy Aw^rI Sbd pVHn dI rIq vI ie`QoN hI SurU hoeI sI)[ bs iesy qoN hI ies ‘inrμkwrI’ lihr dw mu`F b`J igAw[
idAwl vloN kIqy gey ies ivAwh dw crcw swry pwsy cl ipAw[ Awpxy ivAwh ivc pujwrIAW v`loN rukwvtW KVIAW krn dw aus dy mn ivc bVw gu`sw sI, ies kr ky hux auh bRwhmxW qy pujwrIAW dI BrpUr mu^wl&q krn lg ipAw[ hux aus ny rwvlipμfI ivc ies dw pRcwr vI SurU kr idqw[ aus ny isr& ivAwh hI nhIN blik hr iek rsm ivcoN bRwhmxI krm-kWf ^qm krn bwry prcwr krnw SurU kr idqw[ auh hr roz svyry bwrwdrI gurduAwry jw ky kIrqn krdw Aqy lokW ƒ krm kWf Aqy vihm-Brm ’coN inklx vwsqy pRcwr krdw[ hOlI-hOlI lok aus nwl juVn lg pey[
BwvyN kUikAW (nwmDwrIAW) vWg inrμkwrIAW ny XwrHvW, bwrHvW gurU vwlw pwKμf qW nhIN kIqw pr aunHW ny ieh zrUr prcwirAw ik (bwbw) idAwl inrμkwr dy drbwr ivc igAw ij`Qy gurU nwnk swihb qy bwkI nON gurU vI bYTy hoey sn[ aunHW ny aus (idAwl) ƒ gurbwxI Aqy guru gRμQ swihb dI is`iKAw dy ADwr qy lokW ivc Drm dw pRcwr krn vwsqy hukm idqw[ (inrμkwrI clx dw ic`Tw, s&w 91)[
hOlI-hOlI idAwl dy bhuq swry cyly bx gey[ 3 dsμbr 1851 dy idn aus ny zmIn ^rId ky iek Drmswlw (gurduAwrw) bxwauxI SurU kr idqI[ idAwl dI mOq (30 jnvrI 1855) qoN mgroN aus dw pu`qr drbwrw isMG ies Drmswlw (gurduAwry) dw ieMcwrj bixAw[ aus ny idAwl qoN vD pRcwr kIqw Aqy poTohwr dy bhuq swry ielwikAW ivc lok aus dy cyly bx gey[ inrμkwrIAW muqwibk 40 ipMfW ivc aunHW dy sYNtr bx cuky sn[ drbwrw isμG ny inrμkwrI lihr dy ‘hukmnwmy’ (pRcwr/ isiKAwvW) jwrI krny SurU kr idqy[ sB qoN pihlW Aijhw ic`Tw 1857 ivc CwipAw igAw sI[
gurU gRMQ swihb duAwly lWvW SurU krnw: hOlI-hOlI drbwrw isμG ny iek i&rky dy AwgU vWg ivcrnw SurU kr id`qw[ auh GoVy ’qy cVH ky jlUsW dI AgvweI kirAw krdw sI[ drbwrw isμG ny is`KW dy ivAwhW vwsqy iek hor nvIN rsm SurU kIqI[ aus ny cwr lwvW pVHw ky, gurU gRμQ swihb dy duAwly cwr c`kr (Pyry) k`Fvw ky, Ardws krn dw qrIkw SurU kIqw[ ienHW lWvW dy qrIky dw pihlw ivAwh 12 mwrc 1855 dy idn kIqw igAw[ iPr 11 ApRYl 1862 ƒ Aijhw iek ivAwh Akwl q^q swihb dy mUhry krn dw plwn vI bxw ilAw igAw pr pujwrIAW dI mu^wl&q kwrn ieh ivAwh mhμq idAwl isμG dy gurduAwry ivc kIqw igAw[ ies smyN keI mMny-prmMny is`K reIs/zmINdwr vI hwzr sn[
12 PrvrI 1870 dy idn drbwrw isμG dI mOq qoN mgroN swihb r`qw (jo monw sI) ies jQy dw mu`KI bixAw (Xwin drbwrw isMG Awpxy pu`qr swihb r`qw nUM vI is`KI srUp ivc nhIN sI ilAw sikAw)[
swihb r`qw ny vI inrμkwrI lihr dw bhuq pRcwr kIqw[ poTohwr dy ielwky bhuq swry lok ies jQy nwl juV cuky sn[ hux ieh jQw vI iek Awm fyry vWg bx cukw sI[ hux auh gurU swihbwn dy nwl-nwl idAwl Aqy drbwrw isμG dy mrn idn vI mnwauNdy sn[ aunHW dy hr cyly vwsqy ‘inrμkwrI clx dw ic`Tw’ ’qy Aml krnw zrUrI sI[ CyqI hI ieh iek qrHW dw i&rkw ijhw bx igAw[ ienHW ny qW hOlI-hOlI (bwbw) idAwl ƒ ‘siqgurU’ vI kihxw SurU kr idqw[ ienHW ny bwxI dI quk ‘siqguru hoie dieAwlu q srDw pUrIAY’ (gurU gRMQ swihb, s&w 149) ivcly l&z idAwl qoN (bwbw) idAwl ƒ ‘siqgurU’ kihx vwsqy vrqxw SurU kr idqw[ swihb r`qw dI mOq 3 jnvrI 1909 ƒ hoeI[ aus dI QW aus dw pu`qr gurid`q isμG inrμkwrI jQy dw mu`KI bixAw[ 26 ApRYl 1947 nUμ aus dI mOq mgroN hrw isμG mu`KI bixAw qy aus mgroN vfw pu`qr gurb^S isμG (ies dw Brw cMfIgVH dw fw: mwn isMG inrMkwrI hY, ijs dI AOlwd vI is`KI nUM C`f cukI hY)[ ienHW, ‘AslI’ AKvwaux vwly, inrMkwrIAW dy sYNtr cMfIgVH ivc idAwl jI qy r`qw jI dIAW qsvIrW lgIAW hoeIAW hn qy aunHW dy hyTW siqgurU bwbw idAwl jI Aqy siqgurU bwbw swihb r`qw jI iliKAw hoieAw hY[ pr ieh pqw nhIN l`gw ik kI ieh r`qw dy pu`qr drbwrw isMG, aus dy pu`qr guridq isMG, aus dy pu`qrW gurb^S isMG qy mwn isMG nUM vI siqgurU ilKdy hn ik nhIN[ (auN\ fw: mwn isMG bwry ieh zrUr ikhw jw skdw hY ik auh Awp is`KI nUM bhuq cMgI qrHW smJdy hn)[
inrμkwrI BwvyN dwAvw krdy hn ik aunHW ny kdy vI is`KI qoN v`Krw pRcwr nhIN kIqw qy auh isr& Drm dw pRcwr hI krdy sn pr nw qW idAwl qy nw hI swihb r`qw ny kdy pwhul leI[ hor qW hor ieh pUrI qrHW kysDwrI vI nhIN sn[ hW isμG sBw lihr dy SurU hox mgroN ienHW dy vwirs is`K sjy sn[ ies lihr dw mu`K ielwkw poTohwr rwvlipμfI sI qy bwhr ies dw koeI Asr nhIN sI[ gurU gRμQ swihb duAwly lWvW nwl ivAwh SurU krn qoN isvw ienHW dI koeI Aihm kwrvweI nhIN sI[ hW 1947 qoN mgroN ienHW dy do ih`sy ho gey[ ienHW dy iek ih`sy dy i^lw& 10 jUn 1978 nuμ pμQ vloN mukμml bweIkwt dw gurmqw/hukmnwmw hox nwl is`KW ivc ienHW dI hoNd ^qm ho geI[
nklI inrMkwrI: (1947 qoN mgroN id`lI ivc cilAw ‘inMrkwrI drbwr’ poTohwr vwlw nhIN blik Dwrimk lybl hyT, iek mw&IAw vrgI, jmwq hY ijs nUM ihMdU qy hor is`K-ivroDI eyjMsIAW dI is`DI hmwieq hwisl hY[ ieh g`l vI kwbly-izkr hY ik ieMdrw gWDI vI ies grup dy jlsy ivc nMgy pYrIN jwieAw krdI sI qW jo aus dI ‘SrDw’ nUM vyK ky lok ies jmwq dy nwl juVn qy is`K ivroDI qwkqW nUM vDyry qwkq imly[ srkwr Aqy ihMdU jQybMdIAW dI ^u&IAw srprsqI rwDw suAwmI, fyrw s`cw sOdw, AwSUqoSIAW-nUrmihlIAW vZYrw nUM vI hwisl sI/hY[ bhuqy pulIs qy AweI.ey.AYs. A&sr ienHW jQybMdIAW nwl juVy hoey hn)[
‘bwbw’ rwm isμG qy kUkw lihr
rwm isμG (1816-1885) kμvr nOinhwl isμG (pu`qr mhwrwjw rxjIq isμG) dI &Oj ivc iek Awm ispwhI sI[ auh dsμbr 1845 ivc mudkI dI lVweI ivc AμgryzW dy iKælw& liVAw sI[ pihlI AYNglo-is`K lVweI dy ^qm hox mgroN aus ƒ &Oj ’coN Kwrj kr idqw igAw sI[ nOkrI ^qm hox mgroN auh Awpxy Gr ipμf BYxI Aw igAw qy lohy qy kpVy dI h`tI pw leI[ kuJ swl h`tI krn mgroN aus ny iek in`kw ijhw Dwrimk tolw bxw ilAw[ drAsl nOkrI Cu`t jwx kr ky aus dy idl ivc AμgryzW vwsqy n&rq sI[ auh nOkrI dOrwn kdy iek Dwrimk pRcwrk bwbw bwlk isμG (1799-1862) ƒ iml cukw sI qy aunHW dI is&q kirAw krdw sI[ mgroN rwm isMG dy cyilAW ny aus nUM bwlk isMG dw vwrs vI dsxw SurU kr id`qw[ bwlk isμG ny kdy koeI gru`p jW fyrw nhIN bxwieAw sI qy ies kr ky Awpxw vwirs bxwaux dw svwl hI pYdw nhIN sI huμdw[ auN\ bwlk isMG ‘AiBAwsI’ dy qOr ’qy jwixAw jWdw sI nw ik ‘nwmDwrI’ vjoN[
jdoN rwm isμG ny Dwrimk tolw bxwieAw qW ies nwl sbμDq BYxI ipμf dy kuJ lok iek`Ty ho ky gurbwxI dw kIrqn kirAw krdy sn[ ienHW iek`TW ivc BwvyN rwm isμG kdy-kdy AμgryzW dy i^lw& vI boilAw krdw sI pr auh srkwr dy i^lw& lihr clwaux qoN frdw sI[ aus ny srkwr dy i^lw& gu`sy ƒ ‘Drm’ dy nW ’qy vrqx vwsqy is`K imSnrI lihr clweI[ aus ny lokW ivc zwq-pwq C`fx, ivDvw ivAwh dI ihmwieq, Srwb qy hor niSAW ƒ nw vrqx, smwDW ƒ nw mMnx vZYrw vwsqy prcwr kIqw[ (fwkUmYNts irgwrifμg rwm isμG AYNf kUkwz, nμbr 1, s&w 4)[
hOlI-hOlI cwr pμj sO lok rwm isμG dy nwl juV gey[ hux aus ny qvwrI^I gurduAwirAW dI Xwqrw vwsqy gru`p bxw ky iek c`kr lwieAw[ ies jQy ƒ vyK ky rsqy dy ipμfW dy kuJ lok vI aus nwl juV gey[ pr ienHW dI kul igxqI kdy vI iek hzwr qoN vD nw ho skI[ ies dOr ivc Aμgryz srkwr aus ’qy pUrI qrHW ingwh r`K rhI sI[ rwm isμG lokW ƒ Awpxy nwl joVn vwsqy kdy-kdy is`KW dy rwj dy muV Awaux dIAW g`lW vI krn lg ipAw sI[ pihlI jUn 1863 dy idn ipμf Koty (izlHw &Irozpur) ivc iek in`ky ijhy iek`T ivc aus ny ikhw ‘‘jdoN svw lK Kwlsw iqAwr ho jwvygw qW pμjwb ƒ AμgryzW qoN Awzwd krvw ilAw jwvygw[’’ aus dy ienHW bolW dI ^br srkwr ƒ iml geI qy srkwr ny aus dI ingrwnI krnI SurU
kr idqI[ Ajy ies j`Qy dw koeI nW nhIN sI[ ikauNik auh kIrqn krn smyN au~cI-au~cI ‘kUkW’ mwrdy sn, iesy kr ky lokW aunHW ƒ ‘kUky’ ikhw krdy sn[ keI dhwikAW mgroN iek swizS hyT auh Awpxy Awp ƒ ‘nwmDwrI’ kihx lg pey[
kUikAW ny smwDW FwhIAW
is`K imSnrI lihr dy ih`sy vjoN rwm isμG ny Awpxy cyilAW ƒ smwDW bxwaux dy iKælwPæ BVkwieAw[ aus ny smwD bxwauxw is`KI dy mUloN ault d`isAw[ aunHW ny buq pRsqI dy i^lw& prcwr kIqw[ aus dy Aijhy bolW dw Asr kuJ q`qy nOjvwnW ’qy hoieAw Aqy aunHW ny pμjwb dy kuJ ih`isAW ivc smwDW FwhuxIAW SurU kr idqIAW[ smwDW Fwhux dI sB qoN pihlw AYkSn 7 julweI 1866 dy idn luiDAwxw ivc hoieAw[ pihlI sqμbr 1866 dy idn kUikAW ny &Irozpur ivc kuJ smwDW Fwh id`qIAW[ ieh kwrvweI 20 AkqUbr 1866 dy idn &Irozpur ’c iPr dohrweI geI[ 12 dsμbr 1866 ƒ luiDAwxy ivc qy 5 jnvrI 1867 ƒ isAwlkot ivc vI kuJ smwDW FwhIAW geIAW sn[ huiSAwrpur ivc kuJ kUikAW ny ihμdUAW dyvI dyviqAW dy bu`q vI Bμn id`qy[ ienHW ivc iek gW dw buq vI sI[ kUikAW dy ies AYkSn ny ihμdUAW ivc gu`sw Br idqw qy auh ies kUkw-toly nUM ihμdU-ivroDI tolw kihx lg pey[
pr ieh CyqI hI ibRitS srkwr dIAW nzrW ivc Aw gey qy aunHW ny ienHW dIAW hrkqW qy kwnUMn qoVy jwx dIAW kwrvweIAW ’qy ingwh r`KxI SurU kr id`qI[ AμgryzW ny 1863 dy A^Ir ivc rwm isμG ’qy ingrwnI vDw id`qI sI qy aus ƒ ipμf ivc iek qrHW nwl nzrbμd kr idqw hoieAw sI[ aus ƒ ikqy vI jwx qoN pihlW pulIs dI AgwaUN iejwzq lYxI pYNdI sI[ ies mgroN auh bhuqw smW BYxI ipMf ivc hI irhw pr 1867 dI mwrc ivc aus ny srkwr qoN Anμdpur swihb jwx vwsqy mnzUrI lY leI[ ies vyly Anμdpur swihb dy gurduAwirAW ’qy AkwlIAW (inhμgW) dw kbzw sI[ auh au~Qy pμQk irvwieqW hI inBwauNdy sn[ auh Awpxy Awp ƒ Awzwd kOm kihμdy sn qy AμgryzI hkUmq dI zrw-mwsw vI prvwh nhIN krdy sn[ AμgryzW v`loN rwm isμG ƒ Anμdpur swihb jwx dI iejwzq dyx ip`Cy iek kwrn ieh vI sI ik auh AkwlIAW vwsqy msly KVHy krny cwhuμdy sn[ Anμdpur dy rsqy ivc rwm isμG dI do Agryz A&srW, mYk AYNfiraU Aqy prikns, nwl mulwkwq krvweI geI[ ies mOky ’qy &zl husYn nW dw iek pulIs ieμspYktr vI hwizr sI[ ies mIitμg mgroN AμgryzW ny rwm isμG dI nzrbμdI vI ^qm kr idqI[ ies dy nwl hI srkwr ny Awpxy kuJ sUhIey aus dy cyly bxw ky aus dy nwl joV idqy[ auN\ ies mgroN rwm isμG nwl nvyN lok Swiml nhIN hoey qy aus dy cyilAW dI igxqI isr& kuJ sYNkVy qk hI mihdUd rih geI[
PrvrI 1869 ivc kUky rupwxw (nyVy mukqsr) ivc iek iek`T kr rhy sn[ ies iek`T ivc puils dw ifptI suprfYNt dIvwn b^S vI hwizr sI[ jd aus ny iek bulwry dI bolI ’qy ieqrwz kIqw qW kuJ kUikAW ny aus dI qlvwr Koh leI Aqy aus dI ku`t-mwr vI kIqI[ jd ies dI ^br &Irozpur dy AYs.pI. ƒ pu`jI qW aus ny pulIs &ors Byj idqI[ pihlW qW kUikAW ny pulIs dw ivroD kIqw pr A^Ir hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ pulIs ny 44 kUikAW ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw[ ies mgroN &Irozpur pulIs ny kUikAW dIAW kwrvweIAW bμd krvw idqIAW[ 1870 ivc Aijhw iek hukm kSmIr srkwr ny vI jwrI kIqw[
kUikAW ny bu`cV mwry
AprYl 1870 ivc kuJ kUky bRwhmxW dy Asr hyTW Awauxy SurU gey[ kUikAW ivc Swiml hoey vYSno (ihμdU) DVy ny CyqI hI pRcwr vI SurU kr idqw[ smwDW Fwhux nwl nwrwz hoey ihμdUAW ny kUikAW dw rwh bdlx vwsqy aunHW nUM vYSnUM Drm nwl joVn vwsqy iek nvW pYNqVw SurU kIqw[ aunHW ny ienHW ƒ AYNtI-muslm lihr v`l tor id`qw[ kuJ icr pihlW hI AμgryzW ny AμimRqsr ivc iek bu`cVKwnw KoilAw sI, ij`Qy gaUAW vI mwrIAW jWdIAW sn[ is`K Drm ivc gaU piv`qr jwnvr nhIN hY, ies kr ky ies ƒ mwrn jW nw mwrn dw is`K Drm nwl koeI sbMD nhIN[ pr cwlwk bRwhmxW ny kUikAW ƒ ies gaU-riKAk AYNtI-is`K kwrvweI vl tor ilAw[ bRwhmxW ny kUikAW ƒ Puslw ky ies bu`cV Kwny dI ivroDqw SurU krvw idqI[ ies BVkwht hyTW kuJ kUikAW ny 14 jUn 1870 dy idn AμimRqsr dy bu`cVKwny ’qy hmlw kr ky kuJ bu`cV mwr id`qy[ auh ieh AYkSn kr ky cupcwp inkl gey qy srkwr ƒ ienHW kwqlW dI Snw^q vI nw ho skI[
ies mgroN 16 julweI 1871 dy idn kUikAW ny rweykot ivc iek bu`cVKwny ’qy hmlw kIqw Aqy kuJ bu`cV kql kr idqy[ ienHW kUikAW ivcoN mμgl isμG, msqwn isμG, srmuK isμG, gulwb isμG qy keI hor PVy gey[ gulwb isμG srkwrI gvwh bx igAw[ aus ny AμimRqsr dy bu`cVW dy kqlW dy nW vI ds idqy[ ienHW swirAW ’qy mukdmw clwieAw igAw Aqy bu`cVW dy kwql kUikAW ƒ PWsI dy idqI geI[ ies mgroN kUikAW dIAW kwrvweIAW iek vwr Pyr ruk geIAW[
jnvrI 1872 ivc rwm isμG ny kUikAW ƒ BYxI s`d ky mwGI dw idn mnwaux vwsqy iek`T kIqw[ ies pMj-s`q sO kUikAW dy iek`T ivc koeI isAwsI g`l nhIN hoeI qy nw hI gurbwxI kIrqn qoN isvw kuJ hor hoieAw[ swrw smwgm lμgr vrqwaux qk Aml-Amwn nwl cldw irhw qy Swm qoN pihlW lok GrW ƒ muVn lg pey[ muVdy toilAW ivcoN iek toly ny mlyrkotly dy bu`cVW ƒ mwrn dI plwn bxweI[ rsqy ivc auh mlOd ruky qy au~QoN hiQAwr corI kIqy[ ies mgroN aunHW ny 15 jnvrI ƒ mlyrkotlw dy ^zwny ’qy hmlw kIqw[ ies mOky ’qy au~Qy qweInwq Amly ny aunHW dw twkrw kIqw[ ies lVweI ivc pulIs qy kUikAW dohW dy kw&I bμdy mwry gey[
rwm isMG Awp ieho ijhIAW dihSqgrdI dIAW kwrvweIAW dy i^lw& sI[ aus ny qW AMgryzI pulIs nUM vI ies dI ieqlwh id`qI sI qy ikhw sI ik ieho ijhy cyly aus dy AwKy ivc nhIN hn[ rwm isMG gW dI pUjw jW smwDW Fwhux dw ihmwieqI vI nhIN sI[
bu`cVW dy kwql kUikAW nMU szwvW
mlyrkotlw dy hmly mgroN srkwr ny kUikAW dIAW igR&qwrIAW SurU kr idqIAW[ srkwr ny kUikAW nwl s^qI nwl inptx dw &Yslw kIqw[ ies &Ysly hyT 49 kUikAW ƒ mlyrkotlw ivc qopW A`gy KVHy kr ky aufw idqw igAw[ Agly idn 16 hor kUikAW ƒ vI iehI szw idqI geI[
rwm isMG dI igR&qwrI
kUikAW dIAW ienHW kwrvweIAW nwl bwbw rwm isMG dw koeI sbMD nhIN sI pr ikauNik ieh hrkqW krn vwly aus dy cyly sn ies kr ky A`gy hor AYkSn rokx vwsqy AMgryzW ny rwm isμG ƒ vI 17 jnvrI 1872 dy idn BYxI qoN igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ aus ƒ 1818 dy AYkt iqMn hyT igR&qwr kIqw igAw Aqy Alwhwbwd Byj idqw igAw qy mgroN rμgUn Byj idqw igAw, ij`Qy auh 29 nvμbr 1885 dy idn mr igAw[
rwm isμG dI lihr audoN ‘kUkw’ lihr kr ky jwxI jWdI sI[ bwbw rwm isμG bwbw bwlk isμG dw SrDwlU zrUr sI, pr ieh koeI g`dI nhIN sI[ dUjw, bwlk isμG dw imSn, jo ‘AiBAwsI’ vjoN jwixAw jWdw sI, pUrI qrHW BgqI dI lihr sI[ (aus nUM XwrHvW gurU kihxw aus nwl vI zulm hY[ auN\ kmwl hY ik is`K mhwrwjy vI Awpxy XwrHvyN gurU nw pCwx nw sky!)[ rwm isμG bwlk isMG dw pRsMsk zrUr sI pr cylw nhIN sI[ auN\ auh jigAwsI jW Bgq vI nhIN sI blik isr& iek &OjI sI ijs dw suBwA Dwrimk sI[ nOkrI qoN k`Fy jwx kr ky auh AμgRyzW dy i^lw& sI[ (ivcwrw ieh bwrHvW ‘gurU’ vI iek is`K rwjy dI &Oj ivc nOkr sI[ rwjy Awpxy bwrHvyN gurU nUM pCwx nw sky[ vrnw Swied auh aus nUM &Oj dw muKI hI bxw dyNdy[ AMgRyzW ny is`KW dy ‘bwrHvyN gurU’ nUM nOkrI qoN k`F id`qw)[ jd aus kol do-iqμn sO cyly Aw gey qW aus ny ‘AwgU’ hox dw Aihsws krnw SurU kr idqw[ ies dy bwvjUd auh koeI ienklwbI nhIN sI[ auh iek injI ros dw BirAw pr Dwrimk qy suDwrk srgrm S^S sI[ aus dy huμidAW kUikAW dI igxqI iek hzwr vI nhIN sI[ aus dy igR&qwr hox mgroN ies j`Qy dw mwmUlI ijμnw vjUd vI nw irhw[ aus dI igR&qwrI dy i^lw& zrw-mwsw vI Awvwz nw au~TI qy nw hI aus mgroN kUikAW dI koeI kwrvweI hoeI[ rwm isμG dw Asr isr& BYxI qy luiDAwxw dy kuJ ielwky, mlyrkotlw irAwsq dy iek-do ipμfW Aqy &Irozpur dy luiDAwxw izlHy dI srhd nwl lgdy do kuJ ipμfW qk hI mihdUd sI[ 1872 ivc rwm isμG dI igR&qwrI qy jlwvqnI mgroN au~Qy pulIs dI iek cONkI ibTw idqI geI, jo CyqI hI iek rsmI cONkI bx ky rih geI ikauNik hux lok kUikAW dy toly nUM C`f gey sn qy koeI kUkw au~Qy nhIN sI AwauNdw[
kUky nwmDwrI ikvyN bxy
rwm isμG dI mOq (1885) qoN kw&I icr mgroN qk vI ies j`Qy dw nW ‘nwmDwrI’ nhIN sI[ ieh koeI lihr nhIN sI[ 1920 ivc jdoN AkwlI lihr SurU hoeI Aqy gurduAwrw suDwr vwsqy srgrm kwrvweIAW SurU hoeIAW Aqy hr pwisEN is`K ies lihr ivc ih`sw pwaux vwsqy Awey[ Aμgryz hwkm gurduAwirAW au~qy kwbz mhμqW dy nwl sn[
pihlW-pihlW ‘snwqnI is`K’ dy lybl hyT gurU swihbwn dy vwirs (bydI, qryhn, B`ly qy soFI) mhμqW dI mdd vwsqy in`qry pr pμQk roh hyT auh cup kr ky bYT gey[ mhMqW ny inhμgW ƒ vI AkwlI lihr dy i^lw& vrqx dI koiSS kIqI, pr bwbw ikhr isμG p`tI inhμg AkwlI dl dy nwl irhw, ies kr ky inhμgW ƒ vI mhMq jW Aμgryz vrq nw sky[ ies mgroN aunHW ny rwm isμG dy Brw ƒ BYxI ivc phuμc kIqI[ rwm isμG dy BqIjy pRqwp isμG (pu`qr hrI isμG) ƒ pihlW qW ‘nwmDwrI’ kih ky rwm isμG dw vwirs bxw ky pyS kIqw igAw pr mgroN ies ƒ ‘i&rkw’ qy iPr ‘qyrHvW gurU’ bxw ky is`K Drm dy i^lw& lihr vjoN KVHw krn dI koiSS kIqI[ jdoN Aμgryz ienHW ƒ AwpxI mrzI nwl vrqx ivc kwmXwb ho gey qW aunHW ny 1922 ivc BYxI ipμf ivcoN pulIs cONkI vI htw leI[ hux rwm isμG dw BqIjw pRqwp isμG AμgryzW, qy ^ws kr ky eIsweI imSnrIAW, dIAW hdwieqW nwl clx lg ipAw[
ies toly ny rwm isμG ƒ bwrHvW gurU (bwlk isμG ƒ XHwrvW gurU kih ky) bxwaux dI swizS ’qy Aml SurU kr idqw[ pRqwp isμG ny Awpxy Awp ƒ qyrHvW gurU kihxw SurU kr idqw[ ieh SryAwm gurU gRμQ swihb ƒ r`d krnw sI[
pihlW-pihl qW AkwlI AwgU ienHW bwry cup rhy pr 1941 ivc jdoN ienHW ny gurU gRμQ swihb dy vrky (pqry) Alg-Alg kr ky iek-iek pqry dw pwT krn dw ku&r krn dw AYlwn kIqw qW is`K AwgUAW ny ‘kUkw ku&r qoV’ kwn&rμsW kr ky ienHW dy i^lw& kdm cuky (vyKo: ivswKw isMG dI ikqwb mwlvw ieiqhws)[ pr ieh AkwlI AwgUAW dI byvkUPæI sI ik is`K Drm dy SryAwm ault hox dy bwvjUd ienHW ƒ ‘Awl pwrtIz is`K kwn&rμs’ ivc is`KW dy ih`sy vjoN bulwauNdy rhy[ ieh kwrvweI 1946-47 qk vI kIqI jWdI rhI sI[
kUikAW v`loN mhMqW dI mdd
nw qW rwm isμG ^ud ƒ gurU mμndw sI qy nw hI aus dI koeI kwrvweI AijhI sI ijs qoN zwhr hovy ik auh gurU gRμQ swihb ƒ gurU nhIN sI mμndw[ ieh qW 1920 ivc AμgryzW ny mhμqW rwhIN rwm isMG dy Brw nUM nwmDwrIAW drjw dy ky gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dy i^lw& vrqx vyly rwm isμG dy BqIjy qoN gurU-fμm dw pRcwr SurU krvwieAw sI[ AkwlI lihr SurU hMuidAW hI 1920 ivc ienHW ny h&qwvwr A^bwr ‘sqjug’ qy iPr 1922 ivc rozwnw ‘kUkw’ A^bwr SurU kIqw (nwmDwrI nW Ajy vI nhIN vriqAw)[ ieh mhMq nrYxU dIAW mIitMgW ivc Swiml ho ky aus vwsqy jwx vwrn dIAW ksmW KWdy rhy (vyKo: iesy ikqwb ivc nwnkwxw sihb dy swky vwlw ih`sw)[ ienHW A^bwrW ivc pihlW qW gurudAwrw suDwr lihr dI mu^wl&q SurU kIqI geI qy iPr rwm isμG dy BqIjy pRqwp ƒ gurU bxw ky pyS kIqw igAw[ ieh qW drbwr swihb Aw ky XwrHvyN-bwrHvyN gurU dI Ardws krn dI koiSS vI krdy rhy (vyKo: iesy ikqwb ivc audoN dI A^bwr dI &oto)[
nwmDwrI gurU swihbwn Aqy KMfy dI pwhul (AMimRq) dI byAdbI vI krdy rhy[(vyKo: iesy ikqwb ivc audoN dI A^bwr dI &oto)[ AμgryzW ny nwmDwrIAW v`loN mhMqW dI mdd Aqy is`KI dy i^lw& gurUfMm KVHw krn dy eInwm vjoN BYxI ’coN pulIs cOkI htw leI qy swrIAW bμidSW htw leIAW (vyKo: iesy ikqwb ivc audoN dIAW A^bwrW dI &oto, s&w 41-44)[)[
srkwr ny hux ies DVy ƒ iek sμprdw Aqy iPr is`KW dy gurU vjoN pyS krnw SurU kr idqw Aqy pUrw mwx, mdd qy srprsqI dyxI SurU kr id`qI[ ienHW ny srkwr nwl gMF-qup kr ky SRomxI kmytI bxn qoN rokx vwsqy, is`KW nwl tkwrE pYdw krn dIAW kwrvweIAW 1925 qk Sry-Awm kIqIAW[(vyKo: audoN dIAW A^bwrW dI &oto, s&w 41-44)[
kI kUky (A`j dy nwmDwrI) is`K hn?
1947 qoN mgroN kUky kWgrs dy v&wdwr bx gey qy A`j qk kUky kWgrs dy ihmwieqI rhy hn qy rihxgy[ kUky iksy vI nukqy qoN is`K nhIN mμny jw skdy[ auh gurU gRμQ swihb ƒ gurU nhIN mμndy; auh A`g duAwly Pyry lYNdy hn; auh gW dI pUjw krdy hn; auh dyhDwrI gurUfμm dw pwKμf krdy hn[ kUky is`KW vwsqy ‘kwi&r’ hn qy ienHW dw drjw mIixAW, rwmrweIAW Aqy DIrm`lIAW (jW inrMkwrIAW, AwSUqoSIAW/nUrmihlIAW, srsw fyry vwlw) vrgw hY[ auh gurU gRμQ swihb dy ‘ivroDI’ hn[ kUky ihμdUAW dw iek i&rkw qW ho skdy hn pr auh is`K nhIN hn[
rwm isμG ny Awpxy Awp ƒ kdy ‘nwmDwrI’ vI nhIN sI ikhw[ auh qW Kud ƒ ‘gurU’ qW kI iek sμq, igAwnI, bRhmigAwnI, jQydwr, bwbw vI nhIN sI AKvwaNudw[ auh qW gurU gRμQ swihb ƒ hI gurU mμndw sI qy ies ’qy Aml krn vwsqy nsIhqW dyNdw sI[ ieh sB kuJ aus dy ^qW ivc SryAwm iliKAw imldw hY[ AKOqI nwmDwrIAW ƒ is`KW ny kdy kbUl nhIN kIqw[ iesy kr ky Aj vI (2015 ivc) aunHW dI igxqI swrI dunIAW ivc fyF-do l`K qoN vD nhIN[ ienHW ivcoN 10 hzwr QweIlYNf Aqy hor dySW ivc hn[ koeI vI s`cw is`K ies toly ivc Swiml hox vwsqy iqAwr nhIN ikauNik ieh ku&r dw pRcwr krdy hn qy ieh is`K nhIN hn[ pMjwb ivc ienHW dIAW isr& pMjwh hzwr dy krIb votW hn[ ieh kWgrs pwrtI dy v&wdwr hn Aqy 90% aus ƒ hI votW pwauNdy hn qy aunHW qoN hI mwx-snmwn lYˆdy hn[
auN\ ienHW ny pRkwS isμG bwdl ƒ vI byvkU& bxw ky, votW dw JUTw lwlc dy ky, aus dy 1997-2002 dy Aihd ivc, aus qoN gurU nwnk XUnIvristI ivc rwm isμG dy nW ’qy iek cyAr kwiem krvw leI[ pr is`KW dy pRotYst mgroN ies dw nW bdl ky ‘nwmDwrI siqgurU cyAr’ kr id`qw[
nwmDwrIAW ny 2007-08 vI ivc bwdl qoN, rwm isMG dI kUkw ‘lihr’ dw sOvW swl mnwaux dy nW ’qy, keI hor pRwjYktW vwsqy vI kroVW rupY Krc krvwey[ iPr iesy ‘AkwlI’ AKvwauNdy cI& minstr bwdl ny rwm isMG dI &oto Aqy aus dy Brw dy ^wndwn nUM ‘siqgurU’ AwK ky m`Qy vI tyky[ (ies dy bwvjUd bwdl nUM kdyy vI pMj hzwr qoN vD vot nwmDwrI vot, auh vI suirMdr isMG nwmDwrI DVy dI, swry pMjwb ivc nhIN pY skygI[ pr jo kImq bwdl qwrdw hY auh bhuq-bhuq vD hY)[
nwmDwrI is`K pμQ qy &ls&y dy sB qoN v`fy duSmxW ivcoN iek hn[ BwvyN ieh srkwrI &Mf hwisl kr lYˆdy hn pr is`KW ƒ byvkU& bxw ky Awpxy ivc Swiml krn vwsqy kwmXwb nhIN ho sky qy nw hoxgy[
mgroN srkwrI qy kUkw lyKkW ny nwmDwrIAW Aqy ^ws kr ky rwm isμG ƒ ‘svdySI’ lihr dw moFI bxw ky pyS krn vwsqy JUT ilKxw SurU kr idqw[ aunHW iliKAw ik rwm isμG ny lokW ƒ ApIl kIqI ik auh srkwrI nOkrIAW nw krn, srkwrI skUlW-kwljW ’c pVHweI nw krn, srkwrI AdwlqW dw bweIkwt krn Aqy vlYqI kpVy nw vrqx[ qvwrI^ nwl eyfI izAwdqI ƒ kWgrs pwrtI ny vI kbUl kr ilAw[hwlWik ies qoN ieh nqIjw vI inkldw sI ik gWDI ny nwimlvrqx lihr dw qrIkw rwm isμG qoN isiKAw sI[ auN\ ieh korw JUT hY ikauNik rwm isμG dy huμidAW nw qW lokW ƒ srkwrI nOkrIAW idqIAW jw rhIAW sn, nw hI Ajy srkwrI skUl KulHy sn (dsμbr 1862 ivc audoN dy pμjwb, ijs ivc isMD, bloicsqwn, jμmU kSmIr vI Swiml sn, kul 8 jixAW ny dsvIN jmwq pws kIqI sI), Ajy &OjdwrI jW isvl kwƒn jW AdwlqW vI nhIN sn bxIAW ies kr ky srkwrI AdwlqW dy bweIkwt dw svwl hI nhIN sI[ Ajy dyS ivc vlYqI kpVy dw nW-inSwn vI nhIN sI ies kr ky ivdySI kpiVAW dI ivroDqw dw mqlb hI nhIN sI[ (fwktr gμfw isμG dw lyK ‘kUkw lihr’, ikqwb pμjwb: BweI joD isμG AiBnμdn gRμQ, s&w 115 qoN 122)[ nwmDwrIAW dI AKOqI ‘svdySI lihr’ dw crcw 1922 qk hrigz nhIN sI[ nwmDwrI kwlw isμG dIAW ikqwbW ‘ShId iblws (1913)’ Aqy ‘pμQ pRkwS (1914)’ ivc AijhI iksy g`l dw izkr nhIN imldw[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik nwmDwrIAW ƒ vfyry qy aucyry swibq krn vwsqy ieh pRwpygμfw kWgrs ny SurU kIqw hovy[ aunHW dw inSwnw gurU gRμQ swihb dy mukwbly ivc dyhDwrI gurUfμm KVw krn vwsqy rwm isμG dI S^sIAq auBwrnw vI ho skdw hY[ XwnI kWgrsI iek qIr nwl do iSkwr krnw cwhuμdy sn[ pr ieh swrIAW JUTIAW khwxIAW qvwrI^ dw ryp krnw hY[
rweykot ivc &WsIAW mgroN ikQy Zwieb ho gey? iksy morcy ivc jdojihd ivc nhI idsy; auh isr& mhMqW d mdd vyly prgt hoey, qy ieh sB AMgryz srkwr dI Kyf hI sI[
rwm isμG ny kdy ^ud ƒ ‘gurU’ nhIN sI mμinAw[ auh qW SryAwm gurU gRμQ swihb ƒ gurU AwK ky isr JukwauNdw sI[ aus dIAW ilKIAW ic`TIAW ivcoN ieh l&z kwbly-gOr hn: ‘‘mYN qW gurU nhIN rptIey dI mw&k hW[ 10[’’ (cyq vdI 2, swl 1937, ibkrmI, Xwin 1880 dI ic`TI) ‘‘gurUAW gurU gRμQ swihb gurU hY, so sbd gurU[ 18[’’ ‘‘mYN qW nw gurU bxn dI loV hY, nw mYN gurU hW, mYˆ qW hukmI bμdw hW[ 23[[’’ ‘‘hor BweI dsW pwqSwhIAW qoN ipCY gurU qW mhwrwj jI gurU gRμQ swihb ƒ iesQwpn kr gey sn, jo sdw hI iesiQq hY, hor gurU koeI nhIN[[ 55[[’’ (fw. gμfw isμG, kUikAW dI iviQAw)[
1947 qoN bwAd i&rkU ihMdU hwkmW ny vI ienHW ƒ is`K-ivroDI muhry vjoN vriqAw[ BwvyN ieh p`gW bMnHIAW hox kr ky is`K hox dw DoKw KVHw krdy rhy pr is`K pMQ ny ienHW ƒ r`d kr idqw[
is`KI dy inAwrwpx ƒ bcwaux dI j`dojihd
(isMG sBw lihr)
rwvlipMfI dy inrMkwrI drbwr dy muKI BweI drbwrw isMG dI mOq (1870) Aqy BweI rwm isMG kUkw dI igR&qwrI (1872) vyly qk pMjwb dw isAwsI mwhOl grm ho cukw sI[ is`KW ivc iek srgrm qbkw iqAwr ho igAw sI[ lokW ivc Dwrimk pCwx dw Aihsws, isAwsI h`kW dI sUJ qy ividAk qr`kI dw Asr hoxw SurU ho igAw sI[ BwvyN ieh dovyN lihrW (inrMkwrI qy kUky) poTohwr Aqy ijlHw luiDAwxw qy mlyrkotlw irAwsq qk hI mihdUd (sImq) rhIAW sn[ pr ienHW dohW lihrW ny pMjwb dy lokW ivc iek srgrmI dI SurUAwq kr id`qI sI ijhVI hOlI-hOlI &YlxI SurU ho geI[ ies dOr ivc hI, 1866 ivc, rwxI ijMdW dy iek swbkw vzIr, dIvwn/muxSI bUtw isMG ny iek pRYs lweI Aqy 1872 ivc iek h&qwvwr auyrdU A^bwr Aw&qwb-ie-pMjwb vI SurU kr ilAw[ ieh prcw hOlI-hOlI pVHy ilKy qy srgrm is`KW ivc jwixAw jwx lg ipAw[
30 julweI 1873 dy idn iek frwmweI Gtnw GtI ijs ny is`K jgq nUM ihlw ky r`K id`qw[ AMimRqsr imSn skUl ivc pVH rhy cwr is`K b`icAW (Aqr isMG, swDU isMG, sMqoK isMG Aqy AwieAw isMG) ny AYlwn kIqw ik auh eIsweI Drm ivc Swiml hoxw cwhuMdy hn[ ies qoN pihlW vI BwvyN do rwj GrwixAW dy b`cy (dlIp isMG qy hrnwm isMG kpUrQlw) eIsweI bx cuky sn pr hor AKOqI-au~cy ^wndwnW iv`coN hor koeI vI eIsweI nhIN sI bixAw[ auN\ Awm is`KW iv`coN hor keI jxy eIsweI zrUr bx cuky sn pr ieho-ijhy lok, AnpVH, AKOqI-pCVIAW jmwqW ivcoN jW ies qrHW dy kuJ hor S^s sn[ pVHy ilKy cMgy guris`K GrW ivcoN iek vI bMdw Ajy qk eIsweI nhIN sI bixAw[ ^Yr cwr is`K b`icAW dy eIsweI bxn dy ies AYlwn nwl kuJ srgrm is`K (Ajy is`KW ivc sWJw AwgU koeI nhIN sI) Awps ivc imly Aqy ienHW b`icAW ƒ smJw-buJw ky ies hrkq qoN rok ilAw[
ienHW idnW ivc hI ‘gurU dw bwg’ AMimRqsr (drbwr swihb dI hdUd) ivc AMgryzW dy iek eyjMt, i&lOr dy iek bRwhmx (SrDw rwm i&lOrI), ny ‘kQw’ krnI SurU kr idqI[ aus ny hor aUl-jlUl qoN ielwvw is`K Drm dI Swn ivc vI gusqw^I kIqI[ aus dI ies bkvws ƒ is`K cupcwp sux ky nzr-AMdwz krdy rhy Aqy nwmrdW vWg cup kr ky bYTy rhy[ ies ’qy auh bRwhmx hor vI vDyry zor nwl is`KI dy iKlw& hmly krn lg ipAw[ drAsl ies bRwhmx ƒ AMgryz srkwr dI srprsqI hwisl sI[ jd auh nw hitAw qW kuJ is`K nOjvwnW ny iml ky ies bRwhmx dI gurU-inMdw dw jvwb dyxw SurU kr idqw[ jd aunHW ny ies bRwhmx ƒ vMgwrnw SurU kr idqw qW auh frdw au~QoN clw igAw[
kuJ nOjvwnW dy ies kdm dIAW ^brW hor is`K srgrm qy isrkrdw S^sIAqW ƒ vI pu`jIAW[ ienHW ivc Twkr isMG sMDwvwlIAw, igAwnI igAwn isMG (ieh qvwrI^ dIAW ikqwbw dw lyKk nhIN gRMQI sI), igAwnI srdUl isMG vgYrw vI sn[ hornW nwl vI ienHW ny rwbqw bxwieAw Aqy A^Ir pihlI AkqUbr 1873 dy idn Twkr isMG sMDwvwlIAw ny isrkrdw is`KW dw iek iek`T AMimRqsr ivc bulw ilAw[ ies ivc kuJ igAwnI, pujwrI, gMRQI, audwsI, inrmly Awidk Swiml hoey[ ienHW ivcoN bhuqy aus bRwhmx dy gurU-inMdw dy prcwr dy ivroD ivc iek`Ty hoey sn Aqy keI qW is`K Drm bwry pUrI qrHW sucyq vI nhIN sn[ ienHW swirAW ny iml ky “gurU isMG sBw” bxwaux dw mqw pws kIqw[ iPr vI ihMdU Asr hyTW Aqy inrmilAW qy audwsIAW dy zor dyx ’qy ies A`gy ihMdU dyvI “sRI” dw nW vI pw ky “sRI gurU isMG sBw” bxw ilAw[ ies dy pRDwn Twkr isMG sMDwvwlIAw (1832-1887), sk`qr igAwnI igAwn isMG (1824-1884), mIq syvk (mIq sk`qr) Amr isMG qy ^zwncI Drm isMG (mjITw buMgw) bxwey gey[ ies sBw dw inSwnw “is`K Drm Aqy smwj ivc Aw peIAW kurIqIAW dUr kr ky is`K Drm dI AslI mirAwdw kwiem krnw” sI[
gurmuKI A^bwr SurU krnw
isMG sBw lihr dy Asr hyTW sB qoN pihlW iek Kwlsw skUl KoilHAw igAw[ mgroN 1879 ivc ‘gurmuKI A^bwr’ vI SurU kIqw igAw[ ies dy AYfItr pRo: gurmuK isMG (ErIAYNtl kwlj lwhOr dy pRo&Ysr) sn[ ies lihr sdkw is`K ivdvwn qy pRcwrk iek`Ty ho ky Dwrimk Aqy qÍwrIKI nukiqAW ’qy ivcwr-vtWdrw krn lg pey[ mMjI swihb (drbwr swihb) ivc is`K ivcwrvwn iek`Ty hox lg pey[ sB qoN pihlw bihs vwlw nukqw gurU nwnk swihb dI jnm qwrI^ bwry sI[ ies nukqy ’qy bhuq swry S^s bihs ivc ih`sw lYNdy rhy[ ies mgroN gurU swihbwn Aqy aunHW dy prvwrW sbMDI qwrI^W ’qy vI keI swl ivcwrW huMdIAW rhIAW[ (ies dy nqIjy vjoN gur pRxwlIAW ikqwb iqAwr hoeI, jo keI swl mgroN sRomxI gurduAwrw pRbDMk kmytI ny CwpI sI)[
1879 ivc lwhOr ivc vI iek ieho-jhI isMG sBw kwiem kIqI geI[ mgroN 1880 ivc dohW dI iek sWJI kyNdrI isMG sBw vI kwiem hoeI, ijs dw hY~f-kuAwrtrz AMimRqsr ivc sI[ ies dw nW jnrl sBw r`iKAw igAw[
isMG sBw dy AwgUAW ny gurmiq gMRQ pRcwrk sBw AMimRqsr ivc kwiem kIqI Aqy bhuq swrw iltrycr vI CwipAw[ ies lVI hyT Cpy trYktW ivc gurpurb pRkwS, guris`KW dy inq dy krm, s`d isDWq, gurmiq isDWq, gur iblws (suKw isMG), Xwqrw hzUr swihb, Kwlsw mnmodk, gurpurb krn ivDI, gur-pRxwlI (CotI) qy keI hor trYkt vI Cwpy gey[ ieM\ hI pMfq qwrw isMG nroqm dI gurU gMRQkoS qy qIrQ sMgRih Aqy igAwnI igAwn isMG dI pMQ pRkwS Aqy qvwrI^ gurU Kwlsw vrgIAW ikqwbW vI CwpIAW geIAW[ iesy lihr dw Aglw pVwA Kwlsw trYkt suswietI sI ijhVI 1894 ivc AkwlI kOr isMG Aqy BweI vIr isMG dI AgvweI ivc kwiem hoeI sI[
1877 qoN hI isMG sBw lihr hyT keI jgh isMG sBwvW bxnIAW SurU ho geIAW sn[ ienHW dw mYn&Ysto sI:
1. swry is`K vIrW Aqy Kwlsw jI ƒ is`KI Drm dy nwl ipAwr rKxw pRcwrnw[
2. ies srySt Drm dy nymW ƒ prgt krnw Aqy QW pr QW ies dI vifAweI dI crcw krnI [
3. ijnHW poQIAW ikqwbW ivc ies Drm dI vifAweI qy BilAweI pweI jWdI hY, aunHW ƒ Cpvw ky pRgt krnw[
4. sMpRdwie bwxI ƒ prgt krnw Aqy aunHW qwrI^I mzhbI poQIAW (ijvyN jnm swKI Aqy gur-pRxwlI vZYrw) ijnHW ivc iksy qrHW dw kuJ SMkw hY, aunHW ƒ Asly kFw ky, A`gw-ip`Cw vyK ky SuD (shI) krnw[
5. pMjwbI zbwn rwhIN ielm mr`vjy dI qr`kI krnI Aqy ies mksd vwsqy rswly qy A^bwrW CwpxIAW[
6. jo lok is`KI dy ivroDI hn, jW ijnHW ies dy i^lw& kuJ ikhw jW suixAw hY jW jo is`K q^qW qoN Kwrj hn (mIxy, DIrm`lIey, rwmrweIey, msMd) jW ijhVy Awpxw Drm C`f ky dUjy Drm Aqy sBw smwj ivc jw rly hox jW ijnHW ny Awpxy kysW dI byAdbI krweI hovy jW jo srkwr dy nzdIk mu&sd igxy gey hox, jW jo sulh, im`lq Aqy BlweI kMmW dy ivroDI hox, isMG sBw dy mYNbr nhIN bx skdy[ pr jd ienHW ivcoN koeI ipClI kIqI qoN qn^wh luAw ky qy A`gy sBw dI rwie ho jwvy qW iml skdy hn[
7. v`fy mrqby vwly AMgryz bhwdr ividAw Sw^ dy mYNbr bx skdy hn[ hor kOmW qy pMQW dy lok vI ies sBw dy mYNbr qd bx skdy hn jd p`kI qrHW mwlUm ho jwvy ik auh is`KI Drm Aqy pMjwbI zbwn dy ^Yr KÍwh hn[
8. iksy dUjy mq dy ivruD kihxw, suxnw jW ilKxw isMG sBw dw kMm nhIN[
9. isMG sBw ivc koeI glbwq srkwr dy sbMD ivc nhIN kIqI jwvygI[
10. ^Yr-KÍwhI kOm, &rmwbrdwrI srkwrI, is`KI Drm nwl ipAwr Aqy au~nqI krnw ividAw dw, pMjwbI zbwn rwhIN Aqy mslohq aumdI hr bwq ivc ilhwz krnw[
isMG sBw lihr SurU hox nwl is`K Drm, pMjwbI Aqy pMjwb vwsqy sMjIdw koiSSW hoeIAW[ ies lihr qoN 13 swl pihlW, 1860 ivc, pMjwb ivc AYjUkySn ifpwrtmYNt SurU ho cukw sI[ skUlW qy kwljW ivc tWvy-tWvy is`K b`cy vI dwi^l hox lg pey sn[ pr, pMjwb ivc pVHweI dw mwiDAm pMjwbI nhIN blik aurdU bxwieAw igAw sI[ fwktr lweItnr dI mdd nwl isMG sBw lihr dy AwgUAW ny 1877 ivc ErIAYNtl kwlj (hux pMjwb XUnIvristI, lwhOr) ivc pMjwbI dI pVHweI SurU krvw leI[ pRo: gurmuK isMG ies kwlj ivc pMjwbI dy pRo&Ysr (tIcr/ausqwd)
lwey gey[ isr& eynw hI nhIN, blik ies kwlj ivc gurU gRMQ swihb dw prkwS hoxw vI SurU ho igAw sI[
ies mgroN isμG sBw lwhOr ivc vI kwiem hoeI[ ies dw pihlw iek`T 2 nvμbr 1879 dy idn hoieAw[ 11 ApRYl 1880 dy idn lwhOr isμG sBw ƒ AμimRqsr isμG sBw nwl sbμDq kIqw igAw Aqy dohW dw sWJw nW ‘sRI gurU isμG sBw jnrl’ riKAw igAw[ 10 nvμbr 1880 qoN h&qwvwrI gurmuKI A^bwr Aqy 1881 qoN mwhvwrI ividAk prcw SurU kIqw igAw[ pRo. gurmuK isμG ny pμjwb dw dOrw kr ky keI ipμfW, ksibAW qy SihrW ivc isμG sBwvW kwiem kIqIAW[ ienHW swrIAW ƒ iek Jμfy hyT jQybμd krn vwsqy ‘Kwlsw dIvwn’ kwiem kIqw igAw[
isMG sBw AMimRqsr ’qy ibprn soc dw kbzw
ijauN-ijauN isμG sBw lihr PYldI geI ies dy AwgUAW ivcoN reIs DVy dy bhuqy cODrIAW au~qy lIfriSp dw BUq svwr ho igAw[ rwjw ibkrm isμG PrIdkot qy Kym isμG bydI vwsqy gdyly ivCwey jwx lg pey[ eynw hI nhIN ies gru`p ny isμG sBw lihr dy AsUlW dy ault ‘dilqW’ qoN dUrI vDwauxI SurU kr idqI[ hor qW hor jdoN drbwr swihb dy buqpRsqI rokx, TwkrW dI pUjw Kqm krn Aqy drbwr swihb dI hdUd coN mUrqIAW cukx dI mμg auTI qW ienHW ny Aijhw krnoN vrijAw[ pr jdoN rwjw ibkrm isμG qy Kym isμG bydI DVy ny suDwrk DVy dI hr g`l dI mu^wl&q SurU kr idqI qW aunHW ny 10-11 ApRYl 1886 dy idn lwhOr iejlws bulw ky ivcwrW krn mgroN vKrw ‘Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr’ bxw ilAw[ ies dw inSwnw ieh im`iQAw igAw:
(1) pμQ ivc &wiedymμd ividAw Aqy guxW dw pRcwr krnw (2) ielm qy hunr ’c vwDw krnw (3) pμjwbI bolI dI qr`kI krnw qy dUjIAW bolIAW coN cμgIAW ikqwbW dw qrjmw kr ky ies ƒ BrpUr krnw (4) gurU gRμQ swihb dy shI ArQ krny Aqy ies ivc A`f-A`f bolIAW dy l&zW dI jVH lBxw (5) mwnsk, ie^lwkI qy smwjk ivkws krnw qy Kwlsw Drm dy s`cy nymW dw pRcwr krnw (6) iesqrI is`iKAw ƒ vDwauxw (7) isμGW dy XqIm b`icAW dI ividAw Aqy pwlxw vwsqy XqImKwnw KolHxw (8) hunr Aqy kwSqkwrI ividAw dyx vwsqy kwlj qy skUl kwiem krny (9) &wiedymμd ikqwbW qy irswly Cwpx vwsqy iek jW vD pRYs lwauxw (10) Pwiedymμd ividAw dy prswr vwsqy v`K-v`K QWvW ’qy isμG sBwvW kwiem krnIAW (11) srkwr AμgryzI Agy Kwlsw pμQ dy hkUk zwihr krnw Aqy isμGW ƒ srkwr AμgryzI dy rwj dIAW Axigxq brkqW dsxIAW[ (12) Awaux vwlIAW nslW ivc pμQ aunqI dy i^Awl pwauxy Aqy jmwqI qwkq pYdw krnI, ijs qoN iml kr ky au~dm krn dw Fμg vwDw pwauNdw hY Aqy jo srkwr AμgryzI dI nmk hlwlI, &rmwbrdwrI qy SukrguzwrI ƒ cμgI qrHW p`kw krdw hY[ (13) isμGW dI mOjUdw hwlq dI qr`kI krn vwsqy ienHW Aqy Aijhy hornW audySW dy pUrw krn vwsqy nvyN vwjbI qrIky A^iqAwr krny[
do dIvwn bxn nwl isμG sBwvW vI vμfIAW geIAW[ pr dohW ny iek dUjy qoN Agy inklx vwsqy kμm krny SurU kr idqy[ AμimRqsrIAW ny 1885 ivc ‘gurU gRμQ pRcwrk sBw’ bxw ky gur pRxwlI, gurpurb inrxY, (AKOqI) dsm gRμQ inrxY ikqwbW ilKvwaux vl kdm cuky qy gurU gRμQ swihb dw PrIdkotI tIkw (inrmilAW vwlw) iqAwr krvwieAw[ lwhOr vwly ‘dIvwn’ ny gurmuKI A^bwr, ividAwrk rswlw, ^wlsw Zzt prcy SurU kIqy[ iesy lihr hyTW 1906 ivc qyjw isμG BsOV ny pμc Kwlsw dIvwn kwiem kIqw[ &Irozpur ivc BweI qKq isμG ny is`K kμinAw pwTSwlw, kYroN ipMf ivc inhwl isμG ny ^wlsw Bujμgx AwSrm qy BsOV ivc qyjw isμG ny iesqrI ividAw Bμfwr Kol ky iesqrI ividAw dw ^Ub prcwr kIqw[
gurU gMRQ swihb Aqy gutky Cwpxw
aunHIN idnIN gurU gMRQ swihb, poQIAW Aqy gutky isr& h`Q nwl ilKy hI imldy sn[ hwlW ik eIsweI pwdrIAW ny Awpxy prcwr vwsqy p`Qr Cwpy nwl pMjwbI ivc bweIbl Aqy hor iltrycr Cwp vI ilAw sI pr is`KW v`loN Ajy vI ies pwsy vl kdm nhIN sI auTwieAw igAw[ 1887 ivc isMG sBw lihr dy AwgUAW ny gurmuKI dw &ONt iqAwr krvw ky lwlw hIrw nMd dI pRY~s qoN gurU gRMQ swihb dw Ajokw srUp iqAwr CpvwieAw[ ies dy 1430 s&y sn[ ies qoN pihlW h`Q nwl ilKy gurU gRMQ swihb dy srUpW dy si&AW dI igxqI iek nhIN sI hoieAw krdI[ gurU gMRQ swihb qoN ielwvw inqnym dy gutky vI Cpxy SurU ho gey[ ies nwl gurbwxI dw pRcwr qy pRswr Awswn ho igAw Aqy GrW ivc gutky phuMcxy lg pey[
lwhOr Aqy AMimRqsr sBwvW ivc &u`t
1880 ivc Kwlsw dIvwn AMimRqsr Aqy Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr ƒ iek`iTAW kr ky jnrl sBw kwiem kr id`qI geI sI[ BwvyN bhuq swry isrkrdw is`K ienHW nwl sbMDq ho cuky sn pr jvwhr isMG kpUr, fw. jY isMG, imhr isMG cwvlw, v`KirAW Awpxy qOr ’qy vI, in`gr rol Adw kr rhy sn[ pYsy vwsqy rwjw ibkrmw isMG &rIdkot, kMvr ibkrm isMG kpUrQlw (audoN vwsI jlMDr) Aqy kuJ hor is`K ih`sw pwauNdy rihMdy sn[ pr ies mwhOl ivc Kym isMG bydI sB qoN vD injI &wiedw auTwaux dI koiSS krdw rihMdw sI[ gurU nwnk swihb dy Coty puqr lKmI dws dy ^wndwn ivcoN hox kr ky auh nwjwiez qOr ’qy Awpxw snmwn mMgdw sI[ jdoN kuJ Boly lokW ny aus ƒ ie`zq mwx dyxw SurU kr id`qw qW auh hor cWBHl igAw Aqy aus ny nIm-gurU vWg pyS Awauxw SurU kr id`qw[ hor qW hor auh dIvwn ivc hI nhIN gurU gRMQ swihb dI hzUrI ivc vI gdyly ivCw ky Awsx bxw ky, g`dI ’qy bYTx lg ipAw[ isMG sBw lihr qW sgoN Drm ivc suDwr vwsqy bxI sI qy Kym isMG dI ieh kwrvweI lihr dy inSwny dy mu`FoN hI ault sI[ kuJ is`K AwgU ies ’qy bVy ^&w sn[ pihloN-pihl qW kuJ icr cup vrqI rhI, iPr hOlI-hOlI g`l clx lg peI qy A^Ir ieh iek v`fw mslw bx geI[
ies hwlq dy bwvjUd Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr Aqy AMimRqsr Awpo-Awpxy ielwikAW ivc suDwrk, ividAk Aqy Dwrimk kwrvweIAW krdy rhy[ 1881 ivc isMG sBw lwhOr ny iek is`K skUl KolHx vwsqy koiSSW SurU kr id`qIAW[ ieM\ hI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dy qrjmy vwsqy vI koiSSW SurU ho geIAW[ 1882 ivc hzwrW is`KW ny mYmorMfm iqAwr kr ky gurmuKI ilpI qy pMjwbI zbwn ivc skUlW dI pVHweI krvwaux vwsqy srkwr ƒ ByijAw[ 1884 ivc Kwlsw kwlj kwiem krn vwsqy vI sMjIdw koiSSW SurU ho geIAW[ auN\ ies sbMDI kwlj KolHx dI QW, lwhOr jW AMimRqsr, vwsqy Awps-ivroDI kwrvweIAW vI huMdIAW rhIAW[
1886 qk iek sO dy krIb isMG sBwvW kwiem ho cukIAW sn[ swrIAW isMG sBwvW kuJ nw kuJ jmHW-p`KI kwrvweI krdIAW rihMdIAW sn[ AMimRqsr ivc skUl Aqy cYrItybl hspqwl SurU ho cuky sn[ isAwlkot ivc vI skUl KulH igAw sI[ iSmlw ivc gurduAwrw dy nwl DrmSwlw (srW) bx cukI sI[ dIvwn, kQw-pRvwh, kvI drbwr qW Awm hI huMdy rihMdy sn[ lwhOr ivc iek skUl qy iek A^bwr vI cl rhy sn[ rwvlipMfI ivc vI mwhvwrI ‘gurmiq pRkwS’ Cpx lg ipAw sI[ sB qoN Aihm g`l ieh sI ik ies mwhOl ny bhuq swry AwgU pYdw kIqy ijhVy syvw krn ivc iek dUjy qoN A`gy jwxw cwhuMdy sn[ hux is`KW ivc smwijk qy Dwrimk dy nwl-nwl isAwsI jwgo vI AwauxI SurU ho geI sI[ ies dy nwl hI brqwnvI srkwr vI hrkq ivc Aw geI sI[ AwrIAw smwjIAW ny vI ies lihr dI mhwnqw smJ leI sI qy aunHW ny vI isMG sBw lihr dy AwgUAW nwl AwpxI nyVqw SurU kr leI sI[ aunHW dw ieh inSwnw sI ik is`K suDwrk AwgUAW ƒ ihMdU Drm qoN v`KrI pCwx nw bxwaux idqI jwvy[
is`K Drm ’qy AwrIAw smwj dw hmlw
1875 ivc iek ihMdU swDU dXwnMd ny bMbeI (hux muMbeI) ivc AwrIAw smwj dI nINh rKI[ auh AprYl 1877 ivc pMjwb vI AwieAw[ jUn ivc lwhOr ivc vI dXwnMd dI brWc bx geI[ Agly swl qk AMimRqsr, rwvlipMfI, mulqwn, gujrWvwlw, gurdwspur, &Irozpur, ijhlm, vzIrwbwd vgYrw ivc vI ies dIAW brWcW kwiem ho geIAW[ AwrIAw smwj dy AYlwny gey inSwinAW ƒ vyK ky keI is`K vI ies dy mYNbr bx gey[ ienHW ivcoN iek, jvwhr isMG kpUr, AwrIAw smwj dy sk`qr vI bxw idqy gey qy aunHW ny bhuq imhnq nwl ies jQybMdI vwsqy vD-cVH ky kMm kIqw[
kuJ icr bwAd swDU dXw nMd dI ikqwb “siqAwrQ pRkwS” vI Cwp ky Aw geI[ ies ikqwb ivc gurU nwnk swihb Aqy dUjy DrmW dy moFIAW, AwgUAW qy pRcwrkW dy i^lw& GtIAW lPz ilKy hoey sn[ jdoN is`KW hI nhIN blik kuJ isAwxy ihMdUAW ny aus dw iDAwn ies pwsy vl idvwieAw qW aus ny vwAdw kIqw ik AglI AYfISn ies ƒ soD ky CwpI jwvygI[ pr dXw nMd 1883 ivc mr igAw[ aus dy mgroN qW k`tV i&rkU AwrIAw smwjI AMsr ny ies ivc soD krn qoN nWh kr idqI[ (jUn 2006 ivc iPr ies dy iek muKI ny ieh soD krn bwry vwAdw kIqw pr prnwlw au~Qy dw au~Qy hI irhw)[
mgroN 1897 ivc AwrIAw smwj dy iek gru`p ny Pyr is`KW nUM Awpxy v`l iK`cx vwsqy iliKAw ik “dXw nMd nUM gurmuKI dI jwxkwrI nhIN sI qy aus dy is`K gurUAW bwry l&z dUjy drjy dI jwxkwrI ’qy ADwrq sn[” (AwrIAw Zzt, 15 julweI 1897)[
ies s&weI mgroN iPr kuJ is`K ienHW nwl juV gey[ ienHW ivcoN muK sn: jgq isMG qy bwvw nwrwiex isMG[ jgq isMG qW ienHW dw eynw ^Yr ^wh bx igAw ik aus ny qW ie`QoN qk ilK mwirAw ik “is`K Drm AwrIAw smwj dw muFlw pVwA sI[ ies mgroN 1899 ivc lwlw Twkr dws Aqy BweI nwrwiex isMG ny “is`K ihMdU hYn” ikqwbcI ilK ky nvW crcw CyV id`qw[ BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny “hm ihMdU nhIN” ilK ky ies (mqbw kwnUMnI ihMd pRY~s ivc CpI ies 30 s&y dI ikqwbcI) dw mUMh qoV jvwb id`qw[
ienHW idnW ivc hI 25 nvMbr 1888 dy idn iek bRwhmx gurU d`q ny AMimRqsr ivc iek lYkcr kridAW gurU swihb dy i^lw& GtIAw bolI vrqI sI[ ies vyly qk jvwhr isMG kpUr AwrIAw smwj dy sk`qr sn[ dXw nMd v`loN kIqy vwAdy muqwibk siqAwrQ pRkwS ivclI GtIAw l`&wzI vI qbdIl nhIN hoeI sI[ ies ’qy pRotYst vjoN jvwhr isMG kpUr ny AwrIAw smwj qoN AsqI&w dy idqw Aqy isMG sBw lihr ivc Swiml ho gey[ jvwhr isMG dy nwl igAwnI idq isMG vI isMG sBw dw ih`sw bx gey[ ies mgroN koeI vI s`cw is`K AwrIAw smwj dy nwl nw irhw[
AwrIAw smwj ny iek hor is`K hI nhIN blik pMjwb-ivroDI hrkq ieh vI kIqI ik ies ny pMjwbI ihMdUAW nUM ihMdI qy dyvnwgrI v`l toirAw Aqy pMjwbI qy gurmuKI qoN vI dUr kIqw[ (AwrIAw smwj nUM pMjwbI qy gurmuKI qoN n&rq isr& ies kr ky sI ik is`KW dw gurU gRMQ swihb gurmuKI ivc hY)[ ieh idlcsp g`l hY ik A`j 2010 ivc vI, 99% pMjwbI ihMdU, svw sO swl qoN ihMdI qy dyvnwgrI dI vrqoN krn dy bwvjUd shI ihMdI nw qW ilK skdy hn qy nw bol skdy hn[ drAsl iek Awm S^s AwpxI mW bolI qoN isvw dUjI bolI nUM pUrI qrHW audoN qk is`K nhIN skdw jd qk auh kuJ dhwky aus dUjI bolI dy ielwky ivc rihx nw lg pvy[
ies dOrwn AwrIAw smwj dw moFI swDU dXw nMd vI pMjwb dy dOry ‘qy AwieAw[ aus dy lwhOr Awaux ‘qy igAwnI id`q isMG aus nUM imilAw Aqy aus nwl &ls&y dy nukiqAW ‘qy bihs kIqI[ ieh bihs iqMn vwr hoeI Aqy iqMny vwr dXw nMd igAwnI id`q isMG dy svwlW dw jwvb nw dy sikAw qy hr vwr aus ny igAwnI id`q isMG qoN hwr mMnI[ ieh vwrqwlwp igAwnI id`q isMG ilKq ‘myrw qy swDU dXw nMd dw sMbwd’ ivc q&sIl nwl ilKI hoeI hY[
AwrIAw smwj BwvyN hor iksy srgrm is`K vrkr ’qy Awpxw Asr qW nw pw sikAw pr fw: jY isMG qy Kym isMG bydI aunHW dy Asr hyTW zrUr Aw gey[ fw. jY isMG dI Su`DI lihr (drAsl musilm ivroDI lihr) ny aus ƒ pUrI qrHW is`K pRcwrk nw bxn idqw[ auN\ aunHW dw rol nWh-p`KI kdy vI nhIN sI[ Kym isMG bydI ƒ aunHW ny nIm-ihMdU jW kysW vwlw ihMdU pYtrn ’qy zrUr clw ilAw[ gdyly lw ky qW auh pihlW hI bYTx lg ipAw sI, hux aus ny Dwrimk suDwrW dw vI, pihloN hOlI-hOlI qy mgroN Sry-Awm, ivroD krnw SurU kr idqw[ aus ny qW pRo. gurmuK isMG Aqy ig. idq isMG vloN CUq-Cwq, is`KI ivc Aw vVIAW ihMdU rIqIAW, is`K-GrW ivc TwkrW dI pUjw dy ivroD, dw vI ivroD SurU kr idqw aus ny hOlI-hOlI keI pujwrI vI Awpxy nwl rlw ley[ keI inrmly qy audwsI swD, jo mnoN ihMdU sn, vI aus dy ihmwieqI bxny hI sn[ AwrIAw smwj nwl nyVqw rKx vwly Kwlsw dIvwn AMimRqsr ivc vDyry sn; ies kr ky ies dIvwn ivc ienHW dw bolbwlw sI[ &rIdkot irAwsq dy rwjy ibkrmw isMG ƒ vI Kym isMG bydI vWg dIvwn ivc spYSl g`dy Aqy glIcy bYTx vwsqy imldy sI; auh vI ies kr ky Kym isMG dw ihmwieqI sI[ Kym isMG bydI dw iek tihlUAw (syvwdwr) Avqwr isMG vhIrIAw sI[ aus dy nW hyT Kym isMG qy ibkrmw isMG rwjw dy h`k ivc ilKqW Cpx lg peIAW sn[ ieh nIm-ihMdU soc vwly lok qW “isMG sBw” ƒ “AKOqI sihjDwrI jW ihMdU sBw” ivc bdlx dI koiSS vI kr rhy sn[ iek vwr qW ies dw nW ‘isMG sBw’ dI QW ‘is`K sBw’ r`Kx vwsqy rwvlipMfI isMG sBw ny ilKqI suJwA vI pyS kIqw sI[
aus vyly hwlwq ieh sn ik T`tw (nwBw irAwsq) ivc iek is`K ny AwpxI DI dw ivAwh AnMd kwrj kr ky kIqw qW bRwhmxW qy aunHW dy ip`Cl`g dsqwrDwrIAW ny ies dw bweIkwt kIqw qy bwrwq nUM Drmswlw ivc rihx nw id`qw[(Kwlsw A^bwr, 13 julweI 1894)[ drbwr swihb AMimRqsr dy pujwrIAW ny ‘duKBMjnI’ byrI kol iek qsvIr lweI hoeI sI ijs ivc ihMdU dyvI cMfI gurU goibMd isMG swihb nUM ‘vr’ dyNdI idKweI hoeI sI (ies byrI dw nW duKBMjnI vI ihMdU pujwrIAW ny r`iKAw sI[ is`K Drm ivc iek byrI duK BMjnI nhIN ho skdI[ isr& rb dw nW jpxw hI duK BMjn hY)[ (Kwlsw A^bwr, 12 &rvrI 1897)[ qrnqwrn drbwr swihb dy pujwrIAW ny gurU Arjn swihb dw srwD kIqw[ (Kwlsw A^bwr, 8 AkqUbr 1897)[ ieh swry pujwrI Kym isMG bydI dy ihmwieqI sn[
inrol is`KI, pMQk pRcwr qy is`KI dy inAwrwpx dy ihmwieqI sn: pRo. gurmuK isMG, ig. idq isMG, kMvr ibkrm isMG kpUrQlw, BweI kwnH isMG nwBw, imhr isMG cwvlw vgYrw[ 1887 q`k hwlwq ieh bx gey sn ik Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr inrol is`KI pRcwr vwilAW dw Aqy Kwlsw dIvwn AMimRqsr Kym isMG bydI dw (nIm ihMdU) DVw bx cuky sn[ Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr kol vDIAw ilKwrI vI sn Aqy aunHW kol AKbwr qy rswly vI sn[ 1886 ivc pRo. gurmuK isMG ny suDwrk mwhvwrI mYZzIn vI SurU kr ilAw sI[ ies ivc mUrqI pUjw Aqy gurU-bMs vwilAW dI AKOqI au~cqw dw ^Ub KMfn kIqw jWdw sI Aqy is`KI dy inAwrwpx dw pRcwr kIqw jWdw sI[ ieM\ hI rozwnw Kwlsw A^bwr, jo 13 jUn 1886 ƒ p`Qr Cwpy ’qy Cpwxw SurU hoieAw sI, vI is`KI dy inAwrwpx dy nwl-nwl ividAk au~nqI, is`K qvwrI^, is`K klcr Aqy &ls&y bwry vDIAw sm`grI Cwp irhw sI[
dUjy pwsy isAwsI p`K qoN vI vKryvyN pYdw ho gey sn[ poR. gurmuK isMG AMgryz srkwr dI mu^wl&q krn dy h`k ivc nhIN sI qy aus ny (mhwrwjw) dlIp isMG dy h`k ivc CpI ^urSId Kwlsw ikqwb dy lyKk inhwl isMG ƒ isMG sBw lwhOr coN k`F vI id`qw sI[ dIvwn bUtw isMG (rwxI ijMd kOr dy swbkw hmdrd) dw vI iehI hSr hoieAw, ikauN ik aus ny aurdU ikqwb ^urSId Kwlsw dw pMjwbI qrjmw Cwp ky vMifAw sI[ AMimRqsr grup BwvyN AMdroN-AMdrI srkwr-pRsq sI, pr aunHW ny ivroD krn dI soc nwl lwhOr grup dy i^lw& stYNf lY ky dlIp isMG (mhwrwjw) dI ihmwieq krnI SurU kr id`qI[ 1887 dy SurU ivc Kwlsw dIvwn AMimRqsr dI srprsqI hyT l`gI iek numwieS ivc dlIp isMG dI qsvIr lwey jwx nwl ies sbMDI AwpsI tkrwE hor vI vD igAw[
ienHIN idnIN drbwr swihb qy Akwl q^q swihb dy pujwrIAW ny AMgryzW dI cwplUsI dI iek hor Zlq hrkq kIqI[ jd vwiesrwey AMimRqsr AwieAw qW aus nUM KMfy dI pwhul dyx dI rsm kr ky idKweI geI, Xwin numwieS kIqI geI[ (ikrpwl isMG, BweI vIr isMG dI ieiqhwsk rcnw, s&w 308)[
drbwr swihb ivc ibjlI
Bwvy Kym isMG bydI ƒ AMgryzI srkwr p`kw v&wdwr smJdI sI pr dlIp isMG dI qsvIr ny Kwlsw dIvwn AMimRqsr ƒ srkwr dy Gr ivc bwZI bxw idqw[ srkwr ny AMimRqsr DVy ƒ is`KW dy nMumwieMidAW vjoN srkwrI bYTkW, kmytIAW Aqy AdwirAW ivc QW dyxI bMd kr idqI[ ienHIN idnIN hI drbwr swihb ivc ibjlI lwaux sbMDI do rwvW bx geIAW[ AMimRqsr DVw ibjlI dy h`k ivc sI[ rwjw ibkrmw isMG &rIdkot ny ies mksd vwsqy, rwxI ivktorIAw dI jublI dy nW qy 25 hzwr rupY dyx dw AYlwn vI kr id`qw[ dUjy pwsy, lwhOr DVy dy pRo. gurmuK isMG ies dy i^lw& sn[ ibjlI dI mu^wl&q krn kwrn AMimRqsr DVy ny pRo. gurmuK isMG Aqy ig. idq isMG dy i^lw& bVw pRcwr kIqw[ (pRo: hrbMs isMG, drbwr swihb ivc ibjlI dw Awgmn)[
hwlq ieh ho gey ik drbwr swihb ’qy kwbz AMimRqsrI DVy dy ihmwieqI pujwrIAW ny iek idn pRo. gurmuK isMG ƒ mMjI swihb qkrIr vI nw krn idqI[ hwlW ik sMgq aunHW ƒ suxn vwsqy pu`jI hoeI sI[ pr srbrwh ny qW pulIs vI bulweI hoeI sI ijs kol hukm sI ik jy poR. gurmuK isMG bolx dI koiSS kry qW aus ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw jwvy[
pRo. gurmuK isMG ny ies byiezqI ƒ BulwieAw nhIN[ aus ny jWidAW hI Awpxy rswly ‘suDwrk’ ivc iek lyK ilK ky drbwr swihb ivc mUrqI pUjw Aqy hor A-is`K krm kWf dIAW kwrvweIAW dw pwj auGwiVAw[ aus ny pujwrIAW Aqy srbrwh ƒ ies dw izMmydwr TihrwieAw[ srbrwh Aqy pujwrIAW ny ies qoN iKJ ky prcwr krnw SurU kr idqw ik pRo. gurmuK isMG ny gurU gRMQ swihb dI byAdbI kIqI hY[ hux Kym isMG bydI qy pujwrI QW-QW jw ky pRo. gurmuK isMG dy i^lw& prcwr krn lg pey[ ienHW ny AMimRqsr Kwlsw dIvwn, rwvlipMfI isMG sBw Aqy &rIdkot dy rwjy ibkrmw isMG dy ihmwieqIAW ƒ vI nwl rlw ilAw[ ienHW ny pRo. gurmuK isMG qy hyT ilKy “doS” lwey: (1) aus ny Kwlsy dy ieq&wk Aqy au~nqI ivc ivroD dw bIj bIijAw hY (2) aus ny AMimRqsr dy Kwlsw dIvwn ƒ ‘msnUhI’ ikhw hY Aqy ies dy mukwbly ivc lwhOr ivc Kwlsw dIvwn bxwieAw hY (3) ies ny bwbw Kym isMG ƒ Kwlsw dIvwn ivc gdylw nw ivCwaux dyx vwsqy kwrvweIAW kIqIAW hn (4) BweI bwlw Aqy sumyr prbq dI hoNd ’qy S`k prgt kIqw hY (5) auh gurU gRMQ swihb dy srUp ƒ jVH pdwrQ mMndw hY Aqy jd q`k gurU gRMQ swihb dI qwibAw koeI nw bYTw hovy audoN qk auh m`Qw nhIN tykdw[
pRo: gurmuK isMG dy i^lw& AKOqI hukmnwmw
ieh doS lw ky ies DVy ny &rIdkot ’c iek mIitMg bulweI qy pRo. gurmuK isMG ƒ juAwb dyx vwsqy vI bulwieAw[ ieh vI crcw sI ik AMimRqsr DVw JgVw krvw ky aunHW ƒ irAwsqI pulIs koloN igR&qwr krvw dyvygw[ ies kr ky poR. gurmuK isMG au~Qy gey hI nhIN[ ies iek-iDrI bYTk ny pws kIqw ik BweI “gurmuK isMG jI sbMDI ieh rwie zwihr kIqI geI hI ik AYsIAW (aupr izkr kIqIAW pMj) Anuicq kwrvweIAW krn vwlw purS jd qoVI AwpxI B`ul nw bKSwey qd qoVI qA`lukwq isMG sBw Aqy Kwlsw dIvwn sy Alihdw rKxy Xog hY[” ies ‘mqy’ hyTW rwjw ibkrmw isMG, Kym isMG bydI, sumyr isMG, sMq isMG igAwnI kpUrQlw, audY isMG vZYrw dy dsq^q sn[ mgroN AMimRqsr jnrl sBw qoN ies dI qweId krvweI geI[ ies hyTW kwhn isMG mjIiTAw, srdUl isMG igAwnI, fwktr crn isMG (ipqw BweI vIr isMG) Aqy drbwr swihb dy pujwrIAW Aqy gRMQIAW dy dsq^q vI krvwey gey[
ies DVy ny eyQy hI bs nhIN kIqw[ ienHW ny rwvlipMfI, kpUrQlw, jlMDr, i&lOr, Swhkot, KmwxoN, GVUMAW, KrV, bUVIAw, nwrMgvwl, jMifAwlw, nvWSihr, kIrqpur, gujrWvwlw, isAwlkot, AnMdpur, ptnw, qlvMfI swbo Aqy Akwl qKq dy pujwrIAW qoN vI gurmuK isMG ƒ “pMQ ‘coN Kwrj” krn vwlw AKOqI-hukm(nwmw) jwrI krvwieAw[ ies DVy v`loN, AMimRqsr qoN Akwl qKq dy nW ’qy jwrI krvwieAw igAw, n&rq qy eIrKw vwlw, AKOqI hukm(nwmw) ieh sI:
hm jumly isMGwn pujwrIAn q^q swihb Akwl buMgw v drbwr swihb jI v bwbw Atl rwie jI v JMfw buMgw swihb v ShId buMgw swihb ny mulwhjy kwrvweI gurmuK isMG skiqR kw kIAw[ mwlUm hUAw hY ik ies S^s ny cMd jgw bri^lw& gurieSt ky qOhIn gurU gRMQ swihb v gurU AMs v gurbwnI ky qihrIr v qkrIr kIAw hY ijs sy swbq hoqw hY ik aus kw eykdwd is`K Drm sy iblkul bri^lw& hY[ ies vwsqy hm qmwm pujwrIAn v gRMQIAn v nMbrdwr gurduAwry hwie mddUh qihjIr krqy hYN ik gurmuK isMG mjkUr pMQ Kwlsw sy Alihdw kIAw igAw hY[ gurduAwry hwie mOsU& aus kI Ardws nw hogI v brqwau n hogw[ qmwm isMGwn ko vwizAw rhy ik koeI S^s aus kw pYrokwr nw ho[ jo S^s aus kI pYrvI krygw vuh BI bymuK lwiek qn^wh smJw jweygw[ AOr vYsw hI slUk aus ky swQ BI kIAw
jwvygw[ Pkwq v qwrI^ sqvIN mwh cyq 418 gurU nwnkSwhI, muqwibk 18 mwrc sMn 1887.
dsq^q hwzrIn isMGn v auhdydwrwAn v gRMQIAn v pujwrIAn: srdwr mwn isMG srbrwh gurduAwry swihbwn, s: kwnH isMG mjIiTAw reIs, BweI hrnwm isMG gRMQI drbwr swihb, BweI gulwb isMG mhMq Akwl buMgw swihb, BweI qyjw isMG muhqimm Akwl buMgw swihb, BweI jvwhr isMG muhqimm Akwl buMgw swihb, BweI pRqwp isMG, suMdr isMG, Syr isMG, BweI krm isMG ArdwsIAw drbwr swihb, srdwr jsvMq isMG pujwrI drbwr swihb, Twkr isMG pujwrI, BweI dyvw isMG DUpIAw, BweI mulqwnw isMG, BweI sMqw isMG pujwrI, BweI hridq isMG ArdwsIAw, BweI mhW isMG, BweI tyk isMG p`qIdwr Akwl buMgIAw, cMcl isMG, gulwb isMG Akwl buMgIAw p`qIdwr, gulwb isMG pujwrI drbwr swihb, Aqr isMG Akwl buMgIAw, BweI nwrwiex isMG nMbrdwr bwbw At`l rwie swihb jI, BweI jvwhr isMG, BweI DMnw isMG bwbw Atl rwie jI dy suKeI, BweI drbwrw isMG JMfy buMgIAw, BweI ikrpwl isMG jI JMfy buMgIAw, gurid`q isMG inSwncI, BweI sMq isMG nMbrdwr, BweI nwrwiex isMG jI gRMQI qrn qwrn swihb[ (vyKo: is`K qvwrI^ ’c Akwl q^q swihb dw rol, s&y 150-51)[ hor q&sIl vwsqy: gurmuK isMG, mweI AtYNptf AYskimaUnIkySn[
ij`Qy-ij`Qy &rIdkotI rwjy, Kym isMG bydI, srbrwh pRdumx isMG, sumyr isMG, sMq isMG igAwnI kpUrQlw vgYrw dy sbMD sn, au~QoN pRo gurmuK isMG dy i^lw& ic`TIAW ilKvwaux mgroN AMimRqsrI DVw Q`k igAw[ hux lwhOr isMG sBw ny vI pRo: gurmuK isMG dy h`k ivc muihMm SurU kr idqI[ AprYl 1887 ivc ivswKI dy mOky ’qy AMimRqsr ivc lwhOr Kwlsw dIvwn, pitAwlw, rwjpurw, jlMDr, liDAwxw, qrnqwrn, AMbwlw, iBMfr vgYrw, kul 19 isMG sBwvW dw iek`T hoieAw[ aus ivc pRo: gurmuK isMG dI ihmwieq ivc mqw pws kIqw igAw[
ies dy jvwb ivc AMimRqsrI DVy ny vI AwpxI mIitMg kIqI ijs ivc rwvlipMfI, AMimRqsr, &rIdkot Aqy pihlW dsq^q kr cukIAW isMG sBwvW dy nMumwieMdy Swiml hoey[ ies mOky ’qy iek is`K ny 40 nukiqAW vwlw, iek A`T s&y dw, KulHw ^q vMifAw[ ies ivc AMimRqsrI DVy ’qy is`KI dy ault clx dy doS lwey hoey sn[ aus ƒ ies mIitMg iv`coN k`ut-mwr ky k`F id`qw igAw[ aus is`K dy lwey ielzwmW ivcoN muK ieh sn:
1. gurU dI hzUrI ivc gdyly lw ky bYTxw[
2. ds pwiqSwhIAW qy gurU gRMQ swihb qoN ibnW bwrHvIN, qyrHvIN qy cOdHvIN pwiqSwhI AKvwauxw[
3. jnyaU pwauxw
4. dwVHI ƒ vsmw lw ky kwlw krnw
5. ihMdU mUrqIAW dI pUjw krnw vgYrw[
ies mgroN, 16 AprYl 1887 dy idn, ig: idq isMG ny Kwlsw A^bwr dw iek cwr s&y dw zmImw CwipAw[ ies ivc aunHW dy ilKy “supn nwtk” dI iek ikSq
vI sI[ ies ’qy rwjw &rIdkot Aqy Kym isMG bydI bhuq gu`sy ivc Awey Aqy aunHW ny ig: idq isMG ’qy mukdmw krn dI DmkI idqI[ ig: idq isMG ny muk`dmy dy c`kr qoN bcx vwsqy Agly AMk ivc (qy mgroN keI vwr vI) ieh iliKAw ik “ies nwtk ivc hMkwr Aqy dMB dI siq (scweI) AOr suihrdqw ivckwr klipq lVweI dw izkr hY, ijvyN pRboD cMdr nwtk ivc moh Aqy ibbyk dI lVweI dI klpnw pyS kIqI hY[ swfw iksy dy inj bwry ilKx dw koeI ArQ nhIN hY[”
pr igAwnI idq isMG dI ies s&weI dI prvwh nw krdy hoey irAwsq &rIdkot dy iek nOkr audX isMG rwhI ig: idq isMG ’qy mukdmw krvw id`qw igAw[ h`qk ie`zq dy ies kys dw swrw ^rcw rwjw &rIdkot Aqy Kym isMG bydI ny idqw[ dUjy pwsy igAwnI idq isMG dy if&YNs dw Krcw Aqr isMG BdOV Aqy kMvr ibkrm isMG ny id`qw[ A^Ir Adwlq ny ig: idq isMG ƒ 51 rupY hrjwnw Brn vwsqy &Yslw idqw[ ig: idq isMG ny ies &Ysly dy i^lw& ApIl kIqI[ sYSn j`j ny ApIl mnzUr kr ky ig: idq isMG ƒ brI kr idqw[ ies kys dy ^qm hox mgroN vI dohW iDrW ivc coKI rMijS bxI rhI[
mu`FlI lIfriSp dw tur jwxw
ig. idq isMG ’qy mu`kdmw SurU hox qoN CyqI hI ip`CoN, iek-iek kr ky isMG sBw lihr dy swry moFI AwgU cVHweI krn lg pey[ sB qoN pihlW, 8 meI 1887 dy idn kMvr ibkrm isMG kpUrQlw (jlMDr), iPr 18 sqbMr 1887 ƒ Twkr isMG sMDwvwlIAw (jo audoN jlwvqn ho ky pWfIcrI ivc rihMdy sn), 10 jUn 1896 ƒ Aqr isMG BdOV, 8 Agsq 1898 nUM rwjw ibkrmw isMG &rIdkot, 9 jUn 1898 ƒ fw: jY isMG, 24 sqMbr 1898 ƒ pRo: gurmuK isMG qy 6 sqMbr 1901 ƒ ig: idq isMG ies &wnI dunIAW ƒ Alivdw kih gey[ ies nwl isMG sBw lihr dw pihlw pVwA ^qm ho igAw[ hux AMimRqsr Aqy lwhOr DVy dI t`kr vI ^qm ho geI[
isMG sBw lihr dI dyx
1. is`KW ivc Awpxy inAwrwpx dw Aihsws pYdw hoieAw qy aunHW ƒ ihMdU Drm dw iek AMg bxwaux dI ihMdU swizS nwkmXwb ho geI[
2. is`KW ny Awpxy sskwr iPr Kwlsw irvwieqW muqwibk krny SurU kr idqy[
3. drbwr swihb ivcoN klipq ihMdU dyvI-dyviqAW dIAW mUrqIAW htw ky ies ƒ inrol is`K sYNtr bxwieAw igAw Aqy is`KW ivc p`Qr-pUjw qy mUrqI-pUjw kwiem hox qoN Cutkwrw imilAw[ (ienHW mUrqIAW nUM htwaux ivc v`fw rol ArUV isMG srbrwh dw sI[ ArUV isMG 1919 ivc fwier nUM isropw dyx kwrn bdnwm hoieAw sI, vrnw aus dw bwkI rol kwbly-qwrI& sI)[
4. gurU gRMQ swihb dI hzUrI ivc gdyly htwey jwx nwl gurU-bMs dy nW ’qy gurU-fMm kwiem hoxoN ruk igAw[
5. mYks AwrQr mYkwil& qoN AMgryzI ivc is`K ieiqhws ilKvwieAw igAw Aqy gurU gRMQ swihb dy kuJ ih`sy dw AMgryzI qrjmw vI krvwieAw igAw[
6. AMimRqsr ivc Kwlsw kwlj kwiem krn dw pRwjYkt vI isMG sBw ny hI auBwirAw sI[
7. isMG sBw lihr dy AwgUAW ny is`K Drm Aqy qvwrI^ sbMDI iek sO dy krIb ikqwbW Aqy sYNkVy trYkt vI Cwpy[ ies nwl lokW ivc jwgo AweI[
8. iesy lihr dy Asr hyTW rozwnw, h&qwvwrI Aqy mwhvwrI rswly vI SurU hoey ijs nwl is`K jrnilzm Aqy pMjwbI jrnilzm dw mu`F b`Jw[
9. ies lihr ny bhuq swry is`K AwgU, vrkr, lyKk, pRo&Ysr, ausqwd, vkIl, A^bwr nvIs pYdw kIqy[ mgroN ienHW ny is`KI prcwr qy is`KW ivc kOmIAq dw Aihsws qoN ielwvw aunHW ivc isAwsI h`kW vwsqy sUJ pYdw kIqI[
10. is`KW ivc smwj suDwr, ividAw, igAwn dw bhuq prswr hoieAw[
1850 ivc iek AMgryz ilKwrI ny iliKAw sI ik “25 swl bwAd pMjwb ivc dsqwr nhIN idsxI[” (igAwnI idq isMG dw lyK, Kwlsw A^bwr, 25 meI 1894)[ ieh isMG sBw dw kmwl sI ik ies dy Asr hyTW is`KW dI AwbwdI ijhVI ik 1868 ivc 11 l`K 41 hzwr 848 sI, isr& 10-12 swl ivc hI vD ky 1881 ivc hoeI pihlI mrdm SumwrI ivc ieh igxqI 18 l`K 53 hzwr 428 ho geI sI, Xwin ik s`q l`K dw vwDw (60% qoN vI izAwdw) hoieAw sI[
is`K rwijAW ny ihMdUAW nwl DIAW ivAwhIAW
ij`Qy is`KW ivc jwgo Aw rhI sI au~Qy iek Srmnwk cYptr ieh vI sI ik Awpxy bRwhmx vzIrW dy Asr hyTW is`K rwijAW ny Awpxy Awp nUM “SwhI ^Un” smJxw SurU kr id`qw sI[ (rwiel bl`f, ijhVw ik koeI huMdw hI nhIN qy isr& Brm hY; Aqy ieh is`K rjvwVy qW Awp vI 1765 qk isr& pCVIAW zwqW vwly ikswn hI sn)[ ienHW rjvwiVAW ny Awpxy Awp nUM Awm is`KW hI nhIN blik reIs is`KW qoN vI v`KirAwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ ies soc hyT aunHW ieh vI socxw SurU kr id`qw ik auh Awpxy b`icAW dy ivAwh “SwhI” ^wndwnW ivc kirAw krn, qy ieh ^wndwn zrUrI nhIN ik is`K hox[ Awpxy au~cwpx Aqy SwhI-^Un dy ies Brm hyTW aunHW ny AwpxIAW DIAW nUM ihMdU rwjpUqW nwl ivAwhuxw SurU kr id`qw[ ies dI SurUAwq &rIdkot dy rwjy (ibkrm isMG, jo Kym isMG bydI dw swQI sI) qoN jW aus dy pu`qr (blbIr isMG jW gijMdr isMG) qoN hoeI sI ijs ny AwpxI DI bldyE isMh (jo iek mwmUlI rwjpUq rjvwVw sI, nwl ivAwh id`qI sI qy aus mgroN QoVHy ijhy icr mgroN hI jINd dy rwjy rxbIr isMG ny AwpxI DI iesy bldyE isMh dy Brw mihMdr pRqwp isMh nwl ivAwh id`qI sI[
bldyE isMh qy mihMdr pRqwp isMh koeI rwjy vI nhIN sn[ mihMdr pRqwp qW AlIgVH izlHy dI iek in`kI ijhI irAwsq murwswn dy rwjw GxiSAwm isMh dw qIjw pu`qr sI ijs nUM hwQrs dy rwjy hrnwrwiex isMh ny muqbMnw bxw ilAw sI[ hrnwrwiex isMh ^ud vI koeI rwjw nhIN sI[ aus nUM vI AlIgVH, mQrw qy bulMdSihr izilHAW dy kuJ ipMfW dy jwgIrdwr (rwjy) dI ivDvw ny muqbMnw bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ mihMdrpRqwp ies muqbMny dw muqbMnw sI[ Xwin nw qW auh rwjw sI qy nw hI koeI v`fw jwgIrdwr[ pr bRwhmxW dy Fhy cVH ky rxbIr isMG ny 1900 dy nyVy qyVy AwpxI DI nUM iek l`lU-pMjU rwjpUq nwl SwhI ^wndwn dy Brm ivc ivAwh id`qw[ auh ivcwrI duKI hwlq ivc iek pu`qr qy iek DI jMm ky iek`l Bog ky ro-ro ky 1925 ivc mr geI[ (mihMdrpRqwp isMh, mweI lweI& storI Aw& i&&tI XIArz, s&y 1-10)[
auN\ swhI ^Un dw Brm pitAwlw dy XwdivMdr isMG nUM vI sI ijs ny AwpxI BYx (gurU goibMd isMG swihb nwl hmySw lVn vwly) nwlgVH dy rjvwVy Aqy AwpxI DI m`D pRdyS dy ntvr isMh nwl ivAwh id`qIAW sn (hYrwnI dI g`l qW ieh hY ik ies mOky ’qy rwxI mihMdr kOr, jo iek pMQk S^s hrcMd isMG jyjI dI DI sI, vI cup rhI hovygI)[
cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dI kwiemI
ig. idq isMG dI mOq mgroN, 1901 ivc, AMimRqsr Aqy lwhOr DiVAW dy dUjI qy qIjI kqwr dy AwgU qy vrkr hI rih gey sn[ ienW swirAW ny 13 AprYl 1901 dy idn ropV ivc iek ie`kT kr ky iek sWJw dIvwn bxwauux vwsqy ivcwrW kIqIAW[ ies mgroN 9 nvMbr 1901 dy idn iek hor sWJw iek`T kIqw igAw[ ieh bYTk Agly idn vI jwrI rhI[ ies iek`T ivc &Yslw kIqw igAw ik pMQ dw iek SRomxI j`Qw kwiem kIqw jwvy[ pihlI jnvrI 1902 dy idn 1200 dy krIb isrkrdw is`K AMimRqsr ivc buMgw rwmgVHIAW ivc iek`Ty hoey[ ies iek`T ivc 66 isMG sBwvW ny ih`sw ilAw[ pihlW qW ieh ivcwr hoeI ik lwhOr Kwlsw dIvn ƒ sYNtrl j`Qw mMn ky ieh swry aus dy mYNbr bxwey jwx qy sWJw j`Qw kwiem kIqw jwvy[ pr lwhOr dIvwn ’qy kwbz lokW ny ies qy koeI AYkSn nw ilAw[ AKIr 19 Agsq 1902 dy idn iek iek`T ny pMQ dw sYNtrl j`Qw bxwaux vwsqy iek sb-kmytI kwiem kIqI, ijs ny ies dw ivDwn bxwauxw sI[ 21 sqMbr 1902 ƒ ies dw ivDwn pws kr ky, 30 AkqUbr 1902 dy idn, cI& Kwlsw dIvwn kwiem kr idqw igAw[ pihly idn ies nwl 29 isMG sBwvW sbMDq hoeIAW[ BweI Arjn isMG bwgVIAW ies dy pRDwn, sMudr isMG mjITAw sk`qr qy soFI sujwn isMG AYfISnl sk`qr bxy[ ieh j`Qw 1 julweI 1903 ƒ rijstr krvwieAw igAw[ auDr Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr vI iesy swl ^qm ho igAw Aqy 1905 ivc Kwlsw A^bwr vI bMd ho igAw[ ies mgroN cI& Kwlsw dIvwn hI is`KW dI sYNtrl jQybMdI bx geI[
cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dw rol
30 AkqUbr 1902 ivc cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dI kwiemI mgroN ies nwl keI isμG sBwvW sbμDq ho geIAW[ 1904 qk 29 isμG sBwvW ies dIAW mYNbr bxIAW[ 9 julweI 1904 ƒ cI& Kwlsw dIvwn ƒ kwƒn hyT rijstrf krvw ilAw igAw[
cI& ^wlsw dIvwn dy Aihm kMmW ivcoN sB qoN pihlw pRwjYkt AμimRqsr dw ‘sYNtrl Kwlsw XqImKwnw’ sI jo ApRYl 1904 ivc kwiem kIqw igAw[ ies XqImKwny ny byshwrw is`K b`icAW ƒ Awsrw vI idqw Aqy pVHweI vI krvweI[ cI& Kwlsw dy ies XqImKwny ivc rihx vwly b`icAW ivc bhuq swrIAW ny is`K pμQ ivc bVI Aihm jgh bxweI, ijnHW ivcoN kuJ qW ieh hn: igAwnI kysr isμG nwvilst, aUDm isμG sunwm, s.s. Amol, BweI smuMd isMG rwgI vZYrw[ 1947 qoN mgroN ies XqmIKwny ny pμjwb dI vμf nwl byshwrw hoey bhuq swry b`icAW ƒ sμBwilAw (1960 qoN mgroN ies dI hwlq kw&I hd qk Ksqw ho geI[ dIvwn ny 1908 ivc iSkwrpur (isμD), 1909 ivc ^wlsw aupdySk kwlj XqImKwnw GrjwK (gujrWvwlw) vI kwiem kIqy[
dIvwn ny 1908 ivc ^wlsw pRcwrk ividAwlw qrnqwrn ivc kwiem kr ky shI mwAinAW ivc pihlw isK imSnrI kwlj kwiem kIqw[ ies Adwry ny bhuq swry pRcwrk iqAwr kIqy, ijhVy v`K-v`K ielwikAW ivc jw ky is`KI dw pRcwr krdy rhy[
dIvwn ny 1915 ivc qrnqwrn ivc sYNtrl Kwlsw hspqwl KoilHAw[ mgroN ie`Qy iek ibrD AwSrm vI KoilHAw[
cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dw iek bhuq v`fw kwrnwmw is`K AYjUkSnl kwn&rμsW dI nINh rKxw sI[ 19 jnvrI 1908 dy idn pihlI is`K AYjUkySn kwn&rμs kIqI geI ijs ny v`K-v`K ielwikAW dy is`K ividAk mwihrW, pRo&YsrW, ivdvwnW qy lyKkW ƒ iek QW iek`Ty ho ky pμQk msilAW ’qy ivcwr krn dw mwhOl muh`eIAw krvwieAw[ BwvyN ieh kwn&rμsW hr swl hux vI huμdIAW hn pr SurU-SurU ivc ienHW kwn&rμsW ny is`K ividAk sμswr ivc bVw Aihm rol Adw kIqw sI[
cI& Kwlsw dIvwn ny bhuq swry skUl vI bxwey[ ies sbμD ivc sB qoN vD rol srdwr bhwdr Drm isμG sI ijnHW ny 1926 ivc gurU nwnk ividAw Bμfwr tr`st kwiem kr ky skUl bxwauxy SurU kIqy[ Aj cI& ^wlsw dIvwn dy 50 qoN vD skUl cl rhy hn[
Kwlsw trYkt suswietI Aqy Kwlsw smwcwr h&qwvwrI prcw vI cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dy vDIAw kμmW ivcoN hn[ ies hyT sYNkVy trYkt Cwp ky gurmiq dw pRcwr kIqw igAw[
cI& Kwlsw dIvwn ny 1902 qoN 1919 qk bVy v`fy pRwjYkt SurU kIqy qy srAμjwm kIqy[ pr, ikauNik ies jmwq ’qy suμdr isμG mjIiTAw, BweI vIr isμG Aqy hor srmweydwrW Aqy jgIrdwrW dw kbzw sI qy ieh swry srkwr nwl isr& imlvrqx hI nhIN dyNdy sn blik pμQk msilAW ’qy is`KW ƒ cu`p krvwaux dI koiSS vI krdy rihμdy sn[ bhuqy is`K ies ƒ AμgryzW dI cwplUsI smJdy sn[ ies kr ky ieh jmwq Awm is`KW dI jmwq nw bx skI; ieh is`K jzbwq dI nuμmwieμdgI nw kr skI qy pμQ ivc AwpxI bxdI QW hwisl nw kr skI[ grm iKlweIey qW ienHW ƒ ‘tofI’, ‘srkwrIey’ Aqy hor i^qwbW nwl vI invwjdy rhy[
ividAw dy Kyqr ivc cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dw rol kwbly qwrI& hY; XqIm is`K b`icAW ƒ Awsrw dyx ivc ienHW dw rol lwswnI hY, lok BlweI kMmW ivc ies dI syvw ingr sI[
drbwr swihb ’qy inrmilAW Aqy bRwhmxW dw kbzw
1905 ivc bRwhmxW ny qW drbwr swihb ’qy iek qrHW nwl kbzw kIqw hoieAw sI[ aunHW ny ieh pRcwirAw ik AMimRqsr (srovr) is`K gurUAW dw bxwieAw nhIN sI blik ieh qW rwm dy zmwny dw iek bRhm kuMf sI qy ieh ihMdUAW dw qIrQ sI[ ie`Qy kW hMs ho jWdy sn qy ie`Qy hI rjnI nW dI iek SihzwdI dy ipMgly pqI dw kohV dUr hoieAw sI[ ieh g`pW bRwhmxW ny ies kr ky GVIAW sn qW jo auh AMimRqsr (srovr) nUM ihMdU qIrQ AwK ky ies ’qy jy pUrw kbzw nw vI kr skx qW Gto-Gt is`KW dy brwbr dw ih`sw qW zrUr lY skx qy jW iPr is`KW nUM gurU nwnk swihb dI is`iKAw dy ault ibprn krm-kWf v`l tor skx[
1905 qk bRwhmx drbwr swihb Awaux vwly ihMdUAW Aqy kuJ bysmJ is`KW nUM vI mUrK bxw ky aunHW dw drbwr swihb ivc ‘ieSnwn’ krvw ky aunHW qoN ivSnUM, rwm, ikRSn, cMfI dyvI vZYrw dI pUjw krvwieAw krdy sn[ ieM\ hI au~Qy iek v`fI mUrqI bxw ky vI r`KI hoeI sI ijs ivc gurU goibMd isMG swihb nUM msnUhI dyvI cMfI qoN vr lYNdw idKwieAw hoieAw sI[
jd isMG sBw kwiem hoeI qW aus vyly ihMdU pujwrI drbwr swihb ivc ihMdU mUrqIAW ilAw ky prkrmw ivc pUjw vI krvwieAw krdy sn[ jdoN inAwrI is`KI dy ihmwieqIAW v`loN drbwr swihb dy buqpRsqI rokx, TwkrW dI pUjw Kqm krn Aqy drbwr swihb dI hdUd coN mUrqIAW cukx dI mμg auTI qW Kym isμG bydI Aqy rwjw ibkrm isμG PrIdkotI DVy ny Aijhw krnoN vrijAw[ ikauNik drbwr swihb dy pujwrI Kym isμG bydI dy cyly sn ies kr ky isMG sBw AwgU kuJ nw kr sky[ ieh islislw 1905 qk cldw irhw[
ArUV isMG srbrwh dw rol
1905 ivc s ArUV isMG drbwr swihb dw srbrwh bixAw[ jd aus ny dyiKAw ik ihMdU pujwrI drbwr sihb ivc kwlpink dyvI dyviqAW dIAW mUrqW bxw ky drbwr swihb dI byAdbI krdy hn qW aun ny ieh hrkq krnoN roikAw[ pr pujwrI nw hty[ ies ‘qy ArUV isMG ny iek noits k`iFAw ik 2 meI qoN drbwr swihb ivc mUrqI ilAwaux vwly nUM muAw& nhIN kIqw jwvygw[ ies ‘qy ihMdU pujwrI fr gey qy Agly cwr idn drbwr swihb ivc koeI mUrqI nhIN vVI[ pr auh 6 meI nUM iPr mUrqIAW lY ky Aw gey[ ies ‘qy ArUV isMG ny AMimRqsr dy ifptI kiSnr nUM ^q ilK ky aus qoN &ors dI mMg kIqI qW jo SrwrqI pujwrIAW nUM roikAw jw sky[ jd pujwrIAW nUM puls dI ^br imlI qW auh AwpxIAW hrkqW qoN bwz Awey[ ieM\ drbwr swihb coN mUrqIAW k`Fy jwx dw ishrw isr& ArUV isMG nUM jWdw hY[
1905 ivc hI iek hor Aihm Gtnw ieh hoeI ik A&Zwinsqwn dy Sihr kwbl ivc jd ihMdUAW ny gurduAwrw gurU hrrwie ivc msnUhI ihMdU dyvI-dyviqAW dy bu`q r`Kx dI koiSS kIqI qW is`KW ny ies dI mu^wl&q kIqI[ jd ieh kys bwdSwh dI Adwlq ivc igAw qW aus ny &Yslw dyNidAW ikhw ik “gurU nwnk swihb dy pYrokwr iek r`b dI iebwdq krdy hn qy auh bu`qpRsqI dy ivroDI hn[ ies kr ky gurduAwry ivc bu`qW dw koeI mqlb nhIN[ ihMdUAW dw gurduAwry qy is`KW dw TwkrduAwry qy iSvduAwry nwl koeI sbMD nhIN ho skdw[” (qyjw isMG, gurduAwrw rI&wrm AYNf d is`K AvykinMg, s&w 64, 1984 dI AYfISn)[
gurduAwrw suDwr qy cI& Kwlsw dIvwn
isMG sBw lihr ivcoN pYdw hoeI jwgo ny is`KW ivc ieh soc vI pYdw kIqI ik drbwr swihb qy hor gurduAwirAW ivc ho rhIAW hor mnmqI kwrvweIAW rokIAW jwx[ ies soc nwl cI& Kwlsw dIvwn ny 1906 ivc mqw pws kIqw ik “drbwr swihb dw ieMqzwm is`K sMgqW nUM sONp id`qw jwvy[” 1907 ivc ‘pMjwb’ A^bwr ny gurduAwirAW dI syvw sMBwl vwsqy iek “gurduAwrw sMBwl kmytI” kwiem krn dI g`l vI qorI sI[ (qyjw isMG, gurduAwrw rI&wrm AYNf d is`K AvykinMg, s&w 101)[
qvwrI^ ivc ArUV isMG qoN ielwvw suMdr isMG mjIiTAw nwl vI pUrw iensw& nhIN hoieAw[ ieh g`l kwbly-izkr hY ik 1905 ivc suMdr isMG mjIiTAw Aqy hrbMs isMG AtwrI ny hI ipMfW ivc Drm pRcwr vwsqy jQy Byjy sn qy aunHW ny hI 1907 ivc AKOqI p`CVI zwq dy BweI mihqwb isMG bIr rwhIN “Kwlsw brwdrI kwrj swDk dl” bxw ky AKOqI pCVIAW zwqW ivc is`KI dw prcwr krvwieAw sI[ ienHW dIAW koiSSW nwl hI 1908 ivc qrnqwrn ivc pihlw is`K imSnrI kwlj KolHx ivc rol Adw kIqw sI Aqy aunHW ny hI isMD ivc is`K Drm dy pRcwr vwsqy jQy vI Byjy sn[ ienHW ny Kwlsw hYNfibl soswietI bxw ky sYNkVy trYkt Cwp ky qy vMf ky is`KI dw pRcwr kIqw sI (cI& Kwlsw dIvwn, i&&tI eIArz Aw& srivs, s&w 71)[
ieh g`l vI kwbly izkr hY ik jd suMdr isMG mjITw Awpxy pu`qr ikrpwl isMG dw ivAwh pMQk rsmW, AnMd rIqI, nwl krn mgroN drbwr swihb pu`jy qW pujwrIAW ny aunHW dI Ardws krn qoN nWh kr id`qI sI[ (gurcrn isMG, swkw nwnkwxw swihb, s&y 13-19)[ suMdr isMG mjIiTAw dw pihly gurduAwrw ibl (1921) vyly dw rol vI kwbly-qwrI& sI[ aus ny 1909 ivc imMto mwrly kONsl rI&wrm vyly kONslW ivc is`K nuMmwieMdgI vwsqy vI BrpUr koiSSW kIqIAW sn (BwvyN auh audoN kwmXwb nhIN hoieAw sI)[
AnMd mYirj AYkt (1908-09)
1908 ivc iempIrIAl kONsl dy mYNbr, nwBw dy kMvr irpdumn isMG (mgroN mhwrwjw) ny ‘AnMd mYirj ib`l’ pyS kr ky is`K AnMd kwrj nUM kwnUMnI drjw idvwieAw[ ieh ib`l pws krvwaux ivc suMdr isMG mjIiTAw jo 1909 ivc irpdumn isMG dI QW ’qy iempIrIAl kONsl ivc ley gey sn, ny bVw rol Adw kIqw[ ies mksd vwsqy is`KW dy in`ky-v`fy 300 iek`T hoey Aqy s`q l`K is`KW ny dsq^q kr ky srkwr nUM ieh kwnUMn pws krn vwsqy ikhw sI[ mgroN ieh iek`T Aqy ieh lw`bI hI is`KW ivc isAwsI hkUk vwsqy is`K lIg kwiem krn dI nINh bxI sI[
2008 ivc pwiksqwn ny AnMd mYirj AYkt nUM pUrI qrHW kwnUMn bxw id`qw pr (2008 mwrc qk) ‘is`K hI nhIN blik AkwlI” AKvwauNdI bwdl srkwr ny ies AYkt nUM kwnUMnI Skl dyx vwsqy koeI kwrvweI nw kIqI[ Bwrq dI kWgrs srkwr ny vI ‘AnMd mYirj AYkt’ dy nW hyT iek kwnUMn 2013 ivc pws kIqw, jo ik isr& DoKw hI sI; 2014 ivc BwrqI jnqw pwrtI ny Aw ky auh vI vwips lY ilAw[
1909 ivc iek hor Aihm Gtnw hoeI[ ies swl mYks AwrQr mYkwil& dI ikqwb ‘is`K irlIjn’ AMgryzI ivc Cp geI ijs nwl ZYr-is`KW nUM is`K Drm qy qvwrI^ dI kw&I h`d q`k shI jwxkwrI imlxI SurU ho geI[ hux ZYr-is`KW nUM sOiKAW pqw lgxw SurU ho igAw ik is`K ihMdU nhIN hn[
ies dy jvwb ivc buinAwdpRsq i&rkU ihMdUAW ny iek nvI swizS rcI[ aunHW ny 1910 ivc mulqwn ivc ‘pMjwb ihMdU kwn&rMs’ r`KI qy ies dI pRDwngI Kym isMG bydI* dy pu`qr gurb^S isMG bydI qoN krvweI qy aus qoN AKvwieAw ik ‘is`K ihMdU hn’[ bydI dI ies hrkq dI swry pwisEN bVI inMdw kIqI geI qy is`KW ny aus nwl vrqxw bMd kr id`qw[
*(Kym isMG swihb isMG bydI dw pVpoqw sI[ auh swihb isMG dy puqr ibSn isMG qy poqy Aqr isMG dw pu`qr sI[ ieh auh prvwr sI ijhVw 1848-49 dIAW AMgryz-is`K lVweIAW ivc, AMgryzW dw swQI bx ky, is`KW dy i^lw& liVAw sI jd ik swihb isMG bydI dy dUjy pu`qr ibkrm isMG ny is`KW dw swQ id`qw sI qy AMgryzW ny aus dI jwgIr zbq kr ky aus nUM kYd kr ky aus dw aUnw vwlw iklHw vI Fwh id`qw sI[ ibkrm isMG dw pu`qr sujwn isMG, poqw rwmikSn isMG, pVpoqw dyivMdr isMG sI[ dyivMdr isMG dw pu`qr mDUsUdn isMG qy aus dw pu`qr srbjoq isMG, Awm qOr ’qy, srkwrW dy mu^wil& vjoN hI jwxy jWdy rhy sn)[
pr, bydI vrigAW dIAW kwrvweIAW nwl is`KW nUM koeI &rk nw ipAw sgoN is`KW ivc vDyrI jwgo AweI qy aunHW ny Awpxy inAwrwpx nUM vDyry prgt krnw SurU kr id`qw[ 1911 ivc hoeI mrdmSumwrI dI rIport ivcoN sw& pqw lgdw hY ik hux is`K AwpxI is`KI dw f`t ky iezhwr krn lg pey sn[ 1901 dy 21 l`K dy mukwbly ivc 1911 dI mrdmSumwrI ivc ivc 28.8 l`K lokW ny Awpxy Awp nUM is`K ilKvwieAw sI[ 1911 dI fI. pYtrI (AisstYNt fwierYktr sI.AweI.fI.) dI ^u&IAw rIport ies g`l dI qweId krdI hY ik is`KW ivc ihMdUAW qoN vKry inAwrwpx dy iezhwr dw ruJwx vD irhw hY (qy ieh AwrIAw smwj dIAW is`K ivroDI kwrvweIAW dw jvwby Aml sI)[ fI. pYtrI dI rIport “mYmorMfm AOn rIsYNt ifvYlpmYNt ien is`K pwlyitks” (1911), pMjwb: pwst AYNf prYzMt dy AkqUbr 1970 AMk ivc CpI hoeI imldI hY[
{All this material is copy right of Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer)