2 meI
1757: du`rwnI dy pu`qr qYmUr ny krqwrpur Aqy drbwr swihb nUM Fwh id`qw
id`lI qoN vqn muV jwx qoN pihlW Aihmd Swh ny lu`t dw swrw mwl 28000 g`ifAW, bldW, KoiqAW, K`crW, Aqy GoiVAW ’qy l`d ky is`Dw Awpxy vqn v`l tor id`qw[ Aihmd Swh ny id`lI ivc iksy dy Gr ivc iek vI hwQI, GoVw, aUT, K`cr hI nhIN blik iek vI Koqw qk nhIN sI rihx id`qw qy swirAW ’qy swmwn l`idAw hoieAw sI[ Aihmd Swh dI swrI A`sI hzwr &Oj pYdl jw rhI sI Aqy svwrI dw hr jwnvr lu`t dy mwl nwl l`idAw hoieAw sI[ ies ^zwny dy nwl aus dw pu`qr qYmUr Aqy hzwrW ispwhI vI gey[ jdoN ^zwny vwlw kw&lw lMG ky snOr kol pu`jw qW Kwlsw &OjW ny (Awlw isMG pitAwlw ny) aus ’qy hmlw kr id`qw qy Aihmd Swh dI lu`t dy mwl dw iek ih`sw Koh ilAw[ ies mgroN is`KW ny ies kw&ly ’qy mlyrkotly kol iek vwr Pyr hmlw kIqw[ auN\ is`K JnW dirAw qk A&ZwnW dy kw&ly ’qy hmlw kr ies dw mwl lu`t ky lu`t dy mwl dw Bwr GtwauNdy rhy[ ies AYkSn ’qy qYmUr bhuq gu`sy ivc AwieAw Aqy aus ny is`KW qoN bdlw lYx dw &Yslw kIqw[ jd qYmUr qy Aihmd Swh dw jrnYl jhwn ^wn jlMDr pu`jy qW jlMDr dy &Ojdwr nwsr AlI ny aus nUM nyVy is`KW v`loN lu`t mwr dw bdlw lYx vwsqy krqwrpur ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy slwh idqI[ aus vyly krqwrpur ivc vfBwg isMG (DIr m`l dI cOQI pIVHI) rih irhw sI Aqy BweI gurdws dI klm nwl iliKAw gurU gRMQ swihb dw srUp vI aus kol hI sI[ qYmUr ny ies ngr ‘qy hmlw kr ky, lokW dw kqlyAwm Aqy lu`t-mwr krn mgroN ies Sihr nUM A`g lw idqI[ ies A`g ivc gurduAwrw QMmH swihb Aqy gurU gRMQ swihb dw pihlw srUp (BweI gurdws ilKq)* vI sV gey[ ies mOky ’qy vfBwg isMG nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw qy aus ’qy bhuq qS`dd kIqw igAw[ (iek rwq nUM aus dy kuJ cyly aus nUM ihrwsq ivcoN k`F ky mOjUdw ihmWcl dy ipMf mOVI ivc lY gey[ auh eynw fr igAw ik muV ky mOVI ipMf ‘coN ikqy nhIN igAw qy dihSq nwl dhilAw hoieAw auh CyqI hI mr igAw)[
*(mgroN DIrm`lIAW ny kuJ purwxIAW h`Q ilKq bIVW hwisl kIqIAW, ijhVIAW ik bMno vwlI KwrI bIV dIAW nklW hn[ ijhVw srUp auh BweI gurdws dw iliKAw hox dw dwAvw krdy hn auh drAsl ienHW ivcoN hI koeI bIV hY[ pr ieh g`l idlcsp hY ik pihlW auh kdy iksy iek bIV qy kdy dUjI bIV nUM BweI gurdws dI bxw dyNdy sn)[
ies mgroN qYmUr ny goieMdvwl qoN ibAws dirAw dw p`qx pwr kIqw Aqy lwhOr clw igAw[ kuJ idnW bwAd Aihmd Swh vI lwhOr phuMc igAw[ Aihmd Swh bhuqI dyr lwhOr ivc nhIN TihirAw Aqy lu`t dw mwl lY ky A&Zwinsqwn vl nUM rvwnw ho igAw[ ies ip`CoN vI Kwlsw &OjW Aihmd Swh dI vhIr ’qy gurIlw hmlw krdIAW rhIAW qy ieh hmly audoN qk jwrI rhy, jdoN qk Aihmd Swh dIAW &OjW JnW dirAw pwr nw kr geIAW[ Aihmd Swh ny jwx qoN pihlW qYmUr nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw[ hux qYmUr ny vI is`KW ƒ ^qm krn dy hukm jwrI kr id`qy[ qYmUr dy hukmW Aqy jhwn ^wn dI AgvweI hyT durwnI dIAW &OjW ny is`KW dI PVo-PVI SurU kr id`qI qy bhuq swry is`K ShId kr id`qy[ 2 meI 1757 dy idn qYmUr ny AMimRqsr ’qy hmlw kr ky ies ƒ Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw[ aus ny rwm rOxI (iklHw) Aqy drbwr swihb ƒ Fwh id`qw qy AMimRqsr srovr ƒ mlby nwl pUr id`qw[
1698: BweI mnI isMG ny AMimRqsr dI syvw sMBwlI
BweI mnI isMG 2 meI 1698 dy idn AMimRqsr pu`jy Aqy 3 meI ƒ drbwr swihb ’c nIlw inSwn swihb Julw ky gurU gRMQ swihb dw pRkwS kIqw (q&sIl Blky dyKo)[ ies qoN bwAd BweI mnI isMG AMimRqsr hI rihx l`g pey[ mgroN iksy lyKk ny Zlq ilK id`qw ik BweI jI nUM mwqw suMdr kOr ny 1721 ivc ieh syvw sONpI sI[
1991: blivMdr isMG qy smyr isMG nklI mukwbly ivc ShId
2 meI 1993 dy idn puls ny rCpwl isMG &OjI qy pMj hor is`KW nUM nklI mukwbly ivc ShId kr id`qw[
1994: Akwl q^q qoN SRomxI AkwlI dl (AMimRqsr) dw AYlwn kIqw igAw
1994 ivc Cy AkwlI dl kwiem hoey hoey sn[ ienHW nUM iek krn dy nW ‘qy Akwl q^q dy audoN dy AYkitMg muK syvwdwr ny Akwl q^q qoN iek sWJw AkwlI dl bxwaux dI kwrvweI kIqI[ ies muihMm ivc bwdl nUM C`f ky bwkI DVy Swiml ho gey[ 2 meI 1994 dy idn ienHW AkwlI dlW nUM iek`Tw kr ky Akwl q^q swihb qoN nvW AkwlI dl kwiem krn dw AYlwn kIqw igAw[ ies AkwlI dl dw nW ‘SRomxI AkwlI dl (AμimRqsr)’ riKAw igAw[ ies AkwlI dl dI itk 6 mYNbrI AYfhwk kmytI bxw id`qI geI[ ieh 6 sn: ismrnjIq isμG mwn, jgdyv isμG qlvμfI, mnjIq isμG (Brw BweI AmrIk isμG), jsmyr isμG bwlw, Amirμdr isμG, surjIq brnwlw[ sqvIN QW bwdl vwsqy ^wlI r`KI geI[ (mgroN bwdl dy nw Awaux ’qy suKijμdr isμμG ƒ sqvW mYNbr pwieAw igAw)[ (mgroN Akwl q^q dy pujwrI mnjIq isMG qy bwkI pujwrI hI ies ld qooN mukr gey qy bwdl nUM Awpxw Awkw mMn ilAw)[
ies nvyN AkwlI dl dw nvW mYnI&Ysto vI AYlwinAw igAw[ ies mYynI&Ysty ivc buinAwdI nukqw sI: ‘‘Bwrq Aqy is`KW dI kn&YfrySn kwiem krnw[” ies dw pYtrn rUsI sUibAW dy AwDwr vwlw sI[ ies mYnI&Ysto ƒ ‘AμimRqsr AYlwnnwmw’ Aqy ‘Kwlsw pμQ nwl pRx p`qr’ vI AwiKAw igAw[ ies dy l&z ieh sn:
SRomxI pμQ AkwlI dl jmhUrIAq dy dwieirAW ivc rih ky gurU gRμQ swihb jI au~qy AwDwirq pμjwbI kOmI siBAwcwr dy mohrI hox vjoN is`K kOm leI iek Aijhy v`Kry iK`qy vwsqy j`do-jihd krn dy Awpxy vcn ƒ duhrwauNdw hY, ijQy auh AwzwdI dw in`G mwx skx[ vμf qoN pihlW kWgrs ny iek Aijhw iK`qw bxwaux dw vwAdw kIqw sI pr Ajy q`k ieh hoNd ivc nhIN AwieAw[ isr& Aijhy iK`qy dy hoNd ivc Awaux nwl hI is`K kOm Aqy pμjwbIAW dIAW rIJW pUrIAW ho skdIAW hn[ Aijhw iK`qw G`t igxqIAW dy jzbwq ƒ mUrqImwn krn ivc shweI hovygw[ ieiqhws dy ies moV ’qy iek pwsy jy d`Kx-pUrbI eySIAw bycYn hY qW dUjy pwsy p`CmI kOmW vI AwpxI qkdIr GVx leI kdrW-kImqW dy nvyN isirEN ivaUNqx leI vI koiSSW kr rhIAW hn[ AijhI hwlq ivc gurU gRμQ swihb Aμdr mOjUd bRihmμfI eykqw Aqy ieksurqw, sμbwd, Swierwnw qriz-izμdgI, lu`t-Ksu`t rihq rwjnIqI Aqy dUijAW ƒ ApIl krn vwlI mwVI ibrqI qoN mukq iK`qw, hornW siBAwcwrW leI vI cwnx munwrw hovygw[ ies iK`qy ivc is`KI jIvn jwc auqy ausrIAW, ivl`Kx Dwrimk, AwriQk, rwjsI Aqy smwijk sμsQwvW iek pwsy mOilk cyqnqw ƒ swkwr krngIAW Aqy dUjy pwsy aunHW ƒ ieiqhws ivc iek Aijhw mOkw pRdwn krngIAW jo ipCly smyN ivc nhIN imilAw[ AijhI pRwpqI nwl is`KI Aqy pμjwbIAq, sμswr siBAwcwr ƒ Awpxy AiqAμq suμdr iezhwr rwhIN gOrvSIl Xogdwn dy skygI[
AkwlI dl dw ieh m`q hY ik ihμdusqwn v`K-v`K kOmI siBAwcwrW dw iek aup mhWdIp hY, ijs ivc hr siBAwcwr dI AwpxI invyklI ivrwsq Aqy invyklI mu`K Dwrw hY[ ies aup mhWdIp ƒ iek kn&Yfrl ivDwn rwhIN nvyN isirEN jQybμdk krn dI loV hY qW jo hr siBAwcwr AwpxI pRiqBw Aqy AwBw Anuswr pR&ilq hovy Aqy AwpxI ivSyS ^uSbU ivSv siBAwcwr dy bwZ ƒ dy sky[ jy ies qrHW dw kn&Yfrl nv-sμgTq FWcw, ihμdusqwnI hukmrwnW vloN prvwn nhIN kIqw jWdw qW SRomxI AkwlI dl kol iek pRBUsqw sμpμn rwj dI mμg krn Aqy ies leI j`do-jihd krn qoN ielwvw hor koeI cwrw nhIN rih jwvygw[ (dsq^q: AmirMdr isμG, jgdyv isμG qlvμfI, ismrnjIq isμG mwn, jsmyr isμG bwlw, surjIq brnwlw, mnjIq isμG)
Kwlsw pμQ nwl pRx p`qr:
AsIN Akwl q^q swihb jI Aqy drbwr swihb dI pwvn DrqI ’qy bYT ky ipCly idnW qoN AwpsI eykqw dIAW isDWq AwDwrq ivcwrW krn mgroN ieh pRx A`j dy ies pμQk iek`T ivc gurU sμgqW dy swhmxy krdy hW[ A`j qoN AsIN swry mqByd Bulw ky kOmI ih`qW dI ^wqr iek`Ty ivcrWgy[ pμQ doKIAW dIAW swizSW ADIn AwpsI iK`coqwx dy iSkwr hox qoN pUrn qOr ’qy mukq rhWgy[ swfI soc Akwl q^q swihb jI ƒ smripq hY[ AsIN hr aus kwrj leI hmySw XqnSIl hovWgy jo swƒ Kwlsw pμQ dIAW pRyrnwvW ’coN pRwpq hY Aqy pRwpq hovygw[ KwlsweI rvwieq dI pwlxw leI Awpxw qn, mn, Dn kOm ƒ smripq krdy hW[ AsIN hr mumikn Xqn kr ky smu`cIAW pμQk jQybμdIAW ƒ iek plyt&wrm ’qy iek`Ty kr ky kOmI kwrj leI jmhUrI Fμg-qrky nwl sdIvI qOr ’qy jUJdy rhWgy[ iksy vI sUrq ivc kOm nwl ivswhGwq nhIN krWgy qy iek syvk dI hYsIAq ivc ivcwrWgy[
gurU pμQ dy dws: Amirμdr isμG, jgdyv isμG qlvμfI, ismrnjIq isμG mwn, jsmyr isμG bwlw, mnjIq isμG (BweI), surjIq brnwlw [
1991: rCpwl isMG bbr iklHw nklI mukwbly ivc ShId
2 meI 1991 dy idn pMjwb pulIs ny rCpwl isMG aur& Cotw cMdrw aur& pwlw mUVH, bbr iklHw nUM nklI mukwbly ivc ShId kr id`qw[ 2013: bwdl ny pwiksqwn dI jyLH ivc mry iek kYdI nUM ‘kOmI ShId’ krwr id`qw piksqwn dI jylH ivc 1990 qoN kYd srbjIq nW dy iek kYdI nUM kuJ pwiksqwnI kYdIAW ny ku`t-ku`t ky mwr id`qw[ aus dI lwS Agly idn pMjwb pu`jI Aqy bwdl srkwr ny aus dw sskwr srkwrI snmwnW nwl 21 qopW dI slwmI dy ky kIqw[ iesy idn pMjwb AsYNblI dw spYSl sYSn s`d ky aus nUM ‘kOmI ShId’ krwr id`qw[ pMjwb dI DrqI ‘qy AMgryzW Aqy kWgrs dI hkUmq dOrwn hzwrW lok ShId ho cuky sn pr aunHW ivcoN iksy nUM vI ‘ShId’ dw drjw hwisl nhIN sI ho sikAw[ ismrnjIq isMG mwn dy AkwlI dl AMimRqsr qoN ielwvw iksy bwdl AkwlI AwgU jW iksy BwrqI pwrtI dy iksy vI AwgU ny ies Srmnwk hrkq dw ivroD qk nw kIqw[ ies dy nwl hI aus dI BYx, pqnI qy do DIAW nUM 25-25 l`K (kul iek kroV) rupY vI id`qy Aqy ies qoN ielwvw aus dI DI nUM auc drjy dI srkwrI nOkrI vI id`qI Aqy srbjIq dI BYx Aqy dUjI DI nUM gYs dI eyjMsI vI id`qI[ cyqy rhy ik 1947 qoN 1999 qk cIn qy pwiksqwn nwl hoeIAW lVweIAW ivc 16451 jvwn mwry gey sn; pr pMjwb (jW sYNtr) srkwr ny nw qW aunHW nUM ShId grdwinAw sI qy nw hI koeI AYvwrf id`qw sI[ pMjwb srkwr ny ienHW swirAW dy prvwrW nUM isr& iek iek l`K ruipAw id`qw sI[ bwdl v`loN srbjIq dy t`br nUM iek kroV rupY dyx dw kwrn ieh sI ik aus dI BYx dlbIr kOr KwVkU lihr vyly ‘puls kYt’ sI Aqy pMjwb dy fI.jI.pI. sumyD sYxI dI v&wdwr sI qy bwdl ny ieh swrw kuJ sumyD sYxI dy kihx ‘qy hI kIqw sI[
fw. hrijMdr isMG idlgIr