igAwnI qy igAwnI jQy (skUl)
is`K Dwrimk bolI ivc igAwnI auh hY ijs nUM Dwrimk igAwn hovy[ is`K &ls&y ivc ieh l&z aus ienswn vwsqy vriqAw jWdw hY ijs ƒ is`K Drm, gurbwxI qy qvwrI^ bwry coKI jwxkwrI hovy[ keI vwr gurduAwry dy gRMQI (jo syvw krdw hY), nUM vI igAwnI kih id`qw jWdw hY[ BwvyN bwbw bu`Fw, BweI gurdws qy BweI mnI isMG gRMQI vjoN syvw inBwauNdy rhy sn, Aqy auh is`K qvwrI^ qy &ls&y dy ivdvwn qy kQwkwr vI sn, pr aunHW ivcoN iksy nUM igAwnI nhIN blik BweI (Brw) hI iliKAw igAw hY[ is`KW ivc igAwnI l&z sB qoN pihlW Swied igAwnI Bgvwn isMG (jo j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw dy ipqw sn) dy nW nwl vriqAw igAw imldw hY[ ieh l&z lkb jW hYsIAq vjoN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj smyN inrmilAW ny vrqxw SurU kIqw sI[ sB qoN pihlW drbwr swihb dy gRMQI sMq isMG ny Awpxy Awp nUM igAwnI lkb id`qw sI jW AKvwauxw SurU kIqw sI (hwlWik aus dw ipqw sUrq isMG vI gRMQI dI syvw krdw irhw sI Aqy ikqwbW dw lyKk vI sI, pr aus dy nW nwl igAwnI lkb nhIN sI vriqAw igAw)[ sMq isMG qoN mgroN aus dy p`uqr gurmuK isMG ny vI ieh lkb vrqxw SurU kr id`qw (hwlWik drbwr swihb dy bwkI gRMQIAW, sxy muK gRMQI drbwr isMG, vwsqy ies l&z dI vrqoN nhIN sI kIqI geI)[ vkq dy nwl-nwl igAwnI iek Ahudw qy hYsIAq bx geI qy ieh isr& aunHW vwsqy hI vrqI jwx lg peI jo Dwrimk gRMQW dI bhuq izAwdw jwxkwrI rKdy huMdy sn[ ieh lkb isAwsI S^sIAqW (igAwnI krqwr isMG) qy ivdvwnW (igAwnI Syr isMG, ig: lwl isMG vZYrw) dy nW nwl vI vriqAw jWdw irhw hY[ AMgRyzI skUl isstm Apxwaux qoN pihlW ieh igAwnI qy gRMQI hI sn, jo swihq qy Dwrimk gRMQ pVHwauNdy sn[ igAwnI pMjwbI swihq dw ie`k ifplomw vI hY jo ik 14vIN jmwq dy drjy (B. A. Honours) dy brwbr hY.
igAwnI skUl
ipCly kuJ smyN qoN ieh nW gurU gRMQ swihb dI sMiQAw krwvwaux Aqy ivAwiKAw isKwaux vwly fyirAW dy muKIAW ƒ igAwnI nW id`qw jwx lg ipAw hY[ auN\ ieh koeI rsmI jmwq (ieMstIicaUSn) nhIN hY[sMn 1977 qoN mgroN cOk mihqw fyrw dy igAwnI krqwr isMG ny Awpxy fyry nUM ‘dmdmI tkswl’ kihxw Sur kr id`qw Aqy ies AKOqI tkswl (drAsl fyrw) nUM pihlW BweI mnI isMG qy iPr bwbw dIp isMG nwl joVn dw pRcwr krnw SurU kr id`qw sI[ drAsl BweI mnI isMG is`K &ls&y dy ausqwd sn[ aunHW ny gurU gRMQ swihb dI ivAwiKAw, is`K &ls&y Aqy is`K qvwrI^ nUM cwr gurU swihbwn qoN piVHAw hoieAw sI[ cOk mihqw fyrw (iBMfrW-mihqw j`Qw) muqwibk ies qoN mgroN bwbw dIp isMG (jo ienHW muqwibk BweI mnI isMG qoN pVHy sn), qy aunHW qoN mgroN BweI dieAw isMG, iPr BweI guridAwl isMG, BweI gurb^S isMG (ShIdI pihlI dsMbr 1764) aunHW dy cyly bxy[ ienHW muqwibk gurb^S isMG dI mOq qoN bwAd, BweI Amr isMG Aqy BweI sUrq isMG ny Awpo-Awpxy sYNtr kwiem kr ley sn[ ienHW inrmlw fyirAW muqwibk ienHW dy cyly hyT ilKy sn:
(a) BweI Amr isMG vwly toly (gru`p) ivc aus qoN mgroN BweI j`sw isMG, iPr BweI rwm isMG Aqy BweI cMdw isMG ny ies fyry dI AgvweI sMBwlI[ BweI cMdw isMG dI mOq qoN bwAd igAwnI hzwrw isMG Aqy BweI dieAw isMG ny Awpo-Awpxy vKry fyry kwiem kr ley[ igAwnI hzwrw isMG qoN ip`CoN aunHW dw pu`qr BweI vIr isMG aus dw vwirs bixAw[ dUjy pwsy BweI dieAw isMG qoN bwAd BweI Bgvwn isMG Aqy iPr iek ih`sy dy (1) igAwnI AmIr isMG Aqy igAwnI ikrpwl isMG qy dUjy ih`sy dy (2) BweI &qih cMd, BweI sMgq isMG kmwlIAw, BweI krqwr isMG Aqy igAwnI hrnwm isMG, igAwnI ibSn isMG murwlw, igAwnI suMdr isMG, igAwnI gurbcn isMG iBMfr klW[
ienHW ivcoN gurbcn isMG BwvyN suMdr isMG dw cylw sI, pr aus ny qW Awpxw vKrw fyrw kwiem kr ilAw sI jo mgroN ‘jQw iBMfrW’ vjoN jwixAw jwx lg ipAw sI[ igAwnI gurbcn isMG dI mOq mgroN ies j`Qy dy do ih`sy ho gey sn iek dw muKI igAwnI mohn isMG sI qy dUjw dw igAwnI krqwr isMG[
igAwnI krqwr isMG ny cOk mihqw vwlw fyrw sMBwlx mgroN Awpxy jQy nUM ‘jQw iBfrW-mihqw’ ilKxw SurU kr id`qw (ikauNik igAwnI suMdr isMG qy igAwnI gurbcn isMG dw fyrw iBMfrW jQw jwxy jWdy sn Aqy krqwr isMG kol fyrw cOk mihqw sI)[ auDr iBMfrW jQw dw dUjw DVw (igAwnI mohn isMG DVw) Awpxy Awp nUM isr& jQw iBMfrW hI kihMdw hY[ kuJ mhIny mgroN igAwnI krqwr isMG ny Awpxy Awp nUM bwbw dIp isMG nwl joVn vwsqy (pr aus dy ausqwd BweI mnI isMG nwl nhIN) ies jQy nUM (AKOqI) dmdmI tkswl kihxw SurU kr id`qw[sMn 1977 qk ieh Awpxy jQy nUM isr& ‘iBMfrW jQw’ kihMdy sn (purwxy iksy vI somy ivc l&z ‘dmdmI tkswl’ iliKAw nhIN imldw; sMn 1997 qoN pihlW ienHW dI AwpxI iksy ilKq jW somy ivc vI ‘dmdmI tkswl’ qW kI isr& ‘tkswl’ l&z vI nhIN imldw)[ igAwnI krqwr isMG dI mOq mgroN igAwnI jrnYl isMG rofy (ShIdI 6 jUn 1984) ies fyry dw muKI bixAw[ aus dI ShIdI mgroN ies fyry dy kwr mu^qwr dy muKI Twkr isMG 21 swl JUT boldw irhw ik igAwnI jrnYl isMG ShId nhIN hoieAw blik rUpoS ho ky rih irhw hY; pr Twkr isMG dI mOq (sMn 2005) qoN bwAd ies grup ny aus nUM ShId mMn ilAw[sMn 2005 ivc hI nvyN muKI dI cox vyly ienHW dy hor do DVy bx gey: iek dw muKI hrnwm isMG DuMmw qy dUjy dw muKI rwm isMG bixAw[ Xwin hux isr& ies grup dy hI iqMn mu`K ih`sy hn: mohn isMG, hrnwm isMG qy rwm isMG[ auN\ iek do hor vI Awpxy Awp nUM ies DVy dw muKI dsdy hn[
(A) dUjw jQw: ip`Cy izkr kIqy dUjy j`Qy dy BweI sUrq isMG inrmlw vwly toly ivc aus qoN mgroN aus dw pu`qr gurdws isMG ies dw vwirs bixAw[ aus qoN ip`CoN igAwnI sMq isMG inrmlw (jo mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN dOrwn drbwr swihb dw gRMQI sI) aus dw vwirs AKvwieAw[ BweI sMq isMG dI mOq qoN bwAd ieh DVw vI do ihi`sAW iv`c vMifAw igAw; ie`k ivc sMq isMG dw pu`qr gurmuK isMG, pVpoqw prdumn isMG qy A`goN aus dw pu`qr gurb^S isMG sn[ dUjy pwsy BweI sMq isMG qoN mgroN BweI myG isMG, igAwnI igAwn isMG (lyKk nhIN) Aqy igAwnI srdUl isMG ny Awpxw vKrw fyrw kwiem kIqw[
ienHW fyirAW ivcoN iqMn muK fyry Ajy vI cl rhy hn: ie`k mihqw cOk ivc hY, dUjw s`qovwlI glI AMimRqsr ivc qy qIjw rwm isMG dw ipMf mnwvW ivc hY (iek cOQw fyrw AmrIk isMG ny Ajnwlw ivc vI clw ilAw hY)[ ies dI iek hor Sw^ surjIq isMG dy qihq ShId aUDm isMG ngr AMimRqsr ivc vI cl rhI hY[ ieh swry fyrydwr Awpxy fyirAW ivc gurU gRMQ swihb dw pRkwS kr ky aus nUM pUjw dy nW ’qy vrqdy hn pr is`KI dI QW bRwhmxI qy vydWiqk mq dy krm kWf dw pRcwr krdy hn Aqy AwpxI pUjw krvwauNdy hn[ ieh iek iksm dI ic`tI isauNk hn jo is`K Drm nUM AMgroN-AMdrIN Kw rhI hY.
(fw. hrijMdr isMG idlgIr)