pMQ rqn igAwnI id`q isMG jI
fwktr hrijMdr isMG idlgIr
pMQ rqn igAwnI id`q isMG dw jnm 21 ApRYl 1853 dy idn, mwqw rwm kOr dI ku`K qoN, BweI dIvwn isMG dy Gr, ipMf klOV (hux izlHw &qihgVH swihb) ivc, hoieAw sI[ igAwnI id`q isMG dy ipqw dIvwn isMG julwhw ibrwdrI dI dyhVw goq nwl sbMD rKdy sn[ aunHW dw pihlw ipMf J`lIAW klW sI[ dIvwn isMG cwr Brw sn; ienHW ivcoNN do Brw iek vwr hrduAwr gey sn ij`Qy aunHW dw pWifAW nwl JgVw ho igAw qy auh mwry gey sn[ Awp dw qIjw Brw kwhn isMG, J`lIAW ipMf C`f ky b`sI pTwxW ivc Aw visAw sI[ ies mgroN dIvwn isMG vI J`lIAW klW C`f igAw Aqy ipMf kLOV ivc jw visAw sI[ ieh g`l 1836 qoN 1840 dy ivckwr dI hY[
ies dOrwn BweI dIvwn isMG dI nyVqw BweI Bwg isMG (jgIrdwr bfwlw) nwl ho geI[ Bwg isMG dy dwdw su`Kw isMG isMGpurIAw imsl dy Aihm &OjI sn[ aunHW ny imslW dI hkUmq dOrwn s`q ipMfW „qy AwpxI hkUmq kwiem kr leI sI[ 1849 ivc AMgryzW ny nvyN bMdobsq hyT aunHW nUM do ipMfW, bfwlw qy bfwlI, dI jwgIr qk mihdUd kr id`qw sI[
BweI Bwg isMG rwhIN dIvwn isMG dw myl kwhn isMG (FkwnsU), bIr isMG (jWslw), kol dws (iqEV) nwl vI ho igAw[ ieM\ ieh pMj jxy Drm prcwr dw iek jQw bx gey[ auDr Bwg isMG dy sbMD swDU gulwb dws nwl vI bx cuky sn[ gulwb dws nwl aunHW dw myl 1836 ivc AMbwlw ivc dsONDw isMG dy fyry „qy hoieAw sI[Bwg isMG BwvyN iksy fyry qoN piVHAw iliKAw qW nhIN sI pr aus nuM nXwX, vydWq, sWKX vZYrw (K`t/ Cy Swsqr), ipMgl vZYrw dy nwl nwl is`K Drm gRMQW dI vI jwxkwrI sI[ swDU gulwb dws ny Bwg isMG nUM mYx duAwb (G`gr qy jmnw dirAwvW dy ivckwr dw ielwkw) dw cwrj sMBwl id`qw sI qy Awpxw muK fyrw lwhOr qoN 15 iklomItr dUr ciTAW vwly ivc kwiem kr ilAw sI[
igAwnI id`q isMG jI dI SwdI
BweI dIvwn isMG dy swQI BweI Bwg isMG bfwlw dy Gr 1854 ivc do juVvW DIAW pYdw hoeIAW[ jvwn hox „qy aunHW ivcoN iek sONspur (nyVy smrwlw) ivAwh id`qI[ dUjI ibSn dyeI ipqw vW| bhuq qyz bu`DI vwlI sI[ Bwg isMG cwhuMdw sI ik aus dw ivAwh iksy isAwxy lVky nwl kIqw jwvy[ ieh g`l 1872 dI hY[ audoN BweI id`q isMG gulwbdws dy fyry „qy ipMf ciTAW vwly ivc rihMdw sI[ id`q isMG ipqw dI bImwrI kwrn kuJ idn vwsqy klOV AwieAw hoieAw sI[ ies PyrI dOrwn auh BweI Bwg isMG nUM imlx vwsqy bfwly vI igAw[ Bwg isMG qy id`q isMG ny bhuq nukiqAW bwry crcw kIqI qy auh aus nOjvwn qoN bhuq Asr-AMMdwz (pRBwivq) hoieAw[ aus dy mn ivc AwieAw ik auh AwpxI DI ibSn dyeI dw ivAwh aus sUJvwn nOjvwn id`q isMG dy nwl kr dyvy[ jd Bwg isMG dy Brw mwn isMG ies g`l dw pqw l`gw qW auh bhuq AOKw hoieAw ikauNik auh AwpxI BqIjI dI SwdI iksy jwgIrdwr jW zmINdwr dy Gr ivc hI krnw cwhuMdw sI[ pr Bwg isMG ny ies ivroDqw dI prvwh nw kIqI Aqy aus ny jUn 1872 ivc AwpxI DI ibSn dyeI (mgroN ibSn kOr) dw ivAwh BweI id`q isMG dy nwl kr id`qw[ ies kr ky ivAwh dy mOky qy kuVI dy dwdikAW dy ^wndwn ivcoN koeI vI Swiml nw hoieAw[
igAwnI id`q isMG dI S^sIAq
Awp is`K kOm dy auNglIAW ‟qy igxy jw skx vwly mhwn ivdvwnW ivcoN iek sn[ id`q isMG bcpx qoN hI bhuq isAwxIAW g`lW krn lg pey sn qy swry aunHW dI sUJ dy kwiel sn[ Awp dy ipqw BweI dIvwn isMG BwvyN iek ZrIb julwhw prvwr ivcoN sn pr Awp dy mn ivc pu`qr nUM pVHweI krvwayx dI bhuq ^wihS sI ies kr ky aunHW ny 1862 ivc 9 swl dy id`q isMG nUM iqEV (KrV qoN iqMn iklomItr dUr) dy gulwbdwsI fyry ‟qy Byj id`qw; ieQy aus ny vydWq, nIqI Swsqr Aqy i&lws&I dIAW keI hor ikqwbW pVHIAW[ aus dI kwblIAq nUM vyK ky 16 swl dI aumr ivc aus nUM gulwbdwsIAW dy muK fyry c`iTAWvwlw (izlHw ksUr) ivc Byj id`qw igAw[ eyQy aus ny gurU gRMQ swihb vI piVHAw qy BweI gurdws qy hor lyKkW dIAW ikqwbW vI pVHIAW[
1875 ivc, 23 swl dI aumr ivc, aunHW ny iek gulwbdwsI prcwrk vjoN syvw krnI SurU kr id`qI[ ies dOrwn aus dw myl BweI jvwhr isMG kpUr nwl hoieAw[ ienHW idnW ivc AwrIAw smwj dI nINh r`KI jw cukI sI[1877 ivc ErIAYNtl kwlj lwhOr (jo 1870 ivc SurU hoieAw sI qy mgroN 14 AkqUbr 1882 dy idn ies dw nW pMjwb XUnIvristI r`K id`qw igAw sI) ivc pMjwbI zbwn dI pVHweI SurU ho geI[ pRo. gurmuK isMG ies dy pihly pRo&Ysr bxy[ igAwnI id`q isMG ny 1878 ivc ie`Qy igAwnI dI pVHweI kIqI Aqy pihly nMbr „qy Awey[ ies mgroN Awp nUM vI auQy pMjwbI dI pVHweI krvwaux vwsqy r`K ilAw igAw[ hux igAwnI jI ny c`iTAW vwlw C`f id`qw Aqy p`kw lwhOr ivc hI rihx lg pey[
igAwnI id`q isMG qy swDU dXw nMd dw imlwp
ApRYl 1877 ivc AwrIAw smwj dw dXw nMd lwhOr AwieAw[auh lwhOr ivc rqn cMd „dwhVI vwlw‟ dy bwZ ivc ThirAw hoieAw sI[ aus vyly igAwnI id`q isMG c`iTAW vwlw ivc sn[ jd aunHW nUM swDU dXw nMd dy prcwr dw pqw l`gw qW auh Awpxy swQI Aqr isMG nwl lwhOr pu`jy[ auQy aunHW ny BweIAw rofU rwm nUM nwl ilAw Aqy s. jvwhr isMG kpUr (jo rylvy ivc klrk sI qy AwrIAw smwj lwhOr dw sk`qr sI) dy Gr cly gey[ auQoN auh cwry jxy swDU dXw nMd nUM imlx cly gey[ ies mOky „qy igAwnI id`q isMG ny swDU dXw nMd nwl pRmwqmw dw srUp, dunIAW dI rcnw, pMj q`qW bwry crcw kIqI[ do GMty dI crcw mgroN dXw nMd lwjvwb ho igAw qy g`lbwq bMd kr ky kihx l`gw “Awp kih do ik swDU hwr gey hY AOr hm jIq gey hYN[”
kuJ idnW mgroN swDU dXw nMd ny iTkwxw bdl ilAw qy fw. rhIm ^wn dI koTI ivc clw igAw[ ie`Qy dXw nMd ny iqMn idn lYkcr kIqw qy cOQy idn svwl krn dI iejwzq id`qI[ pihlW iek mOlvI qy iPr iek pMfq ny crcw krn dI koiSS kIqI pr CyqI hI hr Kw ky cup kr gey[ hux igAwnI id`q isMG ny crcw SurU kIqI[ igAwnI id`q isMG ny ikhw ik cwry vyd dYvI (^udweI) rcnw nhIN hn blik ienswnI rcnw hn[ aunHW ikhw ik bwxI cwr iksm dI huMdI hY: (1) prw (jo gupq hY)[ (2) psMqI (jo iKAwl mn ivc pYdw huMdw hY; ies dw iksy nUM pqw nhIN huMdw)[ (3) m`iDmw (jo gly qk Aw jWdI hY pr bwhr nhIN inkldI; so ieh vI iksy nUM pqw nhIN lg skdI)[ (4) bYKrI (jo mUMhoN bolI jWdI hY[ ies ivc Sbd, vwk, ivAwkrx huMdI hY qy koeI ienswn hI ies dw aucwrx krdw hY)[ ikauNik cwry vyd A`KrW, vwkW qy ivAwkrx dI rcnw hn ies kr ky vyd dYvI rcnw nhIN ho skdy; ieh XkInn ienswnW dIAW ilKqW hn[ ies vwr vI dXw nMd BrI sBw ivc lwjvwb ho igAw[
ies mgroN dXw nMd ny mylw rwm dy qwlwb „qy jw fyrw lwieAw[ auQy vI igAwnI id`q isMG jI cly gey Aqy aunHW ny dXw nMd nUM „mukqI‟ dy svwl „qy lwjvwb kr id`qw[ ieM\ aunHW ny dXw nMd nUM iqMn vwr dlIlW nwl &ls&y dI bihs ivc hrwieAw[ (ies dw izkr igAwnI id`q isMG ilKq “myrw qy swDU dXw nMd dw sMMbwd” Aqy pMfq lyK rwm dI ilKI ikqwb “mhWirSI suAwmI dXw nMd srsvqI kw jIvn cirqR” ivc vI imldw hY)[ ies crcw nUM dyK sux ky igAwnI id`q isMG qy jvwhr isMG kpUr nUM Aihsws ho igAw ik dXw nMd kol kuJ nhIN lok AYvyN hI Byf cwl ivc aus dy ip`Cy lgy hoey hn[ aunHIN idnIN hI isMG sBw lihr SurU ho cukI sI qy mgroN dovyN ies lihr dw ih`sw bx gey[
kuJ lokW nUN ieh Zlq&hmI hY ik igAwnI id`q isMG AwrIAw smwj nwl sbMDq sn; ieh Zlq hY[ auh kdy vI ies jmwq nwl sbMDq nhIN rhy sn[ (BweI jvwhr isMG kpUr AwrIAw smwj lwhOr dy sk`qr zrUr sn qy auh vI 25 nvMbr 1888 dy idn, lwhOr ivc, AwrIAw smwj dy cODrIAW pMfq gurUd`q Aqy lwl murlI Dr v`loN guru nwnk swihb, guru goibMd isMG swihb Aqy guru gRMQ swihb sbMDI nIcqw BrI bkvws krn qoN Agly idn hI, gurduAwr bwaUlI swihb ivc iek`T krn mgroN, BweI nMd gupwl reIs sxy ies sBw nUM C`f gey sn)[
Kwlsw A^bwr SurU krnw
11 ApRYl 1880 dy idn igAwnI id`q isMG ny „gurmuKI A^bwr‟ SurU kIqw jo CyqI hI hrmn ipAwrw ho igAw[ ienHW idnW ivc hI igAwnI id`q isMG qy pRo gurmuK isMG ivc dosqI bx geI qy ies dosqI ny is`K kOm nUM mhwn dyx id`qI[ kuJ icr mgroN Awp ny pRo gurmuK isMG nwl iml ky „Kwlsw A^bwr‟ SurU kIqw[ ApRYl 1883 ivc mhwrwjw hIrw isMG nwBw ny ies A^bwr vwsqy 700 rupY dI mu`FlI rkm id`qI sI[ pihlI meI 1883 dy idn Kwlsw pRYs SurU ho geI[ iesy mhIny ivc hI „Kwlsw A^bwr‟ bwkwiedw Cpxw SurU ho igAw[ ies A^bwr dw swrw kMm vI igAwnI id`q isMG hI krdy huMdy sn; BweI meIAw isMG pRYs dy ieMcwrj sn[ ies A^bwr rwhIN, pRo gurmuK isMG Aqy igAwnI id`q isMG, dohW S^sIAqW ny is`KI ivc Awey inGwr nUM ^qm krn ivc v`fw rol Adw kIqw[ pRo. gurmuK isMG ny qW AKOqI swihbzwidAW (bydI, B`ly, soFI ^wndwnW) dw dMB vI burI qrHW nMgw kIqw; Kws kr ky Kym isMG bydI v`loN nIm-gurU bxn dI krqUq dy i^lw& aus ny iek iksm dw jhwd KVHw kIqw[ ies qoN iKJ ky bydI toly ny 18 mwrc 1887 dy idn pRo gurmuK isMG nUM AKOqI qOr ‟qy pMQ ivcoN Kwrj krn dw frwmw kIqw[ igAwnI id`q isMG ny ies hrkq dI zbrdsq inMdw kIqI[ hux sumyr isMG ptnw (AKOqI dsm gRMQ dw pRcwrk) Aqy Kym isMG bydI ny igAwnI id`q isMG dy i^lw& swizSW SurU kr id`qIAW[ 1887 ivc aunHW nUM iek ilKq dy mwmly ivc, audY isMG bydI v`loN muk`dmw krvw ky Adwlq ivc vI „GsIitAw‟[ lMmI AdwlqI kwrvweI mgroN aunHW nUM ies kys ivc pihlW hwr qy ApIl ivc ij`q hwisl hoeI[
ienHW idnW ivc igAwnI jI dy sB qoN v`fy mddgwr kMvr ibkrm isMG kpUrQlw dI 8 meI 1887 dy idn mOq ho geI; ies nwl igAwnI jI nUM bhuq nukswn hoieAw qy aunHW nUM A^bwr vI bMd krnw ipAw[ ihMmq kr ky aunHW ny mwrc 1890 ivc A^bwr dobwrw SurU kr ilAw[ iPr 1896 ivc pRo gurmuK isMG cVHweI kr gey[ iek vwr Pyr igAwnI id`q isMG nUM mwlI muSiklW ny Gyr ilAw[ ies dy bwvjUd aunHW ny A^bwr jwrI r`iKAw Aqy 1901 ivc aunHW dI mOq qk cldw irhw[ 1899 ivc jd Bgq lkSmx isMG ny AMgryzI ivc „Kwlsw A^bwr‟ SurU kIqw qW igAwnI jI ny vI aus dI bhuq mdd kIqI[
igAwnI id`q isMG dI ishq qy ilbws
igAwnI id`q isMG dw ijsm iekihrw sI[ jd auh iqaUV ivc swDU kOl dws kol rihMdy sn qW auh Bgvy rMg dy kpVy pihxdy huMdy sn[ jd auh cyilAWvwlw ivc gulwb dws dy fyry „qy sn qW gly ivc KulHIAW bwhvW dw kuVqw, qyV qMbI (cwdrw) Aqy isr „qy motI s&Yd mlml dw sw&w bMnHdy sn[ 1880 qoN mgroN auh l`Ty dw cogw, cUVIdwr pjwmw qy isr „qy mlml dw sw&w bMnHx lg pey sn[ pihlWN auh dwhVI bMnHdy huMdy sn[, pr sMn 1896 qoN mgroN aunHW ny dwVHI KulHI Cf id`qI sI[
igAwnI id`q isMG jI dw AMq smW
sMn 1900 ivc, jd igAwnI id`q isMG jI Ajy 50 kU swl dy sn, qW aunHW dI ishq bhuq kmzor ho geI sI[ ^urwk qW pihloN hI mwVI sI[ 1900 dIAW brswqW mukidAW hI Awp nUM bu^wr cVHn lg ipAw[ jd auh bhuq iF`ly huMdy qW kMm nhIN sn kr skdy; qy jd zrw kU jwn pY jwxI auh iPr kMm ivc ruJ jWdy sn[ ies dorwn, 17 jUn 1901 dy idn, aunHW dI bytI ividAwvMq kOr dI mOq ho geI[ ies bytI nwl Awp dw bhuq ipAwr sI; ies mOq ny aunHW nUM bhuq audws kr id`qw[ BwvyN Awp iPr vI kOm dI syvw krdy rhy pr aunHW dy mn dI idlgIrI ny aunHW dw swQ nw C`ifAw[ 15 julweI dy idn jd auh &Irozpur qoN muVy qW bhuq bImwr pY gey[ ies dy bwvjUd auh pRYs ivc jWdy rhy[ keI vwr qW aunHW ivc eynI qwkq vI nhIN sI huMdI ik auh pRYs qoN cl ky Gr pu`j skdy qy auh pRYs ivc hI sON jwieAw krdy sn[ A^Ir Agsq 1901 dy SurU ivc jd aunHW dI qwkq jvwb dy geI qW aunHW ny pRYs dw swrw kMm BweI meIAw isMG dy hvwly kr id`qw[ fw. rhIm ^wn ny aunHW dw ielwj krn ivc koeI ksr nw C`fI pr Akwl purK dw hukm pu`jx „qy 6 sqMbr 1906 dy idn, 11 vjx qoN kuJ imMt pihlW, auh ies &wnI dunIAW qoN ivdw ho gey[
igAwnI id`q isMG jI dIAW ilKqW
igAwnI id`q isMG jI ny A^bwrW vwsqy bhuq kImqI lyK qy AYfItorIAl qW ilKy hI sn, pr aunHW dIAW bhuq swrIAW ilKqW ikqwbI rUp ivc vI imldIAW hn (ienHW ivcoN keI qW Ajy vI AxCpIAW peIAW hn); aunHW dIAW ilKqW ivcoN muK ieh hn:
(swihqk rcnwvW): ik`sw SIrIN &rhwd (1872), Ablw nMd (1876), Awqm is`DI (1877).
(is`K msilAW sbMDI rcnwvW): myrw qy swDU dieAw nMd dw sMbwd (1877), supn nwtk (1887), rwj pRboD nwtk (1889), sYlwnI isMG, gu`gw gpOVw, nklI is`K pRboD, Drm drpx, Kwlsw Drm sMskwr ivDI, dMB invwrx, pMQ suDwr ibnY p`qr, durgw pRboD, gurmiq AwrqI pRboD, frpok isMG, sulqwn puAwVw, nvW nklI is`K pRboD, Kwlsw p`qr.
(ieiqhwsk rcnwvW): jIvn gurU nwnk swihb (1896), guru nwnk pRboD, gurU Amr dws swihb, gurU Arjn swihb, gurU hir rwie swihb, gurU hirikRSn swihb, klgIDr aupkwr, isMGxIAW dw isdk, BweI qwrU isMG dI ShIdI, is`K b`cy dI ShIdI qy keI hor[
igAwnI id`q isMG jI dw prvwr
igAwnI id`q isMG dy Gr 10 swl koeI AOlwd nw hoeI[ 1882 ivc Awp dy byty bldyv isMG qy 1886 ivc bytI ividAwvMq kOr dw jnm hoieAw[ 1884 ivc igAwnI id`q isMG lwhOr ivc TTyirAW vwlI glI ivc iek iqMn C`qW vwly mkwn ivc ikrwey „qy rihx lg pey sn[ bldyv isMG ny 19 swl dI aumr ivc AYm.ey. pws kr leI[ iesy swl auh mYfIkl kwlj lwhOr ivc dwi^l ho igAw[ jUn 1903 ivc aus dw ivAwh aUrnw (nyVy mwCIvwVw) dy BweI &Ojw isMG dI bytI ieMdr kOr nwl ho igAw[ ivAwh dw nqIjw ieh hoieAw ik bldyv isMG dI pVHweI dw bhuq hrj hoieAw qy 1904 ivc auh PylH ho igAw[ aunHIN idnIN nwBw dy mhwrwjw irpdumn isMG Acwnk lwhOr Awey hoey sn[ isMG sBw lwhOr dy muKIAW ny mhwrwjw nwl g`lbwq kr ky bldyv isMG dI pVHweI dw Krc aunHW izMmy pw ky bldyv isMG nUM ieMglYNf Byj id`qw[
1905 dIAW grmIAW ivc auh ieMglYNf clw igAw[ jd auh pVHweI pUrI kr ky vwips AwieAw qW igAwnI id`q isMG dy ivroDIAW, Kym isMG bydI toly, ny bldyv isMG nUM AMimRqsr ivc hYlQ A&sr dI nOkrI qk nw lYx id`qI[ A^Ir mhwrwjw irpdumn isMG ny aus nUM nwBw ivc hYlQ A&sr lw id`qw[ pr CUq Cwq dy ihmwieqI iPr vI aus dy i^lw& prcwr krdy rhy[ 1912 ivc aus dy Gr byty dw jnm hoieAw[ iesy swl aus dI pqnI ieMdr kOr dI mOq ho geI[ 1913 ivc BweI q^q isMG &Irozpur ny aus dw dUjw ivAwh krvw id`qw[
auDr nwBw pitAwlw JgVy ivc mhwrwjw BUipMdr isMG ny bldyv isMG nUM vI lpyt ilAw[ ies „qy bldyv isMG, AwpxI dUjI pqnI, bytw qy mwqw ibSn kOr (pqnI igAwnI id`q isMG) nUM lY ly pMjwb C`f ky bMbeI clw igAw qy auQoN inaUzIlYNf clw igAw[ auQy, 1928 ivc aus dy ieklOqy pu`qr dI mOq ho geI[[ hux aus ny kys ktvw id`qy[ ies sdmy nUM nw shwrdI hoeI aus dI mwqw ibSn kOr ro ro ky qkrIbn AMnHI ho geI[ 1929 ivc aus ny mwqw nUM pMjwb Byj id`qw[ auh BweI q^q isMG kol kMinAw pwTSwlw &Irozpur ivc rihx lg peI[ 1930 ivc aus dI mOq ho geI[ jd aus nUM AwpxI mwqw dI mOq dw pqw l`gw qW auh inaUzIlYNf ivcoN swrw kuJ smyt ky 1932 ivc pMjwb vwips Aw igAw[
bldyv isMG keI bImwrIAW dy ielwj dw mwhr fwktr sI[ auh pMjwbI qy &wrsI dw vDIAw Swier vI sI[ aus kol rwg ividAw dI vI bhuq mhwrq sI[ pYsY vI auh cMgy kmw ky ilAwieAw sI[ pr, hux auh iek`lw sI, nw aus dI mwqw sI qy nw pu`qr[ BwvyN aus dI aumr isr& 46 swl dI sI, pr zwq pwq dy ivqkry ny aus dI mwnisk hwlq Krwb kr id`qI sI[ ies hwlq ivc aus nUM crn isMG ShId ny pryr ky is`KI ivc vwips lY AWdw[ 1937 ivc, 51 swl dI aumr ivc, auh huiSAwrpur ivc hYlQ A&sr lg igAw qy auQy rihx lg ipAw[ 1938 ivc aus ny irtwiermYNt lY leI[ 1940 ivc auh grmIAW ibqwaux vwsqy auh soln igAw hoieAw sI[ ie`Qy hI 16 jUn 1940 dy idn, 58 swl dI aumr ivc, idl dw dOrw pYx nwl auh cVHweI kr igAw[ ies dy nwl hI igAwnI id`q isMG dI kul ^qm ho geI[ (not: ies mzmUn vwsqy isrdwrnI jgmohx kOr ny kuJ kImqI jwxkwrI muh`eIAw krvweI sI, aunHW dw krzw kbUl krnw myrw &rz hY; mYN aunHW dw qih idl qoN SukrIAw Adw krdw hW)[