Zdr lihr qy ihMdU lIfriSp
Zdr lihr Bwrq nhIN blik is`K-pMjwb dI AwzwdI dI lihr sI qy aus dw ipCokV is`K rwj nUM muV ilAwauxw sI; aunHW dy idmwZ jW idl ivc Bwrq dw koeI isDWq nhIN sI[[ AmrIkw ivc vI Zdr pwrtI nwl sbMDq bhuqy ihMdU AwgU jW qW AMgryzW dy eyjMt sn qy jW i&rkU AwrIAw smwjI ihMdU[
lwlw hridAwl
lwlw hridAwl mwQur iek mUlvwdI bRwhmx prvwr ivcoN sI[ auh 17 swl dI aumr ivc mUlvwdI ihMdU jmwq „Bwrq mwqw soswietI‟ Aqy iPr AwrIAw smwj dw mYNbr bx igAw[ aus ny sMsikRq ivc AYm.ey. pws kIqI[ ies dOrwn aus dw rwbqw brqwnvI srkwr nwl hoieAw Aqy 1905 ivc srkwr ny aus nUM vzI&w dy ky Awks&orf XUnIvristI ivc Byj id`qw[ pr auQy jw ky vI auh AwrIAw smwj dw hI kMm krn lg ipAw ijs kr ky srkwr ny aus dw vzI&w bMd kr id`qw qy aus nUM vwips Awauxw pY igAw[ hux AwrIAw smwjI AwgU lwlw lwjpq rwey ny &rWs Byj id`qw ij`Qy auh AwrIAw smwj dy A^bwr „vMdy mwqrm‟ vwsqy kMm krdw irhw[ pr
AwrIAw smwj qoN aus nUM kw&I mdd nhIN imldI sI ies kr ky auh hor kMm l`Bx lg ipAw[ ies dOrwn AwrIAw smwj ny pMfq prmw nMd (mgroN auh ihMdU mhW sBw dw pRDwn vI bixAw) nUM aus vl ByijAw[ prmw nMd ny aus nUM iPr mnw ilAw Aqy AwrIAw mswj dy pRcwr vwsqy AmrIkw Byj id`qw[ lwlw hridAwl ny AmrIkw dy v`K v`K SihrW ivc, v`K v`K jQybMdIAW ivc Swiml ho ky AwrIAw smwj dw pRcwr kIqw[ dsMbr 1912 ivc aus ny XugWqr AwSrm dI nINh r`KI[ ies dw inSwnw AwrIAw Drm dw pRcwr krnw sI[
ienHIN idnI hI aus ny vyiKAw ik AmrIkw ivc is`K bhuq sOKy hn Aqy aunHW kol kw&I srmwieAw vI hY[ 1912 ivc ie`QoN dy is`KW ny pMjwb dy is`KW ny ividAw dy nwl-nwl AwzwdI qy ZulwmI dw &rk idKwaux vwsqy iek pRwjYkt soicAw[ aunHW ny BweI jvwlw isMG T`TIAW, BweI sµqoK isMG, bwbw ivswKw isMG vZYrw dI AgvweI hyT 15 &rvrI 1912 dy idn stwktn ivc mIitMg kIqI qy ies jdojihd dy ih`sy vloN pMjwb ‟coN ku`J nOjvwnW ƒ AmrIkw ivc pVHweI krn vwsqy iqAwr krn leI Cy vzIPy jwrI krn leI &µf iek`Tw kIqw[ ies &µf ivc isrP is`KW ny hI ih`sw pwieAw Aqy kYnyfw qy AmrIkw ivc bYTy AmIr ihMdUAW ny kwxI kOfI q`k vI dyxoN nWh kr id`qI[ auDr hridAwl qy hor ihMdUAW ny ip`Cy AwrIAw smwjIAW nwl rwbqw kwiem kr ky ienHW vzIi&AW vwsqy ihMdUAW koloN dr^wsqW idvwaux vwsqy
AYkSn krn vwsqy ikhw[ ies kr ky vzIiPAW vwsqy ijMnHW dIAW vI dr^wsqW pu`jIAW auh swry dy swry ihMdU hI sn[
ies dy nwl hI hridAwl ny mihsUs kIqw ik is`KW ivc mulk (pMjwb) dI AwzwdI dI lihr auT rhI hY[ auDr knyfw ivc goirAW v`loN ivqkry nwl vI is`K j`dojihd ivcoN lMG rhy sn[ies swry mwhOl dw &wiedw auTwaux vwsqy hridAwl vrigAW ny ies qihrIk dI “hweIjYikMg” krn dI swizS GVI[ auh ies lihr ivc Swiml ho igAw[ Aqy ikauN ik ies lihr nwl sbMDq swry AwgU mzdUr qy ikswn sn, Aqy auh bhuq vD piVHAw iliKAw S^s sI ies kr ky aus ny swirAW nUM Asr-AMdwz kr ky swrI kmWf Awpxy h`QW ivc lY leI[ Boly pMjwbIAW nUM pqw vI nw l`gw ik aunHW dI lihr ivc ihMdU mUlvwdI AwrIAw smwj dw pRcwr ho irhw hY[ hridAwl dw sB qoN pihlW kMm sI ies lihr dw Zlq nW r`Kxw[ Zdr dw mwAnw hY ZdwrI krnw, nw ik AwzwdI dI lihr jW ienklwb (1857 ivc vI AMgryzW dI rwKI hyTly rjvwiVAW ny AMgryzW nwl kIqy AihdnwimAW dy i^lw& ZdwrI kIqI sI; ies kr ky aus nUM Zdr nW id`qw igAw sI)[
lwlw hridAwl ny ies lihr ivc swrw kuJ AwrIAw smwjI Brn dI soc hyT ies dw qrwnw „vMdy mwqrm…‟ cuixAw jo ik kwlpink ihMdU dyvI dI ArwDnw dw gIq hY[ iPr aus ny JMfy ivc vI ihMdU dyvI dw inSwn r`iKAw[ aus ny jmwq dw pihlw nW ies nUM ihMdU rUp dyx vwsqy „ihMdUsqwnI AYsosIeySn‟ r`iKAw sI[
Zdr pwrtI dy AwgUAW dIAW ilKqW ivc ihMdUsqwn mulk dw nwArw isr& hridAwl vrgy AwrIAw smwjIAW dI SmUlIAq kr ky sI[ Ajy Bwrq iek mulk vwlw nukqw kwiem hI nhIN hoieAw sI[ aus vyly qk qW ihMdUsqwn XU.pI., m`D pRdyS nUM hI kihMdy sn[ isr& 50-60 swl pihlW qW ihMdUsqwnIAW dy nwl rl ky AMgryzW ny pMjwb dys ‘qy kbzw kIqw sI[ iPr Zdr pwrtI AwgUAW/vrkrW dIAW ilKqW ivc iksy AKOqI BwrqI hIro (nw rwxI JWsI, nw qWqIAw topy, nw iksy hor) dw izkr nhIN sI; auh iksy ZYr pMjwbI hIro bwry kuJ vI jwxdy qk nhIN sn qy ies kr ky aunHW dy mn ivc AKOqI BwrqI ivrsy jW qvwrI^ dI g`l Aw hI nhIN skdI sI[ auh isr& bMdw isMG bhwdr, su`Kw isMG-mihqwb isMG, BweI mnI isMG, hrI isMG nlvw, AkwlI &Ulw isMG dI g`l krdy sn[ auh is`K hIroz vW| qn, mn-mn-Dn nwl kurbwnI krn dI g`l krdy sn – qy- ieh isDWq ihMdUsqwn ivc ikqy mOjUd nhIN sI[
AmrIkw dy sohx isMG Bknw, hrnwm isMG kwlw sµGw, hrnwm isMG tuµfIlwt, krqwr isMG ltwlw, inDwn isMG cu`Gw, jvwlw isMG T`TIAW, ivswKw isMG ddyhr, gurmuK isMG llqoN, aUDm isMG ksyl, ipAwrw isMG lMgyrI , sµqoK isMG vZYrw; iSMGweI dy suµdr isMG, fw: mQrw isMG, ivswKw isMG ddyhr qy s`jx isMG; hWgkWg dy fw: Twkr isMG iekolwhw, igAwnI Bgvwn isMG, BweI hrnwm isMG qy BweI ibSn isMG ivcoN iek-A`D nUM C`f ky koeI vI AKOqI BwrqI (nYSnilst), kimaUinst jW smwjvwdI soc vwlw nhIN sI[
lwlw hridAwl iek buzidl bMdw vI sI[ jd AmrIkn srkwr ny vyiKAw ik ieh AjIb iksm dIAW swzSW kr irhw hY qW aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ ikauN ik auh qW ies qy kbzw krn dI soc nwl ies lihr ivc Swiml hoieAw sI nw ik jylH jwx vwsqy;ies kr ky zmwnq „qy irhw hox mgroN ieh AmrIkw C`f ky jrmn B`j igAw[ ies qoN mgroN ies ny Zdr lihr v`l ip`Cy muV ky vI nw vyiKAw Aqy iek gory vWg XUrp ivc izMdgI ibqwaux lg ipAw[ hwlW ik auh ies dorwn, jrmn, sivtzrlYNf, svIfn, ieMglYNf qy AmrIkw vI igAw pr aus ny ikqy vI ienklwb jW smwjvwd dI zrw mwsw vI g`l nw CyVI[ (iek hor ivcwr muqwibk auh srkwr nwl iml ky eyjMt bx cukw sI Aqy auh Zdr lihr dw swrw kuJ A^bwrW ivc SryAwm AYlwnW vjoN Cwp ky swrI jwxkwrI srkwr nUM idAw krdw sI)[
AmrIUkw ivcoN jwx mgroN lwlw hridAwl BwvyN iek gory vW| p`CmI izMdgI ijaUNdw irhw pr aus dy mn dy AMdr dw AwrIAw smwjI qy i&rkU bRwhmx hmySw aus dIAW ilKqW ivc kwiem irhw[
‘Zdr’ n&I vwlw (nYgyitv) l&z sI[ ies dw mwAnw hY ‘ZdwrI'[ Zdr l&z AMgryzW ny 1857 ivc ispwhIAw Aqy rjvwiVAW v`loN AMgryzI swmrwj nwl ZdwrI krn kr ky vriqAw sI (ijs nUM bysmJ ihMdUsqwnIAW ny Swn nwl Apxw ilAw, vwh!)[
Zdr pwrtI
1913 ivc jd AmrIkw Aqy knyfw ivc AMgryzI hkUmq dy i^lw& lihr clI qW AwrIAw swmj dw AwgU lwlw hridAwl vI auQy pu`j cukw sI[ aus ny ies lihr dw nW (1857 vwly Zdr dI nkl hyT) ‘Zdr pwrtI’ r`iKAw; Xwin aus ny ies lihr nUM ‘AMgryzW nwl ZdwrI dw nW id`qw[ ikhw nhIN jw skdw ik ieh lwlw hridAwl dI swizS sI jW byvkU&I ies AwzwdI dI lihr dIAW swrIAW kwrvweIAw Aqy AYkSn plwn SryAwm ‘Zdr dI gUMj’ ivc Cpdy huMdy sn qW jo AmrIkw (qy brqwnIAw) dI srkwr nUM ies lihr ivc ^u&IAw bMdy qweInwq krn dI loV hI nw rhy (vwh! ivdvwn socdy hn ik jW qW lwlw hridAwl dw idmwZ hI eynw Cotw sI qy jW auh brqwnIAw dw fbl eyjMt sI jo eyny v`fy hiQAwrbMd AYkSn dIAW kwrvweIAW A^bwr ivc AYlwinAw krdw sI[ auN\ myrI Koj muqwibk hridAwl nUM brqwnIAw ny ^rId ilAw sI qy auh ‘fbl eyjMt’ jW lSivMdr flyvwl vW| ‘puls kYt’ bx cukw sI; iesy kr ky auh AmrIkw qoN sivtzrlYNf clw igAw sI qy auQy XUrpInW vW| izMdgI ijaUx lg ipAw sI)[ ^Yr, mYN qW ieh kih irhw sI ik ieh nW n&I vwlw (nYgyitv) sI[
prmw nMd
Zdr lihr nwl sbMDq ihMdUAW ivc dUjw Aihm nW prmw nMd dw hY[ ijvyN pihlW izkr AwieAw hY, auh iek AwrIAw smwjI AwgU sI[ auh 1915 qk AmrIkw ivc irhw Aqy lwl hridAwl vWg lihr „qy kbzw krI r`iKAw[ ies mgroN auh Awpxy vqn muV AwieAw[ pr ieQy aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw Aqy aus ny 5 swl jylH k`tI qy 1920 ivc aus nUM Awm muAw&I ivc irhw kr id`qw igAw[ ies swry dOrwn aus dw swrw jIvn is`KW dy i^lw& ilKx ivc hI bIiqAw[ aus ny vIr hkIkq isMG nUM ihMdU swibq krn dI koiSS ivc hkIkq rwey ilK ky prcwr kIqw[ iPr bwbw bMdw isMG nUM „bYrwgI‟ bxwaux dI koiSS ivc aus ny „bMdw bYrwgI‟ ikqwb ilKI[ ies dy jvwb ivc krm isMG ihstorIAn ny „bMdw kOx Qw‟ ikqwb ilK ky prmw nMd dI swzs nUM nMgw kIqw[ prmw nMd dsMbr 1947 ivc mirAw pr auh swrI aumr is`KW dy i^lw& Aqy awrIAw smwj dy h`k ivc prcwr rkdw irhw[ aus dIAW syvwvW nUM muK rK ky jnsMG (hux Bwjpw) ny aus dy pu`qr fw: BweI mhWvIr nUM m`D pRdyS dw gvrnr (1998-2003) bxwieAw[
prmw nMd v`loN BweI mqI dws dI kul ivcoN hox dw &rwf
prmw nMd ny is`KW nUM byvkU& bxwaux dI kiss vI kIqI[ auh Awpxy Awp nUM BweI mqI dw dI kul ivcoN dsdw irhw ijhVw ik JUT hY[ prmw nMd drAsl ausy zwq ivcoN sI ijs ivcoN BweI mqI sn[ ieh prmw nMd mohIAwl bRwhmxW dI kul ivcoN hY; ieh auh lok ny jo pihlW qW guru swihb qoN KWdy rhy pr jd bMdw isMG bhwdr dI ShIdI mgroN is`KW „qy zulm SurU hoieAw qW ieh is`KI nUM C`f ky ihMdU bx gey qy auh vI is`KW dy i^lw& hr lihr ivc Swiml rhy[
BweI mqI dws kOx sn: Awp BweI hIrw nMd dy spu`qr, BweI dvwrkw dws dy poqy qy ShId BweI prwg dws (prwgw) dy pVpoqy sn[ BweI mqI dws dw iek pu`qr swihb isMG 8 AkqUbr 1700 dy idn inrmohgVH ivc ShId hoieAw sI qy dUjw mukMd isMG cmkOr ivc 7 dsMbr 1705 dy idn[ ies dw pu`qr crn isMG sI jo swDU bx igAw qy BdOV ivc ies ny fyrw bxw ilAw[ ies ny ivAwh nhIN krvwieAw[ ieM\ BweI mqI dws dI kul ie`Qy hI ^qm ho geI[ ies ^wndwn ivc prmw nMd dw koeI v`fw-vfyrw nzr nhIN AwauNdw[
pMfq prmw nMd dw Asl kursInwmw ieM\ hY: prmw nMd pu`qr qwrw cMd pu`qr AmIr cMd pu`qr myhrw pu`qr rwjU pu`qr jY Bwn isMG pu`qr rwie isMG pu`qr jMqI dws pu`qr kbUlw pu`qr dvwrkw dws[ ienHW ivc BweI mqI dws ik`Qy hY?
prmw nMd dw pUrw kursInwmw ieM\ hY: {BweI rwie isMG dy iqMn byty sn : BweI hirjs isMG, BweI Drmjs isMG qy BweI jYBwn isMG[ ienHW ivcoN ivckwrly, BweI Drmjs isMG dI A`goN AOlwd clI sI[ auh iek muZlW dy zulm qoN fr ky Aqy dUjw bRwhmxI-pujwrI ik`qw jwrI r`Kx kr ky is`K Drm C`f ky ihMdU bx gey[ BweI Drmjs isMG dw pu`qr rwm ikSn isMG qoN rwm ikSn bx igAw[ ieM\ hI BweI rwie isMG dy qIjy qy sB qoN Coty pu`qr BweI jYBwn isMG dy b`cy vI is`K Drm C`f gy Aqy ihMdU bx gey[ BweI jYBwn isMG dy pMj pu`qr sn: rwjU, rwm idAwl, hir idAwl, auqm cMd Aqy mMgl sYn[ ienHW ivcoN rwjU dw pu`qr myhr sI[ myhry dy A`goN s`q pu`qr sn[ ienHW ivcoN qIjy QW ‟qy AmIr cMd sI ies dy A`goN iqMn pu`qr sn[ ienHW ivcoN sB qoN Cotw qwrw cMd sI[ qwrw cMd dy A`goN do pu`qr sn : prmw nMd Aqy bwl mukMd[ BweI prmw nMd dy Brw bwl mukMd dy iqMnW ivcoN sB qoN Coty byty BweI kuMdn lwl dw[ BweI kuMdn lwl dy cwr byty sn[ ieh cwry isMG sjy sn[ ieh sn : BweI prmjIq isMG, BweI AmrjIq isMG, BweI BwrqdIp isMG qy BweI ASok isMG [ ieh swry mDUbn (nyVy krnwl), hirAwxw ivc rihMdy rhy hn[}.
so prmw nMd mqI dws dI kul ivcoN nhIN blik rwie isMG d`q dI kul ivcoN sI[
lwlw lwjpq rwey
lwlw lwjpq rwey AwrIAw swmj dw qIjw AwgU sI jo is`KW ivc Swiml hoieAw[ (ieh Agrvwl bwnIAW brwdrI ivcoN sI[ ieh pihlW is`K srUp ivc sI; kys qy dwVHI swibq r`Ky hoey sn pr 1907 ivc j dies nUM brmw jlwvqn kiqw igAw qW ies ny kys ktw ley qy k`t Vi&rkU ihMdU bx igAw qy is`KW duyi^lw& prcwr krn lg ipAw[ ies dI mW gulwb dyvI nUM ies dI ies hrkq dw bhuq sdmw l`gw qy auh bImwr pY geI qy A^Ir ieM\ hI auh dunIAW qoN tur geI)[ jd bhuqy ZdrI AwgU igR&qwr ho gey qt jylHW ivc su`ty gey qW lwlw lwjpq rwey ny ienHW kydIAW dy prvwrW dI mdd vwsqy knyfw qy AmrIkw dy is`KW qoN 70 hzwr rupY (jo audoN bhuq v`fI rkm sI) iek`T kIqy Aqy auh swrI rkm aus ny AwrIAw mswj dy is`K ivroDI prcwr vwsqy KrcI[ Xwin is`KW dIAW ju`qIAW is`KW dy hI isr[
swvrkr
is`KW ivc vV ky aunHW nUM vrqx dI koiSS krn vwlw iek hor i&rkU ihMdU swvrkr sI[ auh is`KW hI nhIN pMjwbIAW nwl vI Kwr kWdw sI[ jUn 1909 ivc gxyS vIr swvrkr ny lµfn ivc ieµjnIAirµg dw kors mukw ky pµjwb prqx vwly iek nOjvwn mdn lwl FINgrw ƒ BVkw ky AµgryzW qoN bdlw lYx vwsqy iqAwr kIqw[ FINgrw ny ieµfIAw Awi&s dy sInIAr A&sr sr ivlIAm krzn vwihlI ƒ pihlI julweI 1909 dy idn golI mwr ky mwr idqw (qy ies doS ivc aus ƒ &WsI dI szw idqI geI)[ swvrkr nUM vI 1910 ivc kYd kIqw igAw sI[ pr aus koloN kYd nw k`tI geI qy aus ny 1921 ivc ilKqI muAw&I mMg ky irhweI lY leI (kmwl hY ik aus dy cyly aud nUM iPr vI “vIr” svwrkr ilKdy hn)[ ies mgroN aus ny AMgryzW nwl pUrI v&wdwrI inBweI Aqy 1942 ivc „AMgryzo Bwrq C`fo‟ lihr dI zordwr mu^wl&q kIqI[ ies mgroN aus ny swrI izMdgI isr& ihMdUqv dw pRcwr kIqw[auh ihMdU mhW sBw dw pRDwn vI bixAw[
knyfw dI qsvIr
knyfw ivc vI ivqkirAW Aqy muSiklW dw swhmxw isr& is`KW nUM krnw ipAw, jd ik ihMdU jW qW srkwr dy twaUt sn jW is`KW dy duSmx qy jW iPr srkwr nwl hr g`l ivc imlvrqx krn vwly[
Zdwr bylw isMG ijAwx dy muK swQI qkrIbn swry hI ihMdU sn[ aus v`loN 5 AkqUbr 19194 dy idn gurduAwry ivc kIqy, BweI Bwg isMG Aqy BweI bqn isMG, dy kqlW sbMDI muk`dmy ivc swry ihMdU aus dy h`k ivc Bugqy sn; imswl vjoN bylw isMG dy h`k ivc mukwmI ihMdUAW Twkr, bwbU, syvw, Amr, n`Qw, gMgU rwm qy fw: rGU nwQ (kwmwgwtw jhwz ivc AMgryzW vwsqy sI.AweI.fI. krn vwlw) vZYrw[ ieM\ hI vYnkUvr ivc iek hor ihMdU rwm cMd (jo ik gory hwkmW dw twaUt sI Aqy is`KW dy i^lw& irportW pulIs kol phuMcwieAw krdw sI) nUM rwm isMG nW dy iek is`K ny 23 AprYl 1915 dy idn Adwlq ivc golI mwr ky mwr id`qw [ mgroN rwm isMG nUM vI golI mwr ky mwr id`qw igAw[
Xwin swry ihMdU is`KW dy duSmx qy srkwr dy twaUt sn[ ieM\ hI 21 AkqUbr 1914 dy idn jd myvw isMG lopoky ny hwpiknsn nUM kql kIqw qW 25 qwrI^ nUM ihMdUAW ny aus nwl hmdrdI dw mqw pws kIqw (vYnkUvr sn, 26.101914)[
ieh sI Asl ichrw Zdr pwrtI nwl sbMDq ihMdU AwgUAW dw[
(fw: hrijMdr isMG idlgIr)