Ranjit Siingh, Maharaja
rxjIq isMG mhwrwjw
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG (2.11.1780- 27.6.1839), pu`qr mhW isMG, poqw cVHq isMG, pVpoqw nOD isMG dw jnm rwj kOr (pu`qrI gjpq isMG rwjw jINd) dy audr qoN ipMf bfru`KW ivc hoieAw sI (iek hor irvwieq muqæwibkæ ies dw jnm gujrWvwlw ivc hoieAw sI)[ rxjIq isMG cMdrbMsI Xwdv ^wndwn nwl sbMD rKdw sI[
rxjIq isMG dw kursInwmw ieM\ hY: Awqm® kbIr® krxvIr® sUrj® rUp® DIr® gVHpwl® kOl® nryS® BUpq (B`tI, B`tI rwjpUq ^wndwn) ® nrpq®jspq®gjpq® Swilvwhn ®sl® ijENDn® Acl® jgpwl® pdm rQ® sMs m`l (sWsI, ijs kr ky rxjIq isMG nUM sWsI kul dw kih dyNdy hn; drAsl ieh sWsI mUMhI dw sI)® bIhdU® hrr® audrq® (sukrckIey qy sMDwvwlIey ie`QoN SurU huMdy hn)® suMdr® kwlU ®j`domn® gwilb® ik`doh ® rjwdw®q^qm`l®bwrw® bu`Fw sWsI (bu`Fw isMG) ®buD isMG® nOD isMG® cVHq isMG®mhW isMG®rxjIq isMG (mhwrwjw)[ gujrWvwlw ienHW dw muK ielwkw sI[ gujrWvwlw dw purwxw nW ienHW dy sWsI nW dy vfyry ijs qoN ienHW dI mUMhI SurU hoeI sI dy nW ’qy “^wnpur sWsI” vjoN jwixAw jWdw sI[
CotI aumr ivc cIck inkl Awaux kwrn ies dy ichry ’qy bhuq dwZ bx gey sn Aqy nwl hI ies dI K`bI A`K mwrI geI sI[ sMn 1792 ivc mhW isMG dI mOq mgroN ieh sukrckIAw imsl Aqy gujrWvwlw irAwsq dw muKI bixAw sI[ kuJ swl ies imsl dw pRbMD dl isMG Aqy dIvwn lKpq dI mdd nwl ies dI mW clwauNdI rhI sI[ jvwn hox qk rxjIq isMG GoVsvwrI Aqy Ssqr ividAw dw mwihr bx cukw sI[ sMn 1799 qk rxjIq isMG kol gujrWvwlw, vzIrwbwd, eymnwbwd, rohqws Awid dy ielwky sn[
lwhOr ’qy kbzw: 1799 ivc lwhOr au~qy BMgI imsl dw kbzw sI[ cyq isMG BMgI Sihr dw nwzm sI[ auh qæwkæq dy mwhOl ivc jMimAw sI[ is`K Drm dI isiKAw aus dy nyiVEN vI nhIN sI lMGI[ hwkm hox dI soc nwl auh muZlW vwly rsqy ’qy hI cl ipAw sI[ auh AwkV-Kor, nS`eI, D`ky-Kor vI bx igAw sI[ jUn 1799 ivc aus ny iek AijhI hrkq kIqI ijs ny Sihr dy swry AmIrW-vzIrW ƒ aus dw mu^wil& bxw idqw[ aus ny Sihr dy iek SrI&, dwny Aqy muhqbr AwdmI mIAW bdw-aud-dIn ƒ AYvyN iek in`kI jhI g`l qoN gu`sy ho ky igR&qwr kr ky jylH ivc su`t idqw sI[ Sihr dy bhuq swry isrkrdw AwgUAW ny aus ƒ mIAW ƒ irhw krn vwsqy ApIl kIqI[ pr aus ny ienHW dI zrw vI prvwh nw kIqI[ A^Ir kuJ isrkrdw SihrI, ijnHW ivc hkIm hwkm rwey, mIAW AwiSk muhMmd, mIAW muhkm dIn, muhMmd bwikr, mu&qI muk`rm, sIr SwAdI, BweI gurbKS isMG Aqy kuJ hornW ny iek`Ty bYT ky &Yslw kIqw ik cyq isMG BMgI dI QW iksy hor ƒ lwhOr Sihr dw inzwm clwaux vwsqy AwiKAw jwvy[ soc-ivcwr krn mgroN ienHW ny iek ^q ilK ky, SukrckIAw imsl dy 19 swlw nOjvwn muKI, rxjIq isMG gujrWvwlw ƒ ByijAw Aqy lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ky ieQoN dw inzwm sMBwlx dI Arz kIqI[ aunHW ny rxjIq isMG ƒ XkIn idvwieAw ik swry isrkrdw SihrI, AmIr-vzIr qy hor AwgU aus dw swQ dyxgy[ rxjIq isMG ny ies ic`TI bwry AwpxI s`s sdw kOr (muKI n`keI imsl) nwl g`lbwq kIqI[ aus ny Awpxy juAweI dI pUrI mdd krn dw vwAdw kIqw (qy loV pYx ’qy &Oj dI Awp AgvweI kr ky muihMm ivc Swiml vI hoeI)[
ies vyly qk ‘srb`q Kwlsw’, is`K imslW jW AwgUAW dw sWJw iek`T qkrIbn AwKrI swhW ’qy sI[ sMn 1783 ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI mOq mgroN is`K imslW Awpxw iek AwgU nhIN sn cux skIAW[ auN\ vI auh 1783 qoN pihlW hI Awps ivc qæwkæq Kohx dI jMg vl tur cukIAW sn qy aunHW ny j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ƒ vI nzr-AMdwz krnw SurU kr id`qw sI[ is`K kOm ivcly ieqhwd, BweIcwrk soc qy pMQk lihr dw ieh iek qrHW nwl inGwr sI[ ies ƒ aus vyly Swied roikAw jw skdw sI pr ikauNik bylwg, s`cy-su`cy pihlI kqwr dy swry AwgU cVHweI kr cuky sn[ aunHW dy ij`qy ielwikAW dy nwzm/mwlk Xwin vwirs auh sn jo is`K &ls&y qoN bhuqw kr ky Axjwx sn[ auh is`K rwj nUM injI rwj smJdy hoey ply qy v`fy hoey sn[
ies kr ky iek vwr SurU hoey pu`Ty-gyV ƒ koeI TlH nw peI[ nOjvwn rxjIq isMG ƒ lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn dw s`dw dyxw, Brw-mwrU jMg Aqy vD qoN vD qæwkæq iek`TI krn dI A-is`K soc dI SurUAwq sI[ ihMdU imQhws ivc AwpxI hkUmq dy Awly duAwly dy dySW ivc GoVw Pyr ky Awpxy Zulwm bxwaux vwlw qrIkw, rxjIq isMG v`loN lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn nwl, is`K qvwrI^ ivc vI SurU ho igAw sI[
5 julweI 1799 dy idn rxjIq isMG qy sdw kOr 5 hzwr dy krIb &OjW lY ky lwhOr dIAw h`dW qoN kuJ dUr phuMc gey[ Agly idn aunHW lwhOr dIAW isrkrdw S^SIAqW ƒ s`dw ByijAw[ rxjIq isMG ƒ imlx Awey fYpUtgySn ivc muslmwn, is`K Aqy ihMdU swry hI Swiml sn[ ies bYTk ivc plwn bxweI geI ik AglI svyr rxjIq isMG &Oj lY ky lwhOr Sihr dy drvwzy ’qy phuMc jwvygw Aqy lok drvwzy KolH ky aus ƒ iklHy qk pu`jx vwsqy mdd dyxgy[
plwn muqæwibkæ rxjIq isMG 7 julweI 1799 dI svyr nUM Sihr ivc dwi^l ho ky kwbz ho igAw[ iklHy ’qy kbzw krn vwsqy cyq isMG dI v&wdwr POj ny kuJ icr lVweI kIqI pr aunHW dI igxqI QoVHI hox kr ky, rxjIq isMG dw plVw Bwrw irhw[ AKIr cyq isMG ny hiQAwr su`t idqy qy aus ƒ iek jwgIr dy ky bwie`zq lwhOr qoN Byj id`qw igAw (jwgIr dw ieh pYtrn is`K &ls&y ivc mnzUr nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ jd bwbw bMdw isMG ny srhMd nUM Awzwd krvwieAw qW aus ny jwgIrdwrI nUM iblkul ^qm kr id`qw sI[ hux rxjIq isMG ny Pyr pu`Tw gyV clw id`qw sI)[
BwvyN iek vwr qW cyq isMG clw igAw sI pr aus dy swQIAW ny ies ƒ kbUl nhIN kIqw sI[ gulwb isMG BMgI, swihb isMG BMgI (gujrwq) qy joD isMG rwmgVHIAw ny, ksUr dy A&gwn muKI ƒ nwl rlw ky, rxjIq isMG qoN lwhOr vwips Kohx dI plwn bxweI[ aunHW ny &rvrI 1801 dy dUjy A`D ivc lwhOr vl kUc kr idqw[ ieh cwry POjW ipMf BsIn dI jUh ivc phuMc geIAW[ auDr rxjIq isMG Aqy sdw kOr dIAW POjW dy nwl-nwl lwhOr vwsI vI hmlwvrW dw twkrw krn vwsqy iqAwr bYTy sn[ dovyN iDrW kuJ idn qW cup rhIAW pr iPr CotIAW-motIAW JVpW SurU ho geIAW, pr v`fI lVweI SurU nw ho skI[ &rvrI dy Aw^rI h&qy ivc BMgI AwgUAW ny mihsUs kIqw ik v`fI jMg qoN ibnW aunHW ƒ kwmXwbI hrigz nhIN iml skxI[ ies duibDw ivc do-iqMn idn hor bIq gey[ BMgI AwgUAW ny ies audwsI dy mwhOl ivc Srwb dw shwrw lYxw SurU kr idqw[ gulwb isMG burI qrHW SrwbI hox lg ipAw[ aus ny keI idn lgwqwr Srwb pIxI jwrI r`KI ijs nwl auh 28 &rvrI 1801 dy idn ktwxI ipMf ivc mr igAw[ aus dI mOq mgroN aus dI swrI &Oj iq`qr-ib`qr ho geI qy bwkI POjW vI byidl ho ky au~QoN clIAW geIAW[
ies kwmXwbI ny rxjIq isMG dy hOsly bulMd kr id`qy[ hux aus ny gujrWvwlw Aqy lwhOr qoN ielwvw vI dUjIAW is`K imslW dy ielwikAW vl vI llcweIAW A`KW nwl vyKxw SurU kr idqw[ eynw v`fw ielwkw ij`qx mgroN 21 swl dy jvwn rxjIq isMG dw idl mhwrwjw bxn ’qy kr AwieAw[ rxjIq isMG ny 11 AprYl 1801 ƒ ivswKI dy idn, lwhOr ivc SwhI drbwr lwieAw Aqy swihb isMG bydI koloN “mhwrwjw” dw ‘rwj iqlk’ lgvwieAw[ ies mOky qy bwdSwhq (mhwrwjw-AiDrwj) vwlIAW swrIAW bRwhmxI rsmW kIqIAW geIAW[ is`KI qoN Btkx v`l ieh iek Aihm kdm sI[ hkUmq qW bwbw bMdw isMG ny vI kwiem kIqI sI[ iqlk luAwaux jW “mhwrwjw” bxn vwlIAW rsmW qW kI krnIAW sn, aus ny qW ^ud nUM rwjw qk vI nhIN AKvwieAw sI[ aus ny rxjIq isMG vWg dUjIAW imslW dy ielwky Kohxy qW iek pwsy irhw auh qW ijhVw ielwkw vI ij`qdw sI aus nUM iksy kwibl jrnYl nUM sONp ky Awp hor ielwky ij`qx vwsqy cl pYNdw sI[
ksUr ’qy hmlw: sMn 1799 ivc lwhOr ’qy kbzy mgroN rxjIq isMG ny Ajy iksy hor ielwky vl mUMh nhIN sI kIqw[ drAsl auh dUjIAw imslW dw jvwby-Aml (Reaction) aufIk irhw sI[ julweI 1799 qoN &rvrI 1801 qk aus ny lwhOr dw ieMqzwm bVy suc`jy qrIky nwl kIqw[ aus ny &rvrI 1801 ivc , Awpxy ielwky vwips hwisl krn vwsqy, lwhOr qy hmlw krn Awey, BMgIAW Aqy aunHW dw swQ dyx vwlI imsl rwmgVHIAW dI QW isr& ksUr dy A&gwn hwkm ƒ szw dyx dw PYslw kIqw[ aus ny sMn 1801 dIAW grmIAW ivc ksUr ’qy cVHweI kr idqI[ ieh hmlw iek muslmwn ’qy sI ies kr ky iksy is`K ny rxjIq isMG dI ivroDqw nw kIqI[ A^Ir ksUr dy hwkm ny mwmlw dyxw mMn ky KlwsI krvweI[ pr Agly swl aus ny Pyr mwmlw nw qwirAw qW rxjIq isMG ny Pyr hmlw kr idqw Aqy mwmlw Aqy jurmwnw dovyN vsUl kIqy[ ksUr vwlw sMn 1806 ivc iPr AwkI ho igAw qW rxjIq isMG ny ies ’qy hmlw kr ky ies dy ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy ie`QoN dy hwkm ƒ mmdot dw iklHw Aqy kuJ jwgIr dy ky ksUr qoN tor idqw)[
AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw: ksUr ’qy hmlw krn qoN mgroN rxjIq isMG ny sWJy is`K-ngr, gurU dw c`k, AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ AMimRqsr aus vyly BMgI imsl kol sI[ aunHW h`QoN lwhOr pihlW hI Kus cuikAw sI[ sMn 1804 ivc rxjIq isMG ny jY isMG knHeIAw qoN iek qop mMg ky AMimRqsr vl kUc kr idqw[ au~Qy pu`j ky rxjIq isMG ny gulwb isMG BMgI dy puqr qoN cwlwkI nwl ‘BMgIAW vwlI qop’ auDwr mMgI[ aus dy nWh krn ’qy aus ’qy hmlw kr ky aus ƒ mwr ky qy aus dI mW ƒ mINh pYdy ivc GroN k`F ky aunHW dy iklHy ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ ieM\ 25 &rvrI 1804 dy idn rxjIq isMG dw AMimRqsr ’qy vI kbzw ho igAw[ ies vyly AkwlI PUlw isMG vI AMimRqsr ivc sI pr aus ny rxjIq isMG nUM rokx jW smJOqw krvwaux dI QW cu`p hI v`tI r`KI[ AMimRqsr ’qy kbzy ny Coty is`K srdwrW ƒ frw idqw qy aunHW ny rxjIq isMG qoN jwgIrW lY ky smJOqy krny SurU kr idqy[
AMgryzW nwl ‘Aihdnwmw’: 25 ApRYl 1809 dy idn AMgryzW (eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI) qy rxjIq isMG ivckwr iek ‘Aihdnwmy’ qy ds^q hoey ijs hyT sqluj dirAw nUM dohW qæwkæqW ivc h`d mMn ilAw igAw; ies muqæwibkæ sqluj dirAw dy p`Cm ivc rxjIq isMG dI srdwrI kbUl kr leI geI Aqy sqluj dy pUrb v`l AMgryzW dw h`k mMn ilAw igAw[
swhIvwl ’qy kbzw: c`j duAwb (JnW/cnwb Aqy ijhlm dy ivckwrlw ielwkw) ivc, ^ws kr ky swhIvwl (ijs nUM AMgryzW nyy imMtgumrI bxw id`qw sI) ivc &qih ^wn dI hkUmq sI[ &qih ^wn bhuq qgVw hwkm sI; aus dw iklHw bhuq mzbUq sI (jo Aj, vI swhIvwl qoN pwkptn rof ’qy, hrbMspurw Aqy c`k nMbr 47/5 dy ivckwr kwiem hY; hux ies dy nyVy hI nvW ngr ‘inaU mlgwdw istI’ vswieAw igAw hY)[ 25 jnvrI 1810 dy idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny swhIvwl Sihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ &qih ^wn ny lVweI krn dI bjwie 80 hzwr rupY kr dyxw mMn ilAw ijs ’qy rxjIq isMG ny Gyrw cuk ilAw[ dUjy pwsy &qih ^wn vwAdw krn dy bwvjUd jW qW rkm iek`TI nw kr sikAw jW aus dI nIAq bdl geI[ jd rxjIq isMG nUM rkm nw pu`jI qW aus ny Awpxw eylcI pYsy lYx ByijAw[ jd auh ^wlI h`Q muV AwieAw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 7 &rvrI 1810 dy idn Sihr nUM dobwrw Gyrw pw ilAw[ jd keI idn Gyrw ipAw irhw qW Sihr ivc AMn qy cwry vZYrw dw kwl pYx lg ipAw qW Pqih ^wn ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ ieM\ swhIvwl ’qy rxjIq isMG dw kbzw ho igAw Aqy &qih ^wn nUM kYd kr ky lwhOr iljwieAw igAw Aqy iklHy ivc SwhI kYdI vjoN r`iKAw igAw[
rxjIq isMG nUM koihnUr hIrw hwisl hoxw:
A&Zwinsqwn dy g`dIEN l`Qy bwdSwh Swh Sujwh dI byZm ny rxjIq isMG nUM pySkS kIqI sI ik jy auh aus dy pqI nUM Cufvw ky mih&Uz aus kol phuMcw dyvygw qW auh aus nUM dunIAw dw sB qoN nwXwb hIrw ‘koihnUr’ Byt kr dyvygI[ rxjIq isMG ny Awpxw vwAdw pUrw kIqw Aqy Swh Sujwh nUM bcwA ky lwhOr lY AwieAw[ ies mksd vwsqy bhuq swry is`K &OjIAW nUM jwn vI guAwauxI peI[ pr jd Swh Sujwh lwhOr phuMc igAw qW byZm ny hIrw dyx dI bjwie bhwny bxwauxy SurU kr id`qy; ijnHW ivc iek ieh vI sI ik auh hIrw aus ny iksy kol Amwnq r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ pr jd rxjIq isMG ny aus ‘qy s^qI vrqxI SurU kr id`qI Aqy aus nUM id`qI koTI ivc iek qrHW nzrbMd kr id`qw qW aus ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy pihlI jUn 1813 dy idn rwjy nUM hIrw Byt kr id`qw[ hIrw lYx vwsqy rxjIq isMG Awp aus dy Gr igAw[
Atk ’qy kbzw: 13 julweI 1813 dy idn Atk qoN 5 mIl dUr hYdrU ipMf dy bwhr, dirAw kMFy, kwbl dy hwkm dosq muhMmd ^wn dI &Oj Aqy lwhOr drbwr dI &Oj, ijs dI AgwveI kMvr ipSOrw isMG Aqy mohkm cMd kr rhy sn, ivc zbrdsq lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI dOrwn jIvMq isMG ny dosq muhMmd ^wn qy hmlw kIqw; ijs nwl auh ^wn) GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ aus dI &Oj ny aus nUM mirAw smJ ilAw Aqy B`j auTI; pr auh mirAw nhIN sI qy isr& z^mI hoieAw sI ies kr ky auh B`jdI &Oj ivc hI luk ky iKsk igAw[ ieM\ Atk dy iklHy ’qy rxjIq isMG dw kbzw ho igAw[
mulqwn ’qy kbzw: lwhOr qoN bwAd p`CmI pMjwb ivc dUjw v`fw sUbw mulqwn sI[ rxjIq isMG cwhuMdw sI ik auh ies ’qy vI kbzw kr lvy[ aus ny sMn 1803 ivc mulqwn ij`qx vwsqy ies ngr ƒ Gyrw pw ilAw[ pr mulqwn dy pTwx bVI bhwdrI nwl lVy[ rxjIq isMG dIAW &OjW ƒ qW Anwj qk dw vI mslw swhmxy AwieAw[ A^Ir, ibnw kuJ hwisl kIqy, auh vwips muV AwieAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny pMj hor hmly mulqwn ’qy kIqy (sMn 1805, 1807, 1810, 1816 qy 1817)[ Cy vwr dI nwkwmXwbI mgroN rxjIq isMG ny A^Ir 30 meI 1817 dy idn mulqwn ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw [hwrn mgroN mulqwn sUby dy nvwb ny mhwrwjy nUM mwlIAw dyxw mMn ilAw sI pr iek swl mgroN hI Pyr iv`tr igAw sI nwl hI aus ny JMg dy bwZI reIs Aihmd ^wn nUM pnwh vI dy id`qI sI Aqy is`KW dy i^lw& swzSW krdw irhw sI[ A^Ir 2 jUn 1818 dy idn rxjIq isMG dIy 20000 is`K &Oj ny mulqwn ’qy hmlw kr id`qw; aunHW kol zmzmw qop vI sI[ ies lVweI ivc ij`q is`KW dI hoeI pr AkwlI PUlw isMG qy hrI isMG nlvw dyvyN ies dOrwn z^mI vI hoey[ ies lVweI ivc mulqwn dy nvwb muz`&r ^wn dy pMj pu`qr Sbwb ^wn, invwz ^wn, iejwz ^wn, mumqwj ^wn, h`k invwz ^wn ShId ho gey sn[ sMn 1818 ivc rxjIq isMG ny isAwlkot ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[
pySwvr ’qy kbzw : sMn 1809 ivc AMgryzW nwl AMimRqsr dw Aihdnwmw krn qoN pihlW rxjIq isMG ny SyKUpurw Aqy kWgVw (20ª Agsq 1808 ƒ) ’qyy vI kbzw kr cukw sI[ Aihdnwmy mgroN rxjIq isMG qy AMgryzW ivckwr dirAw sqluj ƒ h`d mMn ilAw igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny p`Cm vl mUMh kr ilAw[ aus ny jnvrI 1810 ivc gujrwq qy KuSwb, PrvrI 1810 ivc swhIvwl, jUn 1810 ivc hlovwl, fofw qy vzIrwbwd Aqy nvMbr 1810 ivc fskw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny 1811 ivc isMGpurIAw Aqy n`keI imslW dy rcnw-duAwb ivcly ielwikAW nUM vI Koh ilAw sI[ 1813 ivc Atk, sqMbr 1815 ivc joD isMG rwmgVHIAw dw ielwkw, 1818 ivc JMg Aqy mulqwn vI aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cuky sI[ ies mgroN julweI 1819 ivc kSmIr, sMn 1821 ivc mnkyrw qy sMn 1824 ivc nOSihrw vI aus dI irAwsq ivc Swiml ho cuky sn[ Xwin dirAw isMD qoN dirAw sqluj qk, kpUrQlw irAwsq ƒ C`f ky, swrw ielwkw rxjIq isMG dI irAwsq dw ih`sw bx cukw sI[ ieM\ hI phwVW ivc jMmU, kWgVw, AKnUr, iBMbr, lKxpur, nUrpur, gulyr, sIbw, kotlw, jsvwn, dwqwrpur vI aus dI hkUmq dw ih`sw sn[ rxjIq isMG ny is`K imslW, muZlW, blocW, A&gwnW, fogirAW qy phwVI rwjpUqW qoN irAwsqW Koh ky Awpxy hyT kr leIAW sn[ sMn 1824 qoN mgroN fyrw iesmweIl ^wn vI sMn 1831 ivc aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cuky sn[ hux aus ny kwbl v`l mUMh kr ilAw sI; ies rsqy dI sB qoN Aihm ij`q ipSwvr sI sI ijs ‘qy hrI isMG nlvw ny bhuq Gmswx dI jMg mgroN Aw^r 5 meI 1834 dy idn kbzw kr ilAw[
imslW dy ielwky Kohxw : ienHW idnW ivc hI rxjIq isMG ny rcnw doAwb ivc j`sw isMG du`lU Aqy dl isMG dw ielwkw Koh ilAw[ ies mgroN aus ny JnW qy ijhlm ivckwr joD isMG bwjvw dw ielwkw vI Koh ilAw[ sMn 1807 ivc jd qwrw isMG gYbw dI mOq hoeI qW rxjIq isMG ny mwqm-pursI krn dy bhwny rwhoN jw ky ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy iPr aus dy nkodr dy ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ kuJ icr mgroN aus ny kMg ^wndwn qoN i&lOr Aqy bwbw bGyl isMG dI ivDvw qoN hirAwxw (mOjUdw izlHw huiSAwrpur ivc) vI Koh ley[ ies vyly ibAws qy rwvI ivckwrly ielwikAW ivcoN pTwnkot ivc qwrw isMG sMDU, sujwnpur ivc buD isMG b`gw, dInwngr ivc gulwb isMG KYrw, cimAwrI ivc rMDwvw ^wndwn, mwrU& ivc buD isMG kwbz sn[ rxjIq isMG ny ienHW swirAW dy ielwky Koh ky aunW ƒ jwgIrW dy idqIAW[ ieM\ hI aus ny PgvwVw (nvMbr 1802 ivc), huiSAwrpur, bjvwVw, hujrw Swh mukIm (s`eIdW qoN), kmwlIAw (KrlW qoN), ipMfI B`tIAW (B`tIAW qoN), ipMfI GYb (nvwb ^wn joDVw qoN), Pqih jMg dy Awly duAwly (muhMmd ^wn GYbw qoN) dy ielwky vI Koh ley[ ieh swrIAW ij`qW Aqy ksUr rxjIq isMG kol sMn 1802 qoN 1808 ivckwr Aw cuky sn[ ienHW idnW ivc hI bGyl isMG kroVw isMGIAw dI srdwrnI cVHweI kr geI qy rxjIq isMG ny aus dy ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ rxjIq isMG ny qW AwpxI s`s sdw kOr nUM vI nhIN b^iSAw qy aus nUM kYd ivc su`t ky aus dy ielwikAW ‘qy kbzw kr ilAw (qy auh 11 swl nzrbMdI/kYd ivc rih ky mr geI)[ ieh g`l kwbly-izkr hY ik sdw kOr dw koeI pu`qr nhIN sI qy aus dy mrn mgroN aus dI irAwsq rxjIq isMG nUM hI iml jwxI sI pr iPr vI rxjIq isMG ny aus nUM kYd kr ky aus dw ielwkw Koh ilAw[
sMn 1809 ivc AMgryzW nwl AMimRqsr dw Aihdnwmw krn qoN pihlW rxjIq isMG ny SyKUpurw Aqy kWgVw (20 Agsq 1808 ƒ) ’qyy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI[ Aihdnwmy mgroN rxjIq isMG qy AMgryzW ivckwr dirAw sqluj ƒ AwpxI h`d mMn ilAw igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny p`Cm vl mUMh kr ilAw[ aus ny jnvrI 1810 ivc gujrwq qy KuSwb, PrvrI 1810 ivc swhIvwl, jUn 1810 ivc hlovwl, fofw qy vzIrwbwd Aqy nvMbr 1810 ivc fskw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny sMn 1811 ivc isMGpurIAw Aqy n`keI imslW dy rcnw-duAwb ivcly ielwikAW nUM vI Koh ilAw[ sMn 1813 ivc Atk, sqMbr 1815 ivc joD isMG rwmgVHIAw dw ielwkw, sMn 1818 ivc JMg Aqy nvMbr 1818 ivc mulqwn vI A`D-pc`Dw aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cukw sI[ ies mgroN julweI 1819 ivc kSmIr, sMn 1821 ivc mnkyrw qy sMn 1824 ivc nOSihrw vI aus dI irAwsq ivc Swiml ho cuky sn[ Xwin dirAw isMD qoN dirAw sqluj qk, kpUrQlw irAwsq ƒ C`f ky, swrw ielwkw rxjIq isMG dI irAwsq dw ih`sw bx cukw sI[ ieM\ hI phwVW ivc jMmU, kWgVw, AKnUr, iBMbr, lKxpur, nUrpur, gulyr, sIbw, kotlw, jsvwn, dwqwrpur ‘qy vI aus dI hkUmq sI[ rxjIq isMG ny is`K imslW, muZlW, blocW, A&gwnW, fogirAW qy phwVI rwjpUqW qoN irAwsqW Koh ky Awpxy hyT kr leIAW sn[ sMn 1824 qoN mgroN fyrw iesmweIl ^wn (sMn 1831), ipSwvr (sMn 1834), bMnU, kohwt Aqy fyrw ZwjI ^wn (sMn 1836) vI aus dy kbjy ivc Aw cuky sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj dI AwmdnI 3 kroV 24 l`K 75 hwzr rupY sI[
XUrpIn ‘jrnYlW ‘dI BrqI: rxjIq isMG ny ieh swrIAW ij`qW is`K &OjW dIAW kurbwnIAW sdkw hwisl kIqIAW sn[ auh AwpxI hkUmq nUM ‘Kwlsw drbwr’ AwK ky, is`KW nUM Kwlsw rwj dy nW ’qy vrqdw irhw[ aus dI &Oj dI igxqI, jo SurU ivc 5 hzwr sI, aus dy mrn vyly qk 92 hzwr qoN vD cukI sI; ies qoN ielwvw 31 hzwr 8 sO dy krIb GoV svwr (stY~nbYk muqæwibkæ kul 1 l`K 10 hzwr)[ aus kol 784 v`fIAW-CotIAW qopW, 20 hzwr bMdUkW sn[ sMn 1822 ivc, jd aus dI &Oj ivc AYlrf qy vYNqUrw &rWsIsI jrnYl Swiml hoey, qW audoN qk swry Aihm ielwky is`K &OjW ij`q cukIAW sn[ so, rxjIq isMG dy XUrpIn, jrnYlW ny aus dy rwj dy &YlwA ivc koeI Aihm rol Adw nhIN sI kIqw[ ies dy bwvjUd rxjIq isMG dI &Oj dIAW bhuq swrIAW pltnW XUrpIn A&srW dI kmwn hyT sn[ rxjIq isMG qW aunHW dI kOmIAq bwry vI pUrI qrHW vwik& nhIN sI[ ivdySI jrnYlW nUM r`Kx smyN aunHW dI prK dw koeI qrIkw nhIN sI[ auh qW aunHW dy ivdySI hox kwrn hI aunHW nUM aucy-aucy Ahudy dy idAw krdw sI[ (vyKo ivdySI jrnYlW: AlYZzYNdr gwrfInr qy hYnrI lwrYNs dIAW ikqwbW)[ aus dI &Oj ivc 20 ibRitS, 4 AmrIkn, 5 ietYlIAn, 24 &rWsIsI, 3 skwitS, 1 AwieirS, 4 rUsI, 2 jrmn, 1 AwstrIAn, 1 hMgyrIAn, 1 purqgwlI, 4 XUnwnI qy 1 pr`SIAn A&sr sn[ ienHW ivcoN keI qW ibRitS eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nwl bwkwiedw rwbqw rK rhy sn qy keIAW ny nOkrI C`fx mgroN rwz ‘vycy’ sn Aqy ZdwrI kIqI sI[
rxjIq isMG ny ivdySI jrnYlW nUM is`K &OjIAW dy mukwbly ivc v`fIAW-v`fIAW qn^whW vI idqIAW sn, ijhVIAW keI vwr iek Awm is`K &OjI qoN 500 guxW vD qk vI sn[
fogirAW Aqy imsrw bRwhmxW dw Gyrw: jd rxjIq isMG kol AQwh qæwkæq Aw geI qW aus ny AwpxI hkUmq ivc ZYr-is`KW ƒ vDyry qæwkæq dyxI SurU kr idqI[ ^uSwmd-psMd qbIAq vwly rwjy nUM cwplUsI dy nwl-nwl ^UbsUrq phwVI kuVIAW, Srwb qy hor nSy muh`eIAw krvw ky bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey rxjIq isMG dI vzwrq ivc qæwkæq hwisl krdy rhy[ ienHW ivcoN sB qoN vD Kqrnwk sn jMmU dy rwjw jIq isMh puqr rwjw rxjIq dyau (ijs qoN sMn 1815 ivc rxjIq isMG ny jMmU KoihAw sI) dw ccyrw Brw ikSorw isMh qy aus dy iqMn puqr: gulwb isMh, iDAwn isMh qy sucyq isMh[ rxjIq isMG ny sMn 1821 ivc ikSorw isMh ƒ jMmU dw rwjw bxw idqw[ drAsl gulwb isMh qy aus dy Brw dwAvw krdy sn ik auh jMmU dy rwjy rxjIq dyau (ijhVw bMdw isMG dy i^lw& muihMm ivc sB qoN mUhrlI kqwr ivc sI) dy Brw dy poqry sn[ pr jy.fI.kinMGm muqæwibkæ ieh aunHW dI ‘nwjwiez’ AOlwd sI[
sMn 1822 ivc ikSorw isMh fogrw dy mrn qy gulwb isMh rwjw bx igAw[ gulwb isMh, rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq ivc, ie`ko-iek rwjw sI ijs nUM AwpxI &Oj Awp r`Kx dw h`k imilAw hoieAw sI[ ies qoN kuJ icr mgroN gulwb isMh fogrw dw Brw sucyq isMh fogrw rwmngr dw rwjw bx igAw qy sMn 1827 ivc iDAwn isMh dw puqr hIrw isMh vI rwjw bx igAw qy iDAwn isMh fogrw qW rwjw-klW (v`fw rwjw) sI[ fogirAW vwsqy qW rxjIq isMG v`fy pM|y lYx vwsqy vI iqAwr ho jWdw sI[ sMn 1828 ivc jd kWgVy dw nvW rwjw Ainru`D cMd AwpxI mW qy BYxW nwl &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dy pu`qr dy ivAwh ivc Swiml hox vwsqy AwieAw qW iDAwn isMh fogrw ny koiSS kIqI ik aus dy pu`qr hIrw isMh dw ivAwh (kWgVy dy mr cuky rwjy) sMswr cMd dI DI Aqy nvyN rwjy AnruD cMd dI BYx nwl ho jwvy[ pr kWgVy dy rwjy ies ‘nwjwiez’ prvwr nUM Awpxy qoN bhuq hI nIvW smJdy sn[ ies kr ky kuVIAW dI mW AwpxIAW DIAW nUM nwl lY ky rxjIq isMG dy ielwky ivcoN B`j ky AMgryzI ielwky ivc clI geI[ ies g`l nUMM mW ny idl nUM lw ilAw qy auh kuJ hI idnW ivc idl dy dOry nwl mr geI[ auDr rxjIq isMG ny AinruD cMd nUM AwpxIAW BYxW moV ilAwaux vwsqy ikhw[ auh aunHW nUM ilAwaux dy bhwny AMgryzI ielwky v`l igAw pr muV ky nw AwieAw[ CyqI hI auh vI sdmy nwl mr igAw[ hux rxjIq isMG ny sMswr cMd dy nwjwiez pu`qrW ivcoN iek nUM kWgVy dw rwjw bxw id`qw pr nwl hI bdlw lYx vwsqy sMswr cMd dIAW dohW DIAW nUM Awp (jbrI) ivAwh ilAw[
sMn 1811 ivc ^uShwl cMd imsr (XU.pI. dw bRwhmx) aus dw ifEFIbrdwr bx cukw sI[ieM\ hI bRwhmx imsr bylI rwm aus dw ^zwncI bx cukw sI[ rxjIq isMG dw Drm-ArQ (dwn dyx dy &Ysly krn vwlw) vzIr aus dy h`Q hox kr ky aus dy ^zwny dw bhuqw ih`sw mMdrW ƒ jWdw irhw[ ieh vzIr jwx buJ ky, idKwvy vjoN kuJ rkm drbwr swihb ƒ vI Byt krvw dyNdw sI, pr aus qoN keI guxw vDyry mMdrW ƒ idvw dyNdw sI[ rxjIq isMG dy kroVW rupY kurUkSyqr, hrduAwr qy kwSI (bnwrs) dy bRwhmxW ƒ imly jW kWgVw, jvwlwmuKI, jMmU, kwSI dy mMdrW ’qy sonw cVwaux vwsqy idqy gey[ it`lw gorK nwQ, iDAwnpur, pMforI qy Dmqwl dy jogIAW dy fyry, drjnW iSvwly qy mMdr vI rxjIq isMG qoN v`fIAW rkmW hwisl krdy rhy[ audwsIAW qy inrmilAW dy fyry vI coKw pYsw vsUl krdy rhy[ rxjIq isMG dy ies bRwhmx vzIr ny drbwr swihb dy duAwly bhuq swrI zmIn audwsIAW nUM idvw id`qI sI (ij`Qy aunHW ny AKwVy qy fyry bxw ley ij`Qy is`K &ls&y dy ault mirAwdw clweI jWdI sI qy mgroN ienHW fyirAW ivc is`K qvwrI^, i&lws&I qy gurbwxI nUM ivgwVn vwlIAW keI ikqwbW vI ilKIAW qy prcwrIAW geIAW), hwlW ik gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) dI ieh swrI zmIn drbwr swihb dI sI ijs nUM sMn 1564 ivc gurU rwm dws swihb ny quMg ipMf dy lokW qoN pUrw mu`l qwr ky ^rIidAw sI qy ies nUM A`gy vyicAw jW dwn nhIN sI id`qw jw skdw[ CyqI hI KuShwl cMd bRwhmx dIAW koiSSW sdkw rxjIq isMG ny dsihrw, dIvwlI, holI qy hor keI ihMdU iqEhwr vI mnwauxy SrU kr id`qy sn[ ies muihMm hyT sB qoN pihlw dusihrw 2 AkqUbr 1813 dy idn mnwieAw jwxw SurU hoieAw sI[
imSrw bRwhmxW dy Asr hyT rxjIq isMG ny qW gurU swihbwn v`loN r`d kIqy bydI qy soFI prvwrW ƒ vI gurU-AMS AwK ky cMgIAW rkmW idqIAW sn[ gurduAwirAW ƒ idqIAW rkmW vI pujwrI qy srbrwh hI fkwrdy rhy[ rxjIq isMG dIAW Dwrimk grWtW ivcoN 75 &IsdI ihMdUAW 10 &I sdI is`KW qy 15 &I sdI dUjy i&rikAW qy sMprdwvW ƒ imldIAW rhIAW sn[ rxjIq isMG ny qW AMimRqsr dw iejwrydwr (tYks vsUlx vwlw) vI iek bRwhmx rulIAw rwm imsr ƒ bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ies rulIAw rwm imsr dI hvylI gurduAwrw twhlI swihb AMimRqsr dy swhmxy sI[ aus iemwrq ivc sMn 1947 qoN mgroN vI aus dy vwirs rihMdy rhy sn[ iesy qrHw pMfq gMgw rwm dIvwn ƒ vI sB qoN au~cy AhuidAW iv`coN iek Ahudw idqw igAw sI (iesy gMgw rwm dIAW is`K-ivroDI kwrvweIAW kwrn AkwlI &Ulw isMG AMimRqsr C`f ky AnMdpur clw igAw sI)[ ienHW bRwhmx slwhkwrW ny rxjIq isMG qoN aus dy JMfy dw rMg vI nIly qoN s&Yd qy iPr Bgvw/kysrI/pIlw krvw ilAw sI[
rxjIq isMG Swied eynw Axjwx sI ik aus nUM pqw hI nw lg sikAw ik bRwhmxW qy fogirAW ny aus dw drbwr, qwj, ^zwnw, &Oj qy inzwm sB Awpxy kbzy ivc kIqy hoey sn[ ienHW ny is`KW nUM rxjIq isMG dy ivcwrvwn-slwhkwr-srkl (Think tank) qoN dUr r`Kx ivc kmwl dI kwmXwbI hwisl kr leI sI[ieho ijhy rwj dw hSr koeI vI AwswnI nwl smJ skdw sI[
rxjIq isMG vwsqy lVn vwly jrnYl AkwlI PUlw isMG, hukmw isMG icmnI, inDwn isMG pMj-h`Qw, inhwl isMG qy Swm isMG AtwrIvwly, hrI isMG nlvw, DMnw isMG mlveI, mjITIey, CwCI qy AwhlUvwlIey isrdwr sn[ pr aus dI imhr vDyry kr ky ihMdUAW ’qy hI rhI, BwvyN auh BeIey sn, phwVIey jW pMjwbI ihMdU[ ienHW ivc muK ihMdusqwn (XU.pI.) dy imSrw bRwhmx: iBvwnI dws, KuShwl cMd, rwm isMh, suKrwj, gMgw rwm, bylI rwm, rUp lwl, ikSn lwl, AXuiDAw pRswd, dInw nwQ, imsr dIvwn cMd; fogry: iDAwn cMd, gulwb cMd, sucyq rwm, hIrw isMh; pMjwbI ihMdU: dIvwn mohkm cMd, dIvwn Dnpq rwey, dIvwn moqI rwm, dIvwn swvn m`l, dIvwn ikrpw rwm, dIvwn AXuiDAw pRswd, dIvwn suK idAwl, dIvwn srb idAwl, AQr ml copVw qoN ielwvw muslmwn: &kIr Brw (AzIj-aud-dIn, nUr-aud-dIn qy iemwm-aud-dIn) sn[ vsqI rwm dy pu`qr goibMd rwm Aqy rwm isMG vI rxjIq isMG qoN v`fy nzrwny hwisl krdy rihMdy sn[
jy rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlvw jW iksy hor is`K jrnYl nUM sUbydwrI jW koeI hor Aihm Ahudw id`qw qW auh isr& ies kr ky id`qw sI qW jo auh is`K jrnYl aus ielwky ivc Amn kwiem kr sky qy jdoN Amn kwiem ho jWdw sI jW hwlwq sOKy ho jWdy sn qW aunHW nUM htw id`qw jWdw sI[
rxjIq isMG dy drbwr ivc ZYr-is`KW dw kbzw vyK ky iek vwr, sMn 1814 ivc, AkwlI PUlw isMG AMimRqsr C`f ky AnMdpur jw bYTw sI[ sMn 1837 ivc jrnYl hrI isMG nlvw ny rxjIq isMG nUM ikhw ik aus ny ieh rwj is`KW dIAW kurbwnIAW sdkw hwisl kIqw hY qy auh vsIAq kr ky ies nUM is`KW dI kONsl dy hvwly kr dyx bwry hdwieq kr jwvy[ kinMGm vI nlvw dy ies ‘s`c’ v`l ieSwrw krdw hY ik auh (nlvw) ies g`l dy i^lw& sI ik isr& rxjIq isMG dw koeI iek pu`qr hI is`K mulk dw Aglw rwjw bxy[ jd fogirAW ny ieh suixAw qW aunHW rxjIq isMG nUM smJwieAw ik ieh qW aus dw injI rwj hY qy is`KW dw nhIN, ies kr ky ies dw vwirs aus dw vlI-Aihd (v`fw pu`qr) hI hovygw[ ies qoN kuJ idn mgroN hI fogirAW ny iek swizS bxw ky hrI isMG nlvw nUM mrvw id`qw[ pihlW AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM vI iek swizS rc ky fogirAW ny hI mrvwieAw sI[ fogirAW ny qW rxjIq isMG dw iek vI sInIAr is`K swQI izMdw nhIN rihx id`qw sI[
rxjIq isMG dw pirvwr: rxjIq isMG dI pihlI SwdI mihqwb kOr nwl sMn 1789 ivc hoeI sI (pr muklwvw 1796 ivc AwieAw sI (ies ny eISr isMG jo in`kI aumr ivc mr igAw sI, Aqy juVvW b`icAW qwrw isMG qy Syr isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI)[ dUjI SwdI dwqwr kOr (bcpn dw nW rwj kOr) nwl 1797 ivc hoeI sI (ies ny KVg isMG qy rqn isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI)[ sMn 1811 ivc rxjIq isMG ny gujrwq dy rwjw swihb isMG dIAW ivDvwvW rqn kOr qy dXw kOr nUM c`dr-AMdwzI dI rsm nwl Gr pw ilAw sI[rqn kOr ny mulqwnw isMG qy dXw kOr ny kSmIrw iMsMG qy ipSOrw isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny c`dr-AMdwzI dI rsm nwl rUp kOr, gulwb kOr, smn kOr qy lkSmI kOr nwl vI SwdIAW kIqIAW sn[ rxjIq isMG ny kWgVy dy rwjy sMswr cMd dIAW DIAW mihqwb dyvI (g`dW ijs ny mgroN ^udkuSI kr leI sI) qy rwj bMso nUM vI (iek qrIky nwl jbrI) ivAwh ilAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny rwxI hrdyvI, rwxI Awso qy rwxI jg dyE nwl vI SwdI kIqI sI[ ies mgroN aus ny ijMd kOr (ijMdW) nwl SwdI kIqI sI (ijs qoN dlIp isMG pYdw hoieAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny do muslmwn nwcIAW (morW Aqy gul byZm) nwl vI SwdI kIqI sI[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ rxjIq isMG dIAW 46 SwdIAW bxdIAW hn[
rxjIq isMG nwl juVIAW lok khwxIAW dI AslIAq: rxjIq isMG dy nW nwl joVIAW jWdIAW khwxIAW (p`Qr mwrn bdly b`icAW nUM imTweI imlxw, kwly qvy dy brwbr iek bzurg AOrq nUM sonw imlxw, kwl pYx ’qy iek bzurg dy Gr kxk dI borI AwpxI ip`T ’qy cu`k ky C`f ky Awauxw Aqy ieho ijhIAW hor khwxIAW, Akbr-bIrbl dIAW khwxIAW vWg, aus dy mrn qoN bhuq dyr mgroN lyKkW/pRcwrkW/FwfIAW vZYrw v`loN GVIAW geIAW sn[ hor qW hor ieh qW aus dy roznwmcy aumdwq-qu`q-qvwrI^ ivc vI drj nhIN hn hwlW ik ies roznwmcy ivc in`ky-in`ky qohi&AW dw izkr vI drj hY[ ieM\ hI Amr nwQ dw z&rnwmw rxjIq isMG vI ieho ijhI iksy khwxI dw izkr nhIN krdw[
ies dw mqlb hrigz ieh nhIN ik rxjIq isMG dw kuJ vI jmHW-p`KI nhIN sI[ aus dy rwj ivc kdy iksy nUM &WsI nhIN sI id`qI geI[ aus dy huMidAW Awm lokW nwl kdy vI D`kw nhIN sI hoieAw[ aus dI hkUmq ivc muZlW qy A&ZwnW nwloN Gt mwlIAw vsUl kIqw jWdw sI[
rxjIq isMG Aqy AMgryz:1808 qk rxjIq isMG pMjwb qy ies dy Awly duAwly dw sB qoN v`fw hwkm bx cu`kw sI[ auh audoN qk dw qy Awaux vwly vkqW ivc vI ies zon ivc sB qoN v`fy ielwky dw mhwrwjw sI[ eySIAw dI qvwrI^ ivc ies Kyqr ivcoN isr& do rwijAW dw izkr AwauNdw hY, iek pors dw qy dUjw rxjIq isMG dw[ (pr pors dI hkUmq kuJ ipMfW auqy sI pr rxjIq isMG dy mukwbly qy qW auh pwskU vI nhIN sI[ auN\ pors eynw Cotw rwjw hox dy bwvjUd iskMdr vrgI v`fI qæwkæq nwl liVAw sI; pr rxjIq isMG ny, eynI v`fI slqnq hox dy bwvjUd, AMgryzW qoN fr ky aunHW nwl smJOqw krn ivc dyr nhIN sI lweI)[
rxjIq isMG ny AMgryzW ƒ CyVn dI bjwie aunHW nwl pihlI jnvrI 1806 Aqy 25 AprYl 1809 ƒ do Aihdnwmy kr ley[ sMn 1805 ivc, jdoN AMgryzW dw BjwieAw hoieAw mrh`tw jsvMq isMG rwE holkr pMjwb pu`jw qW rxjIq isMG ny srb`q Kwlsw bulw ky aunHW qoN aus dw swQ dyx bwry rwey pu`CI[ gurmqy muqæwibkæ rxjIq isMG ny aus dw swQ qW nw id`qw pr AMgryzW nwl smJOqw zrUr krvw idqw[ pr, ies qoN bwAd rxjIq isMG ny srb`q Kwlsw dw iek`T hI nhIN hox idqw[ auN\ vI auh is`K imslW dy ielwky Kohx lg ipAw sI qy jy auh srbq Kwlsw bulwauNdw qW pihlW AwpxIAW ienHW hrkqW vwsqy jvwb-dyh huMdw[ Swied aus imslW-mwrU rwjy dy s`dy ’qy koeI is`K jrnYl AwauNdw vI nw[
sMNn 1820 ivc nwgpur dw rwjw A`pw swihb AMgryzW qoN hwr ky rxjIq isMG kol pu`jw[ aus kol bhuq swrI dOlq vI sI pr rxjIq isMG ny aus dI mdd krn qoN nWh kr id`qI sI qy Awpxy ielwky ivcoN inkl jwx vwsqy ikhw (ies ’qy A`pw swihb kWgVy clw igAw)[
ieM\ rxjIq isMG ny AMgryzW nwl sbMD bxweI r`Ky pr dUjy pwsy AMgryz aus dw rwj Kohx dIAW skImW vI bxwauNdy rhy Aqy nwl hI aus nwl idKwvy dI nyVqw vI rKdy rhy[ ies islisly ivc sMn 1831 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy AMgryz gvrnr jnrl ivckwr rsmI mulwkwq vI krvweI geI[ ieh mulwkwq 25 AkqUbr 1831 dy idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG qy ivlIAm bYNitMg ivckwr hoeI sI[ pihlW rxjIq isMG ny sqluj dirAw pwr kr ky ropV ivc jw ky ivlIAm bYNitMg nwl mulwkwq kIqI iPr Agly idn bYNitMg ny dirAw pwr kr ky rxjIq isMG dI slqnq dy ipMf kwTgVH ivc mhwrwjw dI pRwhuxwcwrI dw AnMd mwinAw[
auN\ sMn 1809 ivc jy rxjIq isMG AMgryzW nwl t`kr lY lYNdw qW auh AMgryzW nUM XkInn hrw dyNdw[ sMn 1845–46 Aqy 1848–49 dIAW is`KW Aqy AMgryzW dIAW lVweIAW qoN nqIjw k`iFAw jw skdw hY ik jy sMn 1809 ivc rxjIq isMG dI AgvweI ivc ieho ijhI is`K-AMgryz lVweI huMdI qW AMgryz AwswnI nwl Xmnw pwr D`ky gey huMdy[ sMn 1845 qy 1849 ivc is`K AwgU-hIx hox Aqy mhW ZdwrI dy bwvjUd AMgryzW nUM Asl ivc qW hrw hI gey sn, jd ik sMn 1809 ivc qW is`K kOmIAq dI soc nwl lVny sn[
rxjIq isMG Aqy is`KI AsUl: jdoN sMn 1799 ivc rxjIq isMG ny lwhOr dy byiensw& BMgI hwkmW qoN lokW dI jwn dI KlwsI krvweI qW auh srbq Kwlsw dw AsUl qoVn dy bwvjUd, kuJ h`d qk, shI cl irhw sI[ pr jdoN aus ƒ BMgIAW vWg hkUmq dw ‘J`s’ pY igAw qW auh iek Awm rwjy vWg krn l`g ipAw sI[ sMn 1801 qoN bwAd ^udpRsqI, hwkm-px, Awp-hudrwpx, hYNkV qy A`XwSI Awpxy Awp hI qurIAW AwauxIAW sn[ CyqI hI ieh swrIAW g`lW rxjIq isMG ivc AwauxIAW SurU ho geIAW sn qy kuJ hI swlW ivc auh iek Awm A`XwS rwjw bx cuikAw sI[ nwcI morW dy ieSk ivc pwgl ho jwxw qy mgroN 53 swl dI aumr ivc gul byZm nwcI dy ieSk ivc dIvwnw ho ky aus nwl ivAwh krn dI pySkS lY ky aus dy mwipAW kol jw ky byiezqI krvwauxw aus dy ie^lwk dw sB qoN nIvW isrw sI[ ieh vI crcw ivc irhw sI ik aus ny qW morW kMjrI dy nW ’qy iek is`kw vI jwrI kIqw sI qy aus vwsqy iek aucycw pul vI bxvwieAw sI ijs nUM A`j vI ‘pul kMjrI’ dy nW nwl jwixAw jWdw hY[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik ieh pul gul byZm vwsqy bxwieAw igAw sI nw ik morW vwsqy (gul byZm dy pyky AMimRqsr ivc rihMdy sn)[
jdoN rxjIq isMG fogirAW qy bRwhmxW dI cwplUsI Aqy AOrq qy Srwb dw gulwm ho igAw qW AkwlI PUlw isMG bhuq mwXUs ho igAw[ fogry Aqy bRwhmx rxjIq isMG ƒ Srwb (qy hor niSAW) Aqy kwm (AOrqW) ivc eynw msq krI rKdy sI ik rxjIq isMG AkwlI PUlw isMG qy hor is`K jrnYlW dI prvwh krnoN hI ht igAw sI[ A^Ir mwXUsI dy Awlm ivc AkwlI PUlw isMG sqMbr 1814 ivc AMimRqsr qoN clw igAw Aqy AnMdpur swihb ivc fyrw lw ilAw[ AkwlI PUlw isMG dI mwXUsI dI vjh ieh Cy nukqy sn:(a) rxjIq isMG vloN fogirAW ƒ Aihm Ahudy dyxw (A) imsr gMgw rwm bRwhmx dIAW AYNtI-is`K kwrvweIAW (e) gMgw rwm bRwhmx vloN ‘lwhOr drbwr’ ivc irSqydwrW dI BrqI (s) rxjIq isMG qy kuMvr KVk isMG ivc ihMdU AihlkwrW vloN pYdw kIqy AwpxI &rk (h) ihMdU AihlkwrW vloN rxjIq isMG qy kuMvr Syr isMG ivckwr pYdw kIqI n&rq (k) rxjIq isMG dIAW bRwhmxvwd vwlIAW kwrvweIAW ivc vwDw[
auN\ vyiKAw jwey qW AkwlI PUlw isMG dw inrwS ho ky B`j jwxw bhwdrI nhIN blik byidlI qy kmzorI sI[ ienHW muqæwibkæ PUlw isMG rxjIq isMG dI v`fI &Oj nwl m`Qw nhIN sI lwauxw cwhuMdw[
ienHW idnW ivc hI jINd dw rwjw pRqwp isMG AMgryzW nwl JgVw hox mgroN AnMdpur Aw igAw sI Aqy AkwlI PUlw isMG kol ‘pnwh’ lY leI sI[ jd AMgryzW ny PUlw isMG nUM ikhw ik auh jINd dy rwjy nUM aunHW dy hvwly kr dyvy qW aus ny nWh kr id`qI[ ies ’qy AMgryzW ny pitAwlw, mlyrkotlw qy hor &OjW nUM AnMdpur swihb ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy Byj id`qw[ pr jd is`K &OjW nUM pqw l`gw ik aunHW nUM AkwlI PUlw isMG dI igR&qwrI vwsqy AnMdpur ’qy hmlw krnw pYxw hY qW aunHW ny A`gy vDx qoN nWh kr id`qI sI[ A^Ir AMgryzW ny swihb isMG bydI dy pu`qr qoN ivcolgI krvw ky smJOqw kr ilAw[ hux rxjIq isMG vI ny AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM vwips bulw ilAw sI[
pr ies dy bwvjUd vI rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy qOr qrIikAW ivc koeI Prk nw ilAWdw[ Srwb Aqy AOrq ivc glqwn kr ky bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey rxjIq isMG qy AwpxI pkV kwiem krdy gey[ mrn vyly qk rxjIq isMG dIAW 45 dy krIb rwxIAW Aqy rKYlW sn[ aus dw hrm iek v`fy A`XwS mugl bwdSwh nwloN v`Krw nhIN sI[ rxjIq isMG ny srdwrW Aqy phwVI rwijAW qy jwgIrdwrW dIAW DIAW hI nhIN blik do nwcIAW ƒ vI AwpxIAW (rKYlW nhIN r`KIAW blik) rwxIAW bxw ilAw sI (morW sMn 1802 ivc qy gul bygm sMn 1833 ivc ivAwhI sI)[ eynw hI bs nhIN, aus ny morW qy gul bygm nwcIAW ƒ dUjIAW rwxIAW qoN vI vDyry au~cw drjw idvwieAw[ rxjIq isMG morW vwsqy qW eynw pwZl sI ik iek vwr aus ny aus dI byh`d cwplUsI kridAW aus nUM sB qoN ^UbsUrq ikhw ijs ’qy aus dI phwVn pqnI (sMswr cMd dI DI) g`dW ny ^udkuSI kr leI sI (drAsl auh sB qoN suhxI sI)[ ienHW dohW nwcIAW ny is`K Drm nhIN sI ApxwieAw qy ienHW vwsqy lwhOr dy iklHy ivc nmwz qy hor Dwrimk rsmW vwsqy ^ws msIqW bxweIAW hoeIAW sn[ morW ny qW lwhOr ivc iek vDIAw msIq Awp vI bxvweI sI[ morW nwl ivAwh kr ky aus nwl hrduAwr clw igAw sI qy 13 idn ivc iek l`K rupY Krc kr ky A`XwSI kr ky muiVAw sI (hrduAwr dw sbMD nw qW is`KW nwl sI qy nw muslmwnW nwl[ ies kr ky is`K rxjIq isMG Aqy muslmwn morW dw au~Qy, qIrQ-Xwqrw qW kIh hnImUn mnwaux jwx dw vI koeI mqlb nhIN sI)[ ieh ^rcw ‘dwn-puMn’ Kwqy ivc iliKAw igAw sI[
bRwhmx qy fogry rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dy v`fy Aihlkwr sn[ jmWdwr ^uShwl cMd (mgroN ^uShwl isMh) bRwhmx sMn 1811 ivc ifEVIvwlw bx cu`kw sI[ sMn 1815 ivc dInw nwQ dIvwn qy sMn 1817 ivc iDAwn cMd fogrw (mgroN iDAwn isMh) fogrw ifEVIvwlw bx igAw sI[ iesy swl bRwhmx qyj rwm jnrl (mgroN qyjw isMh) Aqy BeIAw rwm lwl kumydwn bixAw[ sMn 1822 ivc gulwb dws fogrw (mgroN isMh) fogrw jMmU dw rwjw, sMn 1828 ’c iDAwn cMd fogrw vzIr, iesy swl iDAwn cMd fogrw dw pu`qr hIrw (isMh) rwjw bx igAw[ hux qkrIbn swrI dI swrI hkUmq jMmU dy fogirAW qy ihMdUsqwn dy bRwhmxW dy h`Q ivc sI[
ieh sI rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq dw FWcw ijs ivc twvW-twvW muslmwn qW idsdw sI pr koeI vI is`K ikqy nzr hI nhIN sI AwauNdw[ is`KW ƒ isrP jMg kr ky mrn qy ielwky ij`q ky dyx vwsqy r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ mrn vwsqy is`K Aqy hkUmq krn vwsqy bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey[
ies bwry isrdwr kpUr isMG AwpxI ikqwb “pRwSr-pRSn” (d bYswKI Aw& gurU goibMd isMG) ivc ilKdw hY: “qkrIbn pMJI swl qk is`K hkUmq dw Awm ieMqzwm, lwhOr dI rwjDwnI ivc is`K kpqwnW dy gu`t kol irhw Aqy ies dOrwn is`KW ny (dirAw) jmnW qoN isMD (dirAw) qk, swry pMjwb ƒ bdySI pMjy ivcoN Azwd krvwaux vwsqy AwpxI jMg vI jwrI r`KI Aqy hr is`K kYptn, jQydwr jW isrdwr jdoN kuJ ielwkw Kwlsw rwj vwsqy Awzwd krvw lYNdw sI, auh aus ƒ AMimRqsr ivc kstofIAn jnrl (dl Kwlsw dy jQydwr) kol irkwrf ivc drj krvw idMdw sI[…ieh aus vkq qk vwsqy sI jdoN is`K AsUlW qy is`K isAwsq muqæwibkæ bxy iek AweIn hyT ‘Kwlsw rwj’ dw rsmI AYlwn kr idqw jwvygw[” (pRwSr-pRSn, sPw 352–53) (not:- isrdwr kpUr isMG dI ikqwb pRwSr-pRSn dy s&w nMbr pihlI AYfISn, 1959, dy hn[ nvIAW AYfISnW ivc s&w nMbr hor ho skdy hn)[
rxjIq isMG ny Kwlsw rwj dy ielwky Koh-Koh ky S^sI hkUmq kwiem kr leI[ aus ny auh ielwky kbzy ivc kr ley ijhVy imslW ny Kwlsw rwj dy AYlwn vwsqy Awzwd krvwey sn[ ieh hkUmq ‘Kwlsw rwj’ qoN iek bwdSwh dI ‘zwqI hkUmq’ ivc bdl geI[ ieh KwlsweI qrIikAW vl qurn dI bjwie “is`K ienklwb” ƒ pu`Tw gyV dyxw sI[ hwkm bdl gey sn, qrIkw auhI sI[ muglW dI jgh p`g vwlw rwjw sI qy bRwhmxW Aqy fogirAW dy h`Q ivc swrw kMtrol sI[ ies qbwhI dI vjh dsidAW isrdwr kpUr isMG ilKdw hY:
(1) rxjIq isMG ny Ais`K Ahudw “mhwrwjw” A^iqAwr kIqw Aqy ies mksd vwsqy “AiBSyk” dI ihMdU rsm Adw kIqI[
(2) qwjpoSI qoN kuJ swl mgroN hI aus ny is`K isAwsq dy sB qoN kImqI ih`sw “srb`q Kwlsw” krn qy rok lw idqI qy Kwlsy dIAW ijqW nwl hwisl hoey ielwky qy AwpxI mrzI dI vzwrq Tos idqI[ ieh Asl ihMdU qrIkw sI[
(3) AwpxI hkUmq dy ipClyry A`D ivc aus ny krMsI auqy ihMdU mzhb dw ip`pl dw p`qw vI aukrvw idqw qy AwpxI hkUmq ivcoN is`K AsUlW ƒ PwrKqI dy ky bRwhmx-pYtrn dy rMg ivc rMg ilAw[
(4) rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dy irkwrf, Kws kr ky aus dy Aw^rI idnW ivc, bRwhmxW qy ihMdU mMdrW ƒ byihswb dOlq Aqy dwn nwl Bry pey hn[ ieh iek auh &rz hY jo bRwhmxW muqæwibkæ hr ihMdU rwjy vwsqy zrUrI huMdw hY (qy rxjIq isMG isr& bRwhmxW dI hdwieq hyT cl irhw sI)[
(5) jd vI iksy is`K ny ies AYNtI-is`K qrIky dI muKwlPq kIqI qW aus ƒ qrIky nwl, pr XkInn, srkwr ivcoN bMny kr id`qw igAw[ qrqIbvwr jrnYl hrI isMG nlvw, bwbw swihb isMG bydI, AkwlI PUlw isMG ƒ jW qW Kqm krvw idqw igAw qy jW byAsr kr idqw igAw[
(6) rxjIq isMG ny nIly inSwn swihb dI jgh AwpxI POj dy JMfy ivc ihMdU dyvI dw inSwn kwiem kr idqw [
(7) rxjIq isMG Srwb qy AOrq dw gulwm bx cu`kw sI[ aus dIAW 40 qoN vD rwxIAW qy rKYlW vZYrw aus dI qy aus dI hkUmq dI qbwhI dw swmwn sn[
(8) aus dI Srwb dI kmzorI bwry bhuq sbUq hn keI vwrI aus dy AkwlI pihrydwr aus ‘qy gu`sy ho pYNdy sn[ ies kr ky aus ny ieh ifaUtI vI fogirAW ƒ dy idqI sI[ Srwb qy hor niSAW ivc auh eynw glqwn ho cu`kw sI ik AKIr ienHW dI vjh nwl aus ƒ ADrMg ho igAw jo jwn-lyvw sibq hoieAw[
(9) 1825 qoN mgroN rxjIq isMG fogirAW, ^ws kr ky iDAwn isMh, dI cwplUsI dI kYd ivc Aw cukw sI[ iDAwn isMh aus dy drbwr ivc aus dI kursI (q^q) dy nyVy zmIn ’qy bYT ky aus (rxjIq isMG) dy pYr AwpxI JolI ivc r`K ky pwKMf kr ky aus nUM byvkU& bxwauNdw sI[ rxjIq isMG fogirAW dI ies cwplUsI dw kYdI bx cukw sI[
kuJ ilKwrI ieh AwKdy hn ik rxjIq isMG ny imslW dI burCwgrdI Kqm kr ky v`fw is`K rwj kwiem kIqw[ ieh aunHW dI bysmJI hY qy auh is`K AsUlW dI vwk&I qoN kory hn[ rxjIq isMG dw rwj shI mwAinAW ivc is`K rwj dI qbwhI sI qy gurU dI is`iKAw dy iblkul ault sI[ isrdwr kpUr isMG muqæwibkæ:
“ieh AwKxw bymwAnw hY ik aus ny (rxjIq isMG ny) ‘burCwgrd’ is`K imslW ƒ iek jgh iek`Tw kr ky Tos bxwaux vwsqy hMBlw mwirAw, ikauNik Asl ivc aus ny is`K isAwsq dy aus kudrqI vwDy, ijs dI buinAwd ivc lokW dIAW irvwieqW sn, sunihrI ipCokV sI, jo Kwils bxwieAw igAw sI, qy ijs ƒ ^ud is`K gurUAW ny pwik bxwieAw sI, ƒ swboqwj kIqw[”
ies qrHW ieh AwKxw shI hovygw ik is`K imslW ny jo kuJ hwisl kIqw sI aus ƒ rxjIq isMG ny &zUl guAw idqw[ jy koeI rxjIq isMG vloN gurduAwirAW ivc sonw cVwaux dw izkr krnw cwhy qW aus ƒ irkwrf Prol ky pqw lgygw ik ijMnw sonw aus ny drbwr swihb cVHwieAw sI aus qoN pMjwh-guxw vD sonw jvwlwmuKI, jMmU, purmMfl, ktVw, jgn nwQ purI, hirduAwr, bnwrs, qy hor ihMdU mMdrW ƒ id`qw sI[ aus dw ihMdU mMdrW ƒ id`qw dwn is`K pMQ dI dOlq sI[ dUjw drbwr swihb dI iemwrq qy lwieAw rIx-ku sonw sgoN drbwr swihb dI rUhwnIAq ‘qy pwieAw prCwvW hY jo iksy vI qrIky nwl is`K &ls&y muqæwibkæ TIk nhIN hY[ rxjIq isMG dy ies sony dI vjh nwl drbwr swihb dw nW ivgV ky “golfn tYNpl” bx igAw[
eyQy ieh izkr krnw vI kuQWeIN nhIN hovygw ik rxjIq isMG Awpxy Awp nUM isMG swihb AKvwauNdw sI (vyKo drbwr swihb dy muK gyt ’qy l`gI q^qI)[ isMG swihb dw mqlb hY ‘isMGW dw swihb/mwilk’ (vyKo: mhwn koS, lyKk BweI kwhn isMG nwBw)[ is`K qvwrI^ ivc ‘isMG swihb’ isr& gurU goibMd isMG swihb vwsqy iliKAw hI imldw hY[ aunHW qoN ielwvw iksy hor ny kdy vI ieh l&z Awpxy nW nwl vrqx dI ihmwkq nhIN sI kIqI Aqy dUijAW nUM vrqx dI iejwzq nhIN id`qI sI[ bMdw isMG bhwdr qW Awpxy Awp nUM isr& ‘gurU dw bMdw’ ikhw krdw sI[ Aj qW jxw-Kxw grMQI vI ^ud nUM ‘isMGW dw mwilk’ (isMG swihb) AKvwauNdw hY[
AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw krn mgroN rxjIq isMG ny bhuq swry is`K srdwrW ƒ Coty-Cotyy ‘mnsb’ idqy sn[ muK jrnYl sn: dysw isMG mjIiTAw (cwr sO svwr), hrI isMG nlvw (sq sO svwr), hukmw isMG icmnI (200 svwr qy Coty qopKwny dw drogw), Bwg isMG murwly vwlw (500 svwr) qy jwgIr, imlKw isMG QyhpurIAw (700 svwr qy Gyp prgxw dI jwgIr), &qih isMG dy puqr Aqr isMG (5 sO svwr), imq isMG BdwnIAw (500 svwr qy ipAwdy), mwn isMG (400 svwr qy ipAwdy), krm isMG rMGV nMglIAw (100 svwr), joD isMG sOVIAW vwlw (300 svwr qy pYdl), inhwl isMG AtwrIvwlw (500 svwr qy pYdl), grBw isMG (iek hzwr svwr), idqy gey[ muslmwn gOsy ^wn nUM v`fw qop^wnw sONipAw igAw qy 2000 svwr idqy gey sn[ ies qoN ielwvw krm isMG dolU dy puqr j`sw isMG, gu`jr isMG BMgI dy pu`qr swihb isMG, lihxw isMG BMgI dy pu`qr cyq isMG, Bwg isMG AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy cimAwrI prgxw dy hwkm nwhr isMG dy pu`qrW dy ds hzwr svwr qy pYdl, n`kw srdwrW dy 4 hzwr svwr qy pYdl, phwVI rwijAW dy 5 hzwr svwr qy pYdl Aqy duAwby dy srdwrW dy 7 hzwr svwr qy pYdl vI rxjIq isMG dy nwl sn[ ies qoN ielwvw aus dI AwpxI v`fI &Oj vI sI[ iesy &Oj sdkw hI auh hkUmq clw irhw sI[ ies dy nwl-nwl AkwlI &Ulw isMG dI inhMg &Oj vI aus dw swQ dyNdI rhI sI qy hr v`fy qy AOKy AYkSn ivc auh sB qoN mUhry huMdI sI[
ieh g`l kwbly-ZOr hY ik rxjIq isMG ny muslmwn ZOsy ^wn nUM 2000 svwr vI id`qy hoey sn qy BwrI qopKwnw vI sONipAw hoieAw sI[ ieM\ hI ivdySI jrnYlW nUM vI hzwrW &OjW dI kmwn id`qI hoeI sI[ pr, aus ny iksy vI is`K jrnYl nUM 1000qoN vD dw mnsb nhIN sI id`qw hoieAw[
rxjIq isMG dI mOq: (mhwrwjw) rxjIq isMG dI Srwb pIx dI Awdq byh`d mwVI sI[ ies ny aus dw ijsm gwl id`qw sI[ pcvMjw swl dI aumr mgroN auh ijsmwnI qOr ’qy byh`d kmzor ho cukw sI[ pr Ajy vI auh Srwb dw gulwm sI, qy Srwb vI auh qyz qoN qyz pIivAw krdw sI[ 1838 ivc jd AMgryz jnrl mYknOtn lwhOr AwieAw qW audoN vI aus ny aus nwl bYT ky AwpxI Aqy AMgryzW dI Srwb r`j ky ‘suVkI’ sI[ ies ip`CoN aus ’qy ADrMg dw hmlw hoieAw[ ieh vI ivcwr Awm pRclq sI ik AMgryzW ny rxjIq isMG ƒ im`TI-zihr vwlI Srwb id`qI sI, ijs ny aus ƒ CyqI hI ibsqry ’qy pw id`qw[ A^Ir 27 jUn 1839 dy idn aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus dy sskwr vyly aus dIAW cwr ihMdU rwxIAW qy s`q golIAW ‘sqI’ hoeIAW sn.
pul kMjrI (rxjIq isMG v`loN nwcI byZm vwsqy bxwieAw pul Aqy bwrWdrI)
rxjIq isMG gulbhwr byZm nwl
(hor vKo: morW srkwr)
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI sony dI kursI
(ivktorIAw AYNf Albrt Ajwieb Gr lMfn AjwiebGr ivc)
