Archives: Sikhs Biographies Punjabi

rwmwnMd

 

Bgq rwmnMd (sMn 1300-1380; AMdwzn) au~qr pRdyS dy ngr Alwhwbwd (pRXwgrwj) dy iek kwnkubj bRwhmx BUirkrmw dw suSIlw dI ku`K qoN jMimAw pu`qr sI[ ies dw bcpn dw nW rwm d`q sI (ies dy ipCokV bwry hor irvwieqW vI hn)[ jvwn hox ’qy ieh rwmwnMd dI sMprdw dw ih`sw bx igAw sI Aqy ies ny rwmwnMd nUM Awpxw gurU Dwrn kr ky rwmwnMd nW r`K ky ivSnUM m`q dw pRcwr kIqw sI[ ies ny  Awpxw bhuqw smW kwSI (vwrwxsI) ivc gMgw Gwt ’qy rih ky ibqwieAw sI[ kuJ lyKk Bgq kbIr nUM ies dw cylw ilKdy hn jo ik shI nhIN hY ikauNik ieh ivSnU, lkSmI nwrwiex Aqy sIqw dw pujwrI sI, jd ik Bgq kbIr ienHW swirAW dw KMfn kr ky isr& iek pRmwqmw dw pujwrI sI[ kuJ ivdvwnW dw ivcwr hY ik AwpxI aumr dy Aw^rI swlW ivc rwmwnMdI vI iek pRmwqmw dw pujwrI bx igAw sI[ gurU gRMQ swihb ivc rwmwnMd dw iek Sbd drj hY: kq jweIAY ry Gr lwgo rMgu] myrw icqu n clY mnu BieE pMgu ]1] rhwau] eyk idvs mn BeI aumMg] Gis cMdn coAw bhu sugMD] pUjn cwlI bRhm Twie] so bRhmu bqwieE gur mn hI mwih]1] jhw jweIAY qh jl pKwn] qU pUir rihE hY sB smwn] byd purwn sB dyKy joie] aUhW qau jweIAY jau eIhW n hoie]2] siqgur mY bilhwrI qor] ijin skl ibkl BRm kwty mor] rwmwnµd suAwmI rmq bRhm] gur kw sbdu kwtY koit krm]3] (s&w 1195).

rwmwnMd dw iek klipq ic`qr

 

 

rwmwnuj 

rwmwnuj (25.4.1017 -1137) dw jnm mOjUdw qwimlnwfu sUby dy ngr kWcIpurm dy nyVy iek ipMf sRIpyrMbudr ivc iek kySv nW dy iek bRwhmx dy Gr kWiqmqI dI ku`K qoN hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy ieh Xwdv pRkwsw (jo AdvYq vydWq mq dw bhuq v`fw pRcwrk sI) dw cylw bx igAw sI[ kuJ smyN mgroN ieh mhWpUrn dw cylw bx ky vYSnv m`q ivc Swiml ho igAw sI[ ieh ivSnU Aqy lCmI dw v`fw pujwrI sI[ ies ny sMsikRq ivc keI gRMQ ilKy sn[ ies ny izMdgI dw bhuq i`hsw krnwtk sUby ivc mylUkot (purwxI mYsUr irAwsq) ivc rih ky ibqwieAw sI[ ies dI pRyrxw nwl hI mYsUr dw rwjw ivSnuvrDn ivSnU m`q dw DwrnI bixAw sI[ rwmnuj dI sMprdw dy lok srIr au~qy sMK, c`kr, gdw, pdm ivSnu dy icMnH Dwrn krdy hn[ ieh Awpxy m`Qy ’qy ArD iqrSUl dw iqlk lwauNdy hn ijs ivclI ryKw lwl huMdI hY Aqy iknwry ’qy ic`tIAW DwrIAW huMdIAW hn[ ieh lok ivSnU nUM eISvr mMndy hn; jIv nUM icq Aqy sMswr dy swry jVH pdwrQW nUM AjIv mMndy hn[ rwmwnuj dI mOq sRIrMgm ngr ivc hoeI sI

rwm QMmx

 

gurU nwnk swihb dI mwsI dw puqr ijs ny kwlU Krw ipMf (izlHw Aqy qihsIl ksUr) ivc Awpxw fyrw clwieAw hoieAw sI[ ies ipMf nUM hux kwlU Krw rwm QMmx kihMdy hn[ rwm QMmx ivc A`j vI aus dw fyrw kwiem hY, pr hux ies au~qy mhwjrW ny kbzw kr ilAw hoieAw hY[ iksy smyN ie`Qy ivswKI dw mylw l`igAw krdw sI ijs ivc swry ielwky dy lok Swiml hoieAw krdy sn.

rwm isMh imrzw

 

imrzw rwjw rwm isMh (sMn 1640-1682), pu`qr rwjw jY isMh imrzw, dw jnm AMbyr (jYpur) ivc hoieAw sI[ rwjw jY isMh imrzw dI mOq mgroN AOrMgzyb ny 10 sqMbr 1667 dy idn  rwm isMh nUM 4000 dw mnsb dy id`qw sI (aus dy ipqw kol 7000 dw mnsb sI)[ rwm isMh ny iSvwjI mrh`tw dw AOrMgzyb nwl smJOqw krvwauxw cwihAw sI; pr AOrMgzyb ny iSvwjI nUM drbwr ivc bulw ky munwisb mwx nw id`qw Aqy sgoN aus nUM rwm isMh dI imsl ivc kYd kr id`qw[ kuJ smyN mgroN auh ies dI mdd nwl &rwr ho igAw[ ieM\ hI nvMbr 1665 ivc jdoN gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb nUM igR&qwr kr ky AorMgzyb kol pyS kIqw igAw sI Aqy aus ny gurU jI nUM kql krn dw hukm dy id`qw sI qW ies ny AwpxI izMmydwrI ’qy gurU jI AwpxI imsl ivc r`Kx dI spurgI lY leI sI Aqy kuJ h&iqAW mgroN AOrMgzyb dI iejwzq qoN ibnw hI irhw kr id`qw sI[ AOrMgzyb ienHW dohW g`lW kr ky ies qoN AOKw sI[ aus ny ies nUM iek qrHw nwl szw dyx vwsqy Awhom (Aswm) dy rwjy dy i^lw& muihMm ’qy Byj id`qw sI[ au~Qy gurU qyZ bhwdwr swihb ny ies dw rwjy nwl smJOqw krvw id`qw sI[ pr AOrMgzyb ies qoN ^uS nhIN sI[ ies dI mOq kohwt (p^qUnvw, pwiksqwn) ivc hoeI sI.

rwm isMG isklIgr

 

rwm isMG isklIgr rwjpUqwny (rwijsQwn) d iek rwjpUq sI[ auh hiQAwr bxwaux dw v`fw kwrIgr sI[ gurU goibMd isMG jI ny aus nUM AnMdpur dy iklHw lohgVH ivc hiQAwr bxwaux dw kwr^wnw lw id`qw sI[ gurU  jI aus nUM bwhroN hiQAwr ^rIdx vwsqy vI ByijAw krdy sn.

 rwm isMG ShId

 

rwm isMG jYqo
rwm isMG (vwsI ipMf buqwlw, izlHw AMimRqsr) jYqo morcy ivc nOvyN ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

rwm isMG nwnkwxw
rwm isMG  pu`qr JMfw isMG kMboj (vwsI inzwmpur mUlw isMGvwlw, izlHw Sy^Upurw) ijs dw j`dI ipMf v`lw, izlHw AMimRqsr sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

rwm isMG prmwr

 

bwbw bMdw isMG nwl ShIdI jwm pIx vwilAW ivc BweI rwm isMG vI Swiml sI [rwm isMG BweI bic`qr isMG dw bytw, BweI mnI isMG dw poqw Aqy mweI dws dw pVpoqw sI[bic`qr isMG dy dohW byitAW ivcoN auh in`kw sI[

rwm isMG ny Awpxw bcpn ipMf AlIpur (izlHw muz`&rgVH) ivc hI ibqwieAw sI pr auh Aksr Awpxy ipqw kol AnMdpur swihb ivc hI irhw krdw sI[ jvwn hox mgroN aus ny Awpxy ipqw Aqy cwcw audY isMG qoN GoV-svwrI Aqy hiQAwr clwaux dI is`iKAw hwisl kIqI sI[ ies mgroN auh AnMdpur swihb ivc hI rihx l`g ipAw sI[

5 qy 6 dsMbr 1705 dI A`DI rwq ƒ jdoN gurU goibMd isMG swihb ny AnMdpur swihb C`ifAw qW ieh vI gurU swihb dy nwl hI sI[ Awijhw jwpdw hY ik ieh srsw ndI q`k gurU jI dy nwl irhw sI[ ieQoN gurU jI kotlw inhMg v`l cly gey sn Aqy rwm isMG bwkI swQIAW nwl cmkOr v`l inkl igAw sI[ 7 dsMbr dy svyr vyly Awp swry iPr iek`Ty ho gey sn Aqy cmkOr dI gVHI ivc Awrwm krn l`g pey sn[ dupihr mgroN jdoN ropV qoN AweI mlyrIAw &Oj ny gVHI ƒ Gyr ilAw qW rwm isMG vI au~Qy hI sI[ Swm qoN mgroN hnyrw pYx nwl lVweI bMd ho geI sI[ ies vyly q`k gVHI ivc isr& s`q is`K hI bcy sn[ ijnHW ivc rwm isMG vI Swiml sI[ A`DI rwq ƒ jdoN gurU jI nbI ^wn qy ZnI ^wn dI mdd nwl gVHI ’coN inkly qW ijhVy hor 5 is`K ies mgroN au~QoN inklx ivc kwmXwb ho sky sn rwm isMG vI aunHW ivcoN iek sI[ ieh pMjy gurU jI ƒ mwCIvwVw ivc dobwrw jw imly sn[ ieQoN gurU swihb “au~c dw pIr” bx ky inkl gey sn[rwm isMG Aqy aunHW dy swQI muZl AihdIAW dy Bys ivc au~QoN c`l ky gurU swihb dy jwx vwly rsqy ’qy nzrswnI krn Aqy ieMqzwm vgYrw vwsqy A`gy-A`gy cldy gey sn[ rwm isMG gurU jI nwl qlvMfI swbo q`k igAw sI[ ieQoN auh Swied Awpxy ipMf c`kr lwaux vI igAw hovygw jW iPr sMgqW ƒ pYgwm qy hukmnwmy phuMcwaux vwsqy ByijAw igAw hovygw[

30 AkqUbr 1706 dy idn jdoN gurU jI qlvMfI swbo qoN d`Kx v`l rvwnw hoey qW vI rwm isMG Awp dy nwl sI[ jdoN gurU swihb v`loN bwbw bMdw isMG ƒ nMdyV qoN pMjwb ByijAw qW jwpdw hY ik ies ƒ aunHW dy nwl nhIN ByijAw igAw sI Aqy auh gurU swihb dy kol hI irhw sI[ gurU swihb dI ShIdI qoN kuJ icr mgroN ieh pMjwb Aw igAw sI Aqy bwbw bMdw isMG dy nwl rl ky j`dojihd ivc ih`sw pwieAw sI[ 7 dsMbr 1715 dy idn jdoN bwbw bMdw isMG gurdws nMgl dI gVHI ivcoN igR&qwr hoieAw sI qW rwm isMG vI aus dy nwl hI sI[rwm isMG ƒ bMdw isMG dy nwl hI ShId kIqw igAw sI[ ShIdI vyly rwm isMG dw ivAwh Swied Ajy nhIN hoieAw sI ies kr ky Awp dI pIVHI A`gy nhIN c`lI.

rwm isMG mukqw

 

rwm isMG 7 dsMbr 1705 dy idn cmkOr dI lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw sI[ buGyAwxw vwsI rwm isMG ƒ gurU goibMd isMG swihb ny “mukqw” dI pdvI nwl invwijAw sI[ AnMdpur ivc sIs Byt kOqk vwly idn pMj is`KW v`loN gurU swihb dI Awvwz ’qy sIs Byt krn mgroN ijhVy pMj hor is`K vI sIs Byt krn vwsqy iqAwr hoey sn, rwm isMG aunHW ivcoN iek sI[ gurU swihb ny ienHW ƒ d`isAw ik mYƒ isr& pMj mrjIviVAW dI loV sI[ gurU swihb ny aunHW dI SrDw dI qwrI& kIqI Aqy AwiKAw ik aunHW ƒ “pMj mukqy” AwK ky Xwd kIqw jwieAw krygw[ aus vyly qIk ies dw nW rwm cMd sI [ pMj ipAwirAW mgroN, dUjI pwl ivc, ies ny KMfy dI pwhul hwisl kIqI sI Aqy pwhul lY ky rwm isMG bx igAw sI[

KMfy dI pwhul lYx mgroN rwm isMG p`ky qOr ’qy hI AnMdpur swihb ivc rihx l`g ipAw sI[ ies ny AnMdpur swihb qy inrmohgVH dIAW swrIAW lVweIAW ivc ih`sw ilAw sI[  jdoN 5 qy 6 dsMbr 1705 dI A`DI rwq ƒ gurU swihb ny AnMdpur swihb C`fx dw &Yslw kIqw qW ijhVy 40 isMGW ny gurU swihb dy AMg-sMg rih ky iek`Ty jIx mrn dw pRx kIqw aunHW AnMdpur swihb dy 40 mukiqAW ivc ieh vI sI[ gurU jI ienHW cwlIAW sxy, 500 is`KW dy kw&ly nwl, AnMdpur swihb qoN kIrqpur swihb q`k ibnW iksy rukwvt dy phuMc gey sn Aqy iPr ies qoN A`gy 12-13 iklomItr dUr srsw ndI dy kMFy q`k pu`j gey sn[rwm isMG ny gurU jI dy nwl hI srsw dirAw pwr kIqw sI qy iPr turdy-turdy 7 dsMbr dI svyr ƒ gurU jI dy nwl cmkOr ivc phuMc igAw sI[cmkOr dI gVHI ivc Awrwm kr rhy sn ik dupihr vyly mlyrIAw &OjW ny Gyrw pw ilAw sI[ gVHI ivc hwizr do swihbzwidAW Aqy 45 is`KW ny mlyrIAW dI &Oj dw f`t ky twkrw kIqw sI[ swry is`K iek-iek, do-do kr ky gVHI ’coN bwhr inkl ky lVweI krdy rhy sn Aqy ShId huMdy gey sn; rwm isMG mukqw vI ienHW ivc Swiml sI.

rwm isMG kYptn

 

kYptn rwm isMG (1864- 29.12.1945), pu`qr n`Qw isMG, dw jnm izlHw sMgrUr dy ngr sunwm ivc hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy auh mhwrwjw pitAwlw dI &Oj vc BrqI ho igAw sI Aqy kYptn dy Ahudy qk phuMc igAw sI[ sMn 1884-85 Aqy 1897-97 ivc aus nUM AMgRzI &Oj dw swQ dyx vwsqy sufwn ByijAw igAw sI[ aus nUM aus dIAW syvwvW bdly E.bI.eI. (Awrfr Aw& ibRitS AYNmpwieA`r) dw i^qwb id`qw igAw sI[ iSmlw ivc gurduAwrw bxwaux ivc aus dw muK rol sI[ rItwier hox mgroN auh c`k nMbr 127 ivc rihx lg ipAw sI[ jdoN SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI bxI qW auh 27 nvMbr 1921 dy idn  ies dw mIq pRDwn cuixAw igAw sI[ AkqUbr 1923 ivc jdoN ibRtS srkwr ny SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI nUM ZYr-kwnUMnI krwr id`qw qW ies nM vI igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw sI[ ieh sMn 1926 ivc irhw hoieAw sI[ ies mgroN ies ny SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI jW isAwsI kwrvweIAW ivc ih`sw nhIN ilAw Aqy Awpxy ipMf ivc hI rihMdw irhw sI.

rwm isMG AwrkItYkt

 

srdwr bhwdr rwm isMG (sMn 1858-1916), pu`qr Awsw isMG, dw jnm izlHw gurdwspur ivc btwlw Sihr dy nyVy iek ipMf rsUlpur ivc hoieAw sI[iek vwr myE skUl Aw& ieMfstrIAl Awrts lwhOr (jo 1875 ivc kwiem kIqw igAw sI) dy ipRMsIpl jw`hn lwkvu`f ikpilMg (jo nobl pRweIz jyqU rufXwrf ikpilMg dw ipqw sI) ny aus dI klw nUM vyiKAw qW auh aus qoN bhuq pRBwivq hoieAw[ aus ny rwm isMG nUM Awpxy skUl ivc BrqI kr ilAw[ rwm isMG ny Agly 6 swl ikpilMg nUM  Ajwieb GrW Aqy ieMstIicaU dIAW iblifMgW dy fIzwien bxwaux ivc bhuq mdd id`qI sI[ sMn 1882-83 ivc rwm isMG ny myE skUl Aw& ieMfstrIAl Awrts lwhOr dI iemwrq dw fIzweIn iqAwr kIqw[  rItwier hox mgroN ikpilMg ny rwm isMG nUM lMfn Awaux dw s`dw id`qw[ sMn 1890 ivc auh lMfn igAw[ au~Qy aus nUM SwhI mihl dy AOsbOrn hwaUs dy drbwr hwl dw fIzweIn bxwaux dI ifaUtI sONpI geI[ rwm isMG iqMn swl lMfn ivc irhw[ aus dy kMm ’qy rwxI bhuq ^uS hoeI Aqy aus nUM Awpxy dsq^qW vwlw Awpxw skY~c Byt kIqw[ sMn 1904 ivc aus nUM ‘srdwr bhwdur’ dw i^qwb id`qw igAw[ sMn 1909 ivc aus nUM ‘mYNbr Aw& ivktorIAn Awrfr (AYm. vI.E.) dI pdvI id`qI geI[ sMn 1910 ivc aus nUM myE skUl Aw& ieMfstrIAl Awrts dw ipRMsIpl lw id`qw igAw (kmwl dI g`l ieh hY ik rwm isMG kol XUnIvristI dI koeI ifgrI nhIN sI)[rwm isMG AkqUbr 1913 ivc ipRMsIpl dy Ahudy qoN rItwier hoieAw sI[ ieM\ auh 38 swl qk ies ieMstIicaUt nwl juiVAw irhw sI[ lwhOr ivc rwm isMG dI nyVqw sr gMgw rwm nwl ho geI sI[ rwm isMG ny aus dy pRwjYkt aulIkx ivc bhuq mdd kIqI sI[

     rwm isMG ny bhuq swrIAW ieiqhwsk iemwrqW dy fIzweIn iqAwr kIqy sn, ijnHW ivc hyT ilKIAW iemwrqW vI Swiml hn: drbwr hwl lMfn, Kwlsw kwlj AMimRqsr, vwierwie dw mihl iSmlw,  &ormYn ikRscIAn kwlj, lwhOr, pMjwb XUnIvristI lwhOr dw sYnt hwl,  AYcIsn cI&z kwlj lwhOr, lyfI AYcIsn hspqwl lwhOr, ieslwmIAw kwlj ipSwvr, Kwlsw kwlj gujrWvwlw, ifsitRkt kort hwl Alwhwbwd, imaUNspl hwl &Irozpur Aqy hor keI.

 

rwm isMG lMfn ivc

 

rwm isMG Awpxy myz ’qy kMm krdw hoieAw

 

 

rwm isMG (aumr dy pMjwhivAW ivc)

 

rwm isMG dI iemwrq klw dw kmwl Kwlsw kwlj AMimRqsr

 

rwm isMG dI iemwrq klw dw kmwl ipSwvr dw ieslwmIAw kwlj

rwm rwie qy rwmrweIey

 

rwm rwie (24.2.1646-4.9.1687), pu`qr gurU hir rwie swihb dw jnm mwqw sul`KxI dI ku`K qoN kIrqpur (dibsqwny mzwihb dIAW qwrI^W muqæwibkæ Qwpl ipMf) ivc hoieAw sI[ rwm rwie bhuq sUJvwn qy cusq b`cw sI[ muZlIAw q^q dI lVweI ivc jdoN AOrMgzyb kwmXwb hoieAw qW aus ny Awpxy Brw dwrw iSkoh dy swry swQIAW Aqy hmdrdW nUM Awpxy drbwr ivc hwzr hox dy hukm jwrI kIqy sn[ aus ny Aijhw iek hukm gurU hir rwie jI nUM vI ByijAw sI[

29 mwrc 1661 dy idn rwjw jY isMh imrzw dw dIvwn prs rwm kIrqpur pu~jw qy AOrMgzyb v~loN drbwr iv~c bulwey jwx dw pYZwm idqw[ gurU swihb ny Awp bwdSwh kol jwx dI bjwie Awpxy v~fy pu`qr rwmrwie nUM dIvwn dy nwl id~lI Byj idqw[ gurU hirrwie swihb ny rwmrwie dy nwl dIvwn drgh m~l, BweI ibMnw a~upl, BweI drIAw prmwr qy BweI bihlo dw pu`qr gurdws vI Byjy[ aunHW dy h`Q (gurU) gRMQ swihb dw iek srUp vI ByijAw igAw[ rwmrwie ApRYl dy pihly h&qy id~lI pu~jw qy cMdrwvl KyVw (mOjUdw mjnUM it`lw) ipMf ivc TihrwieAw[ kuJ idn mgroN AOrMgzyb ny rwmrwie nUM drbwr ivc bulwieAw[ AOrMgzyb ny rwmrwie nUM rwjw jY isMh imrzw dy fyry ivc (iek qrHW nwl nzrbMd kr ky) Byj id`qw[

rwmrwie nUM AOrMgzyb dy bulwvy ’qy aus drbwr ivc hwzrI dyxI ipAw krdI sI[ iek vwr aus ny AOrMgzyb nUM ^uS krn dI koiSS ivc gurbwxI dI iek quk dy mwAny (ArQ) vI bdl ky suxwey[ aus ny “im`tI muslmwn kI pYVy peI GuimAwr…” vwly Sbd dy ArQ krn l`igAW ‘muslmwn’ dI QW ‘byeImwn’ l&z pw idqw[ AOrMgzyb nUM ieh cwplUsI psMd Aw geI qy aus ny rwmrwie nUM SwbwS idqI[ ies qoN ^uS ho ky AOrMgzyb ny rwmrwie nUM ^Ub eInwm idqw[

jdoN rwmrwie dI ies hrkq dw pqw gurU hir rwie swihb jI nUM lgw qW aunHW ny rwmrwie nUM mUMh nw lwaux dw AYlwn kr idqw[ aunHW aus nUM pYZwm Byj idqw ik auh hux kIrqpur v~l nw Awvy[ ies ’qy rwmrwie kIrqpur Awaux dI bjwie pihlW qW lwhOr clw igAw Aqy jd is~KW ny aus nUM Adb nw idqw qW auh v~K-v~K QWvW qoN huMdw hoieAw vwips id~lI clw igAw[ AOrMgzyb ny aus nwl hoey slUk nUM swhvyN r~K ky aus nUM dUn dy ielwky ivc Kurv`DI qy Cy hor ipMfW dI jwgIr dy idqI qy nwl hI srkwr v~loN rozInw (roz idqI jwx vwlI rkm) vI nIAq kr idqw[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ ieh rkm 500 rupY roz sI (jo shI nhIN jwpdI ikauN ik audoN qW 5 rupY rozInw vI bVI v`fI rkm sI)[ gurU hir rwie swihb ny ies g~l nUM hor vI mwVw AwiKAw qy rwm rwie nwl iblkul sbMD Kqm kr ley[

6 AkqUbr 1661 dy idn gurU hir rwie swihb joqI-joiq smw gey[ ies vyly rwmrwie id`lI ivc sI[ gurU hir rwie swihb dy joqI-joiq smwaux dI ^br sux ky auh kIrqpur pu`jw Aqy gurg`dI ’qy Awpxw h`k ijqwaux dI koiSS kIqI, pr aus dy injI syvwdwrW (gurdws, gurb^S qy qwrw) nUM C`f ky iek vI is`K ny aus dw swQ nw idqw[ A^Ir auh inrwS ho ky id`lI prq igAw[ aus ny id`lI jw ky AOrMgzyb dI mdd hwisl krn dI koiSS kIqI[ pr, AOrMgzyb AwpxI slqnq dy ieMqzwm ivc eynw PisAw hoieAw sI ik auh rwm rwie nUM injI mulwkwq vwsqy smW nw dy sikAw[ rwm rwie dIAW ienHW koiSSW ivc do swl qoN vI vD dw smW bIq igAw[ A^Ir mwrc 1664 ivc rwm rwie nUM AOrMgzyb nwl imlx dw smW iml hI igAw[ rwm rwie ny bVw Awijz ho ky AOrMgzyb qoN mdd mMgI[ AOrMgzyb ny rwm rwie dI mdd dw vwAdw kIqw[ ies sbMD ivc AOrMgzyb ny pihlw kMm gurU hrikSn swihb nUM id`lI sMmn krn dw kIqw[ aus ny gurU jI nUM ilAwaux vwsqy rwjw jY isMh imrzw dy dIvwn prs rwm dI ifaUtI lweI[ prs rwm do swl pihlW vI kIrqpur jw cukw sI[ auh 18 mwrc 1664 dy idn kIrqpur pu`jw Aqy AOrMgzyb dw sunyhw idqw[ Agly idn gurU jI prs rwm dy ilAWdy rQ qy svwr ho ky id`lI vl nUM cl pey[

AOrMgzyb ny gurU hrikSn swihb nUM 25 mwrc 1664 dy idn mulwkwq vwsqy bulwieAw[ gurU swihb rwjw jY isMh imrzw dy GroN pwlkI ivc svwr ho ky AOrMgzyb dy drbwr ivc lwl iklHw pu`jy[ gurU jI dy nwl aus vyly kMvr rwm isMh imrzw, dIvwn drgh m`l, BweI mnI rwm (mgroN BweI mnI isMG), gurb^S (rwm rwie dw swQI qy aus dw msMd) Aqy kuJ hor is`K vI gey[ ies sbMDI iek ieMdrwj ‘B`t vhI qlwauNfw’ ivc ieM\ imldw hY:

“gurU hrikSn jI mhl ATmW, bytw gurU hir rwie jI kw…swl sqrW sY iekIs cyqr mwsy Suklw p`Ky iQq nwmI, gurUvwr ky idMh, svw pihr idn cVHy pwlkI myN svwr hoey, idhlI bwdSwh ky drbwr myN Awey[ swQ dIvwn drgh m`l AwieAw bytw dvwrkw dws kw, kMvr rwm isMh AwieAw bytw jY isMh AMbyrI kw, gurb^S AwieAw bytw bwGy CIpy kw, mnI rwm AwieAw bytw mweI dws jlhwny kw[ hor is`K PkIr Awey[”

AOrMgzyb ny gurU hirikSn swihb qoN pu`iCAw:“rwm rwie quhwfy v`fy Brw hn pr quhwfy ipqw jI ny gurg`dI quhwnUM ikauN idqI?” gurU hrikSn sihb jI ny jvwb idqw, “gurg`dI koeI injI jwiedwd nhIN hY jo v`fy puqr nUM hI imlxI cwhIdI sI[ ieh qW rUhwnI syvw hY[ gurU hir rwie swihb jI ny ijs nUM TIk h`kdwr smiJAw ieh syvw sONp idqI[” ies mgroN AOrMgzyb ny gurU swihb nUM ikhw “gurU hox dy nwqy qusIN krwmwq dI qæwkæq qy hsqI rKdy ho[ qusIN koeI krwmwq idKwE[” gurU swihb ny aus nUM jvwb idqw, “is`K Drm muqæwibkæ krwmwq idKwxw qW kihr hY[ ieh qW Akwl purK dy hukm qoN vKry c`lxw hY[ swfy Drm muqæwibkæ isr& r`b hI ieko-iek krwmwq hY[ bMdy dI krwmwq aus r`b dw nW jpxw hI hY[” ies mu^qsr jhI mulwkwq mgroN AOrMgzyb ny gurU jI nUM ikhw ik hux auh jw ky Arwm krn qy iek vwr Pyr mulwkwq hovygI[ pr ies qoN Agly idn mgroN hI gurU jI’qy cIck dw hmlw hoieAw Aqy auh 30 mwrc 1644 dy idn joqI joiq smw gey[

ies mgroN rwm rwie Kurv`DI (hux fyhrwdUn) ivc AOrMgzyb v`loN id`qI jwgIr ivc rihx lg ipAw[ ApRYl 1685 ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI ny pwauNtw ngr vswieAw[ ie`Qy 11 meI 1685 dy idn rwm rwie gurU swihb nUM imlx AwieAw[ aus ny gurU jI qoN AwpxI Bu`l b^SvweI Aqy muV is`KI prvwr ivc Swiml ho igAw[ rwm rwie dy msMdW nuM ieh g`l rws nw AweI[ auh nhIN sI cwhuMdy ik rwm rwie dy is`KI ivc Swiml hox nwl aunHW dy fyry dw ieMqzwm aunHW dy h`QoN inkl jwey[ ies kr ky 4 sqMbr 1687 dy idn aunHW ny rwm rwie nUM byhoSI kr ky aus nUM mirAw krwr dy ky aus dw sskwr kr id`qw[ jdoN gurU goibMd isMG jI nUM pqw l`gw qW auh Kurv`DI gey Aqy doSIAW nUM szw id`qI[ ies mgroN aus fyry dw ieMqzwm rwm rwie dI ivDvw pMjwb kOr nUM sONp id`qw[ ijhVy msMd bwZI hoey sn aunHW ny rwmrwie dw vKrw pMQ clw id`qw[ aunHW nUM lok rwmrweIey kihMdy hn[ gurU goibMd isMG jI ny jdoN KMfy dI pwhul SurU kIqI sI qW is`KW nUM ienHW rwmrweIAW nwl sbMD r`KxoN vrj id`qw sI. hor vyKo: fyhrwdUn.

rwmpRqwp isMh

 

rwjw rwmpRqwp isMh jYslmyr dw iek rwjw sI[ aus ny Aqy aus dy pu`qr ny muZl bwdSwh Swh jhwn dy i^lw& bhuq smW lVweI kIqI sI[ jdoN auh hwr gey Aqy aunHW ivc zrw vI qæwkæq nw rhI qW aunHW ny kIrqpur Aw ky gurU hirgoibMd swihb kol pnwh lY leI sI[ ienHW ipE pu`qr dw gurU jI nwl eynw ipAwr sI ik jdoN gurU hirgoibMd swihb joqI joq smwey qW rwm pRqwp isMh ny gurU jI dI icqw ivc ClWg mwr ky Awpxy Awp nUM ^qm kr ilAw sI.

rwm nwrwiex kumwr

sMn 1984 qoN mgroN is`KW nwl hoey zlm dy i^lw& sB qoN mUhry ho ky lVn vwilAW ivcoN sB qoN Aihm nW rwm nwrwiex kumwr (sMn 1953-28.6.2009) dw hY[rwm nwrwiex kumwr AXoiDAw dy iek Dwrimk pirvwr ivc pYdw hoieAw sI[ aus dw ipqw iek pIT dw muKI sI[ rwm nwrwiex kumwr pihloN ieMdrw gWDI v`loN lweI AMdrUnI AYmrjMsI (sMn 1975-77) dOrwn 19 mhIny jyl ivc vI irhw sI[ auh rwm mnohr lohIAw Aqy jY pRkwS nwrwiex dw swQI irhw sI[ audoN auh AWDrw pRdyS ivc rihMdw sI[ mgroN auh AwstrIAw dI iek fwktr nwl SwdI kr ky AwstrIAw ivc rihx lg ipAw sI[ aus dI pqnI, bytI, BYx qy Brw vI aus dy nwl AwstrIAw ivc rihMdy sn[aus nUM    

sMn 1984 ivc Aqy mgroN vI is`KW ’qy hoey zulm ny bhuq tu`MibAw sI Aqy  aus ny pMjwb Aw ky dUr-dUrwfy ipMfW ivc jw ky swry hwlq vyK ky ikqwbW ilK ky s`c ibAwn kIqw sI[ aus dI ikqwb ‘rifaUsf tU eySz: d iensrjYNsI AYNf ihaUmn rweItz ien pMjwb’ (ies ikqwb  nUM ilKx ivc AmrIk isMG, ASok Agrvwl qy jskrn kOr ny vI ih`sw pieAw sI)[ aus ny pMjwb ivc hzwrW is`K nOjvwnW dy Zwieb kIqy jwx bwry Koj kr ky q`Q pyS kIqy sn[ aus dIAW hor ilKqW ivc ieh vI swiml  hn: d is`K str`gl: ErIjn AYvolXUSn AYNf prYzNt Pys (sMn 1991), d is`K AnrYst AYNf ieMfIAn styt: pwilitks, prsnYiltIz AYNf ihstorIkl rYtrospYkitvz (sMn 1997), tYr`r ien pMjwb: nYryitvz nw`lj AYNf trUQ  (sMn 2008)[

     aus dI mOq kwTmMfU (nYpwl) ivc kuJ smW bImwr rihx mgroN hoeI sI.

rwm kuMvr

 

rwm kuMvr (1672-21.8.1761) pu`qr gurid`qw, poqw JMfw bwbw bu`Fw dy vMS ivcoN sI[ ies dw gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq ipAwr sI[ sMn 1685 ivc jdoN gurU jI ny pwaUNtw ngr dw mu`F bMinHAw qW ies dy h`QoN moVHI gfvweI geI sI[ gurU jI ny jdoN ‘KMfy dI pwhul’ dI rsm SurU kIqI qW ies ny dUjy toly ivc pwhul leI sI Aqy ies dw nW gurb^S isMG r`iKAw igAw sI[ AnMdpur swihb dy Gyry smyN ieh ipMf sI, pr jdoN gurU jI qlvMfI swbo ivc sn qW ieh au~Qy gurU jI kol phuMc igAw sI[ 30 AkqUbr 106 dy idn jdoN gurU jI d`Kx vl rvwnw hoey sn qW ieh vI aunHW dy nwl igAw sI[ bGOr ngr ivc jdoN gurU jI nUM AOrMgzyb dy mrn dI ^br imlI qW gurU jI ny mnI isMG Aqy gurb^S isMG (rwm kuMvr) nUM pMjwb Byj id`qw sI[ rwm kMvr ies mgroN ipMf hI irhw sI[ aus dI mOq ipMf nYxy dw kot ivc hoeI sI.

rwm kOr, mwqw

 ieh BweI dyvI cMd bihl dI bytI sI[ ies dI SwdI gurU Amr dws jI nwl hoeI sI[ ies ny dwqU qy dwsU do pu`qrW Aqy iek bytI BwnI nUM jnm id`qw sI[ ies dI mOq sMn 1569 ivc goieMdvwl ivc hoeI sI.

rwmdyvI, mhwrwxI

ieh izlHw gujrWvwlw dy ipMf iCCrIvwl dy kOr isMG dI DI sI[ ies dw SwdI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl hoeI sI[ ies dI mOq sMn 1839 qoN pihlW ho geI sI.

rwm dws, gurU

 gurU rwmdws jI (24.9.1534-1.9.1581) dw jnm mwqw dieAw kOr Aqy bwbw hirdws (pu`qr bwbw Twkr dws, poqw bwbw hridAwl soFI) dy Gr lwhOr ivc hoieAw sI[ Awp dw bcpn dw nW jyTw sI[ Awp Ajy sq ku swl dy sn ik Awp dy ipqw cVHweI kr gey sn[ sMn 1541 ivc Awp dy mwqw Awp ƒ ipMf bwsrky lY gey[ ieQy BweI jyTw dw myl (gurU) Amr dws swihb nwl hoieAw[ kuJ swlW mgroN (gurU) Amr dws swihb goieMdvwl cly gey qW jyTw ƒ vI nwl lY gey sn[ gurU Amr dws swihb BweI jyTw dIAW ^UbIAW qoN eyny Asr-AMdwz hoey ik auh ijQy vI jWdy, BweI jyTw ƒ vI lY ky jWdy[ jnvrI 1553 ivc jdoN gurU swihb kurUkSyqr qy hirduAwr v`l Drm pRcwr dy dOry ’qy gey qW BweI jyTw vI Awp dy nwl sn[ 10 &rvrI 1542 dy idn gurU Amr dws swihb ny AwpxI bytI BwnI dw ivAwh BweI jyTw nwl kr id`qw[ bIbI BwnI ny iqMn pu`qrW ƒ jnm id`qw: ipRQIcMd sMn 1548 ivc, mhWdyv sMn 1550 ivc Aqy (gurU) Arjn swihb sMn 1553 ivc[

iek vwr bRwhmxW ny muZl bwdSwh Akbr ƒ iSkwieq kIqI ik gurU Amr dws swihb lokW ƒ gwieqRI-mMqR pVHnoN htw ky gurbwxI nwl joV rhy sn[ aunHIN idnIN Akbr ihMdUAW dI g`l bVy iDAwn nwl suixAw krdw sI ikauNik joDpur dy ihMdU rwjy ny AwpxI DI aus nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI[ kuJ icr mgroN jdoN Akbr lwhOr AwieAw qW aus ny gurU swihb ƒ bulw ByijAw[ gurU Amr dws swihb Awp qW nw gey pr BweI jyTw ƒ Byj id`qw[ BweI jyTw ny Akbr dI pUrI qs`lI krvweI qy aus nUM d`isAw ik is`K Drm iek v`Krw Drm hY[ ihMdU is`KW ’qy Awpxy mMqr Tosxw cwhuMdy hn, ijs nUM is`K mnzUr nhIN krdy[ AsIN iksy ihMdU nUM aus dw Drm inBwaux qoN nhIN rokdy[ ies ’qy Akbr ny pMfqW ƒ iJVikAw Aqy BweI jyTw dw lwhOr Awaux Aqy is`K Drm bwry jwxkwrI dyx ’qy SukrIAw Adw kIqw[

sMn 1564 ivc gurU Amr dws swihb ny BweI jyTw ƒ hdwieq id`qI ik auh pMjwb dy ivckwr koeI jgHw ^rId ky is`KW vwsqy iek mwfl ngr dI nINh r`Kx[ BweI jyTw ny sulqwnivMf, quMg, iglvwlI qy gumtwlw ipMfW dI kuJ zmIn ^rId ky gurU dI ngrI dw mu`F bMinHAw[ aunHW ny sMn 1564 ivc sMqoKsr srovr dI KudweI SurU kIqI[ pr kuJ hI mhIinAW bwAd gurU Amr dws swihb ny aunHW nUM vwips goieMdvwl bulw ilAw; ies kr ky nvyN ngr dw kMm iek vwr qW ruk igAw[               

pihlI sqMbr 1574 dy idn Awp ƒ cOQy gurU vjoN gurg`dI sONpI geI[ ies qoN CyqI mgroN hI Awp aus QW ’qy Aw gey ij`Qy Awp nvyN ngr dw mu`F bMnH hey sn[ eyQy sMn 1577 ivc Awp ny AMimRqsr srvor dI putweI SurU krvweI (hux srovr dy nW kr ky ies Sihr dw nW AMimRqsr jwixAw jWdw hY)[ QoVHy icr ivc hI gurU dw c`k ivc ^Ub rOxkW SurU ho geIAW[ nvyN ngr Awm qOr ’qy srkwrW kwiem kirAw krdIAW hn pr gurU rwmdws swihb ny nvW ngr vsw ky qvwrI^ ivc iek hor mIl p`Qr  kwiem kIqw[

gurU rwm dws swihb ny is`K Drm dy pRcwr Aqy kOmI BweIcwry dy qwlmyl vwsqy msMd isstm SurU kIqw[ hr iek ielwky ivc iek jW v`D msMd nwmzd kIqy[ ies nwl is`KW Aqy gurU swihb ivckwr rwbqw vDIAw hox l`g ipAw[ gurU rwm dws swihb vyly bwbw sRIcMd (pu`qr gurU nwnk swihb ) ny vI is`K pirvwr ivc Swiml hox dI ^wihS dw iezhwr kIqw[ gurU swihb ny audwsIAW ƒ ies Srq ’qy is`KI ivc Swiml kIqw ik auh is`K mirAwdw dw hI pRcwr krngy[ pMQ dI syvw krdy gurU rwm dws swihb 1581 ivc joqI joiq smw gey[ ies qoN pihlW aunHW ny gurU Arjn swihb ƒ gurg`dI sONp id`qI sI[ gurU rwmdws swihb ny isr& s`q swl gurg`dI sMBwlI sI pr aunHW ny ies qoN pihlW vI 32 swl pMQ dI syvw ivc lwey sn, Xwin AwpxI aumr dy 47 swlW iv`coN 39 swl Awp pMQ syvw nwl juVy rhy sn[ gurU gRMQ swihb ivc B`tW v`loN gurU rwmdws jI bwry khy l&z: rwmdws soFI iqlku dIAw, gur sbdu scu nIswxu, jIau (923), kiv kl´, Tkur hrdws qny, gur rwmdws sr ABr Bry (1396).

rwm/ rwm cMdr

 

imQhws ivc dSrQ dw pu`qr rwm cMdr[ rmwiex muqæwibkæ ies dw jnm cyq sudI nON dy idn kOSilAw dI kuK qoN hoieAw sI[ ies ny viSSt qy vwmdyv qoN vyd Aqy hor ividAw pVHI sI Aqy ivSvwimqr qoN Ssqr ividAw leI sI[ jnkpurI ivc ies ny rwjw jnk dw DnuS qoV ky sIqw nwl ivAwh kIqw sI[ mqryeI mW kYkeI kwrn ies nUM cOdW swl dw bnvws k`txw ipAw sI[ ies dOrwn ies dy Brw lCmx v`loN sIqw dw Apmwn kIqy jwx dw bdlw lYx vwsqy rwvx sIqw nUM cuk ky lMkw lY igAw sI[ rwvx ny hnUmwn dI bWdr sYnw dI mdd nwl rwvx nUM mwr ky sIqw vwips ilAWdI sI Aqy ds hzwr swl AXoiDAw ivc rwj kIqw sI[ ies ny iek DobI dy imhxw mwrn kr ky sIqw nUM GroN k`F id`qw sI[ sIqw ny ies dy pu`qr lv nUM jnm id`qw sI; iek bwlk ivSvwimqr ny kuS (Gwh) qoN bxw id`qw sI[ ies ny iek vwr SMBUk nW dy iek SUdr nUM vyd pVHn kr ky kql kr id`qw sI[ rwm ny Awpxy pRwx srwXu ndI dy kMFy ’qy iqAwgy sn[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ ieh kwSI dw rwjw sI[ ies dy nW ’qy AXoiDAw ivc purwxI bwbrI msijd vwlI QW ’qy iek bhuq v`fw mMidr bxwieAw jw irhw hY[ pwlI koS ivc rwm qy sIqw iek dUjy dy BYx Brw d`sy hoey hn[ aus muqæwibkæ rwm ny AwpxI BYx nwl ivAwh kIqw sI.

     imQhws ivc ies dI bMswvlI ieM\ d`sI hoeI hY:SRInwrwXx=bRhmw=mrIic= kSX@p= ivvs†qR (sUr@X)=vYlsÍq mnu= iek@SÍwku= kuik@S= ivkuik@S =purMjX (kkuqs@Q)= Anynw=ipRQu= ivSÍgMiD= Awr@dR (cMdRBwg)= Xvn (XvnwSÍ)= ivRhdSÍ= kuvlXwSÍ (DuMDumwr)= idRFwSÍ= hr@XSÍ = inkuMB= vr@hXwSÍ (bhulwSÍ) = ikRSwSÍ= synijq= XuvnwSÍ= mWDwqw= purukuq@s= iqRsdsÎu =AnrxÎ= hr@XSÍ= iqRbMDn (AqRwrux)= sqXvRq= iqRSMku = hirSçMdR =roihq = hirq= cMp= vsudyv= ivjX= Bruk= ivRk = vwhu (Aisq)= sgr= AsmMjs =AMSumwn= idlIp= BgIrQ =Sruqsyn= nwBwg (nwB)= isMDudÍIp= AMbrIS= AXuqwXu = irqupr@x= sr@vkwm= sudws= sOdws= ASm@k= mUlk (vilk)=sqÎvRq= AYfivf=ivSÍsh= KtÍMg= dIr@Gbwhu= idlIp= rGu=Aj= dSrQ= rwm cMdr.

 

rwm (gurU gRMQ swihb ivc) 

ikhw jWdw hY ik gurU gRMQ swihb ivc “rwm” l&z qkrIbn 2500 vwrI AwieAw hY[ ieh TIk hY, pr, ies ivcoN krIb A`T vwrI  nUM C`f ky bwkI hr QW “rwm” l&z Akwl purK, vwihgurU, prmwqmw vwsqy hY ijhVw hr QW “rimAw” hoieAw hY[ “rimAw” hoieAw dw mqlb hY “jo hr QW ivcrdw hY, mOjUd hY, smwieAw hoieAw hY[” gurU gRMQ swihb ivc krIb 2500 vwr iesy rmy hoey, rwm, rm`eIAw, rwm`eIAw dw hI izkr hY[

dUjy pwsy, AXuiDAw dy rwjy dSrQ dy pu`qr rwm dw izkr vI gurU gRMQ swihb ivc hY[ pr ieh isr& 8 QWvW ‘qy hY [ auh A`T hvwly ieh hn:

1. nwnk inrBau inrMkwru hoir kyqy rwm rvwl] kyqIAW kMnH khwxIAW kyqy byd ibcwr ]     (gurU gRMQ swihb, s&w 464)
2. pWfy qumrw rwm cMd so BI Awvqu dyiKAw ] rwvx syqI srbr hoeI Gr kI jie gvweI QI ]          (s&w 875)
3. rovY rwm inkwlw BieAw] sIqw lKmxu ivCuiV gieAw] (s&w 953)
4. rwm JurY dl mylvY AMqrI blu AiDkwr]

bMqr kI sYnw syvIAY min qin juJu Apwr]

(s&w 1412)

5. mn mih JurY rwm cMd sIqw lCmx jogu ]

hxvMqru AwrwiDAw  AwieAw kir sMjogu]

(s&w 1412)

6. rwm gieE rwvnu gieE jw kau bhu prvwru] (s&w 1428)
7. rwmu rwmu krqw sB jgu iPrY, rwm nw pwieAw jwie ] Agmu Agocru Aiq vfw Aqul nw quilAw jwie] (s&w 555)
8. kbIr rwm kihn mih Bydu hY qw mih eyku bIcwru] soeI rwm sBY kihh soeI kaukqhwr] (s&w 1374)

     ienHW A`TW ivcoN pihly CyAW slokW qoN iek AM\wxw vI smJ skdw hY ik ieQy AXuiDAw dy rwjy rwm cMd dw is`Dw izkr kIqw hY[ pihly slok ivc ikhw igAw hY ik isr& inrBau inrMkwr vwihgurU hI sB QW rimAw hoieAw hY Aqy (AXuiDAw vwly) rwm vrgy ikMny hI (rwjy vZYrw) G`tw-im`tI vWg iCx BMgr dw vjUd rKdy sn[ rwm vWg ikRSn vrigAW dIAW lIlHwvW Aqy AijhIAW hor khwxIAW ilKx vwlIAW ikqwbW (vyd vZYrw) vI bhuq hn[ dUjw slok rwvx v`loN AXuiDAw dy rwjy rwm cMd dI sIqw cuky jwx dw izkr kridAW aus rwm cMd nUM iek bybs, PisAw hoieAw qy lwcwr kihMdw hY (kI Bgvwn eynw ivcwrw huMdw hY?)[ qIjy slok ivc rwm nUM dys inkwly (bnvws) dw izkr kridAW, sIqw dy Agvw ho jwx Aqy aus nUM vwips hwisl krn dI lVweI ivc lCmx dy byhoS hox vyly rwjw rwm cMd dy rox qy ivrlwp krn dw hwl ibAwn kIqw hY[ cOQy slok ivc vI rwjw rwm cMd, hux, sIqw qy lCmx nUM bcwaux vwsqy bWdrW (hnUmwn) dI &Oj ‘qy hI tyk rKdw hY[ pMjvyN slok ivc vI iehI g`l duhrweI hoeI hY ik rwm cMd qW ivcwrw lwcwr hY qy mn ivc Jurdw hY[ auh hnUmwn dI imhr Aqy rihm sdkw hI vhutI Aqy Brw nUM bcwA skdw hY[ CyvyN slok ivc gurU swihb kihMdy hn ik dunIAW ivc Aijhy keI rwm Awey qy keI gey qy aunHW dy t`br, prvwr, ^wndwn vI bVy v`fy sn[ so ienHW CyAW slokW ivc sw& spSt qOr ‘qy AXuiDAw dy rwjy rwm cMd dw izkr hY Aqy ihMdU iesy rwm cMd nUM hI pRmwqmw smJ ky aus dI pUjw krdy hn[

    ies imQhwsk “nwiek” rwjw rwm cMd dI izMdgI dI kQw mhwn kvI qulsI dws Aqy mhWirSI vwlmIkI jI v`loN ilKIAW rwmwiexW ivc pyS hY[ ienHW rwmwiexW ivcoN pqw lgdw hY ik ikvyN rwm qy aus dy iqMn BrwvW dw jnm hoieAw, ikvyN sIqw dw jnm hoieAw, ikvyN mqryeI mW ny v`s ivc kIqy pqI dSrQ qoN rwm nUM bnvws idvwieAw, ikvyN lCmx ny srupnKw dI byiezqI kIqI, ikvyN rwvx ny BYx dI byiezqI dw bdlw lYx vwsqy sIqw nUM Agvw kIqw (pr aus mhwn rwvx ny sIqw dy ijsm nUM h`Q qk nhIN lwieAw), ikvyN rwm ny vhutI vwips lYx vwsqy rwvx nwl jMg kIqw qy ies dOrwn lCmx z^mI hoieAw, ikvyN rwm ny ivrlwp kIqw qy iPr bWdrW dI &Oj qoN mdd mMgI, ikvyN rwm ny clwkI nwl duSmx nUM mwirAw, ikvyN rwm cMd ny DobI dy imhxw mwrn ’qy vhutI nUM GroN k`F idqw, ikvyN lCmx ’qy gu`sw kr ky aus nUM dunIAW C`fx ’qy mjbUr kIqw Aqy ikvyN SMBUk irSI nUM ies kr ky mrvw idqw ikauN ik auh AKOqI ACUq sI[ vDyry q&sIl vwsqy vyKo: jOn fosn ilKq “ihMdU imiQhws koS”, BwSw ivBwg, 1998 dI AYfISn, s&y 99, 464 qoN 471, 474-76, 485-86)[

     aupr  id`qy A`T slokW ivc ies rwjy rwm cMd dw izkr kIqw hY, ijs nUM ihMdU lok pRmwqmw/Bgvwn mMndy hn Aqy aus dI pUjw krdy hn[ ihMdUAW nUM h`k hY ik auh ijs ’qy mrzI XkIn r`Kx qy ijs nUM jIA cwhy r`b mMnx[

    auprly slokW ivcoN Aw^rI do (sqvW qy ATvW) slokW ivc gurU gRMQ swihb ivc pyS hoey rwjw rwm cMdr bwry ikhw igAw hY ik ijs rwjy rwm cMdr nUM kJ lok dyvqw mMndy hn auh prmwqmw nhIN hY[ prmwqmw qW kdy vI ienswn dI jUn ivc nhIN AwauNdw[ AXuiDAw vwly rwm cMd dw nW aus prmwqmw dy nW “rwm” vrgw hox kr ky hI swry BulyKy pey hn[ ieh qW iesy qrHW hY ijvyN lokW ny Awpxy b`icAW dy nW nwnk isMG, AMgd isMG, Arjn isMG, goibMd isMG rK ley[ ihMdUAW ivc vI sdIAW qoN b`icAW dy nW rwm, rwm cMd, rwm pwl r`Ky jWdy rhy hn qy r`Ky jw rhy hn[ iesy qrHW hI ihMdU Awpxy b`icAW dw nW ikRSn hI nhIN blik “mhwrwj ikRSn” vI rK lYNdy hn (isqwr dy bwdSwh ivlwieq KW nwl qbly dI sMgq krn vwly dw nW vI mhwrwj ikRSn hY)[ ies qoN  ielwvw keI hor nW rwm ikSn, blrwm, vwsdyv, govrDn Aqy drjnW hor nW vI (ijhVy pRmwqmw dy nWvW vjoN jwxy jWdy hn) ihMdU mwpy Awpxy b`icAW nUM dyNdy sn[ iesy soc nwl hI AXuiDAw dy rwjy dSrQ ny vI Awpxy sB qoN v`fy b`cy dw nW pRmwqmw dy iek nW rwm dy nW ’qy rK idqw hovygw[ ieM\ hI duAwrkw dy bwbw vwsdyv nY Awpxy b`icAW dy nW pRmwqmw dy nWvW ikRSn, blrwm vgYrw r`Ky hoxgy[ ikauNik auh rwjy sn ies kr ky lyKkW ny aunHW dIAW lIlHwvW (khwxIAW) bxweIAW Aqy ies bwry ikqwbW ilK idqIAW [ mgroN Boly lokW ny ieh ikqwbW pVH ky ienHW rwijAW nUM hI pRmwqmw mMnxw SurU kr idqw:

jugh jugh ky rwjy kIey gwvih kir AvqwrI] iqn BI AMqu n pwieAw qw kw ikAw kir AwiK vIcwrI] (s&w 423)

    is`K &ls&y muqæwibkæ pRmwqmw kdy vI ienswnI jwmy ivc dunIAW ‘qy nhIN AwauNdw Aqy ijhVI zbwn pRmwqmw dy Avqwr Dwr ky ienswnI jwmy ivc Awaux dI g`l krdI hY aus zbwn nUM sV jwxw (jW swV idqw jwxw) cwhIdw hY: so muK jlau ijqu khih Twkuru jonI] jnm nw mrY n AwvY nw jwie] nwnk kw pRBu rihAw smwie]  (s&w 1136).

     gurU gRMQ swihb ivc qW AXuiDAw dy rwjy rwm cMdr nUM iCx-BMgr dw (vkqI) mMinAw igAw hY[ ijvyN DrqI ’qy im`tI-G`tw (rvwl) aufdw hY Aqy iPr ies ivc hI iml jWdw hY, iesy qrHW rwm cMdr vrgy keI rwjy Awey Aqy Awpxw vkq pUrw kr ky rvwl (im`tI-G`tw) vWg pMj q`qW ivc smw gey:nwnk inrBau inrMkwru hoir kyqy rwm rvwl (s&w 464).

     so gurU gRMQ swihb ivc ies AXuiDAw vwly rwm dw izkr isr& A`T SbdW ivc 10 (rwm 8 qy rwmu 2) vwr AwieAw hY pr prmwqmw, jo hr Qw “rimAw hoieAw” hY, aus “rwm” dw izkr qkrIbn 2017 vwr (rwm 1705 vwr, rwmu 250 vwr, rwmw 27 vwr, rwim 7 vwr, rmeIAw 26 vwr, rmeIAY 2 vwr) AwieAw hY[ gurU gRMQ swihb ivc r`b nUM rwm (dunIAW ivc rimAw/rm`eIAw hoieAw) hI nhIN blik bhuq swry nWvW (jo aus dIAW ^UbIAW/gux d`sy/zwihr kIqy hoey hn) nwl Xwd kIqw hoieAw hY, ijvyN murwrI (mur dYNq nUM mrn vwlw), gopwl/goivMd (go/DrqI nUM pwlx vwlw), bnvwlI (dunIAW rUpI bn dw mwlI/rwKw), mDUsUdn (mDU dYNq nUM mwrn vwlw) , Twkur (mwlk), pRBU (mwlk), pRmwqmw (prm Awqmw), jgdIS (jgq dw mwlk), inrMkwr (Awkwr rihq), nwrwiex (swry nrW/jIvW dw smuMdr, Xwin swirAW ivc smwieAw hoieAw) Awidk.

rwm cMd (DIrm`lIAw)

 rwm cMd (sMn 1648-27.7.1678) DIr m`l dw pu`qr, gurid`qw dw poqw Aqy gurU hirgoibMd swihb dw pVpoqw sI[  DIr m`l nUM sMn 1676 ivc igR&qwr kr ky rxQMBOr iklHy ivc kYd kr id`qw igAw sI, ij`Qy Agly swl aus dI moq ho geI sI[ julweI 1678 ivc rwm cMd nUM aus dy iqMn swQIAW (eISr, Drmw Aqy qulsw) sxy bkwlw qoN igR&qwr kr ky id`lI iljwieAw igAw sI[ aunHW nUM mOq Aqy muslmwn bxn ivcoN iek  cuxn dw &qvw id`qw igAw sI[ muslmwn nw bxn ’qy aunHW cOhW nUM cWdnI cOk id`lI ivc kql kr id`qw igAw sI.

rjnI

 drbwr swihb dy pujwrIAW ny ie`QoN dy srovr (AMimRqsr) bwry iek kwlpink khwxI GVI hoeI sI ijs ivc d`isAw igAw sI ik ieh p`tI dy rwjy dI DI sI ijs nUM ipqw ny Zu`sy ivc Aw ky iek ipMgly nwl ivAwh id`qw sI[ ies khwxI muqwibk ie`QoN dy C`pV ivc nhwaux mgroN aus dw ipMglwpx dUr ho igAw sI (aus C`pV dI QW ’qy AMimRqsr bixAw hY)[ ieh g`p khwxI hY, pr, Srm dI g`l hY ik SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI A`j vI ies g`p khwxI dw pRcwr krdI hY.

r`jI, bIbI

 

bIbI r`jI BweI dys rwj K`qrI vwsI sur isµG (sMn 1947 qoN pihloN izlHw lwhOr, hux izlHw qrnqwrn) vwilAW dI Drm pqnI sI[ dUjy G`lUGwry (5 &rvrI 1762) mgroN Aihmd Swh d`urwnI ny 10 AprYl 1762 ƒ drbwr swihb ƒ bwrUd nwl aufw idqw qy srovr mlby Aqy kUVy krkt nwl Brvw idqw[ pr AprYl 1763 qk is`KW ny AµimRqsr dw ielwkw muV Awpxy kbjy hyT kr ilAw sI[

hux is`KW ny drbwr swihb dI Aqy srovr dI muV syvw krwaux dw PYslw kIqw[ dys rwj iek AmIr pr bhuq eImwndwr S^s sI[ aunHW ƒ drbwr swihb dI syvw krwaux leI cuixAw igAw[ dys rwj pqnI smyq surisµG qoN AMimRqsr Aw igAw[dys rwj jI ƒ pMQ dI mohr vrqx dw h`k vI srbq Kwlsw ny idqw; ies mohr nwl auh ijs qoN cwhux ^q ilK ky pYsy mMgvw skdw sI[ ieh h`k dys rwj kol vIh swl irhw sI[ (ieh mohr dw mqlb aunHW nUM Dwrimk h`k dyxw nhIN sI[ ieh isr& mwlI mksd vwsqy hI sI)[

is`K srdwrW ny l`KW ruipAw, sonw, cWdI dys rwj nUM ilAw Byt kIqw sI[  krm isµG ihstorIAn ilKdw hY: “Gr ivc l`KW ruipAw, sony, cWdI dIAW QYlIAW BrIAW hoeIAW peIAW huµdIAW sn pr bIbI r`jI ny kdy aus pYsy nUM ^ud vwsqy nhIN vriqAw sI[ auh Awpxy Gr dy bwhrly pwsy iek kony ivc AwpxI DI nwl bYT ky c`kI pINhdI rihMdI sI; Aqy ies Awtw pIhx dI mzdUrI ivcoN kOfI-dmVI dI sµBwl ilAw krdI sI[ ipCoN jdoN kuJ pUµjI juV geI aus nwl vI iek Cotw ijhw vKrw gurduAwrw (buµgw) bxw id`qw sI[”

iek pRc`lq swKI muqæwibkæ, iek idn bIbI r`jI ny iek im`tI dw Qobw coA rhI C`q ƒ lw ilAw[ dys rwj ieµny ivc hI bIbI r`jI nwl nwrwz ho igAw ik aus ny gurU Gr dI im`tI dw iek Qobw vI rsoeI ƒ ikauN lwieAw sI[ r`jI ny hlImI nwl pqI qoN muAw&I mµgI pr aus ny ieh moVvW juAwb nhIN idqw ik ‘im`tI lw leI hY kI hoieAw? ieQy prSwdw vI qy syvwdwrW leI hI iqAwr huµdw hY[’ ieh khwxI ies kr ky GVI geI sI qW jo d`isAw jw sky ik dys rwj ny qW cVHwvy dI im`tI dw Qobw vI inj vwsqy nhIN sI vriqAw[ r`jI dy nW ’qy ipNf sur isMG ivc iek KUhI vI hY jo glI mµgl isµG vwlI pwsy hY[ ies ƒ ‘S`kr KUhI’ ikhw jWdw sI ikauNik ies dw pwxI Awm KUhIAW nwloN ikqy im`Tw sI[

 

(lyKk: fw. AmrjIq kOr iebn klW).

rwijMdr kOr, fwktr

 

pµjwb dI AkwlI isAwsq ivc jy kr iksy is`K bIbI dw nW auBr ky swhmxy AwauNdw hY qW auh fw. bIbI rijµdr kOr dw hY[ rijµdr kOr dw jnm AkwlI AwgU mwstr qwrw isµG qy bIbI qyj kOr dy Gr, 10 &rvrI 1931 dy idn, AµimRqsr ivKy hoieAw[ rijµdr kOr ny i&lws&I iv`c AYm.ey. kIqI qy iPr ‘is`K &ls&y ivc r`b dw sµklp’ ’qy XUnIvristI qoN pI-AYc.fI. dI ifgrI leI[ pI.AYc-fI krn vwlI ieh pihlI is`K bIbI sI[ auh Awpxy ipqw dy isAwsI, Dwrimk qy idRVqw vwly suBwA qoN bhuq Asr-AMdwz sI[ Gr iv`c Aksr AwgUAW dw Awauxw-jwxw bixAw rihµdw sI[ auh ApxI mwqw nwl rl ky Awey-gey dI syvw vI krdy rihMdI sI[

sMn 1960 ivc aus dw ivAwh ivMg kmWfr kYptn kmljIq isµG nwl hoieAw[ aus dy Gr do bytIAW ikrnjoq kOr (mYˆbr SRomxI kmytI qy fw. mnjoq kOr (srjn gurU rwmdws hspqwl) qy iek bytw pYdw hoieAw[

sMn 1969 ivc jdoN jQydwr drSn isµG PyrUmwn ny mrn vrq r`iKAw qW ieh ieklI bIbI sI ijs ny ft ky aus dI ihmwieq kIqI Aqy inky-inky b`icAW dy nwl igR&qwrI idqI[ sMn 1971 ivc bIbI ny ‘iesqrI AkwlI dl’ kwiem kIqw[ iPr ieh mYˆbr Aw& pwrlImYˆt (rwj sBw) cuxI geI[

sMn 1978 ivc jd XU.pI. dI jnqw srkwr ny myrT dy gurduAwry dI qwlwbMdI kr id`qI qW auh 5 nvµbr 1978 dy idn j`Qw lY ky myrT geI[ iPr jd ieMdrw gWDI ny pMjwb dw pwxI hirAwxw nUM dyx vwsqy sqluj-Xmnw ilMk nihr dw nINh p`Qr r`iKAw qW 8 AprYl 1982 ƒ kpUrI jw ky pRotYst kIqw[ jdoN sMn 1983 ivc jd AsYNblI Aqy pwrlImYNt qoN AsqI&y dyx dI g`l c`lI qW AsqI&w dyx vwlI auh pihlI S^s sI[

jUn 1984 ivc jd BwrqI POj ny drbwr swihb qy hmlw kIqw qy drbwr swihb ƒ kbzy ivc kr ilAw qW rijµdr kOr ny julweI 1984 ivc AYjItySn SurU kIqI ik drbwr swihb ivcoN &Oj nUM k`iFAw jwvy qy ies dw kbzw is`KW ƒ idqw jwey[ auh ij`Qy iek bhuq hI bhwdwr iesqrI sn, au~Qy iek qkVw bulwrw Aqy jrnilst vI sI[

pµQk rswlw ‘sµq ispwhI’ ijs dI kwiemI mwstr qwrw isµG ny kIqI sI, aus ny ies pypr dy cI& AYfItr vjoN syvw vI inBwhI sI[ ies qrHW ies pypr ny is`K kOm dI bhuq ingr syvw kIqI sI[ sMn 1989 ivc bIbI biTµfy ivc iek smwgm ’qy geI hoeI sI[ jdoN auh qkrIr kr rhI sI qW is`K-ivroDI AxsrW ny 5 PrvrI 1989 ƒ bIbI nUM golIAW mwr ky kql kr id`qw[ fwktr rijµdr kOr vIhvIN sdI dI is`K qvwrI^ ivc iek au~c mukwm vwlI bIbI sI.

{qsvIr vwsqy DMnvwd ismkI kOr, nOrQYNptn, ieMglYNf}.

rwjyNdr isMG, rwjw pitAwlw

mhwrwjw rwjyNdr isMG (25.5.1872 – 8.11.1900), puqr mhwrwjw mhyNdR isMG dw jnm pitAwlw ivc hoieAw sI[ ieh ipqw dI mOq mgroN 6 jnvrI 1877 dy idn rwjw bixAw sI, pr rwjy dy hkUk 18 swl dw hox ’qy sMn 1890 ivc imly sn[

 ieh pihlw BwrqI sI ijs ny sMn 1892 ivc iek kwr ^rIdI sI[ ies ny iek AweirS lVkI &lorYNs brwien nwl SwdI kIqI sI, ijs dw lokW v`loN bhuq ivroD hoieAw sI[

ies nUM ikRkt, GuVsvwrI, polo qy hwkI dw bhuq SOk sI[ ieh isr& ds swl hI hkUmq kr sikAw sI; ies dI mOq GoVsvwrI dI iek durGtnw nwl hoeI sI[ ies qoN mgroN ies dw pu`qr BUipMdrw isMG pitAwlw dw rwjw bixAw sI.

rwj kOr, rwxI (nwBw)
rwxI rwj kOr, nwBw nryS, hmIr isµG dI pqnI sI[ ies ny rwjw jsvµq isµG ƒ jnm id`qw sI.

rwj kOr, rwxI (pitAwlw)
rwxI rwj kOr pitAwlw rwjw Amr isµG dI pqnI sI[ ies dI ku`K qoN swihb isµG qy swihb kOr pYdw hoey sn. hor vyKo: swihb kOr.

 

rwj kOr, rwxI (lwhOr)
rwxI rwj kOr jINd dy rwjy gjpq isµG dI bytI sI[ sMn 1777 ivc ies dw ivAwh sukrc`kIAw imsl dy mhW isµG nwl hoieAw sI[ ies dI ku`KoN sMn 1780 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isµG pYdw hoieAw sI.

 

rwj kOr, rwxI (lwhOr) vyKo: dwqwr kOr.

 

rwj kOr mnImwjrw

 

bIbI rwj kOr (rwj kuier), gurU hir rwie swihb jI dy vfy pu`qr rwm rwie dI pihlI pqnI sI[ jdoN rwm rwie ny dUjw ivAwh pµjwb kOr nwl kr ilAw qW rwj kOr Kurv`DI (fyhrwdUn) C`f ky Awpxy pyky ipµf mnImwjrw nyVy cµfIgVH Aw geI sI[ ieh audoN hI Kurv`DI geI sI jdoN sMn 1687 ivc rwm rwie clwxw kr igAw sI qy Bog qoN mgroN muV vwps mnImwjrw Aw geI sI[ ies ny AwpxI bwkI izµdgI vI Awpxy pyky Gr mnI mwjry ivc hI bqIq kIqI sI[ 7 nvMbr 1688 dy idn jd guru goibMd isMG pwauNtw qoN c`k nwnkI Awey sn qW rsqy ivc auh rwj kOr nUM imlx vwsqy ruky sn[ mnImwjrw ivc rwj kOr dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ aus dy vyly dw iek bUtw A`j vI au~Qy mOjUd hY (vyKo:mnImwjrw).

rwj dyvI

 

ieh mIAW pdm dyv dI DI sI[ ies dI SwdI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl hoeI sI[ rxjIq isMG dI mOq mgroN ieh 28 jUn 1839 dy idn aus dI icqw ivc hI sV ky mr geI sI.

 rwj bMso

 ieh kWgVw dy rwjw sMswr cMd dI DI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny sMn 1829 ivc ies nUM Aqy ies dI BYx mihqwb dyvI (g`dW) nwl zbrdsqI SwdI kIqI sI (mihqwb dyvI ny qW ^udkuSI kr leI sI)[ rxjIq isMG dI mOq mgroN ieh 28 jUn 1839 dy idn aus dI icqw ivc hI sV ky mr geI sI.

rwie isMG mulqwnI (rwie isMG prmwr)

 

rwie isMG mukqsr ivc 29 dsMbr 1705 dy idn vzIr ^wn dI &Oj nwl lVdw-lVdw s^q z^mI hoieAw sI[ aus ny 29 qy 30 dsMbr dI rwq ƒ swh C`fy sn[

rwie isMG mweI dws dw pu`qr b`lU dw poqw Aqy mUlw dw pVpoqw sI[ aus dw jnm mweI dws qy mwqw lif`kI dy Gr ipMf AlIpur izlHw muz`PrgVH, irAwsq mulqwn (hux pwiksqwn) ivc hoieAw sI[ auh mweI dws dw XwrHvW pu`qr sI (BweI mnI isMG aus dw v`fw Brw sI)[

rwie isMG gurU goibMd isMG swihb dy drbwrI is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw gurU swihb nwl eynw ipAwr sI ik auh gurU swihb dy kol Aksr AnMdpur swihb ivc hI irhw krdw sI[ AnMdpur swihb ’qy hoey hr hmly ivc aus ny hmlwvr &OjW dy i^lw& f`t ky lVweI kIqI sI[ AnMdpur swihb dy v`fy Gyry (meI qoN dsMbr 1705) qoN pihlW hoeI AnMdpur swihb dI Aw^rI lVweI 12 qy 13 mwrc 1705 ivc vI aus ny ^Ub bhwdrI dy jOhr idKwey sn[

29 mwrc 1705 dy idn gurU swihb ny AnMdpur swihb ivc Aw^rI v`fw iek`T kIqw sI[ ies qoN Agly idn Awp ny aus ngr ivc rih rhy swry is`KW ƒ iek`iTAW kIqw sI Aqy AwiKAw sI ik ngr ivc rih rhy swry kbIldwr is`K Awpo-Awpxy pirvwrW ƒ lY ky Awpo-Awpxy vqnW ƒ cly jwx[ gurU jI ny aunHW ƒ d`isAw ik hux phwVIAW Aqy muZlW nwl lMbI lVweI dw vylw Aw igAw hY ies kr ky kbIldwr lok ieQy nw rihx[ gurU jI dw AwKw mMn ky swry t`brdwr is`K au~QoN cly gey sn[ hux gurU jI dy Awpxy pirvwr qoN ielwvw isr& ieh rwie isMG mulqwnI hI AnMdpur ivc rih igAw sI[ gurU swihb ny BweI rwie isMG ƒ kol bulw ky aus dy au~QoN nw jwx dw kwrn pu`iCAw qW aus ny AwiKAw ik gurU swihb mYN qW Gr dw moh C`f ky AwieAw hW[ mYƒ qusIN Awpxy kdmW ivc rihx dI iejwzq dyvo[ pr gurU jI ny aus ƒ AwiKAw ik AsIN iksy kbIldwr bMdy ƒ Awpxy kol nhIN r`Kxw[ ies leI qUM vI clw jwh[ gurU swihb dw hukm mMnidAW BweI rwie isMG AnMdpur qoN Gu`dw isMG nW dy iek is`K nwl mwJy dy iek ipMf mrlH-mwVI (izlHw lwhOr) ivc jw ky rihx l`g ipAw sI[

dsMbr 1705 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc jdoN rwie isMG ƒ mrlH ipMf ivc Awey ƒ Ajy sq-A`T mhIny hI hoey sn qW aus ƒ mrlHW dy nyVy p`tI dy dys rwj vVYc dy Bog ’qy gurU swihb dy AnMdpur C`fx Aqy gurI jI dy pirvwr qy is`KW dIAW ShIdIAW bwry pqw l`gw qW auh mwJy dy kuJ isMGW dy jQy nwl gurU swihb ƒ imlx AwieAw sI[ ies mOky ’qy aus nwl aus dy do pu`qr mhW isMG qy sIql isMG vI sn [

ieh swry isMG gurU swihb ƒ rUpyAwxw kol Aw imly sn[ ies mulwkwq dOrwn Bwg isMG JbwlIey qy aus dy swQIAW ny joS ivc Aw ky gurU swihb ƒ ‘bydwvw’ ilK id`qw sI qy ies mgroN gurU swihb au~QoN cly gey sn[ mgroN Bwg kOr vloN imhxw mwrn ’qy ieh j`Qw gurU swihb qoN muAw&I mMgx vwsqy aunHW dy ip`Cy cl ipAw sI, pr iKdrwxy dI Fwb dy nyVy ienHW dI Aqy vzIr ^wn dI &Oj ivc lVweI ho geI sI[ ies lVweI ivc ienHW swirAW ny muZl &Oj dy ^Ub AwhU lwhy qy A^Ir swry AwpxIAW jwnW dy gey sn[

lVweI ^qm hox vyly q`k rwie isMG, aus dw pu`qr mhW isMG Aqy suMdr isMG J`lIAW vwlw Ajy q`k zmIn ’qy pey sihk rhy sn[ Swm vyly gurU swihb vI au~Qy pu`j gey sn[ gurU swihb ny ShId ho cu`ky isMGW dIAW lwSW iek`TIAW krvweIAW Aqy sihk rhy isMGW ƒ pwxI ipAw ky mrhm p`tI krn dI koiSS kIqI, pr aunHW dy z^mW qoN sw& ids irhw sI ik aunHW ƒ bcwieAw nhIN jw skdw[ sihkdy BweI rwie isMG dw isr gurU jI ny godI ivc r`K ilAw Aqy puiCAw ik bol qyrI kI ^wihS hY[ ies ’qy rwie isMG ny AwiKAw ik gurU swihb jy qusIN qruTy ho qW swfy swQIAW v`loN iliKAw ‘pMcwieqI bydwvw pwV idE qy swƒ is`KI dwn b^So’[ gurU swihb ny AwpxI jybH ivcoN auh kwZz k`iFAw Aqy ausy vyly pwV id`qw[ ieM\ gurU swihb ny ‘bydwvw’ ilKx vwly is`KW ƒ Pyr is`KI ivc Swiml kr ilAw sI[ ies qoN kuJ icr mgroN BweI rwie isMG cVHweI kr igAw sI[

rwie isMG dI ShIdI dw izkr iek B`t vwhI ivc ieM\ imldw hY:“rwie isMG bytw mweI dws kw, mhW isMG bytw rwie isMG kw, sIql isMG bytw rwie isMG kw, cwlHIAW kI cauNkI myN, gRwm iKdrwnw Fwb eIsr sr ky knwry prgnw kotkpUrw mwG bdI dsmI swl sqrW sY bwsT ko swmHy mwQy jUJ kr mry” (B`t vhI krisMDU, prgnw s&IdoN)[ ies ShIdI dw izkr “B`t vhI BwdsoN” dy s&w 66 ’qy vI imldw hY [

iek lyKk ny ieh bydwvw pwVn dI Arz rwie isMG dI QW aus dy pu`qr mhW isMG nwl joVI sI[ drAsl mhW isMG ny sB qoN A^Ir ’qy swh C`fy sI qy ikauNik auh rwie isMG dy nwl hI z^mI ipAw hoieAw sI ies kr ky ieh lyKk BulyKw Kw bYTw sI[

rwie isMG dw iek bVw v`fw pirvwr sI[ aus dy 13 pu`qr sn : mhW isMG, Ank isMG, sIql isMG, bwG isMG, BweI DMnw isMG, dyvw isMG, gMgw isMG, su`Kw isMG, l`Cw isMG, bUtw isMG, pRym isMG, aujwgr isMG qy rqn isMG [ ienHW 13 ivcoN 2 (mhW isMG qy sIql isMG) Awpxy ipqw nwl iKdrwxy dI Fwb ’qy 29 dsMbr 1705 dy idn ShId hoey sn Aqy do pihloN ShId ho cu`ky sn[ ienHW swry 13 pu`qrW dy A`goN v`fy pirvwr sn [ ienHW ivcoN keI pirvwr Ajy vI (sMn 2022 ivc) ipMf klIcpur dunyrw (izlHw gurdwspur), ipMf sUhroN, nnhyVw, kOlI (izlHw pitAwlw), jlMDr Sihr Aqy keI hor QwvW ’qy rih rhy sn .

rwey isMG kwauxI (aur& dljIq isMG)

 

rwey isMG (sMn 1883-1937) ipMf kwauxI (izlHw &rIdkot) dw rihx vwlw sI[ aus ny Kwlsw kwlj AMimRqsr qoN bI.ey. pws kIqI sI[ aus ny BweI q^q isMG nwl iml ky is`K b`cIAW vwsqy ividAw dy Kyqr ivc rol vI Adw kIqw sI[ auh ‘pMjwbI BYx’ irswly dw sMpwdk sI[ sMn 1910 ivc auh hWgkWg clw igAw sI[ sMn 1914 ivc jdoN bwbw guridq isMG kwmgwtwmwrU nW dw jhwz lY ky knyfw igAw qW ieh aus dy nwl aus dy sk`qr vjoN igAw sI[ ies jhwz nUM knyfIAn hwkmW ny D`ky nwl vwips moV id`qw sI[ jdoN ieh bjbjGwt klk`qw pu`jw qW pulIs ny swry muswi&rW nUM ihrwsq ivc lYx dw hukm jwrI kr id`qw sI[  jdoN muswi&rW ny ieh hukm mMnx dI bjwie klk`qw Sihr vl jwxw SurU kr id`qw qW pulIs ny golIAW clw ky keI muswi&r mwr id`qy sn Aqy bwkI igR&qwr kr ley sn[ kuJ is`K bc ky inklx ivc kwmXwb ho gey sn; ienHW ivc  guridq isMG Aqy dljIq isMG vI sn[

rwey isMG s`q swl gupqvws ivc rihMdw irhw sI[ ieh smW aus ny nMdyV (hzUr swihb), ptnw swihb, id`lI, AMbwlw Aqy pMjwb ivc Bys bdl-bdl ky ibqwieAw sI[ iPr dljIq isMG nW r`K ky auh AMimRqsr ivc rihx lg ipAw sI[ sMn 1919 ivc auh is`K lIg dw mYNbr vI bixAw sI[ sMn 1920 ivc auh rozwnw AkwlI A^bwr vwsqy vI kMm krn lg ipAw sI (aus nUM BweI q^q isMG dI mYZzIn ‘pMjwbI BNYx’ ivc kMm kIqw hoieAw hox kr ky ies Kyqr dw qjrbw sI)[15 nvMbr 1920 dy idn SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI bxI qW auh &Irozpur v`loN ies kmytI dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ ies dy nwl hI auh SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dy d&qr ivc hY~f klrk vjoN syvw vI krn lg ipAw sI[ sMn 1922 ivc guridq isMG kwmwgwtwmwrU jy mIAWvwlI jyl ivc bYT ky ‘zulmI kQw’ nW hyT kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz bwry ikqwb ilKI sI[ aus ikqwb nUM Arjn isMG gVg`j ny ^u&IAw qrIky  nwl jyl ivcoN rwey isMG kol phuMcw id“qw[ rwey isMG ny ies nUM cupcwp Cwp ky keI QWeIN phuMcw id`qw[ jdoN ies dI sUh srkwr nUM imlI qW srkwr ny ies ikqwb nUM zbq kr ilAw[ 6 nvMbr 1922 dy idn rwey isMG ny gurU-dw-bwZ morcy ivc igR&qwrI id`qI sI[ iPr aus ny jYqo morcy ivc 3 sqMbr 1923 dy idn igR&qwrI id`qI sI[ AkqUbr 1923 ivc jdoN SRomxI gurdAwrw pRbMDk kmytI Aqy SRomxI AkwlI dl nUM ZYr kwnUMnI krwr id`qw igAw qW aus nUM vI ‘AkwlI swizS kys’ ivc Swiml kr ky nwBw qoN lwhOr Byj id`qw igAw sI[[ auh sMn 1926 qk jyl ivc irhw sI[[ jyl qoN bwhr Awaux mgroN ies nUM  SRomxI AkwlI dl dw mIq pRDwn bxwieAw igAw sI[ ieh dyS Bgq pirvwr shwiek kmytI, mlwvw pRqIinD Kwlsw dIvwn Aqy pRdysI Kwlsw dIvwn dw vI mYNbr sI[ sMn 1928 ivc aus ny swQIAW nwl iml ky ‘dyS drdI’ nW dw iek A^bwr vI SurU kIqw sI[ sMn 1929 ivc aus nUM dobwrw mukqsr gurduAwry dw mYnyjr lw id`qw igAw sI ij`Qy aus ny bhuq imhnq Aqy eImwndwrI nwl syvw inBweI sI[ sMn 1937 dIAW srdIAW ivc aus nUM TMF l`g geI qy nmUnIAw ho igAw ijs nwl 8 dsMbr 1937 dy idn auh cVHweI kr igAw.

rwie isMG hzUrI

 

rwie isMG hzUrI ƒ bwbw bMdw isMG dy nwl 9 jUn 1716 dy idn id`lI ivc ShId kIqw igAw sI[ rwie isMG jMqI dws dw bytw, kbUlw dw poqw qy dvwrkw dws dw pVpoqw sI[ (dvwrkw dws ShId prwgw dw bytw sI) auh iC`br-bRwhmx ^wndwn nwl sbMD r`Kdw sI[ ShId mqI dws Aqy sqI dws aus dy cwcy hIrw nMd dy byty sn[ ieM\ hI cmkOr ivc ShId hox vwlw mukMd isMG (dUjw) aus dy v`fy Brw sMqI dws dw bytw sI[

rwie isMG gurU goibMd isMG swihb dy drbwrI is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ gurU swihb dy nyVy rihMdy hox kr ky, “hzUrI” vjoN jwixAw jWdw sI[ gurU swihb dy vyly rwie isMG nW dy do is`K gurU swihb dy ^ws drbwrI sn[ aunHW ƒ v`KirAwaux vwsqy iek rwie isMG ƒ ‘mulqwnI’ (ieh BweI mnI isMG dw Brw sI) Aqy ies rwie isMG ƒ ‘hzUrI’ AwK ky bulwieAw jWdw sI[

Aijhw jwpdw hY ik sMn 1705 dy 8 mhIny dy Gyry vyly rwie isMG hzUrI AnMdpur swihb ivc nhIN sI[ jdoN gurU jI ny gRihsqI isMGW ƒ Gro-GrI tur jwx vwsqy ikhw sI qW rwie isMG vI clw igAw sI[

jdoN bwbw bMdw isMG ny pMjwb dI AwzwdI dI j`dojihd SurU kIqI qW rwie isMG ny aus dw pUrw swQ id`qw sI[ 7 dsMbr 1716 ƒ jdoN bwbw bMdw isMG igR&qwr hoieAw qW rwie isMG vI aus dy nwl hI sI[

rwie isMG dy iqMn byty sn: hirjs isMG, Drmjs isMG qy jYBwn isMG [ ienHW ivcoN ivckwrly, Drmjs isMG dI A`goN AOlwd clI sI[ auh jW qW muZlW dy zulm qoN fr ky Aqy jW iPr bRwhmxI ik`qw jwrI r`Kx kr ky is`K Drm C`f ky muV ihMdU bx gey sn[Drmjs isMG dw pu`qr rwm ikSn isMG qoN rwm ikSn bx igAw sI[ieM\ hI rwie isMG dy qIjy qy sB qoN Coty pu`qr jYBwn isMG dy b`cy vI is`K Drm C`f ky Aqy ihMdU bx gey sn[jYBwn isMG dy pMj pu`qr sn: rwjU, rwm idAwl, hir idAwl, auqm cMd Aqy mMgl sYn[ ienHW ivcoN rwjU dw pu`qr myhr sI[ myhry dy A`goN s`q pu`qr sn[ ienHW ivcoN qIjy QW ’qy AmIr cMd sI ies dy A`goN iqMn pu`qr sn[ ienHW ivcoN sB qoN Cotw qwrw cMd sI[ qwrw cMd dy A`goN do pu`qr sn: prmw nMd Aqy bwl mukMd [ ieh prmw nMd auhI hY jo mgroN “ihMdU mhW sBw” dw pRDwn bixAw sI[ ies dw pu`qr mhWbIr vI ihMdU jQybMdIAW dw muKI AwgU irhw sI[ ieM\ rwie isMG hzUrI dIAW AglIAW s`q puSqW ihMdU hI rhIAW sn[ hW ATvIN puSq ivc iek pirvwr is`K bx igAw sI [ auh sI prmw nMd dy Brw bwl mukMd dy iqMnW ivcoN sB qoN Coty byty kuMdn lwl dw pirvwr[ kuMdn lwl dy cwr byty sn: prmjIq isMG, AmrjIq isMG, BwrqdIp isMG qy ASok isMG[ ieh swry mDUbn (nyVy krnwl), hirAwxw ivc rihMdy rhy hn[ ienHW dy A`goN hor pirvwr vI hn.

rwie bulwr/ rwie Boie

 

rwie bulwr, pu`qr rwie Boie (Boj) guru nwnk swihb dy smyN rwie-Boie-dI-qlvMfI (hux nwnkwxw swihb) dw zmINdwr (mwlk) sI[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ auh loDI hwkmW v`loN mwlIAw iek`Tw krn vwsqy qweInwq kIqw hoieAw iek A&sr sI[ iek hor irvwieq muqæwibkæ auh sulqwnpur loDI dy nvwb dOlq ^wn loDI dw shurw sI[ iek g`l XkInn hY ik auh ies ipMf dI swrI zmIn dw mwilk sI ikauN ik ieh ipMf aus dy ipqw dy nW ’qy v`isAw hoieAw sI[

ieh pirvwr iek B`tI rwjpUq pirvwr sI, jo ihMdU qoN muslmwn bx igAw sI[ pwiksqwn ivc cricq iek ‘kursI nwmw’ (ikqwb ‘qwrI^y B`tIAW’ muqæwibkæ) ies pirvwr dw Sjrw-nsb ieM\ dsdw hY (ikauNik ies sbMDI koeI dsqwvyz mOjUd nhIN hn, ies kr ky ies kursInwmy nUM shI jW Zlq nhIN ikhw jw skdw):

rwie B`tI (sMn 900) ® rwie Acl Aqy rwie Adl (sMn 950)® rwie jYsl Aqy rwie DIr (sMn 1000) ® rwie BonI B`tI (sMn 1100) ® rwie kulI cMd B`tI (sMn 1150) ®rie hrcMd B`tI (sMn 1200) ® rwie Awidl/A`idl B`tI (sMn 1265-1350) ® rwie mUl B`tI (sMn 1288-1380) ® rwie rwny B`tI (sMn 1332-1414) ® rwie Boie/Boj (sMn 1380-1454) ® rwie bulwr (sMn 1430-1518) ® rwie sYl (sMn 1506-1595; rwie bulwr qoN aumr ivc 76 swl dw &rk) qy rwie slvwn (sMn 1507-1580) ® rwie AlHw id`qw B`tI (sMn 1532-1606) ® rwie ieskMdr B`tI (sMn 1559-1627) ® rwie rihmq B`tI (sMn 1584-1668) ® rwie eIsw ^wn B`tI (sMn 1605-1658) ® rwie b^iqAwr B`tI (sMn 1646-1699) ® rwie ienwieq B`tI (sMn 1670-1724) ® rwie jlwl B`tI (sMn 1699-1772) ® rwie bYrm B`tI (1730-1803) ®rwie Abdu`lw B`tI (sMn 1769-1860) ®rwie bhwdr-aud-dIn B`tI (sMn 1799-1888) kot T`tw eIsw[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG* ny sMn 1818 ivc, rwie Abdu`lw B`tI Aqy aus dy pu`qr rwie bhwdr-aud-dIn B`tI nUM rwie Boie dI qlvMfI dI zmIn dy bdly hor ielwikAW ivc bhuq swrI zmIn dy ky rwie Boie dI qlvMfI dI swrI zmIn ^rId leI sI[ isr& rwie bulwr Aqy ausdy ^wndwn dIAW kbrW dI jgh aunHW kol rihx id`qI geI sI[ {*mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, B`tIAW vW|, ^ud jYslmyr dy rwjy dI kul ivcoN sI[ ies swry AlwaudIn iKljI (sMn 1295-1315) vyly rwj Bwg guAw ky au~QoN aujV ky pMjwb Aw gey sn}[

dUjy pwsy rwie bulwr dy vwirsW dw dwAvw hY ik aunHW ny ibnw koeI pYsw ley zmIn guru nwnk siwhb dy nW kr id`qI sI[ aunHW muqæwibkæ rwie bulwr ny 247 mur`by zmIn gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn vwsqy, 220 murby bwl lIlw vwsqy, 290 mur`by mwl swihb vwsqy (kul 757 mur`by=18750 eykV) id`qI sI[ pr, ieh g`l shI nhIN ho skdI ikauNik rwie bulwr qW 1518 ivc mr cukw sI qy gurU nwnk swihb Awp ies dunIAW ivc mOjUd sn; ies kr ky audoN qk guru nwnk swihb dI Xwdgwr bxwaux dw suAwl hI pYdw nhIN huMdw sI[ Aj nwnkwxw swihb gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy nW ’qy 16962 eykV zmIn hY[ ieh zmIn AOkw& borf ny mwmUlI ikrwie ’qy Awpxy chyiqAW jW srkwrI Asr-rsUK vwly lokW nUM id`qI hoeI hY[

rwie bulwr dy gurU nwnk swihb nwl ipAwr bwry bhuq swrIAW khwxIAW prcilq hn, ijnHW ivcooN bhuqIAW klipq khwxIAW hn, ijvyN: gurU nwnk swihb dIAW m`JW v`loN iksy ikswn dI Psl aujwV dyxw (Aqy rwie bulwr v`loN Awpxy koloN aus dw muAwvzw dy dyxw); gurU nwnk swihb dy iek dr^q hyTW sOx smyN CW ^qm hox ’qy iek s`p v`loN Pn PYlw ky CW krnw (qy rwie bulwr v`loN ieh vyK ky gurU jI nUM sjdw krnw); gurU jI v`loN vpwr vwsqy imly 20 rupY nwl swDUAW nUM rotI KuAw dyxw qy ipqw dy nwrwz hoxw (Aqy rwie bulwr v`loN 20 rupY dyx dI pySkS krnw Awid)[

ieh khwxIAW bySk klipq hn, pr ies ivc koeI S`k nhIN ik rwie bulwr guru nwnk swihb dI S^sIAq Aqy aunHW dI Azmq nUM pCwxdw sI Aqy aunHW dI bhuq kdr krdw sI qy aunHW nUM bhuq ipAwr krdw sI[ iesy kr ky is`K pMQ ivc rwie bulwr dw nW bhuq ipAwr qy SrDw nwl ilAw jWdw hY[ aus dw nW is`K qvwrI^ ivc hmySw Amr rhygw.

 

dOlr Qyh ivc rwie bulwr dI kbr

nwnkwxw swihb ivc rwie bulwr dI nvIN kbr

rGupqI rwie

 

rGupqI rwie kMboj in`Jr kMboj ibrwdrI nwl sbMD rKdw sI[ ieh nvMbr 1664 ivc goieMdvwl igAw sI Aqy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dy drSn kIqy sn[  ies gurU jI nUM Awpxy nwl Awpxy Gr Kym krn lY igAw sI[ gurU jI ies dy Gr 15 idn rhy sn[ ivdwiegI vyly ies ny gurU jI nUM iek vDIAw GoVw Byt kIqw sI[

mgroN ies dw iek pu`qr mUl cMd gurU goibMd isMG jI dI &Oj dw ih`sw bixAw sI Aqy ndOx dI lVweI ivc (19 mwrc 1691 dy idn) ShId howieAw sI[

ies dw dUjw pu`qr Amr isMG bMdw bhwdur dw swQI sI[ ies ny id`lI ivc bMdw isMG dI ShIdI (9 jUn 1716) mgroN aus dI lwS dy tukVy iek`Tyy kr ky sskwr kIqw sI[ mgroN ieh bMdeIAW dw AwgU bixAw sI Aqy sMn 1723 ivc drbwr swihb dw pRbMD sMBwlx dy (AKOqI q`q Kwlsw qy bMdeI Kwlsw dy) JgVy ivc mwirAw igAw sI.

rGubIr isMG

 

rGubIr isMG (11.1.1833-7.3.1887), dw jnm jINd irAwsq dy rwjw srUp isMG dy Gr hoieAw sI[ ipqw dI mOq mgroN ieh 31 mwrc 1864 dy idn g`dI ’qy bYiTAw sI[ ies dy g`dI ’qy bYTx qoN fyF mhIny mgroN hI dwdrI ivc bZwvq ho geI[ aunHW ny  smiJAw ik nvW rwjw eynw kwibl nhIN hovygw ik aunHW dI bZwvq nUM  dbw sky[ rGubIr isMG 8 meI dy idn qopW lY ky c`l ipAw Aqy 14 meI dy idn crKI ivc, ij`Qy fyF do hzwr dy krIb  bwZI ie`kT hoey sn, hmlw bol id`qw[ rwjy ny CyqI hI bwZIAW dy kbzy vwly QWvW mOjw J`JU Aqy mwinkvws ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ dohW pwisEN kw&I bMdy mwry gwy sn, pr ies mgroN rwj ivc SWqI ho geI sI[ ies dw iek pu`qr blbIr isMG Aqy iek DI sI[ blbIr isMG ies dy jINdy jI hI mr igAw sI[ ies ny jINd dI QW AwpxI rwjDwnI sMgrUr bxw leI sI[ies dI mOq mgroN ies dw nwbwlZ poqw rxbIr isMG rwjw bixAw sI.

muslmwn hwkm (ihMd ivc muslmwnW dw rwj)

 

ieslwm dy bwnI hzrq muhMmd dI mOq (sMn 632) qoN CyqI mgroN hI muslmwnW ny ielwky m`l ky ieslwm dw JMfw KVHw krnw SurU kr id`qw sI[ Arb mulkW qoN ielwky ij`qdy hoey ieh eySIAw-A&rIkw vwly  pwsy imsr qy eIrwn Aqy XUrp vwly pwsy spyn qk kbzw kr cuky sn[ ihMd (isMD) qoN hyTW v`l ieh sMn 712 ivc Awey sn jdoN muhMmd iebn kwsm ny isMD Aqy bloicsqwn ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ ienHW ny sB qoN  rwjw dwihr dw ielwkw KoihAw sI[ pr ieh kbzw bhuqI dyr qk nhIN irhw sI[ ies mgroN sMn 986 qoN mgroN subkqgIn Aqy mihmUd ZznvI ny ihMd ’qy bhuq hmly kIqy sn; pr auh swry lu`t mwr kr ky vwips cly jWdy sn[

sqµbr 1001 ivc mihmUd ZjnvI ny ipSwvr Aqy hyTW dw ielwkw ij`qx vwsqy kUc kr idqw sI[ 28 nvµbr 1001 dI lVweI ivc jY pwl hwr igAw sI qy PiVAw igAw sI[ aus ny bhuq swrI dOlq dy ky irhweI hwsl kIqI sI[ ies mgroN vI mihmUd ny keI hmly kIqy sn[mihmUd dw AwKrI hmlw bwrHvW hmlw sMn 1027 ivc sI[ Agly swl aus ny koeI hmlw nhIN kIqw[ 30 ApRYl 1030 ƒ aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus dI mOq nwl pMjwb ZznvIAW dy h`QoN pUrI qrHW nhIN inkilAw, BwvyN kuJ smW aunHW dy hmly nhIN vI hoey pr drAsl pMjwb ivc sMn 1001 qoN ZznvIAW dw hI bol-bwlw sI[

ZznvI dI mOq mgroN &Oj dy muKIAW ny kuqb-aud-dIn AYbk ƒ Apxw AwgU cux ilAw[ auh 17 mwrc (iek lyKk muqæwibkæ 26 jUn) 1206 dy idn bwdSwh bixAw sI[ hux auh id`lI qoN lwhOr Aw igAw sI qy ie`Qy rihxw SurU kr idqw sI[ aus ny Apxy Aihd ivc koeI v`fI g`l nhIN kIqI sI[ SurU nvµbr 1210 ivc iek idn cOgwn (gol&) KyfidAW GoVy qoN ifg ky aus dI mOq ho geI sI[  aus mgroN aus dw pu`qr Arwm Swh aus dw vwirs cuixAw igAw sI[ pr AmIrW dy iek DVy ny bdwXUµ dy sUbydwr ielquqimS ƒ bwdSwh mµn ilAw sI[ dohW ivc hoeI iek lVweI ivc Arwm Swh mwirAw igAw qy hux ielquqimS id`lI dy q^q ’qy bYiTAw sO[ auDr kuqb-aud-dIn dw juAweI nwisr-aud-dIn kbwcw, jo isµD qy mulqwn dw sUbydwr sI, ny vI AwpxI qæwkæq vDwauxI SurU kr idqI sI[ aus ny biTµfw, GuVwm Aqy sursqI dy ikilHAW ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ kbwcw ny lwhOr ivc vI Awpxw sUbydwr lw idqw sI[

ienHIN idnIN ZznI qoN Xldoz ny POj ilAw ky lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy ies mgroN id`lI nUM cl ipAw[ ieh sux ky ielquqimS ny lwhOr vl kUc kr idqw[ 25 jnvrI 1216 dy idn qrwien ivc dohW &OjW ivc zbrdsq lVweI hoeI, ijs ivc ielquqimS dI ij`q hoeI sI[ sqµbr 1216 ivc aus ny kbwcw ’qy vI hmlw kr idqw[ jd kbwcw ƒ ies v`fI &Oj dy Awaux dw pqw lgw qW auh lVy ibnW hI B`j igAw[ AwiKr mnsUr ipµf ivc dohW &OjW ivc hoeI lVweI ivc ielquqimS jyqU irhw[ pr kbwcw Ajy izµdw sI qy ielquqimS vwsqy ^qrw sI, pr aus dI mOq (iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ sMn 1227) mgroN ielquqimS ƒ koeI ^qrw nhIN sI irhw[ sMn 1232 ivc sulqwn ny gvwlIAr nUM vI 11 mhIny dy Gyry mgroN ij`q ilAw sI[ aus ny sMn 1233 ivc au~jYn vI ij`q ilAw sI qy mhwkwl idE dy mMdr nUM lu`t ky Fwh-FyrI kr id`qw sI[ aus ny ies mMdr dy bu`q (mUrqIAW) id`lI ilAw ky jwmw msijd dIAW pOVIAW ivc r`K id`qIAW qW jo muslmwn ienHW nUM pYrW hyTW ilqwiVAw krn[

ielquqimS ny 26 swl hkUmq kIqI sI[ aus mgroN aus dw v`fw pu`qr &Iroz (rukn-aud-dIn) 29 ApRYl 1236 ƒ q^q ’qy bYTw[ &Iroz ikauNik AXwS sI ies kr ky aus dy drbwrIAW ny ielquqimS dI DI rzIAw (sulqwnw) ƒ q^q ’qy ibTwaux dw PYslw kIqw[ hux dohW iDrW ivc keI lVweIAW hoeIAW[ ienHW lVweIAW ivc &Iroz dI mW Swh qurkwn hwr geI sI qy mgroN kql kr idqI geI sI[ rzIAw dw Brw &Iroz vI lVweI hwrn mgroN GuVwm dy iklHy ivc kYd kr idqw igAw sI[ rzIAw 19 nvMbr 1236 dy idn q^q ’qy bYTI sI[

hux BwvyN rzIAw q^q ’qy bYT cukI sI pr hWsI dy sUbydwr sY&-aud-dIn kocI Aqy lwhOr dy sUbydwr Alw-aud-dIn ^wn (qwrI^y mubwrkSwhI  muqæwibkæ milk iez-aud-dIn kMjn) ny aus ƒ bwdSwh mµnx qoN nWh kr idqI[ aunHW ny rzIAw ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy kUc vI kIqw sI, pr hwr gey qy mwry gey sn[ pr, ies mgroN vI rzIAw Awrwm nwl hkUmq nw kr skI[ sMn 1239 ivc biTµfw dy iklHydwr ieKiqAwr-aud-dIn AlqUnIAw ny vI bZwvq kr idqI[ rzIAw ny &Oj lY ky biTµfy ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ 10 AprYl 1239 dy idn hoeI ies lVweI ivc rzIAw dw AwSk XwkUq mwirAw igAw qy auh biTMfy dy iklHy ivc kYd ho geI[ hux rzIAw ny mjbUr ho ky AlqUnIAw nwl SwdI kr leI[

auDr 21 AprYl 1240 dy idn ielquqimS dy dUjy pu`qr bihrwm ny id`lI ivc sulqwn bxn dw AYlwn kr idqw[ ies ’qy rzIAw qy AlqUnIAw &OjW lY ky id`lI vl cl pey[ ieh g`l sqµbr 1240 dI hY[ kYQl dy nyVy hoeI lVweI ivc rzIAw hwr geI pr bc ky inkl geI[ biTµfw vl jWidAW, kYQl dy nyVy AlqUnIAw qy rzIAw kuJ fwkUAW h`QoN mwry gey sn[ fwkUAW ny aunHW nUM PV ky 25 AkqUbr 1240 dy idn kql kr id`qw sI[

Agly swl mµgolW ny vI pµjwb ’qy hmlw kr idqw sI[ 22 dsbµr 1241 dy idn aunHW ny lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ aunHW ny bhuq swry muslmwn kql kIqy sn (muZl Ajy muslmwn nhIN bxy sn; muslmwn aunHW nUM kwi&r kihMdy sn)[

rzIAw dI mOq mgroN bihrwm Swh vI bhuqI dyr qk rwj nhIN kr sikAw sI[sMn 1241 ivc aus ƒ kql kr ky mwsUd Swh ƒ g`dI idqI geI sI[ pr auh vI isr& cwr swl hI q^q ’qy bYT sikAw sI[ jUn 1246 ivc aus ƒ lwh ky nwisr-aud-dIn muhµmd ƒ sulqwn bxw idqw igAw sI[

BwvyN nwisr-aud-dIn ƒ sulqwn QwipAw igAw sI pr Asl qæwkæq ZulwmW dy AwgU blbn kol hI sI[ nwisr-aud-dIn qW isr& nW dw hI bwdSwh sI[ CyqI hI blbn ny pUrI qæwkæq Awpxy h`QW ivc lY leI[ aus ny qW Awpxy Brw Syr ^wn ƒ vI zihr idvw ky mwr idqw sI[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny Awpxy pu`qr Sihzwdw sulqwn ƒ Btnyr (hux hnUmwngVH), lwhOr, mulqwn, dIpwlpur, smwxw, jlµDr sUibAW dw sUbydwr bxw idqw sI[ aus dy Aihd dOrwn sMn 1285 ivc qmwr ^wn mµgol ny pµjwb ’qy hmlw kIqw sI[ aunHW nwl hoeIAW lVweIAW ivc Sihjwdw sulqwn z^mI ho ky mr igAw sI[ sMn 1286 ivc blbn vI mr igAw sI[ aus dI QW aus dw poqrw kYKusro g`dI ’qy bYiTAw[ pr qurkI srdwrW ny aus ƒ htw ky kYkubwd ƒ q^q ’qy ibTw idqw[ kYkubwd iek kmzor hwkm sI[ aus dy huµidAW qmwr ^wn mµgol ny iPr hmlw kIqw sI qy bVw v`fw ielwkw ij`q ilAw sI[

kYkubwd dI lwprvwhI vyK ky milk &Iroz (jlwl-aud-dIn) KljI ny swrI qæwkæq Awpxy h`QW ivc lY leI[ CyqI mgroN hI aus ny kYkubwd ƒ kql krvw idqw qy sMn 1290 ivc Awp sulqwn bx bYTw[sMn 1292 ivc mµgolW ny iek l`K qoN vD &Oj nwl pµjwb ’qy hmlw kr idqw sI[ ies dI AgvweI hlwkU dw poqw Abdu`lw kr irhw sI[ ies &Oj nUM KljI dI isr& 30 hzwr &Oj ny hrw idqw sI[ jlwludIn ny 6 swl rwj kIqw sI[ 19 julweI 1296 dy idn aus dy BqIjy Alw-aud-dIn ny aus ƒ kql krvw idqw qy 3 AkqUbr 1296 dy idn Awp bwdSwh bx bYTw sI[ aus vyly pµjwb dys dy pMj sUby sn (smwxw, hWsI, lwhOr, dIpwlpur qy mulqwn)[ jlwludIn dy Aihd ivc vI mµgolW ny sMn 1296 ivc v`fI &Oj lY ky hmlw kIqw sI[ ies hmly dOrwn ksUr, lwhOr qy hor SihrW dI bVI qbwhI hoeI sI pr ij`q AKIr KljI dI hI hoeI[ vIh hzwr mµgol mwry gey[ KljI dI &Oj dI AgvweI aulPw ^wn kr irhw sI[ sMn 1299 ivc mµgolW ny iPr hmlw kIqw pr hwr gey[ iesy swl aunHW do l`K &Oj nwl Pyr pµjwb ’qy hmlw kIqw[ ies vwr auh smwxw qy swhirµd (hux srhMd) ij`qx mgroN id`lI dy nyVy pu`j gey[ ies mOky ’qy hoeI iek zbrdsq lVweI ivc KljI Pyr ij`q igAw[sMn 1303 ivc iPr mMgol/mugl jrnYl qwrZI ny svw l`K &Oj nwl hmlw kr idqw[ ies vwr aunHW id`lI-smwxw-dIpwlpur qk dy ielwky ƒ Gyrw pw ilAw sI pr jµg nhIN kIqI sI[ A^Ir auh vwips muV gey sn[ aunHW ny sMn 1305 ivc iek vwr Pyr pµjwb ’qy Dwvw kIqw qy ies vwr vI hwr gey[ 1306 ivc ikaUbk ny vI hmlw kIqw sI pr hwr igAw qy PiVAw igAw sI[

AlwaudIn vyly smwxw Arslwn ^wn kol sI, jo mgroN Awi^r byZ q`qk ƒ dy idqw igAw sI[ mulqwn qy sivsqwn qwj-aul-mulk kw&Ur kol sn[ dIpwlpur dw sUbw ZwjI milk hyT sI[ AlwaudIn ny ienHW swirAW ƒ AwpxI pkV ivc r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ ienHW ivcoN ZwzI milk bhuq qkVw sI[ aus ny qwqwrIAW dy iKlwP 29 lVweIAW lVIAW sn qy aus ƒ milk-aul-ZwzI kihµdy sn[ aus ny qW kwbl, ZznI, kµDwr vZYrw ’qy vI hmly kr ky Awpxw is`kw clw ilAw sI[

sMn 1320 ivc jrnYl iKjr ^wn ny mubwrk Swh ƒ kql kr idqw qy ies dy nwl hI KljI ^wndwn dI hkUmq dw ^wqmw ho igAw[ 15 ApRYl 1320 dy idn Kusro ^wn id`lI ’qy kwbz ho igAw[ ZwzI ^wn ies ’qy bVw AOKw hoieAw[ aus ny Kusro ^wn qoN hkUmq Kohx dI skIm bxweI[ ies vyly mulqwn AmIr muZlwqI kol sI qy sivsqwn muhµmd Swh kol[ smwxy dw sUbydwr Xwklw^I sI[ ZwzI ^wn ny ienHW qoN mdd mµgI[ pr auh smJdy sI ik jy Kusro ^wn hwr igAw qW gwzI ^wn hwkm bx jwvygw[ auh ZwzI ^wn nUM Awpxy qoN nIvW smJdy sn qy bwdSwh mMnx vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sn; ies kr ky aunHW ny aus dI mdd krnoN nWh kr id`qI sI[ pr, mulqwn dy kuJ jrnYlW qy A&srW ƒ ZwzI milk dI Kusro ^wn dy i^lw& jdojihd shI l`gI[ aunHW ny sUbydwr AmIr muZlwqI dy i^lw& bgwvq kr idqI qy aus ƒ mwr idqw[ dUjy pwsy, smwxy dy sUbydwr Xwklw^I ny Kusro ^wn nwl v&wdwrI joV leI Aqy aultw dIpwlpur ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ pr auh burI qrHW hwr igAw qy mwirAw igAw[ hux ZwzI ^wn ny iek v`fI &Oj lY ky id`lI vl kUc kr idqw[ auh Agsq 1320 dy A^Ir ivc srsuqI, hWsI qy rohqk ƒ ij`qdw hoieAw id`lI dy bwhr p`uj igAw[ 6 sqµbr 1320 dy idn ZwzI milk jyqU dI Skl ivc id`lI ivc dwiKl hoieAw Aqy iZAws-aud-dIn quZlk dy nW hyT quZlkW dI hkUmq dI nINh r`KI[

iZAws-aud-dIn ny swrI slqnq nuµ muV jQybµd kIqw qy cµgy hwkmW qy sUbydwrW h`Q hkUmq sONpI[ aus ny swrI slqnq ƒ 23 sUibAW ivc vµifAw[ ienHW ivc pMjwb dys dy sUby lwhOr, mulqwn, smwxw, sursqI, hWsI, GuVwm vI Swiml sn[ aus ny hr sUby ƒ izilAW (is`kW) ivc vµifAw qy hr is`k ƒ prginAW hyT[ ies nwl inzwm dw kµm jQybµd Aqy Awswn ho igAw[ sMn 1325 ivc iZAws-aud-dIn dw pu`qr &`Kr-aud-dIn muhµmd jonw ^wn (muhµmd quZlk) g`dI ’qy bYiTAw[muhµmd quZlk ny sMn 1351 qk hkUmq kIqI[ aus ny sMn 1327 ivc ApxI rwjDwnI ƒ id`lI qoN dOlqwbwd iljwx dI ZlqI qoN isvw bwkI inzwm kwmXwbI nwl clwieAw sI[ pr sMn 1326 ivc au~c, isµD qy mulqwn dy sUbydwr aus qoN bwZI ho gey sn[ aunHW ƒ hrwaux mgroN aus nUµ sMn 1327 ivc mµgol hmly dw mukwblw vI krnw ipAw sI[sMn 1337 ivc aus ny ngrkot (kWgVy) vrgy mzbUq iklHy ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI[sMn 1350 dy AKIr ivc aus ƒ gujrwq dy qwZI dI bgwvq ƒ dbwaux vwsqy gujrwq Aqy isµD jwxw ipAw sI ij`Qy sMn 1351 ivc auh mr igAw[ dUjy pwsy, sMn 1353 ivc isµD au~qy m`K A&gwnW dy iek vwirs hsn gµgU ny bhmnI* ^wndwn dI hkUmq kwiem kIqI[ *(ieh bhmnI bRwhmx nhIN blik iek muslmwn ^wndwn/kbIlw sn)[

sMn 1351 ivc &Iroz Swh quZlk q^q ’qy bYTw[ aus ny id`lI dy nwl-nwl pµjwb ivc vI bVI idlcspI leI[ &qihbwd (srsuqI qy hWsI dy ivckwr), ihswr &Irozw, &Irozpur murlI KyVw (srsw kol) Aqy &Irozpur (hux pµjwb dw izlHw) ngr aus ny vswey sn[sMn 1360 ivc aus ny pµjwb dI pihlI nihr ‘sIhrµd nihr’ (hux srhMd nihr) bxvweI sI ijs nwl sqluj dirAw dw pwxI muirµfw (bwgWvwlw), srhMd qoN huµdw smwxy qk pu`jx lg ipAw sI[sMn 1362 ivc aus ny srhMd ƒ smwxy qoN vKrw kr ky iek isk bxw idqw qy srhMd dw iklHw vI v`fw qy mzbUq bxw idqw[ ies kr ky ies iklHy ƒ &IrozgVH vI ikhw jWdw sI[ sMn 1387 ivc aus ny kWgVy dy iklHy ƒ pUrI qrHW kbzy ivc lY ky AwpxI hkUmq phwVI ielwikAW qk phuµcw idqI[ sMn 1388 ivc &Iroz Swh dI mOq ho geI[ Agly Cy swl ivc pµj hor quZlk vwirs q^q ’qy bYTy sn[ 23 mwrc 1394 dy idn mihmUd (muhµmd Swh) q^q ’qy bYTw[ aus ny swrµg ^wn ƒ dIpwlpur dw sUbydwr bxw idqw[ ies smyN KoKrW ny bZwvq kr idqI[ smUQlw ivc hoeI iek zbrdsq lVweI ivc KoKr hwr gey[ ies qoN CyqI mgroN nsIr-aud-dIn (nusrq Swh) ny vI bZwvq kr idqI[ aus dy kbzy ’c pwnIpq, rohqk, J`jr, &Irozwbwd vgYrw sn[sMn 1395 ivc dIpwlpur dy swrµg ^wn qy mulqwn dy sUbydwr iKjr ^wn ivc tkrwA SurU ho igAw[ swrµg ^wn ny Apxy Brw m`lU iekbwl ^wn dI mdd nwl mulqwn ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ ies hwlq KoKrW ny vI iPr isr auTwieAw[ aunHW ny mµgol (muZl) ^wndwn dy qImUr (bwbr dw v`fw-vfyrw) nwl rwbqw bxwieAw qy aus ƒ pµjwb ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy mnw ilAw[

qImUr ny Awpxy poqy pIr muhµmd (jo isr& 16 swl dw sI) ƒ 10-15 hzwr &Oj dy ky pµjwb vl qor idqw[ pIr muhµmd nvµbr 1397 ivc isµD dirAw lµG ky au~c Sihr ivc pu`jw[ iek mhInw ies iklHy ƒ Gyrw pwaux, pr ij`qx ivc nwkwmXwb rihx mgroN auh mulqwn vl cl ipAw sI[ rsqy ivc aus ny dIpwlpur ’qy vI hmlw kIqw qy ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw Aqy muswiPr kwblI ƒ ieQoN dw sUbydwr lw idqw[ ieQoN auh mulqwn pu`jw[ ies ’qy swrµg ^wn ny Awpxy Awp ƒ mulqwn dy iklHy ivc bµd kr ilAw[ pIr muhµmd ny iklHy ’qy keI vwr Dwvw kIqw pr kwmXwb nw ho sikAw[ hux aus ny Awpxy dwdy ƒ ^br Byj idqI[ mwrc 1398 ivc qImUr Awp vI iek l`K POj lY ky mulqwn vl cl ipAw[ aus ny nUr-aud-dIn ƒ v`fI POj dy ky pIr muhµmd dI mdd vwsqy AgwaUN mulqwn Byj idqw[ kw&I icr dy Gyry mgroN, swrµg ^wn qy mµgol &OjW ivc jµg hoeI, ijs ivc mµgolW dw h`Q aupr irhw[ AkqUbr 1398 ivc qImUr ny qulMbw ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ Sihr ’coN qwvwn hwisl krn dy bwvjUd aus ny hzwrW lokW ƒ mOq dy Gwt auqwr idqw[ qImUr dw hukm sI ik ausqwd, SYK/mOlvI Aqy s`Xd ^wndwn vwilAW qoN isvw hr iek ƒ lu`itAw qy mwr idqw jwvy (Xwin aus ny ihMdU jW muslmwn ivc koeI &rk nhIN sI r`iKAw)[ qulMbw qoN mulqwn jWidAW rwh ivc aus dI iek lVweI g`KVW nwl vI hoeI sI[ ies lVweI ivc g`KVW dw bhuq nukswn hoieAw sI[ nvµbr 1397 ivc qImUr dy poqy pIr muhµmd ny mulqwn ƒ iPr Gyr ilAw[ AKIr 6 mhIny mgroN, 5 jUn 1398 dy idn, mulqwn dy iklHydwr ny hiQAwr sut idqy[ hux qImUr ny Btnyr (hux hnUmwngVH) vl mUµh kr ilAw[ rsqy ivc aus ny pwkptn ’qy vI hmlw kIqw[ ie`Qy pµjwb dy v`K-v`K ielwikAW qoN Awey keI AmIr-vzIr pnwh leI bYTy sn[ qImUr ny Sihr ƒ A`g lw ky hzwrW lok ijauNdy swV idqy (ienHW ivcoN bhuqy muslmwn sn) qy Sihr qbwh kr idqw[

hux qImUr id`lI vl viDAw[ auDr id`lI ivcly AmIr do v`K-v`K S^sW ƒ q^q dy mwilk bxwaux vwsqy swizSW kr rhy sn[ iekbwl ^wn mihmUd ^wn ƒ id`lI dy q^q ’qy vyKxw cwhuµdw sI[ ies inSwny hyT aus ny sulqwn nusrq Swh ’qy hmlw kr idqw qy &Irozwbwd ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ kuJ icr mgroN auh id`lI ’qy vI kwbz ho igAw[ auDr nusrq Swh hwr ky pwnIpq Bj igAw qy qwqwr ^wn ƒ id`lI ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy mnw ilAw[ jd ies dw pqw iekbwl ^wn nUµ lgw qW auh id`lI ivc lVweI krn dI jgh POj lY ky pwnIpq jw pu`jw Aqy au~Qy kbzw kr ilAw[ AwpxI irAwsq Kus jwx kwrn qwqwr ^wn ny id`lI dw Gyrw cuk ilAw qy gujrwq vl B`j igAw[

julweI 1398 ivc srhMd qoN id`lI qk iekbwl ^wn dw kbzw sI Aqy dIpwlpur-mulqwn ivc qImUr dy poqy pIr muhµmd dI hkUmq sI[ hux qImUr id`lI vl vDxw SurU ho igAw[ dsbµr 1398 dy pihly hPqy aus ny pwnIpq ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ 7 nvµbr ƒ auh id`lI qoN isrP 30 iklomItr dI dUrI ’qy sI[ auDr iekbwl ^wn qImUr ƒ rokx vwsqy iek in`kI-jhI POj lY ky pwnIpq vl cl ipAw[ dohW &OjW ivc in`kIAW-in`kIAW JVpW hoeIAW[ 14 dsµbr ƒ qImUr ny jmnw dirAw pwr kr ilAw[ 16 dsµbr ƒ qImUr qy iekbwl ^wn dIAW &OjW ivc ^UnI jµg hoeI[ dohIN pwsIN iek-iek l`K POj sI pr qImUr dI POj ny aus dI pyS nw jwx idqI[ A^Ir sulqwn mihmUd Aqy iekbwl ^wn ip`Cy ht ky Sihr jw vVy qy drvwzy bµd kr ley qy iPr eyQoN vI auh CyqI hI bc ky dUr inkl gey[ qImUr ny 15 idn id`lI ’c ibqwey qy ies ƒ KUb lu`itAw[ auh hux A`gy nhIN viDAw qy 31 dsµbr ƒ vwips vqn ƒ muV igAw (mgroN 1405 ivc qImUr dI mOq ho geI)[

qImUr dy cly jwx ipCoN nusrq Swh qy iekbwl ^wn dovyN vwips muVy[ nusrq Swh pihlW id`lI phuµc ky kwbz ho igAw[ jd iekbwl ^wn POj lY ky AwieAw qW aus dI lVweI nusrq Swh dy jrnYl Swhbwj ^wn nwl hoeI ijs ivc Swhbwj ^wn mwirAw igAw qy iekbwl ^wn id`lI dw hwkm bx igAw[ iekbwl ^wn 7 swl id`lI dw hwkm irhw[ ku`J icr qW auh id`lI qk hI mihdUd irhw pr iPr aus ny pµjwb vl mUµh kr ilAw[ ies vyly mulqwn qy dIpwlpur iKjr ^wn hyT sn[ smwxy dI sUbydwrI bihrwm ^wn kol sI[ iekbwl ^wn ny pµjwb ’qy kbzw krn dI soc nwl smwxy vl kUc kr idqw[ pr bihrwm ^wn ny lVn dI QW smJOqw kr ilAw[ jd ies dw pqw iKjr ^wn ƒ lgw qW auh iekbwl ^wn dw rwh rokx vwsqy A`gy viDAw[ 12 nvµbr 1405 dy idn dohW ivckwr smwxw ivc lVweI hoeI ijs ivc iekbwl ^wn mwirAw igAw[

ies vyly sulqwn mihmUd knOj ivc sI[ id`lI dy AmIrW ny aus ƒ bulw ByijAw qy q^q sµBwlx vwsqy ikhw[ aus dy id`lI dy hkUmq sµBwlx vyly srhMd, ihswr, pwnIpq ^wlI pey sn[ iKjr ^wn idAwlpur qy mulqwn ivc kwbz sI[ hux id`lI dy bwdSwh ny sB qoN pihlw AYkSn smwxw ’qy kIqw[sMn 1405 dy AKIr jW 1406 dy SurU ivc id`lI qoN AweI &Oj dy jrnYl dOlq ^wn loDI (pihlw) dI kmwn hyT AweI &Oj Aqy smwxw dy (iKjr ^wn dy hmwieqI) bihrwm ^wn dI POj ivc lVweI hoeI ijs ivc loDI jyqU hoieAw[ iKjr ^wn ny hux bihrwm ^wn ƒ srhMd ivc Awpxw &Ojdwr lgw idqw[ CyqI hI bihrwm ^wn iKjr ^wn nwl vI nwrwz ho igAw qy dOlq ^wn nwl imlx dI plwn bxweI[ ies ’qy iKjr ^wn ny aus dw ip`Cw kr ky aus ƒ PV ilAw pr muAw&I mµgx ’qy Pyr srhMd ausy ƒ hI sONp idqw[ sMn 1410 ivc rohqk dy sUbydwr iedrIs  ^wn ny vI bZwvq kIqI[ hux iKjr ^wn ny id`lI vl mUµh kr ilAw[ pr lVweI krn qoN pihlW hI vwips muV AwieAw[ PrvrI 1413 ivc id`lI dw sulqwn mihmUd mr igAw[ do mhIny mgroN AmIrW ny dOlq ^wn loDI (sulqwnpur loDI vwlw dOlq ^wn hor sI) ƒ id`lI dy q^q qy ibTw idqw[ auDr meI 1414 ivc iKjr ^wn ny &Oj lY ky id`lI ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ lVweI ivc dOlq ^wn hwr igAw[ mgroN kYd ivc aus dI mOq ho geI[ 4 jUn 1414 ƒ seIAd iKjr ^wn id`lI dw hwkm bixAw[

seIAd iKjr ^wn ny 7 swl rwj kIqw[ 20 meI 1421 ƒ aus dI mOq ho geI[ hux mubwrk Swh g`dI ’qy bYTw[ aus dy huµidAW jsrq KoKr (pu`qr SyKw KoKr) ny bZwvq kIqI[ aus ny CyqI hI jlµDr Aqy luiDAwxw ’qy Awpxw dbdbw kwiem kr ilAw[ hux jsrq ny srhMd ƒ vI Gyrw pw ilAw[ pr auh CyqI hI Gyrw cuk ky vwips muV igAw[ mubwrk Swh ny aus dw ip`Cw kIqw Aqy ropV, jlµDr, qlvwVw qk aus ƒ lBdw igAw[ AKIr jsrq KoKr phwVW vl B`j igAw[ mubwrk Swh ny lwhOr Sihr ƒ vI nvIN Skl idqI, ies dy duAwly iek kµD bxweI qy ies dw nW ‘mubwrkwbwd’ r`iKAw[ sMn 1422 ivc jsrq ny lwhOr ’qy hmlw kIqw pr hwr igAw[ auh sMn 1432 qk lwhOr ij`qx dIAW koiSSW krdw irhw pr A^Ir Q`k ky duAwby ivc mihdUd ho igAw[

sMn 1429 ivc biTµfw dy nvyN hwkm POlwd Swh ny vI ApxI qæwkæq vDwaux dIAW koiSSW kIqIAW sn[ 1431 ivc Sy^ AlI ny vI Awpxw bolbwlw kwiem krn dI koiSS kIqI sI pr do swl mgroN auh vI pµjwb C`f igAw sI[ auDr 19 PrvrI 1434 ƒ mubwrk Swh kql ho igAw qy aus dI QW muhµmd Swh id`lI dy q^q ’qy bYTw[ aus ny 9 swl rwj kIqw sI[ sMn 1443 ivc aus dI mOq mgroN Awilm Swh bwdSwh bixAw[ hux auh isr& nW dw hI bwdSwh sI[ ihswr, srhMd, smwxw, pwnIpq, luiDAwxw, jlµDr, bjvwVw, lwhOr, dIpwlpur, biTµfw, klwnOr, qulµbw, sYdpur vgYrw dy sUbydwr qy &Ojdwr aus dI prvwh nhIN krdy sn[ kWgVw, jµmU qy dUjIAW phwVI irAwsqW vI qkrIbn Awzwd hI sn[ A^Ir 3 swl nwm-inhwd bwdSwh bxy rihx mgroN Awilm Swh sMn 1448 ivc id`lI C`f ky bdwXUµ ƒ clw igAw[ hux id`lI in`ky-moty hwkmW dy h`Q ivc sI[ ies hwlq ivc sMn 1451 ivc bihlol loDI ny id`lI qy kbzw kr ilAw[

bihlol loDI sMn 1451 qoN sMn 1489 qk id`lI ’qy kwbz irhw sI[ aus dw pu`qr iskµdr loDI sMn 1489 qoN sMn 1517 qk hwkm bixAw[ aus mgroN zhIr-aud-dIn muhMmd (bwbr) vloN pwnIpq dI lVweI ivc hrwey jwx (21 ApRYl 1526) qk auh id`lI dy q^q ’qy kwbz irhw sI[

ies swry dOrwn mwlvw qy rwjpUqwnw dw bhuqw ih`sw muslmwn hwkmW qoN Awzwd irhw sI[sMn 1440 ivc muhMmd gOrI dw ^wndwn dy mihmUd ny ic`qOV ’qy hmlw kIqw pr kuMBw rwE myvwVI qoN hwr KwDI[ kuMBw rwE ny ies ij`q nUM XwdgwrI bxwaux vwsqy icqOV ivc iek bVw au~cw ‘kIrqI sqMB’ bxwieAw sI (jo A`j vI kwiem hY)[ mgroN 1535 ivc Akbr ny icqOV &qih kIqw sI[ ieM\ hI d`Kx (drwvV dyS, rwjpUqwnw qy mrh`itAW dw kuJ ielwkw qy  ivjYngr vZYrw) vI muslmwn hwkmW qoN kw&I dyr qk bicAw irhw sI[

d`KxI eySIAw ’qy muZl (mMgol) kbIly ny sMn 1526 qoN sMn 1707 qk bVI Swn nwl rwj kIqw sI[ bwbr ny sMn 1526 ivc id`lI dw q^q hwisl kIqw Aqy auh 4 swl hkUmq krdw irhw sI[ sMn 1530 ivc bwbr dI mOq mgroN aus dw pu`qr nsIr-aud-dIn muhMMmd (humwXUµ) bwdSwh bixAw[ sMn 1540 ivc Syr Swh sUr (sUrI) ny aus qoN q^q Koh ilAw[ Syr Swh dI mOq sMn 1545 ivc hoeI[ aus mgro aus dw pu`qr ieslwm Swh q^q ’qy bYiTAw[ auh sMn 1553 ivc mirAw[ ieslwm Swh dw pu`qr g`dI ’qy bYTx qoN kuJ idn mgroN hI kql kr id`qw igAw[ aus dI QW Awidl Swh ny g`dI sMBwlI[ aus ny iek rwjpUq vpwrI hymU nUM Awpxw vzIr bxw ilAw[ CyqI hI hymU ny swrI qæwkæq Awpxy h`QW ivc kr leI[ ies ’qy pMjwb dy sUbydwr iskMdr Swh ny Awpxy Awp nUM Awzwd bwdSwh AYlwn kr id`qw[ kuJ icr mgroN auh Awgrw qy id`lI dy sUbydwr iebrwhIm Swh qooN hkUmq Kohx vwsqy id`lI nUM cl ipAw[ auDr humwXUM vI kwbl ’qy kwbz hox mgroN  id`lI vl nUM cl ipAw[ julweI 1555 qk aus ny lwhOr Aqy id`lI ’qy vI kbzw  kr ilAw sI[

sUr ^wndwn dI hkUmq ^qm hox mgroN iek vwr Pyr muZlW dI hkUmq SurU ho geI[ pr q^q dobwrw hwisl krn dy iek swl dy AMdr hI sMn 1556 ivc humwXUµ mr igAw[ aus dI QW aus dw pu`qr jlwl-aud-dIn muhMmd (Akbr) bwdSwh bixAw[ aus ny sMn 1605 qk 48 swl hkUmq kIqI sI[ Akbr ny lokW nwl tkrwA dI QW sulhkul pwlsI ApxweI[ aus ny AwpxI slqnq nUM 15 sUibAW ivc vMifAw[ ieh sn: kwbl, mulqwn, lwhor, id`lI, Awgrw, Ajmyr, gujrwq, mwlvw, KwndyS, bYrwV, Aihmdwbwd, AvD, Alwhwbwd, ibhwr, bMgwl[ hr sUbw srkwr, hr srkwr dsqUr, qy hr dsqUr prginAW/mihl ivc vMifAw hoieAw sI[ aus ny zmIn dw bMdobsq kIqw qy swrw tYks isstm vI kwiem kIqw sI[ aus ny tofr m`l qy AbU &zl vrgy vzIrW dI mdd nwl iek kwmXwb hkUmq kwiem kIqI sI[

Akbr dI mOq mgroN nUr-aud-dIn (jhWgIr) q^q ’qy bYiTAw[ SurU-SurU ivc jhWgIr ny iek k`tV-i&rkU muslmwn vWg ZYr-muslmwnW nwl bhuq D`kw kIqw[ aus ny gurU Arjn sihb nUM vI ShId kIqw qy gurU hirgoibMd swihb nUM 12 swl kYd dI szw vI suxweI[ pr sMn 1618 ivc aus dI pwlsI ivc Aihm qbdIlI Aw geI[sMn 1627 ivc jhWgIr dI mOq mgroN Shwb-aud-dIn (Swh jhwn) ny hkUmq sMBwlI[ 1658 ivc aus dy pu`qr muhI-aud-dIn (AOrµgzyb) ny aus nUM g`dI qoN lwh ky jylH ivc su`t id`qw qy Awpxy BrwvW nUM kql kr ky q^q ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ sMn 1707 qk 49 swl AOrµgzyb dI hkUmq rhI[ AOrMgzyb ny Awpxy Aihd ivc ZYr muslmwnW ’qy bhuq zulm kIqy[ aus ny sYNkVy mMdr Fuhwey[ aus ny gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb nUM ShId kIqw[ auN\ auh AwpxI aumr dw bhuqw ih`sw jMgW ivc hI ru`iJAw irhw[

AOrMgzyb dI mOq qoN mgroN sMn 1857 qk ies ^wndwn dI qæwkæq hr pl GtdI geI[  sMn 1707 ivc muhMmd muA`zm Swh Awlm (bhwdr Swh) Awpxy BrwvW nUM hrw ky qy mwr ky bwdSwh bixAw[ is`KW nwl DoKw krn kwrn bMdw isMG ny aus dy i^lw& jMg SurU kr id`qI[ bMdw isMG dy ^O& ivc auh bhuqw icr ijaUNdw nw irhw qy pwZl ho ky 28 &rvrI 1712 dy idn mr igAw[ aus mgroN aus dw v`fw pu`qr muhMmd mueIz-aud-dIn (jhWdwr Swh) Awpxy iqMn BrwvW nUM mwr ky q^q ’qy bYiTAw[ pr iek swl mgroN hI aus nUM aus dy iek BqIjy jlwl-aud-dIn muhMmd (&wru^sIAwr) ny seIAd BrwvW dI mdd nwl kql kr ky q^q Koh ilAw[ &wru^sIAwr ny vI bMdw isMG dy i^lw& FweI swl jMg lVI[ A^Ir bMdw isMG nUM igR&qwr kr ky ShId kr id`qw igAw[

18 &rvrI 1719 dy idn &wru^sIAwr nUM aus dy aunHW swQIAW ny hI AMinHAW kr ky 27 AprYl dy idn aus nUM mwr vI id`qw qy Sms-aud-dIn muhMmd r&I-aud-drjwq nUM q^q ’qy ibTw id`qw[ auh ivcwrw kuJ idn hI bwdSwh irhw qy 28 meI nUM mr igAw[ aus mgroN Swh jhwn dUjw (r&I-aud-dOlw) 6 jUn q^q ’qy bYiTAw pr auh vI 18 sqMbr nUM mr igAw[ ies dOrwn nykusIAwr ny vI bwdSwhq dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ pr auh q^q hwisl nw kr sikAw[ hux seIAd BrwvW ny nsIr-aud-dIn (muhMmd Swh rµgIlw) bwdSwh bxwieAw[ aus ny 28 swl qoN vD hkUmq kIqI sI; aus dI mOq 15 ApRYl 1748 dy idn hoeI sI[ aus dy Aihd ivc sMn 1739 ivc nwdr Swh ny hmlw kr ky ^Ub lu`t mcweI[ ies vyly qk muZl bwdSwh dI qæwkæq Gt ky dUjy drjy dy rwjy vwlI ho cukI sI[sMn 1748 ivc Aihmd Swh (du`rwnI nhIN muZl) id`lI dy q^q ’qy bYiTAw[ g`dI-nSIn hox qoN CyqI bwAd hI Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dy hmly SurU ho gey[ hux muZl bwdSwh A&ZwnW dy rihm ’qy sn[sMn 1754 ivc muZl bwdSwh Aihmd Swh nUM g`dIEN lwh id`qw igAw qy hux muhMmd AzIz-aud-dIn (AwlmgIr dUjw) q^q ’qy  bYTwieAw igAw[ auh 1759 ivc mr igAw qy aus dI QW ’qy jlwl-aud-dIn AlI gOhr (Swh Awlm dUjw) q^q nSIn hoieAw[ aus dI mOq sMn 1806 ivc hoeI[ aus dy rwj-kwl ivc (sMn 1783 ivc) is`KW ny id`lI dy lwl iklHy ’qy nIlw inSwn swihb lihrwieAw qy aus qoN tYks (cuMgI ivc swFy 37½% ih`sw) vsUl kIqw[ Swh Awlm dUjy qoN mgroN muh`eI-aud-dIn (Akbr Swh dUjw) sMn 1835 qk g`dI ’qy bYTw irhw[ hux aus dI qæwkæq nw hoieAW vrgI sI[ sMn 1835 ivc auh vI mr igAw qy aus dI QW ’qy  muhMmd Al z&r isrwj-aud-dIn (bhwdr Swh z&r) nwm inhwd bwdSwh bixAw[ aus nUM AMgryzW ny sMn 1857 ivc kYd kr ilAw qy auh rMgUn jylH ivc sMn 1862 ivc mirAw qy ies dy nwl hI muZl bwdSwhq dw pUrw ^wqmw ho igAw (auN\ qW &wru^sIAr dy vyly qoN hI muZl hkUmq dI qæwkæq GtxI SurU ho geI sI, pr nwdr Swh dy hmly (sMn 1739) qoN mgroN qW ies dw qyzI nwl zvwl SurU ho igAw sI[ ies qoN mgroN dy swry muZl bwdSwh nW dy hI bwdSwh sn[

pMjwb ivc muZl bwdSwhW dy lwey sUbydwr hkUmq krdy sn[sMn 1708 ivc muneIm ^wn ‘^wn ^wnw’, sMn 1710 ivc idlwvr ^wn, sMn 1713 ivc Abdus smd ^wn, sMn 1726 ivc zkrIAw ^wn, sMn 1745 ivc XwhIAw ^wn, sMn 1746 ivc Swh invwz, sMn 1748 ivc mIr mMnU sUbydwr rhy sn[ ienHW swirAW ny is`KW ’qy bhuq zulm kIqy sn[ ies mgroN koeI p`kw sUbydwr nw irhw[ BwvyN Coty-moty sUbydwr lwey jwdy rhy sn, pr pMjwb dy Asl hwkm is`K hI sn[

drAsl sMn 1709 ivc bMdw isMG bhwdr ny ienHW dI mnwplI qoV id`qI sI qy muZl hkUmq hOlI-hOlI suMgVn lg peI[sMn 1765 qk muZl A`DI kU qæwkæq guAw cuky sn qy  hux is`KW dI qkrIbn swry pMjwb ’qy hkUmq kwiem ho cukI sI jo sMn 1849 qk rhI[ 29 mwrc 1849 dy idn AMgryzW ny pMjwb dys ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI.

murqzw ^wn¹
ies dw pUrw nW Sy^ &rId bu^wrI murqzw ^wn sI[ sMn 1606 ivc ieh lwhOr dw &Ojdwr sI[ jdoN jhWgIr ny gurU Arjn swihb nUM ShId krn dw hukm id`qw qW aus hukm ivc ieh vI ikw sI ik gurU Arjn swihb dw b`l b`cw Aqy jwiedwd kbzy ivc lY ky murqzw ^wn dy hvwly kr id`qI jwey[ ies hwlq ivc gurU Arjn swihb dw pirvwr goieMdvwl qoN jMgl dyS ivc frolI BweI ipMf clw igAw sI[  sMn 1611 qoN 1618 qIk murqzw ^wn lwhOr dw sUbydwr vI irhw sI[ jhWgIr nwl  ies dI bhuq rsweI sI[ ies dI iSkwieq ’qy hI gurU hirgoibMd swihb nUM igR&qwr kr ky gvwlIAr ivc kYd kIqw igAw sI.

 

murqzw ^wn²
ieh muZl &OjW dy iek dsqy dw mUKI sI[ 13 ApRYl 1634 dy idn jdoN muZl &Oj dy iek dsqy ny gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) ’qy hmlw kIqw qW ies ny aus dsqy dI AgvweI kIqI sI[ lVweI ivc ieh BweI b`lU (dwd BweI mnI isMG) dy h`QoN h`Qo-h`Q lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw sI.

murwrI Axd
Awgrw vwsI BweI murwrI Axdu gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: Axdu murwrI mhwpurKu, kilAwxw kuil lvil rswlw (vwr 11, pauVI 27).

 

murwrI DOx
BweI murwrI Dvx gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: isK Blw rivqws ivic, Dauxu murwrI gur srxweI (vwr 11, pauVI 24).

murwd byZm

 

lwhOr dy sUbydwr mIr mMnU dI byZm (ijs nUM muZlwnI byZm vjoN vI jwixAw jWdw hY), ijs ny pqI dy mrn (sMn 1753) ip`CoN pihlW aus dy nwbwlZ pu`qr AmIn-aud-dIn nUM sUbydwr bxw id`qw sI qy qæwkæq Awpxy h`Q ivc lY leI sI; CyqI hI ies b`cy dI mOq ho geI sI qy auh Awp sUbydwr bx bYTI sI; Aqy ies ny Aihmd Swh dI ADInqw kbUl kr leI sI[ mgroN id`lI dy hwkm ny clwkI nwl aus nUMM id`lI bulw ky kYd kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1757 ivc Aihmd Swh dur`wnI ny id`lI ’qy dwvw bol ky aus nUM irhw krvwieAw sI[ ies vwr ies ny bdlw lYx leI Aihmd swh nUM AmIrW dy itkwxy d`s ky aunHW dI swrI dOlq lutvw id`qI sI Aqy aunHW dIAW jvwn DIAW vI du`rwnI ny kbzy ivc kr leIAW sn[ pr, iesy smyN jdoN du`rwnI nUM pqw l`gw ik murwd byZm aus nwl dohrI Kyf KyfdI rhI hY qW aus ny aus nUM iqAwg id`qw sI[ hux aus kol nw qæwkæq sI qy nw dOlq[ aus ny AwpxI Aw^rI aumr bhuq ZrIbI ivc k`tI sI.

munSw isMG duKI

 

muxSw isMG duKI (1.7.1890 – 26.1.1871), pu`qr sUbydwr inhwl isMG dw jnm ipMf jMifAwlw mMjkI (izlHw jlMDr) ivc hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy auh AmrIkw clw igAw sI[ sMn 1914 ivc jdoN Zdr pwrtI ny hiQAwrbMd j`dojihd krn dw &Yslw kiqw qW auh AmrIkw qoN pMjwb Aw igAw sI[ aus nUM dUjw lwhOr swizS kys ivc igR&qwr kr ky 5 jnvrI 1917 dy idn aumr kYd Aqy jwiedwd zbqI dI szw suxweI geI sI[ aus ny ieh kYd hzwrIbwZ, lwhOr, kYNblpur (Atk) Aqy mulqwn jylW ivc k`tI sI[ aus nUM Awm muAw&I hyT sMn 1920 ivc irhw kr id`qw igAw sI[

munSw isMG iek cMgw kvI sI[ jyl qoN irhw ho ky aus ny iek mYZzIn SurU kIqI sI[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN srkwr ny aus nUM 170 rupY mhInw pYnSn lweI sI[ aus ny AwpxI izMdgI dw Aw^rI smW PgvwVw ivc rih ky ibqwieAw sI.

mumqwz, mweI

 

bIbI mumqwz BweI inhMg ^wn dI bytI sI[ ies dw jnm ipMf kotlw inhMg ^wn (ropV qoN 2 iklomItr dUr) ivc hoieAw sI[ gurU goibMd isMG jI dw ies pirvwr nwl bhuq ipAwr sI[ 5 qy 6 dsMbr 1705 dI A`DI rwq nuM AnMdpur swihb C`fx mgroN gurU goibMd isMG jI ny pihlw pVwA ienHW dy Gr ivc hI kIqw sI[ hwlWik gurU jI muZl srkwr dy bwZI sn, pr ies ny gurU jI nUM pnwh id`qI sI[

     BweI bicqr isMG prmwr (jo mlkpr dI lVweI ivc burI qrHw z^mI hoieAw sI) nUM aus dy swQI inhMg ^wn dy Gr lY ky Aw gey sn[ inhMg ^wn ny Q`ky-tu `ty qy Bu`Ky-Bwxy is`KW dI bhuq syvw kIqI sI Aqy swrw idn Awrwm krn mgroN swry is`K iek-iek kr ky au~QoN inkl ky cmkOr nUM rvwnw ho gey sn[inhMg ^wn dw bytw Awlm ^wn gurU jI nUM cmkOr vwly rsqy vl lY igAw sI Aqy lKmIpur qk aunHW dy nwl igAw sI[ bic`qr isMG z^mI hox kr ky jw nhIN skdw sI, auh inhMg ^wn dy Gr ivc hI irhw sI[ gurU jI dy jwx mgroN iksy ny ropV puls cOkI jw ky iSkwieq kr id`qI sI ik inhMg ^wn dy Gr ivc kuJ is`K Cupy hoey hn[ ies ’qy cOkI dw muKI zw&r AlI ^wn kuJ ispwhI lY ky aunHW dy Gr Awx pu`jw sI[ aus ny Aw ky Gr dI qlwsI leI sI; pr aus nUM koeI is`K nzr nw AwieAw[ ijs kmry ivc bicqr isMG z^mI hwlq ivc ipAw hoieAw sI, auh AMdroN bMd sI[ zw&r AlI ^wn ny pu`iCAw ik ies kmry ivc kOx hY qW inhMg ^wn ny ikhw ik myrI bytI qy myrw dwmwd hn[ ies dy nwl hI AMdroN mumqwj ny Awvwz id`qI qW zw&r AlI ^wn SrimMdw ho ky muAw&I mMg ky vwips muV igAw sI[ inhMg ^wn dI bytI bIbI mumqwj ny bicqr isMG dI bVI syvw kIqI sI, pr aus dy z^m eyny gihry sn ik auh bc nhIN sI sikAw; aus dI mOq 8 dsMbr 1705 dy idn ho geI sI[ aus dw sskwr BweI gursw isMG ghUxIAW sYxI Aqy BweI b`gw isMG qrKwx ny rwqo-rwq kr id`qw sI[

     BweI inhMg ^wn dI ies bytI, jo b`sI pTwxW dy iek muslmwn nOjvwn nwl mMgI hoeI sI, ny Awpxy bwp vloN Qwxydwr qoN bic`qr isMG ƒ bcwaux vwsqy boly JUT ƒ ielwhI hukm mMnidAW hoieAW bic`qr isMG ƒ Awpxw KwvMd (pqI) mMn ilAw sI Aqy aus ny AwpxI bwkI dI rihMdI swrI aumr bic`qr isMG dI byvw (ivDvw) vjoN guzwr id`qI sI[ lok aus ƒ mweI mumqwj AwKx l`g pey sn[  lokW ivc Awm crcw hY ik auh 131 swl dI aumr qk (au~nIvIN sdI dy SurU qk) ijaUNdI rhI sI; aus ny AwpxI aumr dy Aw^rI 31 swl ipMf nUrpur JWfIAW ivc Zuzwry sn[ aus ny ipMf bVI ivc clwxw kIqw sI[

 

mweI mumqwz sI syvw dw izkr B`t vhI qlauNFw ivc ies qrHW AwauNdw hY:
“bicqr isMG bytw mnI isMG kw, poqw mweIdws kw, pVpoqw b`lU kw, cMdrbMsI BwrdvwjI goqr puAwr, bMs bINJy kw bMJrauq, jlHwnw, blauNq, gurU kw bcn pwie sMmq 1762 poK mwsy sudI dUj ko, mlkpur ‘rMGVW’ ky mlHwn rMGVW ky hwQ sy Gwiel hoie poK mwsy sudI cauQ Sukrvwr ky idhuM fyF pihr rwq geI, kotlw inhMg myN suAws pUry hUey [ sudwgr kI pq gurU rwKI, ies kI bytI mumqwj kw sq rhw[” (B`t vhI qlauNFw, prgnw jINd).

 ies bwry B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI ivc vI ieh ieMdrwj imldw hY:“bicqr isMG bytw mnI isMG, poqw mweIdws kw….gurU kw bcn pwie, swl sqrW sY bwsT, poK mwsy sudI dUj, vIrvwr ky idhuM, mlkpur ky mlHwn pRgnw ropr, rMGVW gYl juD myN Gwiel hoie, gwm kotlw pRgnw inhMg Kwn ky gRih rhw[ poK mwsy sudI cOQ, SnIvwr ky idvs, fyF pihr rYx geI, suAws pUry hoey[ inhMg Kwn kI pq gurU rwKI, eys kI bytI kw sq rhw” (B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI).

 mweI mumqwz dI kbr (kuJ lok ies nUM smwD kihMdy hn) qy aus dw mzwr ipf bVI (kotlw inhMg ^wn qoN 12 iklomItr dUr iek phwVI ’qy) ivc Ajy vI kwiem hY[ is`KW ny aus dI Xwd ivc iek Swndwr gurduAwrw bxwieAw hoieAw hY.

 

mweI mumqwz dI kbr

mweI mumqwz dI Xwd ’c bVI ipMf ’c gurduAwrw

mweI mumqwz dI Xwd ’c gurduAwrw nyiVEN

mulqwnw isMG

 

mulqwnw isMG (sMn 1819-1846) rwxI rqn kOr dI ku`K qoN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw pu`qr sI[ies dI SwdI cMd kOr nwl hoeI sI, ijs qoN ies dy Gr iqMn pu`qr (ikSn isMG, kysrw isMG qy Arjn isMG) pYdw hoey sn[ sMn 1843 ivc jdoN bwl dlIp isMG nUM rwjw bxwieAw igAw qW v`fw hox kr ky h`k BwvyN ies dw bxdw sI, pr ieh rwjw nhIN bx sikAw sI[ ies dI mOq Br jvwnI ivc ho geI sI

mUlw
BweI mUlw gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: jtU BIvw jwxIAin, mhWpurKu mUlw prvwry (vwr 11, pauVI 20).

 

mUlw sulqwnpurI
sulqwnpur vwsI BweI mUlw gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: kwlU cwaU bMmIAw, mUly no gur sbdu ipAwrw (vwr 11, pauVI 21).

 

mUlw Dwvx
Dwvx (DOx, AroVw) goqR dw BweI mUlw gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: mUlw sUjw Dwvxy, cMdU cauJV syv kmweI (vwr 11, pauVI 19).

 

mUlw byrI
mujMg (lwhOr) vwsI BweI mUlw byrI (KqrI) gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: mUlw byrI jwxIAY, qIrQu AqY mukMd ApwrI (vwr 11, pauVI 26).

 

mUlw isAwlkotI

 

BweI mUlw isAwlkot dw vwsI sI[ gurU nwnk swihb dIAW audwsIAW nwl sbMDq iek swKI ies nwl juVI hoeI hY (ieh swKI izMdgI Aqy mOq dw isDWq smJwaux vwsqy bxweI geI sI)[ irvwieqI swKI muqæwibkæ gurU nwnk swihb ny BweI mrdwnw nUM do pYsy dy ky toirAw qy AwiKAw ik iek pYsy dw “s~c” qy iek pYsy dw “JUT” lY Awvy[mrdwnw ny bhuq swry dukwndwrW nUM priKAw[ pr iksy nUM vI ies nukqy dI smJ nw AweI[ A^Ir, iek dukwndwr, ijs dw nW mUlw sI, ny mrdwnw nUM iek kwZz ’qy “mrxw s~c” Aqy dUjy kwZz ’qy “jIxw JUT” ilK ky dy idqw[ drAsl, mUlw smJ igAw sI ik ies ip~Cy koeI kOqk hovygw[ ies kr ky mUlw Awp vI mrdwny dy ip~Cy cl ipAw[ jdoN BweI mUlw ny gurU swihb dy drSn kIqy qW aus dw idl bVw ^uS hoieAw[ aus ny gurU swihb nwl Drm crcw kIqI[ auh gurU swihb nUM Awpxy Gr lY igAw[ gurU swihb kuJ idn au~Qy rhy Aqy sMgqW nUM Sbd dw kIrqn Aqy Sbd dI kQw suxw ky inhwl krdy rhy[ mUly dw Gr ‘Drmswl’ bx igAw[ kuJ idn mgroN jd gurU swihb au~QoN c`lx l`gy qW mUly dy idl ivc vYrwg jwigAw qy auh vI gurU swihb dy nwl hI tur ipAw[isAwlkot qoN cl ky gurU swihb, BweI mrdwnw Aqy BweI mUlw jMmU, purmMfl, kotlw mIAW im~Tw gurU swihb Awpxy ipMf qlvMfI (hux nwnkwxw swihb) Aw gey[ gurU swihb ny BweI mUlw dI pCwx Awpxy Gr vwilAW qy purwxy dosqW nwl krvweI[ kuJ icr qlvMfI ivc rih ky BweI mUlw isAwlkot vwips clw igAw[

krqwrpur ivc rihMidAW gurU nwnk swihb iek vwr Pyr isAwlkot gey sn[jdoN gurU nwnk swihb BweI mUlw nUM imlx isAwlkot gey qW BweI lihxw jI vI Awp dy nwl sn[ jdoN gurU swihb BweI mUlw dy Gr dy nyVy pu~jy qW BweI mUlw dI GrvwlI ny aunHW nUM AwauNidAW dUroN hI vyK ilAw sI[ ieh soc ky ik aus dw Grvwlw ikqy Pyr gurU swihb dy nwl nw inkl jwey, aus ny BweI mUlw nUM AMdr lukw idqw[ gurU swihb ny BweI mUlw dy Gr pu`j ky aus dw drvwzw KVkwieAw qy Awvwz id`qI ‘kI BweI mUlw Gr hn?’ qW aus dI GrvwlI ny jvwb id`qw ‘jI auh Gr nhIN hn[’ gurU swihb ny dubwrw pu`iCAw ik kI BweI mUlw Gr nhIN hn? qW aus dI GrvwlI ny Pyr jvwb idqw, “hW jI! auh Gr nhIN hn[” ies ’qy gurU swihb vwips cl pey[

gurU swihb dy jwx mgroN aus dI GrvwlI ny aus nUM bwhr k~iFAw[ BweI mUlw ny GrvwlI nUM puiCAw ik kI gurU swihb cly gey hn? aus dI GrvwlI ny jvwb idqw, “hW, auh cly gey hn”[ mUly nUM ies dw bVw duK hoieAw qy auh au~Qy hI ifg ipAw[ ifgidAW hI aus dI rUh aufwrI mwr geI[ jdoN lokW nUM hkIkq dw pqw l~gw qW kuJ lok gurU swihb dy ip~Cy dOVy[ gurU jI kw&I dUr inkl cuky sn[ auh gurU jI nUM vwips lY Awey[ gurU jI ny Awpxy h`QIN mUly dw sskwr kIqw sI.

mUlw isMG jYqo
mUlw isMG (vwsI ipMf joD, izlHw luiDAwxw) jYqo morcy ivc qIjy ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

mUlw isMG nwnkwxw
mUlw isMG  pu`qr jIvn isMG (vwsI c`k nMbr 10 QoQIAW, izlHw Sy^Upurw) ijs dw j`dI ipMf v`lw, izlHw AMimRqsr sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

mUl rwj, dIvwn

ieh swvx m`l copVw-KqrI dw pu`qr sI[ sqMbr 1844 ivc Awpxy ipqw dI mOq mgroN iesƒ mulqwn dw gvrnr bxwieAw igAw sI[ 1846 ivc AMgryzW dy lwhOr drbwr ’qy kbzy mgroN, pRweIm minstr lwl isMh imsr dIAW swizSW hyT, aus dw mwmlw 25% vDw idqw igAw sI[ aus ny ibnW iksy iSkwieq qoN ies ƒ mnzUr kr ilAw sI[ ieh gl 29 AkqUbr 1846 dI hY[ lwl isMh ny eyQy hI bs nhIN kIqI[ hux aus ny mUl rwj dy keI h`k Koh ley pr aus dw iejwrw nw GtwieAw[ mUl rwj dIAW AdwlqI qæwkæqW vI Gtw idqIAW geIAW sn[ ies dw nqIjw ieh inkilAw ik auh mwmlw nw dyx vwilAW dy i^lw& koeI AYkSn nhIN sI lY skdw[ A^Ir qMg Aw ky aus ny dsMbr 1847 ivc AsqI&w dy idqw sI[ rYzIfYNt ny aus dw AsqI&w mnzUr kr ilAw sI Aqy nvyN sUbydwr dy Awaux qk syvw inBwaux Aqy mwrc 1848 qk mulqwn rukx vwsqy AwK idqw sI[ hux &rYfirk k`rI lwhOr ivc nvW rYzIfYNt bx ky Aw igAw sI[ aus ny kwhn isMG mwn ƒ mulqwn dw nvW sUbydwr lw idqw Aqy vYns AYginaU ƒ aus dw isAwsI slwhkwr qy lY&tInYNt AYNfrsn ƒ aus dw AisstYNt bxw idqw[ 19 AprYl 1848 dy idn kwhn isMG mwn mulqwn pu`jw[ dIvwn mUlrwj ny sUbydwrI dw cwrj aus ƒ sMBwl idqw[

jdoN cwrj lY ky kwhn isMG qy dovyN AMgryz bwhr inkl rhy sn qW iek &OjI A&sr godV isMG mzhbI ny AYNfrsn Aqy AYginaU ’qy hmlw kr ky aunHW ƒ kql kr idqw[ ieh koeI Acwnk GtI Gtnw nhIN sI[ is`K &OjW ivc AMgryzW v`loN pMjwb ’qy kbzw, rwxI ijMdW dI byiezqI Aqy kYd, is`K jrnYlW qy A&srW dIAW qæwkæqW Kohxw, ZdwrW ƒ Ahudy Aqy snmwn b^Sxw bwry ^brW pujdIAW rihMdIAW sn qy auh AMdroN-AMdrI g`usy nwl Bry pIqy bYTy sn[ dIvwn mUl rwj dI QW kwhn isMG mwn, qy auh vI do AMgryz APsrW dI ingrwnI hyT, lwieAw jwxw qW isr& vkqI AYkSn dw kwrn bixAw sI[

jdoN do AMgryz A&srW dy mrn dI ^br &rYfirk k`rI rYzIfYNt kol pu`jI qW pihlW qW aus ny &Oj ƒ mulqwn jwx dw hukm dy idqw pr mgroN aus ny ierwdw bdl ilAw qy ies ƒ is`KW qy Qopx dI qrkIb GVnI SurU kr idqI[ ieh soc ky aus ny hrbrt AYfvwrfyz ƒ bMnU ivc ^q Byj ky AwiKAw ik auh kwhn isMG mwn ƒ khy ik auh dIvwn mUl rwj ƒ hI sUbydwr rihx dyvy[ meI 1848 ivc rYzIfYNt ny AYfvwrfyz ƒ &Oj lY ky mulqwn jwx vwsqy AwK idqw[ ies vyly qk (hIrw isMh fogrw v`loN 1845 ivc ShId kIqy bwbw bIr isMG nOrMgwbwd dy vwirs) BweI mhwrwj isMG vI mulqwn puj cuky sn[ aunHW ny auu~Qy phuMc ky is`K &OjW ƒ jQybMd krnw SurU kr idqw sI[

    jd mUl rwj ƒ AYfvwrfyz dy Awaux dw pqw lgw qW aus ny Amn smJOqy dI pySkS kIqI[ AYfvwrfyz ny ieh pySkS Tukrw idqI qy mulqwn ’qyy hmlw kr idqw[ pihlW qW in`kIAW motIAW JVpW hoeIAW pr 18 jUn 1848 ƒ iek v`fI lVweI hoeI ijs ivc AYfvwrfyz ƒ ij`q hwisl  hoeI[

     Aw^rI lVweI pihlI julweI dy idn hoeI ijs ivc dIvwn mUl rwj dw hwQI mwirAw igAw qy ies dy nwl hI aus dI mOq dI A&vwh vI &Yl geI[ ies nwl aus dy swQIAW dy hOsly ifg pey[ aus ny Awpxy Awp ƒ iklHy ivc bMd kr ilAw[ AMgryzI &OjW ny iklHy ƒ swry pwisEN Gyr ilAw[ ieh Gyrw cwr h&qy jwrI irhw[ dIvwn mUl rwj kwbl qoN dosq muhMmd ^wn dI mdd dI Aws vI rK irhw sI[ pr nw qW kwbl qoN Aqy nw AtwrI vwilAW qoN koeI mdd pu`j skI sI[ 17 dsMbr 1848 dy idn AMgryzI &OjW ny iklHy ’qy iek zbrdsq hmlw kIqw qy AMdr dwi^l ho geIAW[ AKIr mUl rwj ny hiQAwr su`t idqy[ dIvwn mUl rwj ’qy kql, jMg krn Aqy ZdwrI dw mukdmw clw ky aus ƒ mOq dI szw suxweI geI (jo gvrnr jnrl ny aumr kYd ivc bdl idqI)[ jnvrI 1850 q`k aus ƒ lwhOr ikly ivc rK ky mgroN  &ort ivlIAmz (klk`qw) Byj idqw igAw[ pr ^rwb ishq kwrn aus ƒ bnwrs lY AWdw igAw Aqy Kwxy ivc hlkI zihr dy ky aus ƒ mOq dy mUMh ivc D`k idqw igAw; A^Ir 11 Agsq 1851 dy idn, 36 swl dI aumr ivc auh cVHweI kr igAw sI[ aus dI smwDI ipMf AkwlgVH (hux AlIpur c`Tw) rsUlngr qoN 7 iklomItr dUr bxweI geI sI, ijs dI iemwrq hux lokW dy kbzy ivc hY Aqy smwDI iek Qyh bxn dy nyVy hY.

dIvwn mUl rwj qy BweI godV isMG  ihrwsq ivc

dIvwn mUl rwj dI smwDI

moqI rwm mihrw

 

kuJ kvIAW ny swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI dy sbMD ivc iek moqI rwm mihrw dw izkr vI kIqw hY[ ies pRsMg muqæwibkæ moqI rwm iek mihrw sI, jo iklHy ivc du`D dyx AwieAw krdw sI[ jdoN aus nUM pqw l`gw ik swihbzwidAW Aqy mwqw jI burj ivc kYd kIqy hoey hn qW auh corI-corI burj ’qy cVH ky swihbzwidAW Aqy mwqw jI nUM du`D ipAwieAw krdw sI[ pihlI g`l qW ieh hY ik AYny s^q pihry ivc iksy dw duD dI bwltI jW lotw lY ky corI iklHy dI C`q ’qy cVH jwxw nwmumikn hY; ^ws kr ky swihbzwidAW qk phuMc skxw, ijnHW vwsqy XkInn ^ws pihrw hovygw[ iklHy dy iqMn pwsy KweI sI qy isr& iek  rsqy, muK gyt, v`loN hI AMdr jwieAw jw skdw sI[ iksy cOkIdwr dy rihm sdkw ieh g`l mumikn qW ho skdI hY[ jy Aijhw hoieAw huMdw qW cOkIdwr dw izkr vI hoxw sI[ drAsl ieh iksy kvI dI klpnw sI ijs nUM qvwrI^ bxwaux dI koiSS kIqI geI hY[

iksy vI purwxy qvwrI^I somy (sxy sMqoK isMG, rqn isMG BMgU, igAwnI igAwn isMG, koier isMG, su`Kw isMG, svrUp isMG kOiSS) ivc moqI rwm dw is`Dw jW Ais`Dw zrw-mwsw vI izkr nhIN hY[ ies kwlpink pwqr nUM KVHw kr ky &qhgVH ivc ies dy nW dw nklI gurduAwrw Aqy ngr dw iek gyt vI auswr id`qw igAw hY[

is`K ieiqhws nUM ivgwVn dI ieh iek bVI v`fI swizS hY.

moqI rwm dIvwn

 

dIvwn mqI rwm (sMn 1770-1837) mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw iek muK drbwrI[ ieh dIvwn muhkm cMd (mOq sMn 1814) dw pu`qr sI[ ies dy ipqw dI mOq mgroN mhwrwjw ny ies nUM jlMDr dw hwkm bxwieAw sI[ sMn 1818 ivc ies ny mulqwn dI muihMm ivc v`fw rol Adw kIqw sI[ ies mgroN ieh kSmIr dw sUbydwr vI irhw sI[ sMn 1820 ivc hzwrw dI lVweI ivc ies dy iek pu`qr rwm idAwl dI mOq ho geI sI[ ies nwl ies dw idl tu`t igAw sI[ ies dy nwl hI fogrw iDAwn isMh ies pirvwr qoN bhuq Kwr KWdw sI Aqyy auh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy kMn ies dy i^lw& JUTIAW g`lW nwl Brdw rihMdw sI[ iDAwn isMh fogry dIAW ienHW swizSW kwrn mhwrwjw dI ies nwl nwrwzgI pYdw ho geI sI[ ies hwlq ivc ieh sB kuJ C`f-Cfw ky kwSI (bnwrs, vwrwxsI) clw igAw sI[iek swl mgroN mhwrwjw ny ies nUM muV bulw ilAw sI Aqy muV kSmIr dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw sI[ sMn 1826 ivc ieh sUbydwrI C`f ky lwhOr Aw itikAw sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ies nUM dUjy hwkmW nwl imlx vwsqy Awpxy s&Ir vjoN ByijAw krdw sI[sMn 1827 ivc jdoN lwhOr drbwr dw imSn lwrf AYmhRst nUM imlx vwsqy iSmlw igAw sI qW ieh vI aus imSn ivc Swiml sI[ sMn 1831 ivc ieh ivlIAm bYNitk nUM imlx gey imSn ivc vI Swiml sI[ sMn 1832 ivc ieh muV kwSI (bnwrs, vwrwxsI) clw igAw sI ij`Qy &rvrI 1837 ivc ies dI mOq ho geI sI.

moqI lwl nihrU

 

moqI lwl nihrU (6.5.1861 – 6.2.1931), pu`qr gMgwDr nihrU, (jo sMn 1857 qIk id`lI ivc koqvwl sI) dw jnm Awgrw ivc ipqw dI mOq mgroN hoieAw sI[ sMn 1883 ivc AYl.AYl. bI. pws krn mgroN ieh kwnpur ivc vkwlq krn lg ipAw sI[ iqMn swl mgroN ieh Alwhwbwd Aw igAw sI[ ies ny vkwlq ivcoN ^Ub pYsw kmwieAw Aqy isvl lweInz ivc iek vfw Gr ^rId ilAw Aqy ies dw nW ‘AnMd Bvn’ r`iKAw[ ies dOrwn ieh ‘lIfr’ nW dI rozwnw A^bwr dy borf Aw& fwierYktrz dw cyArmYn sI[

sMn 1919 ivc ies ny ‘ieMfIpYNfYNt’ nW dw Awpxw A^bwr vI SurU kr ilAw[ iesy swl ieh kWgrs dy AMiMmRqsr sYSn ivc pwrtI dw pRDwn cuixAw igAw sI (sMn 1928 ivc klk`qw sYSn ivc ieh muV pRDwn cuixAw igAw sI)[ sMn 1927 ivc coxW ivc v`K v`K i&rikAW dI numwieMdgI dw JgVw h`l krn vwsqy iek kmytI bxweI geI qW ies nUM aus kmytI dw cyArmYn bxwieAw igAw sI[ ies kmytI ny jo irport pyS kIqI sI aus dw nW ‘nihrU rIport’ jwixAw igAw sI[ ies irport dI is`KW ny zbrdsq mu^wl&q kIqI sI ijs kr ky ieh irport r`dI dI tokrI ivc jw peI sI[ sMn 1930 ivc lUx dy morcy dOrwn ies nUM igR&qwr kIqw igAw sI[ ies dOrwn ies dI ishq bhuq kmzor ho cukI sI Aqy ies kr ky ies nUM irhw kr id`qw igAw sI, pr  kuJ smW iF`lw rihx mgroN ieh cVHweI kr igAw sI.

moqw isMG mwstr

 

mwstr moqw isMG (28.2.1888 – 9.1.1960), pu`qr BweI gopwl isMG, dw jnm ipMf pqwrw (nyVy jlMDr CwvxI) ivc hoieAw sI[ bcpn ivc hI aus nUM pVHn-ilKx dw bhuq SOk sI[ aus ny igAwnI (Xwin bI.ey. p`Dr qk dI pMjwbI), munSI &wizl (bI.ey. p`Dr qk dI &wrsI) Aqy AMgryzI dI ividAw hwisl kIqI sI[ aus nUM sMsikRq zbwn ’qy vI mhwrq hwisl sI[ ividAwrQI kwl ivc aus ny keI vzI&y Aqy eInwm hwisl kIqy sn[ aus ny Awpxw ik`qw pVHwaux dw cuixAw sI[ sMn 1913 ivc aus nUM sMq isMG su`Kw isMG skUl AMimRqsr ivc hYfmwstr lw id`qw igAw sI[ aus ny Kwlsw hweI skUl &Irozpur, qlvMfI swbo, BsOV ivc vI skUl bxvwey Aqy msqUAwxw ivc gurmiq kwlj vI SurU krvwieAw sI[ isr& 33 swl dI aumr ivc auh 15 skUl bxvw cukw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw aus ny is`K Drm Aqy ieiqhws bwry drjnW tRYkt vI ilKy sn[

     sMn 1919 ivc mwrSl lwA dy idnW ivc aus ny keI QWeIN qkrIrW kIqIAW sn[ aus nUM igR&qwr kr ky aus ’qy bZwvq dw muk`dmw clwieAw igAw sI[ audoN jylH ivc kYdIAW nUM kCihrw pwaux Aqy p`g bMnHx dI iejwzq nhIN sI[ mwstr moqw isMG ny ieh h`k hwisl krn vwsqy BNu`K hVqwl kIqI sI[ sMn 1920 ivc Awm muAw&I dy nW ’qy mwrSl lwA dy swry kYdIAW nUM irhw kr id`qw igAw sI[

     sMn 1920 dIAW grmIAW ivc gurduAwrw suDwr lihr cl peI sI[ 12 AkqUbr 1920 dy idn iek nwtkI Gtnw mgroN is`K sMgqW ny drbwr swihb dw kbzw hwisl kr ilAw sI[kuJ idn mgroN mwstr moqw isµG AµimRqsr AwieAw sI[ aus ny slwh id`qI sI ik is`K pµQ dw iek srb`q Kwlsw iek`T bulwieAw jwey Aqy aus ivc gurduAwrw swihb dy ieµqzwm vwsqy iek pµQk kmytI cuxI jwey[ ies ’qy fw: gurb^S isµG* (jo ifptI kimSnr v`loN nwmzd hoeI 9 mYNbrI kmytI dw mYNbr sI) ny ‘hukmnwmw’ dy nW ’qy pMQ nUM pYZwm jwrI kIqw Aqy 15 nvMbr 1920 dy idn swry is`KW dw iek iek`T bulw ilAw[ {*gurb^S isMG pRdumx isMG dw pu`qr, gurmuK isMG dw poqw qy igAwnI sMq isMG inrmlw dw pVpoqw sI}.

AkqUbr dy Aw^rI h&qy Kwlsw kwlj AµimRqsr ivc bhuq swry is`K AwgU, pRoPæYsr Aqy stUfYNt iek`Ty hoey[ ies ivc gurduAwirAW dy ieµqzwm vwsqy ‘jQybµdI’ bxwaux bwry ivcwrW hoeIAW[ hwzrIn iv`coN kuJ cwhuµdy sn ik cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dy AweIn ’c suDwr kr ky iesy ƒ hI gurduAwirAW dI syvw-sµBwl sONp id`qI jwey[ mIitµg ny bwvw hrikSn isµG v`loN pyS kIqw mqw pws kIqw ik cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dy AwgUAW nwl g`lbwq kIqI jwey, qW jo gurduAwrw ieµqzwm vwsqy ‘‘jQybµdI’’ bxweI jw sky[ ies sbµD ivc iek kmytI bxweI geI, ijs ivc hyT ilKy mYˆbr Swiml kIqy gey sn: 1. KVk isµG reIs isAwlkot  2. hrcµd isµG lwielpurI  3. guridAwl isµG BYxI 4. mwstr qwrw isµG 5. BweI joD isµG  6. pRo: qyjw isµG msqUAwxw 7. bwvw hrikSn isµG 8. pRo: inrµjn isµG  9. lwl isµG luiDAwxw 10. au~jl isµG mIAW cµnU 11. Amr isµG idAwl BVµg, qihsIl Ajnwlw (Amr isMG Jbwl) 12. suµdr isµG cwvlw lwhOr 13. qyjw isµG smuµdrI  14. srdUl isµG kvISr 15. mwstr suµdr isµG lwielpurI 16. igAwnI Syr isµG 17. krqwr isµG J`br 18. Amr isµG lwiel gzt  19. b^SIS isµG smuµdrI 20. qyjw isµG Bu`cr 21. crn isµG nwBw 22. joigµdr isµG pitAwlw 23. SmSyr isµG AYfItr ieµfIAw 28. Avqwr isµG bYirstr gujrWvwlw 29. hrnwm isµG civµfw 30. Arjn isµG DIrkw  31. rwm isµG AYfItr pµc  32. mwstr cµdw isµG AYfItr 33. dwn isµG vCoAw 34. mwstr moqw isµG 35. AkwlI mµgl isµG [ ieh vI &Yslw hoieAw ik ieh kmytI cI& Kwlsw dIvwn dy AwgUAW ƒ iml ky g`lbwq kry Aqy 15 nvµbr dy iek`T ivc irport pyS kry[ pr cI& Kwlsw dIvwn nwl koeI glbwq isry nhIN cVH skI sI[

     im`Qy idn 15 nvµbr 1920 dy idn srb`q Kwlsw iek`T hoieAw[ ies iek`T ivc dw^lw itktW (AYNtrI pws) rwhIN sI[ dupihr 12 vjy qk 742 itktW jwrI kIqIAW geIAW sn[ ies mgroN 8000 qoN vD sMgqW dy shmxy kwrvweI SurU kIqI geI[ ies iek`T ivc mMgl isMG kUkw (nwmDwrI) ny iek qrmIm pyS kIqI ik audwsIAW, inrmilAW, nwmDwrIAW, suQirAW dy v`K-v`K numwieMdy ley jwx[ krqwr isMG J`br, mw: moqw isMG qy gMgw isMG ny ies dI ivroDqw kIqI qy ikhw ik ies nwl pMQ ivc vMfIAW pY jwxgIAW[ shI iehI hY ik ienHW ivcoN vI jy koeI pwhulIAw hY qW auh Awpxy ielwky ivcoN cux ky Aw skdw hY[ ies ’qy mMgl isMG ny qrmIm vwips lY leI sI[

kuJ idn mgroN pµj ipAwirAW ny ienHW mYNbrW dI suDweI SurU kIqI[ suDweI vwsqy cuxy gey pµj ipAwry cuxy gey sn: blvµq isµG kulHw, pRo: bwvw hrikSn isµG, mw: moqw isµG, qyjw isµG Bu`cr qy pRo: qyjw isµG msqUAwxw[ ies mOky ’qy pRo: qyjw isµG bwry ieh ieqrwz auTwieAw igAw ik auh Awpxy Awp ƒ ‘sµq’ AKvwauNdy hn Aqy m`Qw vI itkwauNdy hn[ pRo: qyjw isµG ny Akwl q^q swihb ’qy AYlwn kIqw ik auh A`gy qoN Awpxy Awp ƒ ‘sµq’ nhIN AKvwauxgy Aqy iksy ƒ Awpxy A`gy m`Qw nhIN tykx dyxgy[ mw: moqw isµG dy ZYr-hwizr hox kr ky BweI joD isµG ƒ pµjvW mYNbr ilAw igAw[ BweI blvµq isµG kysgVH swihb vwilAW ny gRµQI vjoN syvw inBweI[

nwnkwxw swihb dy swky (20 &rvrI 1921) ivc 150 qoN vD is`KW dy vhSIAwxw kqlyAwm Aqy ies ivc srkwr dI SmUlIAq ny ij`Qy Awm is`KW ivc ros pYdw kIqw, au~Qy nOjvwnW, swbk ZdrI AwgUAW Aqy &OjIAW ivc zbrdsq roh vI pYdw kIqw sI[ hr pwsy crcw sI ik BwvyN zwhrw qOr qy nwnkwxw swihb dw kqlyAwm mhµq nrYx dws qy aus dy ikrwey dy guµifAW ny kIqw hY pr ies dI izµmydwrI imstr ikµg (cI& kimSnr lwhOr), imstr krI (fI. sI. lwhOr), imstr bOirµg (suprfYNt sI.AweI.fI.), krqwr isµG bydI, bsµq dws mwxk dI vI brwbr dI hY[ (mgroN vI srkwr hI nhIN AMgryz j`jW ny vI, fyF sO is`KW nUM qsIhy dy ky kql krn Aqy sVn vwly, mhMq nwrwiex dws dI mdd kIqI[ hor qW hor nrYx dws nUM jdoN iqhwV jylH id`lI ByijAw igAw qW aus nUM goirAW vwlI bYrk ivc r`iKAw igAw qy ‘ey’ klws dIAW shUlqW mwxdw irhw sI)[

     ies swky qoN mgroN kuJ KwVkU nOjvwn Awps ivc imly Aqy swky dy ienHW izµmydwr S^sW ƒ soDx (kql krn) dw mqw pws kIqw[sMn 1921 ivc is`K AYjUkySnl kwn&rMs huiSAwrpur ivc 25 qoN 27 mwrc qk hoeI[ kuJ KwVkU is`K (ijnHW mgroN bbr AkwlI dl bxwieAw) qy rl ky KwVkU AYkSn krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ ies muihMm ivc mwstr moqw isMG, dlIp isµG (swDVw), ikSn isµG gVg`j (viVMg), qwrw isµG (TyTr), bylw isµG (GolIAw), qoqw isMG (ipSwvr), nrYx isµG (cwtIivµf), vqn isµG (knyfIAn) Swiml sn[ ies KwVkU jQy ny sB qoN pihlw AYkSn bOirµg (suprfYNt sI.AweI.fI.) dy kql dw cuixAw igAw[ pr 23 meI 1921 ƒ ies muihµm ’qy inkly bylw isµG qy gµfw isµG ƒ swDU isµG (lwhOr) ny igR&qwr krvw id`qw[ mgroN gµfw isµG vwAdw muAw& gvwh bx igAw ijs kr ky cYNcl isµG knyfIAn (jµifAwlw), Twkr isµG (Byjovwl), cqr isµG (jyTUvwl), pRym isG gRµQI (cumwlw swihb), ibSn isµG (Syrpur, pitAwlw), swDU isµG sUhIAw vZYrw igR&qwr kIqy gey sn[ ies kys ivc qwrw isµG TyTr, qoqw isµG ipSwvr, bylw isµG GolIAw, nrYx isµG cwtIivµf, Amr isµG kot bwry ^wn, pRym isµG cumwlw dy i^lwP 8 nvµbr 1921 ƒ kys clwieAw igAw[ ienHW qoN ielwvw mwstr moqw isµG, ikSn isµG gVg`j, ibjlw isµG GVUAW, gurbcn isµG ikSnpurw qy Amr isµG idhlxI ƒ m&rUr krwr idqw igAw[ 18 meI 1922 dy idn Adwlq ny ies kys dw &Yslw kIqw; ies hyT qoqw isMG qy qwrw isMG TyTr nUM pMj-pMj swl, bylw isMG GolIAw (knyfw vwlw Zdwr nhIN) nUM cwr swl, cMcl isMG jMifAwlw nUM iek swl kYd dI szw suxweI geI[ gMfw isMG, jo vwAdw muAw& gvwh bixAw sI, aus nUM Aqy Amr isMG (kot b`fy), nrYx isMG (cwtI ivMf), pRym isMG gRMQI nUM sbUqW dI Gwt dy nW ’qy brI kIqw igAw[ ies kys ivc mwstr moqw isMG, ikSn isMG gVgj, gurbcn isMG AMbwlw, vqn isMG kwhrI swhrI, Amr isMG id`lI, ibjlw isMG igR&qwr nhIN ho sky sn ies kr ky ieh swry m&rUr krwr id`qy gey sn[ mwstr moqw isMG qW keI vwr ipMfW ivc iek`T kr ky lYkcr dy ky puls nUM JkwnI dy ky iPr inkl jwieAw krdw sI[ 15 nvMbr 1921 dy idn nwnkwxw swihb ivc mwstr moqw isMG vI styj ’qy hwzr sI; aus ny vI styj qoN lYkcr kIqw sI Aqy lYkcr dy ky Zwieb ho igAw sI qy puls vyKdI rih geI sI[ A^Ir iek vwr Aijhw mOkw vI AwieAw ik puls nUM aus dI mOjUdgI dw pqw lgw pr auh kwbU nw Aw sikAw; ies ’qy puls ny aus swry ipMf nUM szw dyx dw hukm jwrI kIqw qW aus ny Awpxy Awp nUM igR&qwrI vwsqy pyS kr id`qw; ieh Gtnw 16 jUn 1922 dI hY[

     aus ’qy bZwvq dw muk`dmw clwieAw igAw sI Aqy iqMn swl vwsqy kYd kr id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1924 ivc auh pUnw jylH ivc sI[ ies smyN aus dI kYd ivc Cy mhIny dw vwDw kr id`qw igAw[ ies mgroN aus nUM iPr kYd kIqw igAw sI[ aus ny kul 8 swl kYd k`tI Aqy sMn 1931 ivc irhw hoieAw sI[ nvMbr 1933 ivc JMg ivc iek lYkcr dyx bdly aus nUM iPr igR&qwr kr ky FweI swl vwsqy kYd kIqw igAw sI[ sMn 1942 ivc ‘Bwrq C`fo’ lihr ivc aus nUM iPr kYd kIqw igAw sI qy auh sMn 1945 ivc irhw hoieAw sI[ pMjwb dI vMf mgroN auh Awpxy ipMf Aw itikAw sI[ sMn 1952 ivc auh kWgrs dI itkt ’qy AYm.AYl.ey. bixAw sI[ 4 julweI 1955 dy idn drbwr swihb ivc pulIs Byjx dI aus ny zbrdsq l&zW ivc inMdw kIqI sI, ijs kr ky sMn 1957 dIAW coxW ivc aus nUM kWgrs pwrtI ny itkt nhIN id`qI sI[ aus ny Awzwd cox lVI sI pr kwmXwb nhIN ho sikAw sI[ sMn 1959 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc aus ’qy ADrMg dw hmlw hoieAw qW aus nUM jlMDr ivc hspqwl ivc dwi^l kIqw igAw ij`Qy kuJ idnW mgroN aus dI mOq ho geI[ mgroN ies hspqwl dw nW mw. moqw isMG dy nW ’qy r`iKAw igAw sI.

 

moqw isMG nwnkwxw

 

moqw isMG pu`qr hrI isMG (vwsI c`k nMbr 18 bhoVU, izlHw Sy^Upurw), ijhVw Kwlsw ibrwdrI kwrj swDk dl dw srgrm krkuMn sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

mUsw, hzrq

 

XhUdI Drm ivc sB qoN vD Aihm pYZMbr mUsw, pu`qr ieæmrwn, dw jnm imsr dy Sihr goSyn ivc hoieAw sI[ mUsw nUM eIsweI m`q qy ieslwm ivc vI Aihm QW hwsl hY[ mUsw dy jnm qy mOq dy swl dw BwvyN iksy somy ivc izkr nhIN hY, pr iek ivdvwn ny qvwrI^I GtnwvW nUM swhvyN r`K ky aus dw smW sMn 1391 qoN 1271 (purwxw kwl) k`iFAw hY (ies ihswb nwl sMn 2022 ivc 3413 swl pihlW aus dw jnm qy 3293 swl pihlW aus dI mOq hoeI sI)[ iek hor ivdvwn aus dw jnm swl sMn 1571 (purwxw kwl) mMndw hY (Xwin iqMn sO swl dw &rk bxdw hY)[ aus dI mOq mOjUdw jwrfn mulk ivc nybo nW dy phwV au~qy hoeI sI[

     XhUdI imQhws muqæwibkæ jdoN auh pYdw hoieAw sI aus smyN imsr dw bwdSwh &rwaUn iesrweIl vMS dy b`icAW nUM mrvw idAw krdw sI[ ies kr ky ies dI mW ny ies nUM iek sMdUk ivc pw ky nIl dirAw ivc vhw id`qw sI[ imsr dI iek SihzwdI, jo dirAw dy kMFy ’qy GuMm rhI sI, aus ny sMdUk vyiKAw Aqy dirAw ivcoN bwhr kFvwieAw[ aus ivc ieh b`cw ipAw hoieAw sI[ aus nUM ieh b`cw bhuq ipAwrw l`gw Aqy auh ies nUM Awpxy Gr lY AweI Aqy Awpxw pwilq b`cw bxw ilAw[ iebrwnI bolI ivc mwSwh dw ArQ hY ‘iK`icAw hoieAw’ (dirAw ivcoN sMdUk iK`cy jwx nwl aus ivcoN ies bwlk dy imly hox kr ky ies dw nW mUsw jwixAw igAw sI)[

     iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ  aus ny iek vwr iek imsrI AmIr nUM iek Zulwm nUM mwridAW vyiKAw sI[ mUsw ny aus imsrI nUM kql kr id`qw Aqy Aærb ielwky v`l dOV igAw sI[ audoN aus dI aumr cwlHI swl dI sI[ ie`Qy Aw ky ies ny SwdI kr leI sI[ ies mgroN auh imsr muiVAw sI[ aus ny Aw ky iesrwielI lokW nUM Awzwd krn dI mMg kIqI[ jdoN &rwaun ny nWh kIqI qW aus dy ‘srwp’ nwl imsr ivc ds vwr vbwA PYlI sI ijs nwl mulk qbwh ho igAw sI[ ies mgroN mUsw Awpxy lokW nUM lY ky lwl smuMdr (rY~f sI) pr kr igAw Aqy isnweI phwV ’qy fyrw lw ilAw (ies phwV nUM qUr Aqy koihqUr iliKAw vI imldw hY)[

      XhUdI imQhws muqæwibkæ mUsw ies phwV dy isry  au~qy jwieAw krdw sI; au~Qy mUsw dw ^udw nwl myl hoieAw sI Aqy aus nwl g`lW vI hoeIAW sn[ ies khwxI muqæwibkæ iek vwr mUsw cwlHI idn ^udw nwl goSt krdw irhw sI Aqy ieh swrw smW auh AMn pwxI qoN ibnw irhw sI (iesy Gtnw kr ky XhUdI 40 idn rozy r`Kdy hn)[ qUr phwV ’qy ^udw ny mUsw nUM iek slyt ’qy ilK ky ds hukm id`qy sn (ies nUM “tY~n kmWfmYNts” kihMdy hn)[ ieh ds hukm ieh hn: 1. myry (r`b dyy) mukwbly ivc iksy dUjy nUM nhIN mMnxw  2. Awpxy Awp nUM pUjw dw pRqIk nhIN bxwauxw 3. r`b dw nW AkwrQ nhIN lYxw (r`b dy nW dI dur vrqoN nhIN krnI) 4. h&qy dy sqvyN idn (XhUdIAW muqæwibkæ SnIvwr) ‘sbwQ’ dw idn piv`qr smJ ky Awrwm krnw hY (ikauN dunIAW dI rcnw krn mgroN mYN (pRmwqmw ny) ies idn Awrwm kIqw sI  5. mW qy bwp nUM Awdr Aqy ipAwr dyxw 6. iksy nUM kql nhIN krnw  7. ivBcwr nhIN krnw: Awpxy pqI jW pqnI nwl v&wdwr rihxw 8. corI nhIN krnI (jo cIz AwpxI nhIN aus nuUM h`Q nhIN lwauxw)  9. JUT nhIN bolxw  10.  iksy guAWFI dI cIz dw lwlc nhIN krnw (AwpxIAW cIzW nwl sMquSt rihxw). hor vyKo: qOrwq.

mUsw dw mweIkl eyNjlo v`loN bxwieAw bu`q

isnweI (qUr) phwV

nybo phwV ij`Qy mUsw dI mOq hoeI sI

r`b v`loN mUsw nUM imly ds hukm (tY~n kmWfmYNts)

morW srkwr

 

morW (sMn 1781-1862) lwhOr dI iek nwcI sI (vysvw nhIN)[ iek vwr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ies dw nwc vyiKAw qW ies ’qy moihq ho igAw[ audoN rxjIq isMG  22 swl dw nOjvwn sI[ aus ny sMn 1802 ivc  ies nwl SwdI kr leI[ morW nwl mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw eynw ieSk sI ik ieh aus nUM ‘morW srkwr’ ikhw krdw sI[ BwvyN kWgVy dy rwjy sMswr cMd dIAW DIAW ies qoN ikqy vD ^UbsUrq sn, pr ieh hmySw ies dI hI qwrI& kirAw krdw sI[ auh ies nwl eynw ieSk krdw sI ik iek vwr jd auh hrduAwr dI sYr krn igAw qW auh ies nUM nwl lY ky igAw sI[ jdoN auh iklHy ivcoN inkilAw krdw sI qW ieh aus dy nwl aus dy hwQI ’qy ieM\ svwr hoieAw krdI sI ijvyN isr& iek ieh hI aus dI rwxI hovy[ ieh Awm ikhw jWdw hY ik rxjIq isMG ny iek vwr vzIr ^wn dI msijd dy mInwr ivc ies nwl rwq ibqweI sI; pr ieh khwxIAW mOlvIAW ny rxjIq isMG dy i^lw& pRcwr vwsqy GVI sI[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ rxjIq isMG ny ies dy nW ’qy iek is`kw jwrI kIqw sI, hwlWik ies qrHw dw koeI is`kw mOjUd nhIN hY[ ieM\ hI iek hor khwxI muqæwibkæ morW nwl SwdI krn ’qy (jW aus dy nW dw is`kw jwrI krn ’qy) AkwlI PUUlw isMG ny aus nUM korVy mwrn dI szw suxweI sI, pr ieh isr& kwlpink khwxI hY; Aijhw kdy vI nhIN hoieAw sI[

     morW ny rxjIq isMG nwl SwdI krn mgroN vI ieslwm Drm C`ifAw nhIN sI[ rxjIq isMG ny lwhOr iklHy ivc aus vwsqy iek msijd bxweI hoeI sI, ijs ivc auh iebwdq kirAw krdI sI[ morW ny ^ud vI lwhOr Sihr dy pwpV mMfI ielwky ivc iek msijd bxvweI sI ijs nUM A`j vI ‘morW msijd’ vjoN jwixAw jWdw hY.

morW msijd

mohrI  

 

gurU Amr dws jI dy in`ky pu`qr dw nW[ies dw jnm sMn 1539 ivc bwsrky ig`lW ipMf ivc hoieAw sI[ieh sMn 1552 qoN mgroN goieMdvwl ivc hI irhw sI[ jdoN gurU Amr dws jI ny gurg`dI gurU rwmdws nUM id`qI qW mohrI dw v`fw Brw ies dy i^lw& auT KVHw hoieAw sI[ aus ny Awpxy Awp nUM cOQw gurU kihxw SurU kr id`qw sI, pr mohrI ny ipqw dw hukm mMn ky gurU rwmdws jI nUM gurU mMn ky isr Jukw id`qw sI: mohrI puqu snmuKu hoieAw, rwmdwsY pYrI pwie jIau (924).

muhkm isMG, BweI

 

BweI muhkm isMG qIrQ cµd dw pu`qr sI[ aus ny CIbw-drzI pirvwr ivc,  sMn 1663 ivc, dvwrkw ngrI ivc muhkm cMd vjoN jnm ilAw sI[ ieh pirvwr bVy icrW qoN gurU Gr dw swidk sI[ muhkm cMd Awpxy ipqw dy nwl CotI aumr ivc AnMdpur swihb Aw igAw sI[ aus dw gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq ipAwr sI auh hmySw aunHW dy nwl hI irhw krdw sI[ jdoN gurU goibMd isMG jI pwauNtw gey qW muhkm cMd vI aunHW dy nwl hI auQy jw ky rihx l`g ipAw sI[ aus ny AwpxI aumr dw bhuqw ih`sw gurU swihb nwl hI ibqwieAw sI [ auh gurU swihb dI &Oj dy iek mu`K ispwhI vI sI[ jdoN gurU goibMd isMG jI ny AnMdpur swihb ivc pMj isr mMgy sn qW auh gurU swihb dI Awvwz ’qy sIs ByNt krn vwly pMjW is`KW ivcoN dUjw is`K sI[ auh KMfy dI pwhul lY ky muhkm isMG bx igAw sI[

     jdoN 5-6 dsMbr 1705 dI rwq ƒ gurU swihb ny AnMdpur swihb C`fx dw &Yslw kIqw qW ijhVy 40 is`K gurU swihbw dy AMg-sMg rihx Aqy iek`Ty jIx-mrn vwsqy iqAwr hoey aunHW ivc muhkm isMG vI sI[ gurU jI ienHW cwlIAW sxy, 500 is`KW dy kw&ly nwl, AnMdpur swihb qoN kIrqpur swihb q`k ibnW iksy rukwvt dy phuMc gey Aqy iPr ieQoN 12-13 iklomItr dUr srsw ndI v`l gey qW muhkm isMG Awp dy nwl hI sI[ 7 dsMbr dI svyr ƒ gurU jI Aqy 50 is`K cmkOr ivc phuMc gey sn[ Awp swry cmkOr dI gVHI ivc Awrwm kr rhy sn ik dupihr vyly muZl &OjW ny Gyrw pw ilAw [ gVHI ivc hwizr 50 is`KW ny muZlW dI &Oj dw f`t ky mukwblw kIqw sI[ swry is`K iek-iek, do-do kr ky gVHI ’coN bwhr inkl ky lVweI krdy rhy  sn[ ieh lVweI hnHyrw pYx q`k cldI rhI sI[ Swm qk do swihbzwdy pMjW ivcoN do ipAwry Aqy 38 hor is`K mwry jw cuky sn[ muhkm isMG vI anHW ivcoN iek sI.

muhkm isMG EhrI 

 

BweI mohkm isMG ny 24 jUn 1734 dy idn lwhOr ivc ShIdI pweI sI[ mohkm isMG cUhV m`l EhrI dw pu`qr sI[ ieh cUhV m`l auhI sI ijs ny mwrc 1709 dy A^Ir ivc gurU dw c`k dy qUqW dy dr`^q k`t ky JgVw KVw kr ky 6 Aqy 12 ApRYl 1709 dy idn AMimRqsr ’qy muZl &OjW dw hmlw krvwieAw sI[ cUhV m`l dy do pu`qr sn: rwmU m`l Aqy muhkm cMd[ muhkm cMd ny KMfy dI pwhul hwisl kr leI sI Aqy auh muhkm isMG bx igAw sI[ mohkm isMG dw BweI mnI isMG nwl bVw ipAwr sI[ auh AMimRqsr ivc hI rihMdw sI qy drbwr swihb ivc syvw kirAw krdw sI[ ApRYl 1734 ivc jdoN BweI mnI isMG ƒ tYks nw dyx dy bhwny ’qy igR&qwr kIqw igAw qW ngr dy bwkI swry is`K vI igR&qwr kr ley gey sn Aqy lwhOr phuMcwey gey sn; ienHW ivc muhkm isMG vI sI[ mohkm isMG ƒ lwhOr dy kwzI ny muslmwn bx ky jwn bcwaux dI pySkS kIqI sI pr aus ny Drm bdl ky AwpxI jwn bcwaux ƒ qrjIh nhIN id`qI sI Aqy mrnw kbUl kr ilAw sI:

muhkm isMG qy cYn isMG kIrq isMG blvwn
Awlm isMG, isMG AaulIAw, sMgq isMG isMG kwn
ieq Awidk sB muKI is`K, gYl mnI isMG joie
kSt dIXo bhu Kwn ny, kQn bIc nih koie

(ShId iblws, s&w 92)

muhkm cMd

 

dIvwn mohkm cMd, puqr vYswKI m`l, dw jnm, sMn 1750 ivc, ipMf kuMjwh (izlHw gujrwq) ivc hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy ieh BMgI imsl dy swihb isMG dI &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw sI[  kuJ smyN mgroN ies dI swihb isMG nwl ivgV geI sI Aqy sMn 1807 ivc ieh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG kol Aw igAw sI[ aus ny ies nUM &Oj ivc v`fw Ahudw id`qw Aqy 1500 &OjIAW dw kmWfr bxw id`qw[ aus ny ies nUM flyvwlIAw imsl vwly ielwky dw nwzm Qwp id`qw sI[ sMn 1813 ivc ies ny Atk dI lVweI ivc durwnI jrnYlW dosq muhMmd ^wn Aqy &qh ^wn nUM burI qrHw iSksq id`qI sI[ ies lVweI ivc qkrIbn 2000 A&Zwn mwry gey sn[ ies lVweI ivc dosq muhMmd ^wn Awp vI z^mI ho igAw sI[ ies muihMm ivc hukm isMG icmnI, joD isMG klsIAw, &qh isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, dl isMG vI aus dy nwl sn[ dIvwn muhkm cMd ny iPlOr dy iklHy nUM mzbUq kIqw sI Aqy aus dw Aw^rI smW ie`Qy hI bIiqAw sI ij`Qy 29 AkqUbr  1814 dy idn aus dI mOq ho geI sI[ aus dw pu`qr dIvwn moqI rwm Aqy aus dy poqy dIvwn ikrpw rwm qy dIvwn rwm idAwl vI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr ivc au~cy AhuidAW ’qy rhy sn.

dIvwn mohkm cMd

mihMdr isMG jYqo

 

mihMdr isMG (vwsI AMbwlw) jYqo morcy ivc pihly ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

mihMdr isMG (vwsI ipMf jrUr, izlHw hoiSAwrpur) jYqo morcy ivc qIjy ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI  ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

mohr isMG

 

ieh id`lI vwsI BweI DuMmw dw pu`qr Aqy BweI kwnHw dw poqw sI[ ies dI mOq inrmohgVH ivc 12 AkqUbr 1700 dy idn iblwspur dy rwjy dIAW &OjW nwl lVidAW hoeI sI.

mohr isMG inSwnvwlIAw

 

mohr isMG (mOq sMn 1785) inSwnvwlIAw imsl dy BweI lwl isMG dw sB qoN v`fw pu`qr sI[ aus ny Awpxy ipqw dI irAwsq ivc AMbwlw qy zIrw dy ielwky Swiml kIqy sn[ sMn 1779 ivc aus ny Abdul Aihd ^wn dI pitAwlw irAwsq dy i^lw& muihMm ivc mdd kIqI sI[ aus nUM ies dy bdly ivc iek iK`lq pyS kIqI geI sI[ 9 meI 1785 dy idn auh kroVwisMGIAw imsl dy dulcw isMG nwl rl ky mQurw igAw sI ij`Qy aus ny mrh`tw Awg mhwdjI isMDIAw nwl Aihdnwmw kIqw sI[ sMn 1785 ivc moirMfw dy gurb^S isMG nwl JVp ivc aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

mohx 
Awlm gMj vwsI BweI mohx gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: joDw jlo quls puir,  mohx Awlmu gMij rhMdw (vwr 11, pauVI 22).

 

mohx kuku
kuk goqr dw BweI mohx gurU Arjn  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: mohx kuku vKwxIAY, Duty jDy jwmu suhMdw (vwr 11, pauVI 23). 

 

mohx Fwkw
Fwkw vwsI BweI mohx gurU hirgoibMd  swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK isKW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: sUMdru cFw AwgrY, Fwky mohix syv kwmxI (vwr 11, pauVI 31).  

mohn isMG jYqo

 

mohn isMG (vwsI ipMf joD, izlHw luiDAwxw) jYqo morcy ivc nOvyN ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

mohx isMG jnrl

 jnrl mohx isMG (3.1.1909-26.12.1989), pu`qr qwrw isMG, dw jnm ipMf au~gokI (izlHw isAwlkot) ivc hoieAw sI[ aus dw ipqw aus dy jnm qoN pihlW hI cVHweI kr igAw sI[ dsvIN pws krn mgroN auh &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw sI Aqy 14vIN pMjwb rjmMt dw ih`sw bx igAw sI[ dUjI v`fI jMg dOrwn sMn 1941 ivc auh mlySIAw ivc qeInwq sI[ aunHIN idnIN jpwn ny mlySIAw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw Aqy hor ispwhIAW vW| auh vI jpwnIAW dw kYdI bx igAw sI[ ies smyN jpwnI jrnYL &UjI vwrw ikkn ny igAwnI pRIqm isMG rwhIN aus nUM ieMfIAn nYSnl AwrmI (Awzwd ihMd &Oj) kwiem krn vwsqy mnw ilAw sI[ ieMfIAn nYSnl AwrmI dI nINh 15 dsMbr 1941 dy idn r`KI geI sI[ ies ivc 4 hzwr &OjI Swiml ho gey sn, ijnHW ivcooN bhuqy pMjwbI sn[ CyqI hI aus dy jpwnIAW nwl m`qByd ho gey sn ijs kr ky ieMfIAn nYSnl AwrmI qoV id`qI geI sI Aqy auh 29 dsMbr 1942 dy idn iPr jpwnIAW dw kYdI bx igAw sI[ mgroN jUn 1943  ivc suBwS cMdr bos ny Aw ky dobwrw ieMfIAn nYSnl AwrmI nUM kwiem kIqw sI[ sMn 1945 ivc jpwn v`loN hiQAwr sut dyx mgroN ies nUM brqwnvI &Oj ny igR&qwr kr ilAw Aqy ienHW ’qy muk`dmw clwieAw[ pr aunHIN idnIN AMgryzW ny Bwrq nUM C`f jwx dw &Yslw kr ilAw sI, ijs kr ky ieMfIAn nYSnl AwrmI dy jrnYl szwvW qoN bc gey sn[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN ieMfIAn nYSnl AwrmI nwl sbMDq AwgUAW nUM v`fy AhuidAW nwl invwizAw igAw sI[ jnrl mohx isMG kuJ Awzwd qbIAq dw sI, ies kr ky CyqI hI aus dy kWgrsI AwgUAW nwl mqByd ho gey sn[ aus ny iek ikqwb “kWgrs nwl KrIAW KrIAW” ilK ky kWgrs nUM ^Ub BMifAw sI[ kuJ smyN bwAd aus ny kWgrs nwl smJOqw kr ilAw sI, ijs kr ky aus nM rwj sBw dw mYNbr bxw id`qw igAw sI[ aus ny Awpxy Aw^rI idn ipMf juigAwxw (izlHw luiDAwxw) ivc ibqwey sn.

mohx isMG vYd

 

mohx isMG vYd (7.3.1881 – 3.10.1936), pu`qr jYml isMG, dw jnm qrnqwrn Sihr ivc hoieAw sI[ aus nUM bcpn qoN hI ikqwbW pVHn Aqy ilKx dw SOk sI[ auh Ajy skUl dw ividAwrQI sI ik aus ny qMmwkU dy i^lw& iek tRYkt iliKAw sI[ 18 swl dI aumr ivc aus ny is`K Drm bwry lYkcr krny SurU kr id`qy sn[ aus dy mzmUn ^wlsw smwcwr Aqy ^wlsw A^bwr ivc Cpdy huMdy hn[ sMn 1905 ivc aus ny ‘^wlsw BuJMgI sBw’ dy nW hyT nOjvwnW dw iek jQw kwiem kIqw sI; ieh j`Qw cI& Kwlsw dIvwn nwl sbMDq kr id`qw igAw sI (mgroN ieh sMsQw ‘XMg mY~n is`K AYsosIeySn’ dy nW hyT mShUr hoeI sI)[  iesy smyN ivc hI mohx isMG vYd ny AwXurvYidk  duAweIAW dI pVHweI vI SurU kr id`qI sI[ sMn 1906 ivc aus ny ‘dUK invwrx’ nW hyT iek mYZzIn SurU kIqw sI[ sMn 1906 ivc auh ^wlsw pRcwrk ividAwlw qwrnqwrn dw pihlw sk`qr cuixAw igAw sI[ 22 AkqUbr 1920 dy idn aus nUM imauNspl kimSnr cux ilAw igAw sI Aqy auh mOq qk cuixAw jWdw irhw sI[ sMn 1920 ivc aus dIAW koiSSW nwl qrnqwrn  nUM ‘piv`qr Sihr’ dw drjw id`qw igAw sI[ 15 nvMbr 1920 dy idn auh pihlI SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ 26 jnvrI 1921 dy idn jdoN qyjw isMG Bu`cr Aqy aus nwl Awey hor swQIAW ’qy qrnqwrn dy mhMqW ny hmlw kIqw qW ies ny aus swry swky bwry iek ikqwbcw iliKAw sI[ sMn 1922 ivc aus dy pu`qr qrlok isMG ny ‘gurU dw bwZ’ morcy ivc igR&qwrI id`qI sI[ sMn 1923 ivc jdoN srkwr ny SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI nUM ZYr-kwnUMnI AYlwinAw qW hornW dy nwl-nwl mohx isM G vYd nUM vI igR&qwr kIqw sI[ aus ny do swl mIAWvwlI jyl ivc ibqwey sn[ 20 nvMbr 1925 dy idn aus nUM irhw kIqw igAw sI[ sMn 1930 Aqy 1933 ivc auh muV SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ mohx isMG vYd isr& ihkmq dw hI mwihr nhIN sI, aus ny bhuq swrIAW swihqk qy Dwrimk ikqwbW vI ilKIAW hn; ienHW ivc 17 nwvl, 27 in`kIAW khwxIAW dIAW ikqwbW, is`K Drm Aqy AwXurvYd bwry drjnw ikqwbW qy tRYkt vI sn[ mohx isMG vYd dI iek bhuq v`fI liebryrI sI jo aus dy pirvwr ny pMjwb XUnIvristI nUM dwn kr id`qI geI sI (ieh A`j vI rY&rYNs sYkSn ivc mOjUd hY)[ mohx isMG vYd ny AwpxI qkrIbn 55 swl dI aumr ivcoN 50 swl isr& qwrnqwrn ivc hI ibqwey sn[ mohx isMG duKI ny mohx isMG vYd dy jIvn bwry bhuq Swndwr ikqwb ilKI sI ijs ivc bhuq q&sIl id`qI sI.

 

mohx isMG vYd

mohx isMG quV

 

jQydwr mohx isMG (1915- 30.7.1979), pu`qr jgq isMG, dw jnm ipMf quV (izlHw AMimRsr) ivc hoieAw sI[ SurU qoN hI ieh Dwrimk ivcwrDwrw vwlw sI Aqy Dwrimk qy AkwlI kwrvweIAW ivc ih`sw lYNdw rihMdw sI[ sMn 1955 ivc jdoN ‘pMjwbI sUbw izMdwbwd’ morcw l`gw qW ies ny aus dOrwn igR&qwrI id`qI sI[ jnvrI 1960 ivc auh SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ meI 1960 ivc jdoN pMjwbI sUbw morcw l`gw qW pulIs ny ies dI igR&qwrI dy vwrMt k`F id`qy sn[ igR&qwrI qoN bcx vwsqy ieh drbwr swihb AMimRqsr ivc Aw igAw sI[ ies dOrwn srkwr ny aus nUM BgOVw krwr dy ky aus dw zmIn zbq kr leI sI Aqy aus dw mwl fMgr kurk kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1961 ivc aus nUM drbwr swihb dy nyiVEN zbrdsqI cu`k ky jyl Byj id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1962 dIAW pMjwb AsYNblI dIAW coxW ivc auh ny jylH ivcoN hI qrnqwrn hlky qoN cI& minstr pRqwp isMG kYroN dy i^lw& cox lVI sI[ ies cox ivc aus ny kYroN nUM hrw id`qw sI, pr D`ky SwhI kr ky kYroN nUM 34 votW ’qy ij`iqAw krwr dy id`qw igAw sI[ ies mgroN aus nUM Akwl buMgw dw muK syvwdwr Qwp igAw sI[ sMn 1969 ivc auh AYm.AYl.ey. cuixAw igAw sI[ AkqUbr 1972 ivc aus nUM SRomxI AkwlI dl dw pRDwn cux ilAw igAw sI[ auh 27 Agsq 1977 qk pRDwn irhw sI[ aus dI pRDwngI dOrwn sMn 1973 ivc krnwl morcw l`gw sI Aqy sMn 1975 ivc AMdrUnI  AYmrjMsI dy i^lw& morcw lwieAw sI[sMn 1977 ivc auh lok sBw dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ sMn 1979 ivc kuJ smW bImwr rihx mgroN cMfIgVH pI.jI.AweI ivc aus dI moq ho geI sI[ jUn 1984 ivc BwrqI &Oj ny aus dy p`uqr gurbcn isMG AYm.pI. nUM golIAW mwr ky mwr id`qw sI[ aus dw dUjw pu`qr lihxw isMG vI qrnqwrn qoN AYm.pI.cuixAw igAw sI.

mohx isMG quV

mohx isMG nwgoky

 

jQydwr mohx isMG (25.2.1898 -2.3.1969), pu`qr tihl isMG, dw jnm ipMf nwgoky (izlHw AMimRqsr) ivc hoieAw sI[ dsvI pws krn mgroN auh ifptI kimSnr AMimRqsr dy d&qr ivc klrk BrqI ho igAw sI[ jdoN gurduAwrw suDwr lihr SurU hoeI sI qW auh ies dw ihmwieqI bx igAw sI[ aus ny kwlI pgVI bMnHxI SurU kr id`qI sI[  9 &rvrI 1924 dy idn jdoN jYqo morcy ivc 500 is`KW dw pihlw ShIdI jQw jYqo nUM rvwnw hoieAw qW ieh aus ivc Swiml hoieAw sI[ 21 &rvrI 1924 dy idn ies j`Qy au~qy brqwnvI ispwhIAW ny golIAW clw ky drjnW is`K mwr id`qy sn[ mohx isMG nUM vI s`jy p`t ivc golI l`gI sI[ aus nUM AMimRqsr hsqwl ivc BrqI krvw id`qw igAw sI[ z^m TIk hox mgroN 17 ApRYl 1924 dy idn auh muV cOQy ShIdI j`Qy ivc Swiml ho igAw sI Aqy nwBy dI jyl ivc 27 julweI 1925 qk kYd irhw sI[ irhweI mgroN aus nUM SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dy d&qr ivc klrk lw id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1931 ivc aus nUM Akwl buMgw (Akwl q^q) dw mIq muK syvwdwr lwieAw igAw sI[ sMn 1935 ivc auh pUrw muK syvwdwr bx igAw sI[ sMn 1944 ivc auh SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw pRDwn cuixAw igAw sI[ auh sMn 1948 qk pRDwn irhw sI[ ies mgroN auh sMn 1952 qIk Akwl buMgy dw muK syvdwr irhw sI[ sMn 1944 qoN 1948 qIk auh SRomxI gurdAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw pDwn vI sI Aqy Akwl buMgy dw muK syvdwr vI sI[ &rvrI 1949 ivc jdoN Awzwd Bwrq ivc mwstr qwrw isMG dI pihlI igR&qwrI hoeI qW ieh Akwl buMgy dw muK syvdwr sI 9 mwrc 1949 dy idn jdoN mwsqr qwrw isMG dy ihmwieqIAW ny mwstr qwrw isMG dI ishqXwbI vwsqy ‘Ardws idn’ mnwieAw qW auh Akwl buMgw ’qy Ardws krn Awey qW ies ny aunHW nUM rokx dI koiSS kIqI sI[ ies nwl au~Qy gVbV hoeI qW ies ny pulIs bulw leI sI[ ies nwl ies dI bhuq mu^wl&q hoeI sI; pr sMn 1952 qk ies ny Akwl buMgw dw Ahudw nhIN sI C`ifAw[ sMn 1952 ivc ieh kWgrs pwrtI dI itkt ’qy AYm.AYl.ey. cuixAw igAw sI[ sMn 1958 ivc ies nUM subwrfInyt srivisz islYkSn borf dw mYNbr bxw id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1967 ivc ieh iPr AYm.AYl.ey. cuixAw igAw sI[ jUn 1968 ivc ies nUM bryn hYmr`j ho igAw sI, ijs nwl kuJ mhIny mgroN ies dI mOq ho geI sI.

mohx isMG nwgoky

mohn

 

ieh gurU Amr dws jI dw v`fw pu`qr sI[ ies dw jnm sMn 1536 ivc bwsrky ig`lW ipMf ivc hoieAw sI[ jdoN gurU Amr dws jI ny gurg`dI gurU rwmdws nUM id`qI qW ieh ies &Ysly dy i^lw& auT KVHw hoieAw sI[ ies ny Awpxy Awp nUM cOQw gurU kihxw SurU kr id`qw sI[ ieh sMn 1552 qoN mgroN goieMdvwl ivc hI irhw sI[ ies bwry iek kwlpink khwxI mShUr hY ik jdoN gurU Arjn swihb ny gurU gRMQ swihb dI sMpwdnw kIqI sI qW auh ies koloN qIjy gurU jI dI bwxI vwlIAW (Swied pihly Aqy dUjy gurU jI dIAW bwxI vwlIAW vI) poQIAW lYx Awey sn[ sc ieh hY ik gurU Arjn swihb kol swrI bwxI pihlW hI mOjUd sI[ ies kol do poQIAW sn ijnHW ivc kuJ bwxI drj sI[ ies pirvwr ny qW ie`QoN qIk pRcwr kIqw sI ik gurU gRMQ swihb ivc Sbd “mohn qyry aUcy mMdr mhl Apwrw” (s&w 248) ies mohn nUM sMboDn kr ky iliKAw sI[ ieh Sbd pRmwqmw nUM mohn ivSySx vrq ky iliKAw igAw hY.

muhMmd Swh rMgIlw

 sMn 1719 ivc s`Xd BrwvW ny &r`^sIAr bwdSwh nUM AMinHAW kr id`qw sI qy iPr mwr vI id`qw sI[ ies qoN kuJ mhIny mgroN s`Xd BrwvW ny muhMmd Swh rMgIlw nUM id`lI dy q^q ’qy ibTw id`qw sI[ ies dw Asl nW rOSn A^qr sI[ ieh AOrMgzyb dw pVpoqw, bhwdr Swh dw poqw Aqy jhwn Swh dw pu`qr sI[ ies nUM 28  sqMbr 1719 ƒ q^q qy ibTwieAw igAw sI[ aus vyly aus dI aumr isr& 17 swl sI[ sMn 1721 ivc aus dI SwdI &r`^sIAr dI DI nwl hoeI sI[ aus dI mOq sMn 1748 ivc hoeI sI[ aus dy rwjkwl ivc hI nwdr Swh ny sMn 1739 ivc ny ihMd ’qy hmlw kIqw sI Aqy id`lI ivc ^Ub kqlyAwm kIqw sI[ iesy smyN nwdr Swh ny qkrIbn 32 kroV rupY dI kImq dI dOlq lu`tI sI Aqy auh Swh jhwn dw bxvwieAw q^qy-qwaUs Awpxy nwl lY igAw sI Aqy D`ky nwl bwdSwh dI DI dI SwdI Awpxy pu`qr nwl krvw id`qI sI.

muhMmd, hzrq

 

ieslwm dy bwnI hzrq muhMmdiebn Abdu`lw (sMn 570–8.6.632) dw jnm kurYSI ^wndwn dy Abdu`lw iebn Abd Al-muq`ilb dy Gr m`kw Sihr ivc hoieAw sI[ Abdu`lw kurYSI aus smyN kwbw dy mMidr (jo mUrqIAW nwl BirAw hoieAw sI) dw srbrwh sI[ auh Ajy kuJ mhIny dw sI ik aus dy ipqw dI mOq ho geI[ auh Ajy s`q swl dw sI ik aus dI mW dI vI mOq ho geI[ aus dw pwln poSn aus dy dwdw ny kIqw sI[ ieh pirvwr bnU hwSm kbIly dw iek Aihm pirvwr sI[ bcpn ivc muhMmd vI bwkI b`icAW vW| ByfW crwieAw krdw sI[ sMn 595 ivc auh iek AmIr AOrq ^dIjw (jo iek ivDvw AOrq sI) kol mulwzmq krn l`g ipAw sI; ies islisly ivc aus nUM m`kw qoN bwhr, ^ws kr ky bsrw (ierwk) Aqy dmskm (lYbnwn) jwxw pYNdw sI[ hwlW ik  muhMmd iblkul AnpVH sI (ies kr ky aus nUM au~mI kihMdy hn), pr auh lgn Aqy eImwndwrI nwl kMm krdw sI Aqy ^dIjw aus au~qy bhuq ^uS sI[ auh muhMmd ’qy eynI imhrbwn hoeI ik aus ny aus nwl SwdI kr leI[ ies vyly muhMmd dI aumr pMJI swl sI qy ^dIjw dI aumr cwlHI swlW dI sI[ ^dIjw qoN aus dy do pu`qr Aqy cwr DIAW pYdw hoey sn[

     sMn 610 ivc muhMmd dunIAWdwrI qoN  auprwm rihx lg ipAw sI[ auh Aksr phwVW ivc jw ky iDAwn lwieAw krdw sI Aqy A`lHw dI iebwdq kirAw krdw sI[ aus nUM ihrw nW dI phwVI ’qy jwxw bhuq cMgw lgdw sI[ sMn 610 ivc muhMmd ny AYlwn kIqw ik ihrw phwV ’qy jbrweIl &irSqw aus nUM imilAw sI ijs ny ^udw dw pYZwm aus nUM id`qw sI[ ies smyN qoN muhMmd nUM pYZMbr jwixAw jwx lg ipAw sI[ muhMmd dy Drm nUM sB qoN pihlw ^dIjw ny ApxwieAw Aqy aus mgroN AælI, jYd Aqy AbUbkr ny ieslwm nUM ApxwieAw sI[ ies mgroN vI jbrweIl &irSqw muhMmd nUM ^udw dy pYZwm dyNdw irhw[ kdy kdy ^udw Awp vI aus nUM pYZwm dyNdw sI[ muhMmd anHW pYZwmW nUM lokW ivc pRcwrdw sI[ ienHW pYZwmW nUM AwXqW ikhw jWdw hY; ieh swrIAW 6666 AwXqW kurwn ivc drj hn[ hzrq muhMmd dy cyilAW ny m`kw qoN bwhr sB qoN pihlW ieQopIAw ivc ieslwm dw pRcwr kIqw sI[

     sMn 619 ivc ^dIjw dI mOq ho geI sI[ ies mgroN muhMmd ny sOdwh nW dI AOrq nwl SwdI kr leI; Aqy ies dy nwl hI AbU bkr dI DI AwXSw (jo aus vyly isr& s`q swl dI sI) nwl mMgxI kr leI; AwXSw nwl SwdI do swl bwAd hoeI sI[ muhMmd sB qoN vD ipAwr AwXSw nUM hI krdw sI (AwXSw dI mOq 681 ivc hoeI sI); AwXSw nUM muslmwn ‘AMmul momnIn’ (momnW dI mW) kr ky jwxdy hn[

     hzrq muhMmd mUrqI pUjw dy bhuq i^lw& sI[ auh m`ky ivc pRc`lq hor kurIqIAW dy i^lw& vI prcwr kirAw krdw sI[ m`ky dI izAwrq krn Awaux vwly lok aus dIAW glW sux ky aus dy mq ivc Swiml hox lg pey sn[ ies nwl sMn 616 ivc Sihr ivc aus dw ivroD vI hoxw SurU ho igAw sI[ ies hwlq ivc sMn 622 ivc hzrq muhMmd nUM m`ky qoN dOV ky mdInw jwxw ipAw sI[ m`kw qoN mdInw jwx nUM muslmwn lok ‘ihjrq’ kihMdy hn[ mdIny jw ky aus ny iek msijd bxvweI sI; ies nUM hux msijd-aul-nbI kihMdy hn[ m`ky vwilAW ny hzrq muhMmd nUM mdInw ivc vI Awrwm nwl bYTx nhIN id`qw sI[ 2 mwrc 624 dy idn mdInw ’qy pihlw hmlw hoieAw sI; ies mOky ’qy bdr ngr ivc bVI zbrdsq lVweI hoeIsI[ ies mgroN sMn 625, sMn 627 Aqy mgroN vI mdInw ’qy hmly hoey sn[ sMn 628 ivc kurYSIAW Aqy muslmwnW ivc Aihdnwmw ho igAw sI, ijs mgroN Amn vrq igAw sI[

     sMn 630 ivc hzrq muhMmd ny iek hzwr swQIAW nwl m`kw ngr ’qy hmlw kIqw Aqy kwby ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny muK dyvqy hbl dI Aqy 360 hor bu`q qoV ky, aunHW dw cUrw kr ky kwby qoN bwhr su`t id`qy sn[ ies mgroN aus ny kwby ivc pihlI nmwz pVH ky ies QW nUM ikblw AYlwn kIqw Aqy ^udw v`loN hukm suxwieAw ik ies v`L mUMh kr ky nmwz piVHAw kro[

     sMn 632 ivc kuJ smW bImwr rihx mgroN hzrq muhMmd swihb dI mOq ho geI sI[ aus dI kbr mdInw ivc bxI hoeI hY; ies QW nUM hujrw kihMdy hn; ^lI&w AbU bkr dI kbr vI muhMmd dI kbr dy nwl hI bxI hoeI hY[ hzrq muhMmd swihb dIAW 9 ivAwhuqw bIvIAW Aqy do dwsIAW sn[ ienHW ivcoN 9 SwdIAW ivDvw AOrqW nwl hoeIAW sn; isr& AwXSw hI muhMmd dI kMvwrI bIvI sI[ iek SwdI muhmMd dy muqbMny byty zYd v`loN qlwkI hoeI jYnb nwl hoeI sI (ieh SwdI SrA dy ault sI, pr muhMmd ny d`isAw sI ik ^udw vloN imly hukm kr ky aus ny ieh swdI kIqI sI)[ muhMmd dy kul s`q b`cy sn; ienHW ivcoN do byty qy cwr bytIAW pihlI bIvI ^dIjw qoN hoey sn; iek bytw myrI dI ku`K qoN jMimAw sI[ ^dIjw dy audr qoN hoeI bytI &wiqmw nUM C`f ky swry in`kI aumr ivc hI mr gey sn. hor vyKo: m`kw, mdInw.

ihrw phwVI  dI gu&w ij`Qy hzrq muhMmd nUM jbrweIl &irSqw imilAw sI

jbrweIl &irSqw v`loN hzrq muhMmd swihb nUM AwXqW dyx dw idRS

imrzw byZ

 

1. AMimRqsr dI lVweI (13 ApRYl 1634) ivc muZlW v`loN gurU hirgoibMd swihb ’qy hmlw krn AwieAw iek klpink jrnYl[ ieh pwqR kvI sMqoK isMG dw GiVAw hoieAw hY; ies nW dw koeI jrnYl nhIN sI

 

2. sMn 1696 ivc jdoN lwhOr dy nwieb sUbydwr idlwvr ^wn ny phwVI rwijAW ’qy hmlw kIqw qW aus dIAW ByjIAW &OjW ny gulyr Aqy Blwn ipMf ivc do bVIAW zbrdsq lVweIAW lVIAW sn[ ienHW lVweIAW ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI ny vI AwpxIAW &OjW nUM phwVI rwijAW dI mdd krn Aqy mZlW dy i^lw& lVn vwsqy ByijAw sI[ dohW lVweIAW ivc muZlW dI hwr hoeI sI[ ‘gurU kIAW swKIAW’ muqæwibkæ idlwvr ^wn ny mihsUs kIqw sI ik aus dI hwr dw kwrn is`K hn[ ies kr ky aus ny AOrMgzyb nUM is`KW dy i^lw& &Oj Byjx vwsqy AwiKAw sI[ AOrMgzyb dIAW hdwieqW hyT nvMbr 1696 ivc ^wn imrzw byZ nW dw iek jrnYl AnMdpur AwieAw sI Aqy aus ny swry hwlwq vyK ky AOrMgzyb nUM q&sIl nwl jwxkwrI ByjI sI.

mIrI isMG

 

ieh gurU Amr dws swihb dy ^wndwn ivcoN kwhn isMG qryhx dw pu`qr Aqy ibnod isMG dw poqw sI[ sMn 1723 ivc drbwr swihb, gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr), ivc Akwl purKIAW (AKOqI q`q Kwlsw) Aqy inhMgW (AKOqI bMdeI Kwlsw) ivckwr drbwr swihb dw ieMqzwm sMBwlx dw JgVw hoieAw sI[ ies JgVy ivc mIrI isMG ies ‘bMdeI Kwlsw’ dw iek AwgU sI[ ikqwb ‘ShId iblws’ muqæwibkæ BweI mnI isMG ny dohW DiVAW nUM ibTw ky mslw h`l krn dI koiSS kIqI sI[ swlsI smJOqy muqæwibkæ ieh mMinAw igAw ik  do prcIAW ’qy dohW DiVAW dw nW ilK ky AMimRqsr (srovr) ivc pw id`qw jwvygw qy ijs dI prcI pihlW qr AweI dUjw DVw aus dI g`l mMn lvygw[ ie`q&wkn inhMgW (AkwlpurKIAW) dI prcI pihlW qr AweI[ pr bMdeI (Amr isMG dy swQI) iPr iv`tr gey[ ies hwlq ivc BweI mnI isMG ny AkwlpurKIAW dy lwhOrw isMG nwl slwh kIqI ik dohW qr&W dy m`lW (pihlvwnW) dw Gol krvw id`qw jwvy qy ijhVw F`T jwvy auh jyqU nUM Awpxw AwgU mMn ley[ A^Ir ‘bMdeIAW’ v`loN sMgq isMG qy mIrI isMG ieh g`l mMn gey[drbwr swihb dy muK drvwzy kol (ij`Qy hux do JMfy l`gy hoey hn) Gol hoieAw sI ijs ivc ‘bMdeIAW’ v`loN sMgq isMG qy ‘Akwl purKIAW’ v`loN mIrI isMG Guly sn; ies ivc bMdeIAW dw sMgq isMG F`T igAw sI[ hux sMgq isMG ny hwr mMn leI qy bMdw isMG nUM gurU kihx dI izd bMd kr id`qI sI[ BweI mnI isMG ny ausy vyly sUr dw Jtkw krvw ky, mws iqAwr kr ky, sMgq isMG qy aus dy swQIAW nUM KuAwieAw qy nwl hI sUhy rMg dI QW nIly kpVy puAw ky ‘eykqw’ krvw id`qI sI[ mIrI isMG bwry ies qoN vDyry koeI jwxkwrI nhIN imldI. hor vyKo: q`q Kwlsw.

mIrw bweI

 

mIrW bweI (sMn 1498-1547; hor qwrI^W vI imldIAW hn) iek BgqxI sI jo ikRSn BgqI dy gIq ilKdI qy gwauNdI sI[ ies dy ipCokV bwry koeI jwxkwrI nhIN imldI[ ieh myvwV dy rwjw rwxw sWgw dy pu`qr Boj rwj nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI[ ies dI SwdI sMn 1516 ivc hoeI sI Aqy do swl mgroN ies dw pqI iek lVweI ivc z^mI hox mgroN cVHweI kr igAw sI[ ies mgroN ieh BgqxI bx geI sI[

ies sbMDI vI bVIAW kwlpink khwxIAW mShUr hn[ mIrw dI iek kivqw BweI bMno v`loN auqwrw kIqI bIV ivc iliKAw hoieAw imldw hY[ mIrw bweI dI Xwdgwr rwijsQwn dy izlHw nwgpur dy ngr myrqw ivc bxI hoeI hY[ icqOV ivc, ijs mMidr ivc auh ikRSn BgqI dy gIq gwieAw krdI sI, Aj vI mOjUd hY.

icqOV ivc mIrwbweI dw mMidr

mIr mMnU

 

ies dw Asl nW mueæIn-aud-dIn sI[ ies nUM muZl bwdSwh v`loN mueæIn-aul-mulk rusqim-ie-ihMd dw i^qwb imilAw hoieAw sI[ ieh id`lI dy vzIr (pRweIm minstr) kmr-aus-dIn ^wn dw pu`qr (qy muhMmd AmIn ^wn dw poqw) sI (zkrIAw ^wn mIr mMnU dw ccyrw Brw vI sI Aqy Pu`PV vI sI)[ 11 mwrc 1748 dy idn Aihmd Swh du`rwnI ny lwhOr Aqy srhMd ’qy kbzw krn mgroN id`lI v`l ru^ kIqw qW srhMd qoN 15 iklomItr dUr ipMf mnU dI jUh ivc muZl &OjW ny aus dw rwh rok ilAw sI[ ies lVweI ivc krm-aud-dIn AgvweI kr irhw sI[ iek golw l`gx nwl aus dI mOq ho geI sI[ mIr mMnU ny aus nUM isrhwinAW dI mdd nwl bYTw idKw ky lVweI dI AgvweI kIqI sI[ Acwxk hwlwq Aijhy bx gey ik Aihmd Swh nUM hwr imlI qy auh vwips clw igAw sI[ mIr mMnU dI ies kwrvweI qoN ^uS ho ky bwdSwh ny aus nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw sI[

11 AprYl 1748 dy idn mIr mnUU lwhOr dw sUbydwr bixAw sI[ aus ny hkUmq sMBwlidAW hI lKpq rwey ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw[ lKpq rwey nUM qIh l`K rupey jurmwnw kIqw[ lKpq rwey dI 18 l`K nkdI qoN ielwvw aus dI jwiedwd nUM vyc ky kul 2 l`K rupey bxy sn[ mIr mnUU vloN lKpq rwey ’qy Awied kIqy jurmwny dw bkwieAw 10 l`K ruupey bxdy sn[ ieh 10 l`K rupey dIvwn kOVw ml ny Adw kr ky mIr mnUU qoN lKpq rwey ƒ Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw sI[ mgroN aus ny lKpq ƒ is`KW dy hvwly kr id`qw sI qW jo auh aus nUM aus dy zulmW dI szw dy skx[

mIr mnUU ny hkUmq sMBwlx mgroN SurU-SurU ivc qW is`KW nUM kuJ nw ikhw pr jd aus dy pYr p`ky ho gey qW aus ny vI zkrIAw ^wn Aqy lKpq rwey vWg is`KW dw kqlyAwm SurU kr idqw[ aus ny AwpxI &Oj nUM hukm jwrI kr id`qy ik auh ij`Qy vI iksy is`K nUM dyKx aus nUM PV ky aus dy vwl muMn dyx qy jy auh Aijhw nw krn dyvy qW aus nUM kql kr dyx[ aus ny cODrIAW Aqy phwVI rwijAW nUM vI hukm jwrI kr idqy ik auh Awpxy ielwky ivc is`KW nUM nw vVn dyx qy jy koeI is`K aunHW dy ielwky ivc Aw jwvy qW aus nUM igR&qwr kr ky lwhOr Byj dyx jW aus nUM kql kr dyx[ ies ’qy phwVI rwijAW ny bhuq swry is`K igR&qwr kr ky lwhOr Byjy sn[ ies qrHW iek vwr Pyr hzwrW is`K lwhOr dy iklHy dy ip`Cy inKws cOk ivc kql kr idqy gey sn[ ieh dOr 5–6 mhIny cldw irhw sI[

AprYl 1748 ivc hwirAw Aihmd Swh iek vwr Pyr h`Q Azmwauxw cwhuMdw sI[ ies kr ky nvMbr 1749 ivc aus ny Pyr pMjwb ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ auh AwpxI pihlI hwr dw bdlw lYx vwsqy ies vwr vDyry &Oj lY ky AwieAw sI[ dsMbr 1749 ivc Aihmd Swh ny isMD dirAw pwr kIqw[  mIr mnUU ny Aihmd Swh dw twkrw krn vwsqy id`lI drbwr qoN mdd mMgI pr id`lI dw vzIr (pRweIm minstr) s&dr jMg aus nwl Kwr KWdw sI qy aus dw nukswn krnw cwhuMdw sI, ies kr ky aus ny koeI mdd nw kIqI[ ies mjbUrI kwrn mIr mnUU ny soDry dy mYdwn ivc QoVHw icr mukwblw qW kIqw pr CyqI hI hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ mIr mnUU ny id`lI drbwr dI iejwzq nwl ‘cwr mhl’ (isAwlkot, gujrwq, psrUr qy AOrMgwbwd prgny) dw 14 l`K swlwnw mwlIAw Aihmd Swh nUM dyxw mnzUr kr ilAw[

Aihmd Swh v`loN ivhlw ho ky mIr mnUU ny iPr is`KW ’qy Aw^rW dI s^qI SurU kr id`qI[ aus ny ijzwrcIAW (bMdUkcIAW) dI iek “gSqI &Oj” bxw idqI ijs kol vDIAw bMdUkW sn qy ies dw muK kMm is`KW dw iSkwr krnw sI[ mIr mnUU ny is`KW dy isrW dy eInwm r`Kx dw AYlwn kr id`qw sI[ SwhI &urmwn muqæwibkæ iek is`K dw isr ilAwaux vwly ƒ 10 rupey imlxy sn[ ieM\ hI iksy is`K nwl lVweI ivc GoVw mrvw lYx vwly ƒ SwhI Asqbl ivcoN nvW GoVw imlxw sI[ is`K nUM pnwh dyxw iek jurm bxw idqw igAw[ ies SwhI AYlwn mgroN hzwrW is`K igR&qwr kr ky ShId kIqy gey[ muZl &OjI iek is`K dy isr dI Bwl ivc 60–65 iklomItr qk mwr mwrdy huMdy sn[ ieh vylw is`KW vwsqy bVw AOKw smW sI[ ies smyN ivc bhuq swry is`KW ny ShIdIAW pweIAW sn[

zulm dw ieh dOr qkrIbn 6 mhIny cldw irhw sI[ ies vwr mIr mnUU ny ieh AYlwn vI kIqw ik is`K ƒ pnwh dyx jW aus bwry jwxkwrI lukwaux vwlw vI mujirm igixAw jweygw[ 3 AkqUbr 1751 dy idn mIr mnUU ny moimn ^wn nUM ^ws qOr ’qy is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm dw cwrj dy idqw sI[aus ny moimn ƒ is`KW dy kqlyAwm vwsqy ^ws qOr ’qy qweInwq kIqw sI; aus nUM iek v`fI &Oj, Aslw qy cMgI rkm vI muh`eIAw kIqI sI[ ies ’qy is`KW ƒ iek vwr Pyr Gr-Gwt Cfxy pey sn[ ieM\ hI eymnwbwd dy &Ojdwr nUM vI iesy muihMm ’qy lw idqw igAw[ hux mIr mnU ny Awpxy &OjI ipMfW ivc vI Byj idqy ijnHW dw kMm is`KW dI Bwl krnw sI[ aunHW nUM jo bMdw vI is`K vrgw jwpdw sI aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw jWdw sI[

mIr mnUU dy zulmW dy bwvjUd vI is`K cVHdI klw ivc sn[ aunHW ƒ keI-keI swlW dI lMbI rwq dy bwvjUd cwnx dI ikrn nzr AwauNdI sI[ aunHW ƒ XkIn sI ik Akwl purK aunHW dw iemiqhwn lY irhw hY qy auh ies iemiqhwn ivcoN vI sur^rU ho ky inklxgy[ ies kr ky zulm, qsIhy, qS`dd, kqlyAwm qy kYd aunHW ƒ frw nhIN sn sky[ auh ^ud ƒ zrw vI kmzor, audws, hIxy, inMmoJUxy, byidl, byihs, bybs, byks mihsUs nhIN krdy sn[ aunHW dy hONsly ATHwrvIN sdI dy ies  is`K-qrwny’coN pVyH jw skdy hn:

mnUU swfI dwqrI,AsIN mnUU dy soey[

ijauN ijauN swƒ v`Fdw, AsIN sO sO dUxy hoey (jW AsI dUx svwey hoey)[

     mIr mnUU ny is`KW nUM ^qm krn vwsqy pUrw itl lwieAw[ mnUU roz sYNkVy is`K mwrdw sI qy aunHW dy isrW qy lwSW nwl KUh Br gey sn[ mIr mnUU ny isr& &OjI is`K hI nhIN blik ikswn qy Coty-moty vpwrI vI igR&qwr kr ky mwry sn[ mnUU ny bIbIAW qy b`icAW dw vI Gwx kIqw sI[ bIbIAW nUM jylHW ivc roz svw-svw mx (40 iklo) kxk pIsx dw hukm sI qy ies bdly aunHW nUM c`pw (cOQw ih`sw) rotI imldI sI[ ienHW jylHW ivc hI is`K bIbIAW dy koloN aunHW dy b`cy Koh ky qsIhy  dy-dy ky mwry jWdy sn qy aunHW dIAW lwSW dy tukiVAW dy hwr pro ky aunHW dy glW ivc pwey jWdy sn[ Aijhw kr ky aunHW nUM frwieAw jWdw sI qW jo auh muslmwn bx jwx; pr iek vI is`K bIbI ny Awpxw Drm nhIN C`ifAw sI[

mnUU dy ies zulmI-dOr dOrwn hzwrW is`K kql kIqy gey sn[ iek AMdwzy muqæwibkæ mIr mnUU dy hukm nwl iek`ly nKws cOk lwhOr ivc 25 qoN 30 hzwr dy ivckwr is`K kql kIqy gey sn[ jdoN is`KW dI igxqI Gt geI qW mIr mnUU ny is`KW dy isrW dw m`ul 10 rupey qoN 25 rupey kr id`qw sI[ mnUU ny kql kIqy is`KW dy isrW nwl mInwr ausrvwey sn[

2 nvMbr 1753 nUM mIr mnUU milkpur vwlI cONkI ivc hwizr sI[ aus nUM ^br imlI ik is`KW dw iek v`fw j`Qw lwhOr v`loN c`k gurU v`l jwx vwsqy jW vwips muVidAW ipMf milkpur dy nyVy gMny dy iek Kyq ivc luikAw bYTw hY[ ^br imlidAW hI mIr mnUU aus qr& cl ipAw qy gMny dy Kyq nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ jd luky hoey is`KW nUM pqw l`gw ik aunHW nUM &Oj ny Gyr ilAw hY qW aunHW Kyq ’coN &wieirMg SurU kr idqI[ iek dm golIAW dI Awvwz ’qy mIr mnUU dw GoVw qr`bk ipAw Aqy B`j tuirAw[ mnUU GoVy qoN ifg ipAw pr aus dw iek pYr GoVy dI rkwb ivc hI Ps igAw[ GoVw mnUU nUM GsItdw bVI dUr qk inkl igAw[ mnUU burI qrHW z^mI ho igAw[ mnUU dw ielwj krn dI bVI koiSS kIqI geI pr auh hoS ivc vI nw Aw sikAw qy 3–4 nvMbr dI rwq nUM mr igAw[ pr, imskIn (jo mIr mnUU dw Zulwm sI) muqæwibkæ mnUU nUM iksy ny Kwxy ivc zihr id`qw sI[ imskIn ilKdw hY ik 3 nvMbr nUM is`KW dw ip`Cw krdw hoieAw mIr mnUU lwhOr qoN 25 iklomItr dUr ipMf Avwn dy iklHy ivc TihirAw hoieAw sI[ aus ny aus idn dw Kwxw Kw ky kuJ icr susqwieAw Aqy iPr bwAd dupihr auT ky pwKwny jwx mgroN nmwz pVHI[ ies mgroN aus ny ivlwieqI swtn dy nIl bsqr (hry rMg dy kpVy) pihxy qy GoVy ’qy cVH ky iklHy coN bwhr AwieAw[ ies mOky ’qy Kvwjw imrzw ny aus nUM kuJ is`KW dy k`ty hoey isr pyS kIqy qy eInwm hwisl kIqw[ ies mgroN aus ny GoVy nUM A`fI mwrI qy KyqW ivc Awpxy &OjIAW v`l clw igAw[ ie`Qy Acwxk aus dI qbIAq ^rwb ho geI[ hkImW ny aus nUM dvweI id`qI pr aus dI hwlq lgwqwr ivgVdI geI qy auh A`DI rwq vyly mr igAw[

jd is`KW nUM mIr mnUU dI mOq dI ^br imlI qW aunHW ny rwqo-rwq lwhOr ivc mnUU dI jylH ’qy hmlw kr ky kYd isMGxIAW qy b`icAW nUM irhw krvw ilAw[ muZl, mIr mnUU dy A&sos ivc ru`Jy hox kr ky, aunHW nUM rok nw sky[ mMnUU dI mOq ’qy is`K hI nhIN Awm lokW ny vI rwhq mihsUs kIqI ikauN ik is`KW nUM mwrn leI aus ny iek v`fI &Oj BrqI kr leI sI ijs nwl aus dy Krcy bhuq vD gey sn qy ienHW ^ricAW nUMM pUrw krn leI auh lokW dw ^Un incoVdw sI.

imlKw isMG

 ‘&lweINg is`K’ imlKw isMG (20.9.1929–18.6.2021) dw jnm ipMf goivMdpurw (nyVy muz`&rgVH, p`CmI pMjwb) ivc iek rwTOr rwjpUq pirvwr ivc hoieAw sI[ (auN\ aus dw jnm 17 AkqUbr 1935 Aqy 20 nvMbr 1935 iliKAw vI imldw hY)[ imlKw isMG hurIN 15 BYx-Brw sn, ijnHW ivc A`T jxy sMn 1947 dI vMf qoN vI pihlW hI mr gey sn[ pMjwb dI vMf vyly hoey kqlyAwm ivc aus dy mwpy, iek Brw Aqy do BYxW vI mwrIAW geIAW sn[ ieh swry kql aus dIAW A`KW dy swhmxy hoey sn[

     sMn 1947 ivc auh pUrbI pMjwb ivc Aw igAw sI Aqy id`lI fyrw lw ilAw sI[ auh kuJ smW AwpxI BYx inrml kOr kol TihirAw sI (jo ivAwhI hoeI sI)[ aunHIN idnI iek idn ibnw itkt qoN g`fI ivc s&r krn kr ky aus nUM igR&qwr vI kIqw igAw sI[ aus dI BYx ny gihxw vyc ky aus nUM irhw krvwieAw sI[ auh kuJ smW purwxw iklHw ivc iek ri&aUjI kYNp ivc Aqy Swhdrw ivc iek muV-vswaU klonI (rIsYtlmYNt klonI) ivc vI TihirAw sI[ v`fw ho ky auh BwrqI &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw sI ij`QoN auh ‘AwnryrI’ kYptn vjoN rItwier hoieAw sI[

     aus ny sMn 1956, 1960 Aqy 1964 (tokIE) dIAW smr aulMipk ivc vI Bwrq dI numwieMdgI kIqI sI[ aus ny sMn 1958 (kwrif&) kwmnvYlQ gymz; sMn 1958 (tokIE), sMn 1962 (jkwrtw) eySIAn gymz; sMn 1958 (mYlbOrn), sMn 1962 (rom)) dIAW eySIAn KyfW ivc vI ih`sw ilAw sI Aqy golf mYfl ij`qy sn[ sMn 2010 qk auh ie`ko-iek BwrqI AYQlIt sI ijs ny kwmnvYlQ KyfW ivc AQlYitks ivc golf mYfl ij`iqAw hovy[ sMn 1960 ivc aus ny rom ElMipk qoN pihlW &rWs ivc 45.8 sYikMf ivc 400 mItr dI dOV pUrI kIqI sI[ sMn 1960 ivc aus ny pwiksqwn dy dOVwk Abdul ^wilk nUM hrwieAw sI ijs ’qy pwiksqwn dy sdr AXUb ^wn ny aus nUM ‘aufxw is`K’ dw nW id`qw sI[ imlKw isMG ny AwpxI izMdgI ivc 80 dOVW ivc ih`sw ilAw sI Aqy aus ny ienHW ivcoN 77 dOVW ij`qIAW sn[

     imlKw isMG nUM Bwrq srkwr v`loN pdm SRI dw AYvrf vI imilAw sI[  sMn 2001 ivc aus nUM Arjun AYvwrf id`qy jwx dw AYlwn hoieAw ijs nUM aus ny lYx qoN nWh kr id`qI sI[ aus ny ikhw ik ieh myrI Swn qoN hyTly drjy dw AYvwrf hY[

     imlKw isMG ikauNik BwrqI &Oj dy ispwhI vjoN nOkrI krdw sI, ies kr ky sMn 1958 ivc aus v`loN eySIAn KyfW ivc ij`q hwisl krn ’qy aus nUM ‘jUnIAr kimSnf Aw&Isr’ dw Ahudw dy id`qw igAw sI[ &Oj ivcoN rItwier hox mgroN pMjwb srkwr ny aus nUM ‘fwierYktr Aw& sports’ bxw id`qw sI ijs qoN auh sMn 1998 ivc rItwier hoieAw sI[ sqMbr 2017 ivc aus dw mom dw buq iqAwr kIqw igAw sI, ijs nUM cMfIgVH ivc lwieAw igAw sI[

     imlKw isMG ny 1962 ivc inrml kOr nwl SwdI kIqI sI (auh 1955 ivc BwrqI vwlIvwl tIm dI kYptn sI)[ aunHW ny iqMn DIAW Aqy iek pu`qr (jIv imlKw isMG) nUM jnm id`qw sI.

imlKw isMG dOVdw hoieAw

imlKw isMG qy (100 swl dI aumr ivc mYrwQn dw bwdSwh) bwbw &Ojw isMG

imlKw isMG jYqo

 

1. imlKw isMG (vwsI lwhOr) jYqo morcy ivc ATvyNy ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

2. imlKw isMG, pu`qr Bwn isMG (vwsI ipMf bMgsIpurw, izlHw luiDAwxw) jYqo morcy ivc qIjy ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

mIAW im`Tw

 

iek swKI muqæwibkæ ieh im`Tnkot (izlHw fyrw ZwzI ^wn) dw iek &kIr sI jo gurU nwnk swihb nUM iek audwsI dOrwn imilAw sI[ mgroN ieh gurU jI nUM imlx vwsqy krqwrpur vI igAw sI.

mIAW mIr, sWeIN

 

bwbw sWeIN mIr muhMmd swihb (ijs nUM is`K ‘sWeIN mIAW mIr’ vjoN Xwd krdy hn) kæwdrI sU&I i&rky nwl sbMDq mIAW Kyl Sw^w dw moFI sI[ aus dw jnm sMn 1550 ivc sIsqwn ivc hoieAw sI Aqy mOq 22 Agsq 1635 dy idn 85 swl dI aumr ivc lwhOr ivc hoeI sI[ auh ieslwm dy ^lI&w aumr iebn Al-^`qwb  nwl is`Dw sbMDq sI[ auh Swh jhwn dy v`fy pu`qr dwrw iSkoh dw ausqwd sI[ jdoN jhWgIr lwhOr AwieAw sI qW auh aucycy qOr ’qy sweIN mIAW mIr nUM imlx AwieAw sI[

     sWeIN mIAW mIr dy gurU hirgoibMd swihb nwl myl hox dw pqw lgdw hY (kuJ lokW dw ivcwr hY ik aus dw myl gurU Arjn swihb nwl vI hoieAw sI)[ mIAW mIr dy sbMD ivc do g`lW bhuq mShUr hn: pihlI qW ieh ik gurU Arjn swihb ny AMimRqsr (srovr) ivc drbwr swihb dI nINh mIAW mIr qoN rKvweI sI; dUjw ieh ik mIAW mIr ny gurU Arjn swihb dI ShIdI dw ivroD kIqw sI[ ieh dovyN g`lW Zlq hn[ drbwr swihb dI nINh 3 jnvrI 1588 dy idn gurU Arjn swihb ny Awp r`KI sI; mIAW mIr v`loN nINh r`Ky jwx dw pRcwr sMn 1845 qoN mgroN mOlvI bUty Swh ny kIqw sI[ gurU Arjn swihb dI ShIdI sbMDI mIAW mIr v`loN ivroD krnw vI kwlpink g`l hY[ hW gurU hirgoibMd swihb nUM gvwlIAr iklHy ivcoN irhw krn ivc sweIN mIAW mIr dw rol zrUr sI[ jdoN gurU hirgoibMd swihb irhweI mgroN pihlI vwr lwhOr Awey sn qW auh sweIN mIAW mIr nUM iml ky gey sn[ ieh vI crcw irhw hY ik jhWgIr Aqy gurU jI sweIN mIAW mIr nUM imlx vwsqy iek`Ty gey sn; pr ies dw koeI ieiqhwsk hvwlw nhIN imldw[ sweIN mIAW mIr dw mzwr lwhOr dy ielwky AwlmgMj ivc bxwieAw igAw hY[ hzwrW lok aus dy mzwr ’qy sjdw krn vwsqy jWdy hn[ lwhOr dI &OjI CwvxI dw nW aus dy nW ’qy mIAW mIr CwvxI r`iKAw igAw hY.

sWeIN mIAW mIr dw mzwr

myvw isMG lopoky

 

myvw isMG (1880- 11.1.1915), pu`qr nMd isMG AOlK, dw jnm ipMf lopoky (izlHw AMimRqsr) ivc hoieAw sI[ sMn 1906 ivc auh knyfw Aw igAw sI Aqy vYnkUvr ivc rihx lg ipAw sI[ do swl mgroN 21 jUn 1908 dy idn aus ny KMfy  dI pwhul leI sI Aqy Awpx jIvn is`KI dy lyKy lwaux dw pRx ilAw sI[ ies qoN Cy swl mgroN jdoN kwmgwtwmwrU jhwz dy muswi&rW nUM knyfw ivc auqrn nw id`qw igAw qW mukwmI AwgUAW ny ies dy i^wl& hr qrHw dI j`dojihd krn dw &Yslw kIqw sI[ ies mksd vwsqy BweI blvMq isMG, BweI Bwg isMG Aqy hrnwm isMG AmrIkw ivcoN hiQAwr lYx vwsqy vI gey sn[ aunHW nUM vwips knyfw dwi^l huMidAW AYbts&orf kol srh`d ’qy PV ilAw igAw sI[ myvw isMG aunHW dy nwl nhIN sI, pr aus nUM vI igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw sI[ ienHW swirAW nUM audoN C`ifAw igAw sI jdoN jhwz vwips jw cukw sI[    

     kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz dy jwx mgroN knyfw dy AMgryz hwkm is`KW nUM iksy nw iksy FMg nwl szw dyxw cwhuMdy sn[ aunHW nUM BweI Bwg isMG (iB`KI ivMf), BweI blvMq isMG (gRMQI), BweI bqn isMG (dlyl isMG vwlw), BweI suMdr isMG (bwVIAW) qy hrnwm isMG swhrI vDyry cuBdy sn[ AMgryzW ny is`KW dy i^lw& pulIs qy ^u&IAw mihkmy ivc iek sY~l kwiem kIqw hoieAw sI ijs dw ieMcwrj iek AMgryz hwpiknsn sI jo ieMtYlIjYNs mihkmy  dw iek A&sr sI (auh iek ihMdU mW qy gory bwp qoN hox ky kuJ-kuJ pMjwbI vI smJ skdw sI)[ aus ny bylw isMG ijAwx, bwbU isMG, hrnwm isMG (imlsweIf gurduAwry dw iek swbkw gRMQI jo bwbU isMG dy nwl ieko kmry ivc rihMdw sI), Arjn isMG qy iek do hor pMjwbI Awpxy eyjMt bxwey hoey sn[ 31 Agsq 1914 dy idn hrnwm isMG dI lwS imlI; iksy ny aus dw isr v`F ky lwS jMgl ivc su`t id`qI sI (crcw sI ik ieh AYkSn jgq isMG surisMG, swizS kys vwlw nhIN, dw sI); ieh hrnwm isMG 17 Agsq qoN hI Zwieb sI[ ikauN ik puls nUM kwqlW dw pqw nw l`gw ies kr ky ZdwrW dy hOsly burI qrHW ifgy sn[ ZdwrW dI bdiksmqI ik 3 sqMbr nUM, Apxy hI iek dosq, rwm isMG h`QoN ZlqI nwl golI cl jwx kwrn Arjn isMG vI mwirAw igAw[ hux bylw isMG is`K AwgUAW ’qy vwr krnw cwhuMdw sI[

5 sqMbr idn aus dy sskwr mgroN is`K gurduAwry ivc bYTy sI qW bylw isMG ny Bwg isMG (iB`KI ivMf, izlHw AMimRqsr) ’qy golIAW clweIAW[ aus dy bcwA vwsqy bqn isMG (dlyl isMG vwlw, izlHw mwnsw) A`gy AwieAw[ bylw isMG ny aus ’qy vI &wier kr id`qw[ auh dovyN Agly idn cVHweI kr gey sn[

BwvyN srkwr ny bylw isMG ’qy muk`dmw clwieAw sI pr ieh idKwvy dI kwrvweI sI[ bylw isMG dy h`k ivc mukwmI ihMdUAW bwbU, Twkr, syvw, Amr, n`Qw, gMgU rwm qy fw: rGU nwQ gvwhIAW id`qIAW sn[ ies qoN ielwvw hwpiknsn s&weI dy gvwh vjoN pyS hoieAw sI qy ienHW do kqlW nUM Awpxy bcwA vwsqy kIqy kql grdwinAw sI[

ieh swrI skIm qy kwrvweI muK qOr ’qy hwpiknsn Aqy mYlkm rIf  dI sI[ ieh D`kw vyK ky BweI myvw isMG lopoky jr nw sikAw qy aus ny hwpiknsn nUM szw dyx dw &Yslw kIqw[ 21 AkqUbr 1914 dy idn jd hwpiknsn Adwlq ivc bylw isMG dy h`k ivc gvwhI dyx vwsqy pu`jw hoieAw sI qW myvw isMG ny aus nUM au~Qy hI golIAW mwr ky mwr id`qw sI Aqy Awpxy Awp nUM igR&qwrI vwsqy pyS kr id`qw sI[

     myvw isMG ’qy muk`dmw clw ky aus nUM, isr& 8 idn dy AMdr hI, 30 AkqUbr dy idn &WsI dI szw suxw id`qI geI sI[ aus nUM 11 jnvrI dy idn svyry 7.45 vjy inaU vYstimnstr jyl ivc &WsI id`qI geI sI[ myvw isMG dw sskwr krn vwly jlUs ivc sYNkVy is`K Swiml hoey sn[ aus dI AMiqm Ardws vyly gurduAwry ivc 500 qoN vD is`K phuMcy hoey sn (aus vyly vYnkUvr ivc kul 1000 pMjwbI rihMdy sn)[ sMn 2020 ivc inaU vYstimnstr dy istI kONslr ipkmwier ny iek mqw pws krvw ky  11 jnvrI nUM ‘ShId myvw isMG lopoky’ idn vjoN AYlwn krvwieAw sI. hor vyKo: hOpiknsn.

myvw isMG lopoky (jvwnI vyly dI qsvIr)

myvw isMG dI imRqk

myvw isMG dw sskwr krn smyN nwl jWdI sMgq

myvw isMG lopoky sbMDI AdwlqI &Ysly qoN Agly idn 31 AkqUbr 1915 dI A^bwr dI irporoitMg

^br dy hyTly ih`sy dI q&sIl

mYtkw&

 sr cwrls tI, mYtkw& (30.1.1785 -5.9.1846), pu`qr Qwms iQEiPls mYtkw&, dw jnm kolkwqw ivc hoieAw sI[ies nUM AMgRyzI, &wrsI qy keI zbwnW AwauNdIAW sn[ ieh pihlW bMgwl dI &Oj ivc ‘lyKk’ vjoN BrqI hoieAw sI[ mgroN qr`kI krdw krdw ieh jnrl lyk, jnrl simQ  qy jnrl fwaufvY~l dy eyjMt vjoN qeInwq irhw sI[ jdoN AMgRyzW Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ivckwr Aihdnwmw hoieAw qW lwrf imMto ny Aihdnwmw ilKx vwsqy sMn 1808 ivc ies nUM  lwhOr ByijAw sI[ ies Aihdnwmy ’qy 25 ApRYl 1809 dy idn dsq^q kIqy gey sn[ ies vyly ieh 23 swl dw nOjvwn sI[ ieh kuJ smW id`lI (sMn 1810-11) Aqy hYdrwbwd ivc (sMn 1820-27) ‘rYzIfYNt’ dy Ahudy ’qy irhw sI[ sMn 1835 ivc ieh Awgrw sUby dw gvrnr vI irhw sI[ ieh 20 mwrc 1835 qoN 4 mwrc 1836 qk ihMd dw gvrnr jnrl vI irhw sI[ sMn 1839 qoN 1842 qk ieh jmwiekw mulk dw gvrnr irhw sI[ sMn 1843 qoN  1845 qk ieh  knyfw dw gvrnr jnrl irhw sI[ jdoN ieh lwhOr irhw sI qW ies dy iek pMjwbI AOrq nwl sbMD bx gey sn ijs qoN ies dy iqMn pu`qr pYdw hoey sn[ ieh swry ieMglYNf ivc pVHn vwsqy Byjy gey sn[ mYtkw& dw bu“q jmwiekw ivc l`gw hoieAw hY.

mihqwb isMG srdwr bhwdur

b. mihqwb isMG (1879-23.5.1938), pu`qr hzUrw isMG, dw jnm p`CmI pMjwb dy ipMf hMfwlI (izlHw Swhpur) ivc hoieAw sI[ skUl dI ividAw pUrI krn mgroN sMn 1895 ivc auh ieMglYNf clw igAw sI ij`QoN aus ny kwnUMn dI ifgrI hwisl kIqI sI[ vwips muV ky aus ny Swhpur ivc vkwlq SurU kr leI sI[ sMn 1910 ivc srkwr ny aus nUM &Irozpur ivc srkwrI vkIl dw Ahudw dy id`qw sI[ mgroN aus nUM lwhOr qbdIl kr id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1915 ivc aus nUM srdwr swihb Aqy 1918 ivc srdwr bhwdur dw i^qwb id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1919 ivc jdoN pMjwb ivc pihlIAW coxW hoeIAW sn qW auh pMjwb kONsl dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ sMn 1920 ivc aus nUM pMjwb kONsl dw ifptI prYzIfYNt bxw id`qw igAw sI[ &rvrI 1921 ivc jdoN mhMq nrYxU ny nwnkwxw swihb ivc is`KW dw kqlyAwm kIqw qW ies nUM aus dI ienkuAwierI kmytI dw muKI lwieAw igAw sI[ jdoN ies ny vyiKAw ik pulIs suprfYNt bwauirMg is`KW dy burI qrHW i^lw& hY qW ies ny AsqI&w dy id`qw sI Aqy ies sbMDI ibAwn vI jwrI kr idqw sI[ 11 nvMbr 1921 dy idn aus ny pMjwb kONsl dy ifptI prYzIfYNt vjoN vI AsqI&w dy id`qw sI Aqy AkwlI lihr ivc Swiml ho igAw sI[ aus dI pihlI igR&qwrI nvMbr 1921 ivc ‘cwbIAW dw morcw’ dOrwn hoeI sI[ ies ivc aus nUM 6 mhIny kYd qy 1000 rupY jurmwny dI szw suxweI geI sI[12 AkqUbr 1923 dy idn jdoN SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI nUM ZYr kwnUMnI krwr id`qw igAw qW bwkI AwgUAW dy nwl nwl ies nUM vI igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw sI[ ies dI irhweI svw do swl mgroN 26 jnvrI 1925 dy idn hoeI sI[ irhw hox mgroN auh SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw pRDwn bx igAw sI[ jUn 1926 ivc jdoN gurduAwr AYkt hyT coxW hoeIAW sn qW aus dw DVw bhuq ip`Cy rih igAw sI Aqy KVk isMG-mwstr qwrw isMG DVw jyqU irhw sI[ pihlW qW ies ny nvyN pRDwn nUM cwrj dyx qoN nWh kIqI sI, pr pulIs dy d^l dyx ’qy ies ny kbzw dy id`qw sI[

     sMn 1928 ivc aus ny sweImn kimSn dy i^lw& j`dojihd ivc vD cVH ky ih`sw ilAw sI[ sMn 1928 ivc aus ny ‘nihrU irport’ dI ft ky mu^wl&q kIqI sI[ ies irport ivc mulk Br ivc hox vwlIAW coxW ivc is`KW dy h`kW nUM iblkul nzr-AMdwz kIqw igAw sI[

SRomxI AkwlI dl dy bulwvy ’qy iek Awl pwrtIz is`K kwn&rµs 29 jnvrI 1928 dy idn gurU rwmdws lµgr vwly hwl (drbwr swihb) AµimRqsr ivc hoeI sI[ ies iek`T ivc 150 dy krIb sInIAr AkwlI AwgU Aqy sYNkVy vrkr Swiml hoey sn[ ienHW ivcoN muK sn: mwstr qwrw isµG, ig: Syr isµG, s:b. mihqwb isµG, au~jl isµG AYm.AYl.sI. mµgl isµG ig`l, hIrw isµG drd, bwbw KVk isµG qy hrb^S isµG AYm.AYl.sI.[ ies kwn&rµs ny vI lokW ƒ ApIl kIqI ik sweImn kimSn dw mukµml bweIkwt kIqw jwvy[ iesy iek`T ny ieh vI mqw pws kIqw ik ‘‘i&rkyvwrwnw coxW dyS vwsqy GwtyvµdIAW hn, pr ikauNik kWgrs Aqy muslm lIg ny ies ƒ mµn ilAw hY ies kr ky is`KW dw &Yslw ieh hY ik is`KW ƒ pµjwb ivc qIjw ih`sw sItW id`qIAW jwx qy inzwm ivc vI eynw hI ih`sw imly[ is`K iksy vI hwlq ivc i&rkU numwieµdgI dy ADwr ’qy cuxI iek`lI AksrIAq hyTW rihxw nhIN shwrngy[ mdrws kWgrs ivc ihµdU-musilm h`kW bwry pws hoey, pµjvyN ih`sy vwly sWJy i&kryvwr msly vwly nukqy, is`KW au~pr vI lwgU kIqyy jwx[ isµD Aqy srh`dI sUby ivc Gt-igxqI is`KW dI rwKI kIqI jwvy[’’

nihrU irport ’qy Aw^rI ivcwrW krn vwsqy iek Awl pwrtIz kwn&rµs 28 qoN 30 dsµbr 1928 ƒ klk`qw ivc hoeI sI[ ies ivc Swiml hox vwsqy Bwrq dy v`K-v`K ih`isAW qoN kWgrs fYlIgyt klk`qw pu`jy hoey sn[ ies mOky ’qy mwstr qwrw isµG dIAW koiSSW nwl 30-40 is`K AwgU vI kl`kqw pu`jy hoey sn qW jo auh v`K-v`K kWgrsI AwgUAW ƒ iml ky is`K nukqw-ingwh pyS kr skx[ mwstr qwrw isµG ny iek drjn dy krIb sInIAr kWgrsI AwgUAW ƒ is`KW dI puzISn ibAwn kIqI[ nqIjy dy qOr ’qy fwktr AMswrI ny kbUl kr ilAw ik is`KW nwl nihrU irport ivc byiensw&I kIqI geI hY[ auDr moqI lwl nihrU ny vI mµn ilAw ik jy is`K ies irport bwry hwaUs ivc koeI qrmIm krvwaux ivc kwmXwb ho jwx qW aus ƒ koeI ieqrwz nhIN hovygw[

knvYnSn dy dUjy idn musilm lIg dw AwgU muhµmd AlI ijnwh vI ieµglYNf qoN prq ky klk`qw puj cukw sI[ aus ny mµg krnI SurU kr id`qI ik muslmwnW ƒ pµjwb ivc 51 &I sdI Aqy sYNtr ivc 33 &I sdI sItW idqIAW jwx[ ijnwh dy vqIry ny msly ƒ sgoN hor aulJw id`qw sI[ knvYnSn ’c ies msly dy h`l vwsqy nvIAW koiSSW SurU ho geIAW sn[ ies mksd vwsqy iek sb-kmytI bxweI geI sI[ ies sb-kmytI ivc moqI lwl, mdn mohn mwlvIAw, qyj bhwdr sprU, mohn dws krm cMd gWDI, milk brkq AlI, mOlwnw Abdul kwdr, mOlwnw Awzwd, mOlwnw z&r AlI ^wn, mwstr qwrw isµG, igAwnI Syr isµG, hrnwm isµG AYfvokyt, mµgl isµG Swiml kIqy gey sn[ pr ies sb-kmytI dw koeI nqIjw nhIN inkl sikAw sI ikauNik gWDI Aqy qyj bhwdr sprU muslmwnW dI Aqy ijnwh is`KW dI koeI prvwh nhIN krdw sI[ 28 dsµbr 1928 dI ies mIitµg ivc kuJ icr bYTy rihx mgroN ijnwh ivcoN hI au~T ky clw igAw sI[ Agly idn jdoN dobwrw mIitµg SurU hoeI qW ijnwh ny iek ^UbsUrq qkrIr kIqI Aqy Awpxw kys bw-dlIl pyS kIqw[ ies mgroN s:b: mihqwb isµG qy AYm.Awr. jYkwr ny AwpxI qkrIr ivc ijnwh dIAW swrIAW dlIlW ƒ r`d kr idqw[ BwvyN bhuqy mYNbr ijnwh dy mu^wil& ho gey sn pr ies dy bwvjUd ieh sb-kmytI iksy is`ty ’qy nhIN phuµc skI sI[

     A^Ir, jdoN is`K fYlIgytW ny vyiKAw ik ihµdU AwgU muslmwnW ƒ ^uS krn vwsqy is`KW nwl byiensw&I kr rhy hn qW aunHW ny Awps ivc mSvrw kr ky iek sWJw stYNf lYx dw &Yslw kIqw[ s:b: mihqwb isµG ny sYNtrl is`K lIg vloN nihrU irport ivc iek qrmIm pyS kIqI ik ‘‘Bwrq dy Agly AweIn ivcoN i&rkU vµf hr qrHW qy hr pwisEN aufw idqI jwvy qy nihrU irport ivc ies ibnwA qy Adlw bdlI kIqI jwvy[’’ ieh qrmIm nw mµnI jwx qy sYˆtrl is`K lIg vloN nihrU irport qoN AwpxI ihmwieq vwips lYx Aqy knvYnSn ivc hor ih`sw nw lYx dw AYlwn kr idqw sI[ hrnwm isµG AYfvokyt ny is`K fYlIgytW vloN sWJw ibAwn AwpxIAW mµgW dy bwry ivc piVHAw sI Aqy ‘‘boly so inhwl…’’ dy jYkwry mwrdy hoey vwk AwaUt kr gey sn[ jwx qoN pihlW s:b: mihqwb isµG ny gWDI qy ijnwh ƒ mu^wiqb huµidAW ikhw ik ‘‘jy is`KW dI g`l nw suxogy qW Bwrq dIAW vµfIAW klk`qy bih ky klm nwl nhIN qlvwr nwl hoxgIAW[’’

     23 meI 1938 dy idn s.b. mihqwb isMG lwhOr ivc hweI kort ivc iek muk`dmy ivc bolidAW idl dw dOrw ipAw sI Aqy aus dI auQy hI mOq ho geI sI.

mihqwb isMG hY~fmwstr

mihqwb isMG (1894-17.8.1953), pu`qr Bwg isMG dw jnm ipMf kurI (izlHw rwvlipMfI) ivc hoieAw sI[ pVHweI pUrI krn mgroN sMn 1919 ivc aus nUM qrnqwrn ivc KolHy gey nvyN skUl dw hY~fmwstr lw id`qw igAw sI (ies nwl hY~fmwstr aus dy nW dw ih`sw bx igAw sI)[ nvMbr 1920 ivc jdoN SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI bxI qW auh vI ies dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ 25 jnvrI 1921 dy idn jdoN qyjw isMG Bu`cr j`Qw lY ky qrnqwrn gurduAwry dy mhMqW nwl glbwq krn igAw Aqy mhMqW ny glbwq kIqI Aqy glbwq krn dy bwvjUd is`KW ’qy hmlw kr id`qw qW aus hmly ivc ieh vI z^mI hoieAw sI[ 12 AkqUbr 1923 dy idn jdoN SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI nUM ZYr-kwnUMnI krwr id`qw igAw sI qW bwkI AwgUAW dy nwl nwl ies nUM vI igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw sI[ ies dI irhweI svw do swl mgroN 26 jnvrI 1925 dy idn hoeI sI[ ies mgroN auh SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI Aqy SRomxI AkwlI dl dIAW kwrvweIAW qoN ip`Cy ht igAw sI Aqy bqOr hY~fmwstr syvw krdw irhw sI[ aus ny kuJ ikqwbW vI ilKIAW sn: nWvW qy QWvW dw koS, pMjwbI AKwxW qy muhwvry, ieiqhwsk khwxIAW Awid[ aus ny gurU gRMQ swihb dw ‘SbdwrQ’ nW dw tIkw krn ivc vI ih`sw pwieAw sI[ ies syvw ivc aus dy swI sn ipRMsIpl qyjw isMG, bwvw hrikSn isMG qy pRo. nwrwiex isMG[ aus dI mOq sMn 1953 ivc hoeI sI.

mihqwb isMG mIrWkot

 

mihqwb isMG izlHw AMimRqsr dy ipMf mIrWkot dw vwsI sI[ sMn 1740 ivc jdoN zkrIAw ^wn ny is`KW dy isrW dy mu`l rK id`qy sn qW is`K phwVW, jMglW Aqy rwijsQwn nUM inkl gey sn[ ies dy nwl hI  zkrIAw ^wn ny drbwr swihb ’qy kbzw kr ky ies nUM mMifAwlw ipMf dy mIr mUsw-aul-^wn rMGV (m`sw rMGV) dy hvwly kr id`qw sI[m`sw rMGV ny drbwr swihb ƒ AwpxI A`XwSI dw A`fw bxw ilAw sI[ auh ie`Qy kMjrIAW dy nwc krvwaux l`g ipAw sI[ ies sB dI ^br bulwkw isMG nW dy iek is`K nUM imlI qW auh iek dm bIkwnyr ivc bu`Fw jOhV nUM cl ipAw sI[ bIkwnyr irAwsq ’c pYNdy ies ielwky, jo ryigsqwnI hox kr ky is`KW leI vDIAw lukxgwh sI, EQy Awly duAwly qoN fUMGI jgHw hox krky iek purwxw C`pV sI ijs nUM ielwky dI bwgVI bolI ‘c “jOhV” ikhw jWdw sI[

bu`Fw jOhV pu`j ky aus ny pnwh leI bYTy is`KW nUM swry hwlwq jw d`sy sn[ ies hwlwq ’qy ivcwr krn vwsqy aus vyly au~Qy iek iek`T bulwieAw igAw sI[ drbwr swihb dI byhurmqI bwry sux ky is`KW ivc bVw roh jwigAw sI[ ies iek`T ivc ieh gurmqw kIqw igAw ik drbwr swihb dI byhurmqI krn vwly m`sw rMGV ƒ soiDAw jwvy[ ies mOky ’qy mihqwb isMG (mIrWkot) Aqy su`Kw isMG (mwVI kMbo) ny Awpxy Awp nUM ies syvw vwsqy pyS kIqw sI[ dovyN, ikauNik AMimRqsr izlHw dy rihx vwly sn, ies kr ky auh swry ielwky qoN b^UbI vwik& sn[ aunHW ny muZl A&srW (AihdIAW) vwlw pihrwvw pw ilAw sI Aqy zmIn dy mwmly dI rkm qwrn dy bhwny nwl drbwr swihb ’c dwi^l ho gey sn[ aunHW ny Awpxy GoVy drSnI ifauVI dy bwhr ielwcI-byr nwl bMnyH sn Aqy AMdr jw ky plW ivc hI m`sw rMGV dw isr v`F ky, AwpxI borI ivc pw ilAw sI qy vyKidAW-vyKidAW hI hrn ho gey sn (kuJ kwlpink qsvIrW ivc m`sw rMGV dy isr nUM nyzy ’qy tMg ky iljwieAw idKwieAw jWdw hY jo auQoN mih&Uz inklx Aqy aunHW dI AwpxI ih&wzq nUM swhvyN r`K ky shI nhIN ho skdw)[ aunHW ny AMimRqsr qoN c`l ky sB qoN pihlw pVwA bu`Fw jOhV ivc hI kIqw sI qy gunhgwr m`sw rMGV dw isr srb`q Kwlsw dy iek`T dy swhvyN jw hwizr kIqw sI[ ieh kwrvweI 11 Agsq 1740 dI sI[

mihqwb isMG nUM jUn 1745 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw sI[ aus nUM pihlI julweI dy idn ShId kIqw igAw sI[ mihqwb isMG dy poqry rqn isMG BMgU ny pMQ pRkwS ivc ieh iliKAw hY ik mihqwb isMG jzbwqI ho ky qwrU isMG (ijs dI KopVI lwhI geI sI) nUM vyKx vwsqy lwhOr igAw sI Aqy PiVAw igAw sI.

mihqwb kOr¹
ieh kneIAw imsl dy jrnYl gurb^s isMG dI lVkI sI[ aus dw ivAwh mhW isMG dy pu`qr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl kr hoieAw sI[ mihqwb kOr ny eISr isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI, pr auh CotI aumr ivc hI mr igAw sI[ ies mgroN aus dy Gr joVy pu`qr kuµvr Syr isµG qy kuµvr qwrw isµG pYdw hoey sn[ pr lwhOr ’qy kbzy mgroN jdoN rxjIq isMG ny kw&I ielwky ij`q ley sn Aqy morW nwcI nwl ivAwh kr ilAw qW aus ny mihqwb kOr ƒ nzr-AMdwz krnw SurU kr idqw sI[ ijs qoN ^&w ho ky mihqwb kOr AwpxI mW sdw kOr kol Aw geI sI[ ies hwlq ivc mihqwb kOr bhuqw icr jI nhIN skI qy sMn 1813 ivc cVHweI kr geI sI.

 

 

mihqwb kOr²
ieh gurdwspur ivc mlHw ipMf dy reIs cODrI sujwn isMG Atvwl dI DI sI[ies dI SwdI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl sMn 1822 ivc hoeI sI[ ies dy Gr koeI AOlwd nhIN hoeI sI[ pMjwb ’qy kbzw kr mgroN AMgRyz ies nUM 1930 rupY swlwnw pYnSn dyNdy rhy sn[ ieh bhuq lMmw smW jINdI rhI sI.

mihqwb dyvI

      rwxI mihqwb dyvI Aqy g`dW kWgVw dy rwjy sMswr cMd dIAW DIAW sn[ auh Awpxy husn vwsqy dUr-dUr qk mShUr sn[ sMswr cMd dI mOq mgroN aus dw pu`qr AinruD cMd rwjw bixAw sI[ sMn 1828 ivc jd rwjw AinruD cNMd AwpxI mW qy dohW BYxW nwl &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dy pu`qr inhwl isMG dy ivAwh ivc Swiml hox vwsqy AwieAw sI qW iDAwn isMh fogrw ny koiSS kIqI sI ik aus dy pu`qr hIrw isMh dw ivAwh rwjw sMswr cMd dI DI Aqy nvyN rwjy AinruD cMd dI BYx g`dW nwl ho jwvy[ pr kWgVy dy rwjy ies fogrw prvwr nUM Awpxy qoN bhuq hI nIvW smJdy sn Aqy rwjpUqW dI ‘nwjwiez’ AOLwd mMndy sn[ ies hwlq ivc iDAwn isMh dI qæwkæq qoN frdI kuVIAW dI mW AwpxIAW DIAW nUM nwl lY ky sqluj pwr kr ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy ielwky ivcoN inkl ky AMgryzI ielwky ivc clI geI sI[ ies dy nwl hI auh eynw fr geI sI ik aus ny ies g`l nUMM idl nUM lw ilAw sI qy auh kuJ hI idnW mgroN idl dy dOry nwl mr geI sI[ auDr jdoN rxjIq isMG ny AinruD cMd nUM AwpxIAW BYxW moV ilAwaux vwsqy ikhw qW auh aunHW nUM ilAwaux dy bhwny AMgryzI ielwky v`l igAw sI pr muV ky nhIN AwieAw sI[ CyqI hI auh vI sdmy nwl mr igAw sI[ hux rxjIq isMG ny sMswr cMd dy nwjwiez pu`qrW ivcoN iek nUM kWgVy dw rwjw bxw id`qw sI, pr nwl hI bdlw lYx vwsqy rxjIq isMG ny sMswr cMd dIAW dohW DIAW nUM Awp (jbrI) ivAwh ilAw sI[

iek vwr rxjIq isMG nUM iek rwxI ny pu`iCAw ik quhwfI sB qoN ^UbsUrq rwxI ikhVI hY qW aus ny ikhw ik morW myrI sB qoN ^UbsUrq rwxI hY[ hwlW ik g`dW sB qoN vD ^UbsUrq sI, pr rxjIq isMG v`loN iek nwcI dI cwplUsI nUM g`dW ny idl nwl lw ilAw Aqy aus ny zihr Kw ky ^udkuSI kr leI sI[ ies mgroN mihqwb dyvI bhuq audws rihx lg peI sI[ 28 jUn 1839 dy idn jdoN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw sskwr kIqw igAw qW ieh aus dI icKw ivc sqI ho ky sV geI sI.

mihrwj

 

B`tI rwjpUq rwjw jYsl (ijs ny sMn 1156 ivc jYslmyr vswieAw sI) dI CyvIN puSq is`DU Aqy is`DU dI nOvIN puSq brwV sI[ brwV dy pu`qr sn: pOr (pOV) qy du`l[ pOV dw pu`qr bYrwt (ivrwt); aus dw pu`qr kwX; aus dw pu`qr bwau; aus dw pu`qr sMGr; aus dw pu`qr virAwm qy virAwm dw pu`qr mihrwj sI[ mihrwj dw pu`qr sqoh; aus dw pu`qr pKo Aqy aus dw pu`qr mohn sI (ijs ny Awpxy pVdwdy dy nW ’qy ipMf mihrwj vswieAw sI)[ mohn dw pu`qr rUp cMd, aus dw pu`qr sMdlI Aqy sMdlI dw pu`qr PUl sI ijs qoN PUlbMs c`ilAw sI (vyKo: PUlkIAW irAwsqW).

imhrw, BweI imhrw

 

1. sunwrw dI iek goqr 

2. bkwlw (hux bwbw bkwlw) dw iek is`K, ijs ny Awpxw nvW Gr bxwieAw sI Aqy pRiqigAw kIqI sI ik mYN ies Gr ivc audoN qk vwsw nhIN krWgw jdoN qk gurU hirgoibMd swihb ies Gr ivc pYr nhIN r`Kxgy[ aus dI ^wihS pUrI krn vwsqy gurU hirgoibMd swihb AwpxI mwqw gMgw nUM nwl lY ky ies Gr ivc gey sn Aqy kuJ smW au~Qy invws kIqw sI[ mwqw gMgw ny Awpxw AMqm smW (sMn 1621 qIk) ie`Qy hI ibqwieAw sI.

mihbUb isMG prmwr

 

BweI mihbUb isMG 12 meI 1710 dy idn srhMd qoN 15 iklomItr dUr cpV-icVI dy mYdwn ivc vzIr ^wn dI POj nwl lVidAW mwirAw igAw sI[ mihbUb isMG ShId BweI audY isMG prmwr dy s`qW byitAW ivcoN sB qoN v`fw sI[ aus dy dwdw BweI mnI isMG qy pVdwdw BweI mweI dws sn[ Awpxy bwp audY isMG vWg mihbUUb isMG vI AwKrW dI qæwkæq Aqy PurqI dw mwilk sI[ auh do-do qlvwrW sUq ky mYdwn ivc jUJx vwlw XoDw sI[mihbUb isMG ny qIr clwaux ivc vI mhwrq hwisl kIqI hoeI sI[ aus ny qlvwr clwaux dw hunr Awpxy qwieAW bicqr isMG qoN Aqy ausqwd bjr isMG qoN is`iKAw sI[ ieh bjr isMG auhI sI ijs ny gurU goibMd isMG jI nUM vI Ssqr clwaux dI tryinMg id`qI sI[

Awpxy ipqw dI ShIdI (6 dsMbr 1705) qoN mgroN mihbUb isMG Awpxy ipMf AlIpur (izlHw muz`PrgVH) ivc hI irhw sI[ sMn 1709 ivc jdoN aus nUM bMdw isMG bhwdur dw pYZwm pu`jw qW auh Ardwsw soD ky, GridAW nUM Pqih bulw ky, GoVy ’qy svwr ho ky ipMfoN tur ipAw sI[ kuJ hI idnW ivc auh bMdw isMG nwl jw imilAw sI[ aus dy au~Qy phuMcx ’qy aus nUM Awpxy pVdwdy mweI dws dy in`ky Brw nTIAw dy cwr pu`qr: BgvMq isMG, kuier isMG, bwjU isMG qy Swm isMG bwhW KolH ky imly; Aqy Awpxy qwey dy vwirs dI jvwnI vyK ky bVy KuS hoey sn[

jdoN bMdw isMG ny smwxy ’qy hmlw kIqw qW mihbUb isMG ny jIA-jwn qoN lVweI kIqI sI[ ies lVweI ivc aunHW nUM keI zKm vI Awey pr auh eynw hTI sI ik aus ny ienHW zKmW dI prvwh nhIN kIqI sI qy jUJdw irhw[ kuJ hI idnW ivc aus dy zKm Br gey sn Aqy auh Pyr AglI lVweI vwsqy iqAwr ho igAw sI[

smwxy qo mgroN kuJ hor iklHy ij`qx mgroN is`K POj ny srhMd ’qy hmlw krn dw gurmqw kIqw sI[ 12 meI 1710 dy idn c`pV icVI dy mYdwn ivc bMdw isMG bhwdr ny is`K POjW nUM iqMn ih`isAW ivc vMf id`qw sI qW jo vjIr ^wn dI &Oj nUM iqMnW pwisAW qoN GyirAw jw sky[ mihbUb isMG K`by pwsy qoN srhMdI POj ’qy hmlw krn vwlI kmwn ivc Swiml sI[ ies ih`sy ivc mihbUb isMG dy keI hor irSqydwr vI fty hoey sn[ BweI Pqih isMG vI aunHW dy nwl hI moFy nwl moFw joV ky lVn vwsqy AwieAw hoieAw sI[ cpV-icVI dy mYdwn ivc hoeI ies lVweI ivc ijQy sYNkVy mugl ispwhI mwry gey au~Qy sYNkVy is`K vI mwry gey sn[ ienHW ivc mihbUb isMG vI sI[

mihbUb isMG dy do byty sn: suKw isMG qy myhr isMG[suKw isMG dy AgoN do byty sn: syvw isMG qy rwjw isMG[myhr isMG dw vI iek bytw sI: Bwg isMG[ mihbUb isMG dy sB qoN v`fy poqy syvw isMG dy iqMn byty sn[ ivckwrly byty DMnw isMG dIAW AgoN ds puSqW ivc sB dy v`fy pirvwr sn[ ienHW ivcoN keI A`j vI izlHw pitAwlw ivc rih rhy hn.

imhrcMd suiB`KI

 

ieh lwl cMd suiBKI dw pu`qr Aqy mwqw gujrI dw Brw sI[ ieh bhuq smW krqwpur (jlMDr) Aqy kLwnOr (AMbwlw) ivc irh sI[ 28 Agsq 1670 dy idn jdoN gurU goibMd isMG bwlI aumr ivc ptnw qo  Awpxy nwnky ipMf lKnOr pu`jy sn qW ies ny gurU jI dy isr ’qy zmrUdI rMg dI p`g bMnHI sI[ aus vyly gurU jI dI aumr 8 swl 8 mhIny 10 idn sI[ ies dsqwrbMdI sbMDI iek ieMdrwj B`t vhIAW ivc ieM\ imldw hY:

gurU goibMd dws jI bytw gurU qyZ bhwdr mhl nwmy kw, poqw gurU hirgoibMd jI kw, pVpoqw gurU Arjn jI kw, DMn gurU rwmdws jI kI gosl goqr soFI KqrI, lKnOr Awey, prgwnw AMbwlw sMmq sqrW sY sqweIs ASv mwsy Suklw p`Ky, nvIN ky idhuM[ gYl mwqw gujrI jI Awey, iesqrI gurU qyZ bhwdr jI kI, ikrpwl cMd AwieAw bytw lwl cMd suiBKI kw, swDU rwm AwieAw bytw Drmy Kosly kw, caupiq rwie AwieAw bytw pYry iCbr kw, guAwl dws AwieAw bytw Cut ml iCbr kw, ikrpw rwm AwieAw bytw AVU rwm dq kw[ dsmI ky roz mwmU myhr cMd ny gurU goibMd jI ko zmrUdI rMg dI pwg bMDweI[ (B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI).

myG rwj

 myG rwj (mOq 1.8.1864), dIvwn cMd imsrw dw pu`qr sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN ieh iklw goibMdgVH (AMimRqsr) ivc klrk vjoN BrqI hoieAw sI[ sMn 1816 ivc aus nUM AMimRqsr ivc ^zwny dw ieMcwrj QwipAw igAw sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq mgroN ies bwry iSkwieq imlx ’qy kMvr nOinhwl isMG Aqy hIrw isMh ny ies dy ihswb ikqwb dI pVqwl kIqI sI; pr koeI vI gVbV nw nzr Awaux dy bwvjUd ies Aqy ies dy Brw rUp lwl nUM kYd kr id`qw igAw sI Aqy nwl hI pMj l`K rupY jurmwnw vI lwieAw igAw sI[ hIrw isMh fogrw dy mwry jwx mgroN dsMbr 1844 ivc ies nUM irhw kr id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1846 ivc ies nUM lwhOr ivc ^zwny dw muKI Qwp id`qw igAw sI[  sMn 1849 ivc pMjwb ’qy AMgRyzW dw kbzw ho jwx mgroN vI ieh nOkrI krdw irhw sI[ sMn 1862 ivc AMgRyzW ny ies dI v&wdwrI qoN ^uS ho ky ies nUM rwie bhwdur dw i^qwb id`qw sI.

myidnI pRkwS

isrmOr irAwsq dy iek rwjy dw nW[ ieh sMn 1685 ivc ieh ies irAwsq dw rwjw sI[ ies irAwsq dw mu`F sMn 1095 ivc b`Jw sI[ sMn 1678 ivc mydnI pRkwS (ikqy mq jW msq pRkwS iliKAw vI imldw hY; ies dw pihlw nW Xog rwj sI) rwjw bixAw sI[sMn 1694 ivc aus dI mOq mgroN aus dy brw buD pRkwS dw pu`qr hrI pRkwS rwjw bixAw sI. hor vyKo: nwhn.

mklwaUf, fblXU. hyy~c. Aqy AYNtI-is`iKiezm skUl

 

ihaU mklwaUf (sMn 1932-2009) dw jnm inaUzIlYNf ivc hoieAw sI[aus ny sMn 1950 ivc nYlsn kwlj qoN bI.ey. dI ifgrI hwisl kIqI sI[ mgroN Etwgo XUIvristI ivc pVHdw irhw sI[ sMn 1958 ivc auh inaUzIlYNf  prYsbItyrIAn crc ivc Swiml ho igAw sI Aqy ies dy nwl hI auh eIsweI mq dw pRcwr krn lg ipAw sI[ crc vilAW ny aus nUM eIsweI Drm dw prcwr krn vwsqy pMMjwb ivc ByijAw sI Aqy ies Xojnw hyT auh KrV ivc AMgRyzI pVHwaux lg ipAw sI[ sMn 1963 ivc aus ny skUl Aw& ErIAYNtl AYNf A&rIkn st`fIz lMfn ivc AwrQr bYSm hyT pI-AYc.fI. krnI SurU kr id`qI sI[ sMn 1965 ivc aus nUM btwlw ivc byirMg kirscIAn kwlj ivc ihstrI dw pRo&Ysr lw id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1969 ivc auh nOkrI C`f ky iPr crc dI syvw krn clw igAw sI[ aus nUM crc vwilAW ny kyNbirj qy s`sYks XUnIvirstIAW ivcoN &YloiSp lY id`qI sI[ sMn 1971 ivc aus nUM Etwgo XUnIvristI ivc ihstrI dw pRo&Ysr lw id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1988 qoN 1993 qIk auh trWto XUnIvristI ivc pVHwauNdw Aqy is`K Drm qy ieiqhws bwry “KOj” krvwauNdw irhw[ aus ny is`KW ivcoN ‘loVvMd’ bMdy l`B ky aunHW qoN is`K ieiqhws Aqy Drm dy ivruD QIiss ilKvwauxy SurU kIqy sn[ aus dy pihly  cyilAW ivc ipSOrw isMG qy guirMdr mwn sn[ mklwaUf ny aunHW nUM pI-AYc. fI. ifgrIAW vI idvweIAW Aqy eIsweI imSn dI mdd nwl AmrIkw qy knyfw dIAW XUnIvrstIAW ivc nOkrIAW vI idvweIAW sn[ ies mgroN aunHW koloN is`K Drm qy is`K ieiqhws ivgwVn vwsqy hor lyK Aqy ikqwbW ilKvweIAW sn[ mklwauf ny swrw zor lw id`qw sI ik swibq kr sky ik gurU nwnk qW pMjwb qoN kd bwhr igAw hI nhIN sI Aqy is`K Drm ivc kuJ vI nvW nhIN hY[ gurU Arjn AwpxI ShIdI dw Awp izMmydwr sI[ gurU gRMQ swihb iqAwr krn qoN pihlW iek k`cI kwpI iqAwr kIqI geI sI[ gurU gMQ swihb vwsqy goieMdvwl dIAW poQIAW ivcoN mdd leI geI sI[ is`KW dI ShIdI pRMprw iek Brm hY Awid[ 

     mklwauf ny bhuq swzsI ikqwbW ilKIAW sn, ijnHW ivcoN muK hn: ArlI isK trYfISn: ey st`fI Aw& d jnmswKIz, d AYvolSn Aw& is`K kimauintI, d isKz: ihstrI irlIjn AYNf soswietI, hU iesz ey is`K: d prwbl Aw& d is`K AweIfYNittI, d cOpw isMG rihqnwmw, ihstorIkl ifkSnrI Aw& is`Kizm  Awid[ kmwl dI g`l ieh hY ik mklwauf BwvyN jo mrzI kUV krkt ilKdw sI jW aus dy cyly ilKdy sn jW ilKdy hn aus nUM  eIsweI imSn dy Asr hyTlIAW XUnIvristIAW (^ws kr ky Awks&orf qy kyNbirj) Cwpx vwsqy hmySw iqAwr rihMdIAW sn Aqy hux vI CwpdIAW rihMdIAW hn[ eIsweI imSn vwly XUnIvristIAW ivc aus dy cyilAW nUM nOkrIAW dyNdy rihMdy hn qW jo aus is`K Drm qy ieiqhws nUM ivgwVn vwsqy ikqwbW ilKx Aqy “Koj” krvwaux[ ieMglYNf, knyfw qy AmrIkw dIAW keI XUnIvristIAW ivc is`K st`fIz dy nW ’qy r`j ky ku&r iliKAw igAw hY Aqy iliKAw jw irhw hY[

     ies toly nUM ivdvwn “AYNtI is`Kiezm skUl” kihdy hn[ ies skUl nUM nMigAW krn ivc noiel ikMg (AmrIkw), fw. jsbIr isMG mwn (AmrIkw), crnjIq isMG b`l (knyfw), fw hrijMdr isMG idlgIr (nwrvy-ieMglYNf), fw gurdrSn isMG iF`loN (cMfIgVH), fw.blvMq isMG iF`loN (AMimRqsr), fw iqRlocn isMG (id`lI, luiDAwxw), fw. sMgq isMG (id`lI), igAwnI guridq isMG, fw. hrnwm isMG Swn, bicqr isMG igAwnI, dljIq isMG AweI.ey.AYs., jsits gurdyv isMG (cMfIgVH), gurqyj isMG swbkw AweI.ey.AYs., fw mdnjIq kOr (AMimRqsr), fw. suirMdr isMG kohlI (cMfIgVH), fw. ikrpwl isMG (pitAwlw-cMfIgVH), fw KVk isMG (cMfIgVH) Awid ny bhuq rol Adw kIqw hY[ ienHW swirAW ny swibq kIqw hY ik mklwauNf iek eIsweI imSnrI sI Aqy nklI qy bogs ‘skwlr’ sI ijs dw imSn is`K Drm Aqy ieiqhws nUM ivgwVnw sI[

     mklwauf dy AYNtI-is`K eIsweI imSn (kuJ lok ies nUM XUrosYNtirk imSn vI kihMdy hn) dw sB qoN vD swQ aus dy cyilAW ipSOrw isMG qy guirMdr mwn qoN ielwvw jy.AYs. gryvwl (jo mgroN mklwwauf nwl nwrwz ho igAw sI qy aus dI ihmwieq Gtw id`qI sI), hrjoq Ebrwey, kirsto&r SYkl, pRo. loieiln, jIrwlf bYrIAr, jOhn vYbstr, mweIkl hwauly, sUzn pirl, AmI. pI. Swh, foirs jYkbsn, ArivMdpwl isMG mMfyr, lueI eI.&In`c, eyn mr&I, ieMdrjIq isMG (AweI.jy.isMG, inaU Xwrk, jo mklwaUf dw sB qoN v`fw cylw sI) Awid ny id`qw sI[hor qW hor ‘is`K rIivaU’ dy AYfItr srn isMG ny mklwauf nUM is`K Drm dw sB qoN v`fw skwlr Aqy shjDwrI is`K qk AwK id`qw sI.

m`Xw isMG

m`Xw isMG (1862- 8.3.1928) dy ipCokV bwry koeI jwxkwrI nhIN imldI[ auh AMgRyzI qy pMjwbI dohW zbwnW dw mwihr sI[aus dw sB qoN pihlw hvwlw aus dy AwrIAw smwj nwl sbMDq hox bwry imldw hY[ auh Aqy jvwhr isMG kpUr dovyN AwrIAw smwj dy pRcwr vwsqy iml ky kMm krdy rhy sn, pr jdoN ies dy AwrIAw smwjIAW ny gurU nwnk swihb Aqy gurU goibMd isMG swihb dy i^lw& aUl-jlUl bolxw SurU kIqw qW hor isrkrdw is`KW vW| ieh dovyN vI AwrIAw smwj nUM C`f ky Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr nwl sbMDq ho gey sn[ m`Xw isMG dI SwdI sMn 1889 ivc drbwr swihb dy srbrwh prdumx isMG (pu`qr gurmuK isMG qy poqw igAwnI sMNq isMG) dI bytI nwl hoeI sI[ ieh kmwl dI g`l hY ik m`Xw isMG lwhOr Kwlsw dIvwn nwl sbMDq sI pr aus dw shurw inrmlw sI Aqy AMimRqsr Kwlsw dIvwn dw iek muK AwgU sI; pr ies dy bwvjUd ieh SwdI bhuq kwmXwb rhI sI[ sr Aqr isMG BdOV, pRo. gurmuK isMG, kMvr ibkrmw isMG, igAwnI id`q isMG, jvhr isMG kpUr aus dy nzdIkI dosqW ivcoN sn[ sMn 1884 ivc pMjwb srkwr ny pMjwbI dI ifkSnrI bxwaux dw &Yslw kIqw sI Aqy ieh pRwjYkt aus nUM sONipAw igAw sI[ aus nUM ieh ifkSnrI iqAwr krn ivc ds swl l`gy sn (ieh ifkSnrI sMn 1895 ivc CpI sI)[ ieh pMjwbI dI pihlI ifkSnrI sI (mgroN ies nUM BwSw ivBwg ny CwipAw sI)[ sMn 1885 ivc m`Xw isMG ny ‘Kwlsw gzt’ A^bwr dI nOkrI SurU kr leI sI, pr dsMbr 1886 ivc ieh syvw C`f id`qI sI[ pihlI meI 1889 dy idn jdoN Bgq lkSmx isMG ny AMgRyzI ivc ‘Kwlsw’ A^bwr SurU kIqI qW m`Xw isMG nUM ies dw AYfItr lwieAw igAw sI[ igAwnI id`q isMG dI mOq mgroN pMjwbI A^bwr dw kMm vI ies nUM krnw ipAw sI[ jdoN ieh A^bwrW bMd hoeIAW qW aus ny lwhOr ivc duAweIAW dI iek dukwn KolH leI sI[ AwpxI aumr dy Aw^rI swl aus ny gumnwmI ivc hI ibqwey sn.

m`Xw isMG

 m`Xw isMG (1862- 8.3.1928) dy ipCokV bwry koeI jwxkwrI nhIN imldI[ auh AMgRyzI qy pMjwbI dohW zbwnW dw mwihr sI[aus dw sB qoN pihlw hvwlw aus dy AwrIAw smwj nwl sbMDq hox bwry imldw hY[ auh Aqy jvwhr isMG kpUr dovyN AwrIAw smwj dy pRcwr vwsqy iml ky kMm krdy rhy sn, pr jdoN ies dy AwrIAw smwjIAW ny gurU nwnk swihb Aqy gurU goibMd isMG swihb dy i^lw& aUl-jlUl bolxw SurU kIqw qW hor isrkrdw is`KW vW| ieh dovyN vI AwrIAw smwj nUM C`f ky Kwlsw dIvwn lwhOr nwl sbMDq ho gey sn[ m`Xw isMG dI SwdI sMn 1889 ivc drbwr swihb dy srbrwh prdumx isMG (pu`qr gurmuK isMG qy poqw igAwnI sMNq isMG) dI bytI nwl hoeI sI[ ieh kmwl dI g`l hY ik m`Xw isMG lwhOr Kwlsw dIvwn nwl sbMDq sI pr aus dw shurw inrmlw sI Aqy AMimRqsr Kwlsw dIvwn dw iek muK AwgU sI; pr ies dy bwvjUd ieh SwdI bhuq kwmXwb rhI sI[ sr Aqr isMG BdOV, pRo. gurmuK isMG, kMvr ibkrmw isMG, igAwnI id`q isMG, jvhr isMG kpUr aus dy nzdIkI dosqW ivcoN sn[ sMn 1884 ivc pMjwb srkwr ny pMjwbI dI ifkSnrI bxwaux dw &Yslw kIqw sI Aqy ieh pRwjYkt aus nUM sONipAw igAw sI[ aus nUM ieh ifkSnrI iqAwr krn ivc ds swl l`gy sn (ieh ifkSnrI sMn 1895 ivc CpI sI)[ ieh pMjwbI dI pihlI ifkSnrI sI (mgroN ies nUM BwSw ivBwg ny CwipAw sI)[ sMn 1885 ivc m`Xw isMG ny ‘Kwlsw gzt’ A^bwr dI nOkrI SurU kr leI sI, pr dsMbr 1886 ivc ieh syvw C`f id`qI sI[ pihlI meI 1889 dy idn jdoN Bgq lkSmx isMG ny AMgRyzI ivc ‘Kwlsw’ A^bwr SurU kIqI qW m`Xw isMG nUM ies dw AYfItr lwieAw igAw sI[ igAwnI id`q isMG dI mOq mgroN pMjwbI A^bwr dw kMm vI ies nUM krnw ipAw sI[ jdoN ieh A^bwrW bMd hoeIAW qW aus ny lwhOr ivc duAweIAW dI iek dukwn KolH leI sI[ AwpxI aumr dy Aw^rI swl aus ny gumnwmI ivc hI ibqwey sn.

meIAw, BweI BweI meIAw gurU AMgd swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY:KwnU meIAw ipau puqu, hY gux gwhk goivMd BMfwrI (vwr 11, pauVI 15).

mOlw b^S kuSqw

 

mIAW mOlw b^S kuSqw (sMn 1876-19.6.1955) dw jnm AMimRqsr ivc hoieAw sI[ auh Ajy skUl ivc pVHdw sI ik aus dw ipqw aus nUM lwhOr lY Aw igAw ij`Qy aus ny lVky nUM ijldswzI dw kMm isKwieAw qy mOlw b^S ‘gulzwr ihd pRYs’ ivc ikqwbW dI ijldbMdI krn dI nOkrI krn lg ipAw[ pMdrW swl dI aumr ivc aus ny SwierI krnI SurU kr id`qI sI[ aus dy Awpxy l&zW ivc “mYN Aqy myrw iek sMgI mIAWdIn muhMmd dwd ^W iml ky roz Swm nUM 30 ku bYNqW dI sihr&I ilK ky Agly idn iksy Swier bxn dy cwhvwn nUM cwr jW A`T Awny dI vyc dyNdy sI”[ audoN eynI rkm bhuq huMdI sI[ sMn 1898 ivc auh muV AMimRqsr Aw igAw[ sMn 1915 ivc aus ny ikqwbW dI in`kI ijhI h`tI KolH leI; hOlI-hOlI  aus dw kMm cMgw c`l ipAw[ sMn 1925 ivc aus ny pMjwbI sBw kwiem kIqI[

     sMn 1903 ivc aus ny AwpxI SwierI dw pihlw dIvwn CpvwieAw[ sMn 1913 ivc aus ny hIr rWJw ik`sw iliKAw[ ies ivc aus ny muK bMd vjoN pMjwbI SwierW dw qzkrw CwipAw sI (ieh ikqwb mgroN ‘pMjwb dy hIry’ dy rUp ivc mukMml hoeI sI)[ sMn 1932 ivc aus ny ‘pMjwb dy hIry’ ikqwb iqAwr kIqI[ ies smyN ivc kukirAW dI bImwrI ny aus dIAW A`KW dI joq mwr id`qI[ aus dy v`fy pu`qr mIAW A&zl  ny DnI rwm cwiqRk dI mdd nwl ies ikqwb nUM pUrw kIqw[ ies ikqwb dy 186 s&y sn, ijs ivcoN pihly 54 si&AW ivc ieiqhwsk vwk&I sI Aqy 132 si&AW ivc pMjwbI SwierW nwl jwx-pCwx sI[aus vyly ieh &wrsI (SwhmuKI) ^q ivc CpI sI[ ies mgroN vI mOlw b^S ies ikqwb ’qy hor kMm krdw irhw sI[ aus dI mOq mgroN aus dy pu`qr ny jnvrI 1960 ivc ies ikqwb dw nvW qy v`fw rUp CwipAw sI; ies nUM  sMNn 2011 ivc rGbIr isMG Brq ny pMjwbI il`pI ivc ilpIAWqr kIqw ijs nUM

pMjwbI swihb AkYfmI luiDAwxw ny CwipAw sI[ ies ivc 242 kvIAW dIAW jIvnIAW Aqy aunHW dIAW rcnwvW bwry kImqI jwxkwrI id`qI hoeI hY; keIAW dy klwm dIkoeI koeI vMngI vI id`qI hoeI hY.

mqI dws

 

BweI mqI dws hIrw nMd dw pu`qr, dvwrkw dw poqw Aqy ShId prwg dws (prwgw) dw pVpoqw sI[ auh iC`br-bRwhmx ^wndwn nwl sbMD rKdw sI[ aus dw pirvwr gurU rwmdws swihb dy vyly qoN is`K pMQ nwl juiVAw hoieAw sI[ aus dw pVdwdw prwg dws gurU hirgoibMd swihb dI &Oj dy pMj muKI jrnYlW ivcoN iek sI[prwg dws 3 AkqUbr 1621 dy idn ruhIlw (hirgoibMdpur) dI lVweI ivc ShId hoieAw sI[ ieh iC`br pirvwr ipMf kirAwlw (izlHw ijhlm, pwiksqwn) ivc irhw krdw sI[

mqI dws gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dw bVw swidk qy syvwdwr sI[ aus dw gurU swihb nwl bVw ipAwr sI[ Awm qOr ’qy ij`Qy vI gurU swihb jWdy sn, mqI dws vI aunHW dy nwl irhw krdw sI[BweI idAwl dws, sqI dws Aqy mqI dws Aijh S^s sn ijs ƒ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dy bhuq nyVy rihx dw Sr& hwisl hoieAw sI[

     sMn 1665 ivc jdoN gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb ƒ Dmqwn qoN igR&qwr kIqw igAw qW auh gurU jI dy nwl hI sI [ auh gurU swihb dy nwl hI do mhIny bMdIKwny ivc irhw sI[ ies mgroN jdoN gurU swihb Aswm, bMgwl, ibhwr dy dOry ’qy gey sn qW auh vI aunHW dy nwl hI igAw Aqy aunHW dy nwl hI sMn 1670 ivc pMjwb vwips AwieAw sI[

25 meI 1675 dy idn kSmIr dy bRwhmxW dw iek j`Qw gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb kol c`k nwnkI AwieAw Aqy kSmIr dy sUbydwr dy zulmW dI khwxI d`sI[ gurU jI ny aunHW dI &irAwd lY ky AOrMgzyb nwl g`lbwq krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb ny swry pRmuK is`KW nMU hukmnwmy Byj ky c`k nwnkI bulw ilAw[ gurU jI ny aunHW nMU swry msly bwry disAw qy ikhw ik mYN AOrMgzyb nMU jw ky imlWgw[ mYnMU pqw hY ik mYnUM ShIdI dyxI pY skdI hY[ myry mgroN gurg`dI dI syvw gurU gooibMd dws sMBwlxgy[ qusIN swirAW ny ienHW dw swQ dyxw hY[ ieh XkInI hY ik ies mgroN zulm nMU rokx vwsqy hiQAwr vI cukxy pYxy hn[ ibnw lgwqwr iqAwrI dy hiQAwrbMd kwrvweI nhIN krnI hY[ ies mgroN Awp ny 8 julweI 1675 dy idn goibMd dws nMU gurg`dI sONpx dI Ardws kIqI[ 11 julweI nMU gurU swihb id`lI jwx vwsqy c`k nwnkI qoN rvwnw ho gey[ aunHW dy nwl BweI mqI dws, sqI dws qy idAwl dws vI sn[ B`t vhI muqæwibkæ: swvn pRivSty ATvyN ky idhuM gurU goibMd dws jI ko gurgdI dy ky idlI kI qr& jwxy kI iqAwrI kI[ swQ dIvwn mqI dws sqI dws rsoeIAw byty hIrw nMd iCbr ky idAwl dws bytw mweI dws kw jlhwnw blauNq AwieAw[ (B`t vhI qlwauNfw, prgnw jINd)[

11 julweI 1675 dI rwq gurU swihb ipMf milkpur rMGVW ivc BweI ngwhIAw dy Gr Tihry sn[ Agly idn qVky mqI dws nhwaux vwsqy KUh qoN pwxI Brn igAw qW KUh ivc ifg ipAw[ Acwnk aus vyly ropV dw Qwxydwr imrzw nUr muhMmd ^wn guru jI dI Bwl ivc c`k nwnkI (AnMdpur) qoN ^wlI h`Q Aw irhw sI[ aus nUM ieh ^br imlI qW auh ^uSI ivc n`c auiTAw[ ijs nMU auh igR&qwr krn inkilAw sI, auh aus nMU AKIr l`B hI ipAw sI[ nUr muhMmd ^wn ny gurU jI, mqI dws, sqI dws qy idAwl dws nUM igR&qwr kIqw Aqy ropV lY igAw[ropV qoN aus ny qy srhMd ^br Byj id`qI[ srhMd dy &Ojdwr ny gurU swihb nUM srhMd mMgvw ilAw[ aus ny gurU jI nMU b`sI pTwxW dy iklyH ivc kYd kr idqw Aqy AOrMgzyb nMU ies dI ieqlwh hsn Abdwl nUM Byj idqI[

kysr isMG iCbr ‘bMswvlInwmw dsW pwqswhIAW kw’ (crx nOvW, bMd 75-77), ivc vI ies dw izkr krdw hY:

ipMf qy rMGV Awey Dwie[ gih lIqy swihb qy sqI dws[

mqI dws BI KUh qy kiFAw mMgwie[…

Byj AwdmI &Oj rUpVoN mMgweI[…

so ipMjrw lohy kw kr ilAwie[

swihb iqs ivc lIqy pwie[

cauQy mhIny swihb id`lI ivc phuqy[

ivc mwrg duK pwie bhuqy[

ies igR&qwrI Aqy b`sI pTwxW ivc kYd dw izkr sujwn rwey BMfwrI ‘Kulwsquq qvwrI^’ ivc vI krdw hY[ ies sbMDI iek ieMdrwj ‘B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI Kwqw jlHwny blauNqoN kw’ ivc vI imldw hY:

gurU qyZ bhwdr mhl nwmW ko nUr muhMmd ^wn imrzw caukI rUpV vwlI ny swl sqrW sY bqIs swvn pRivSty bwrW ky idhuM gwm mlkpur rMGVW prgxw GxOlw sy pkV kr srhMd myN phuMcwieAw[ gYloN dIvwn mqI dws sqI dws byty hIr m`l iCbr blauNq ky pkVy Awey[ cwr mws bsI pTwxW bMdIKwny myN rhy[ duStW gurU jI ko Gxw kSt dIAw[ gurU jI ny Bwxy ko mwnw…

     gurU swihb ƒ igR&qwr kr ky cwr mhIny b`sI pTwxW (srhMd dy nyVy) kYd ivc r`iKAw igAw sI qW auh vI gurU jI dy nwl hI sI[ nvMbr ’c gurU jI dy nwl aus nUM vI id`lI iljwieAw igAw sI[

11 nvMbr 1675 dy idn kwzI ny BweI mqI dws ƒ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb jI dw swQ dyx Aqy ieslwm kbUl nw krn kr ky mOq dw &qvw jwrI kIqw igAw sI[ aus ƒ gurduAwrw sIs gMj dI mOjUdw iemwrq dy swhmxy cWdnI cOk dy Puhwry kol Awry nwl cIr ky ShId kr id`qw igAw sI[ mqI dws dI ShIdI gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb ny Awpxy A`KIN vyKI Aqy AwiKAw: “ienHW is`KW dI Shwdq ny qurk rwj dIAW jVHW KoKlIAW kr id`qIAW hn[ ieh rwj izAwdw smW nhIN rhygw[ jd q`k zmIn ’qy Asmwn, cMd qy sUrj kwiem hn, ienHW ShIdW dw nW dunIAW ivc rOSn rhygw[” mqI dws dI ShIdI sbMDI ieMdrwj ‘B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI’ qy ‘B`t vhI qlauNFw prgxw jINd’ ivc imldy hn: “idAwl dws mweI dws kw, poqw b`JU kw, pVpoqw mUly kw, cMdrvwsI BwrdvwjI, goqr pMvwr, bMs bINJy kw bMJrauNq jlhwnw, gurU gYloN,. mghr sudI pMcmI sMmq sqrW sY b`qIs ko id`lI cWdnI cONk ky mlhwn SwhI hukm gYl mwrw igAw[ gYloN mqI dws sqI dws byty hIrw nMd ky poqy lKI dws ky pVpoqy prwgy ky, bMs gOqm kw swrsuqI Bwrgv goqy iCbr bRwhmn mwry gey [” (B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI).

 

cWdnI cOk dw ShIdI Puhwrw
(ijs au~qy JMfw l`gw hoieAw hY)

mQurw B`t

 

BweI mQurw ny 3 AkqUbr 1621 dy idn ruhIlw dI lVweI ivc ShIdI jwm pIqw sI [ mQurw B`t BIKw B`t dw pu`qr Aqy reIAw dw poqrw sI[ ieh pirvwr kOiSS-gOV bRwhmx ^wndwn nwl sbMD r`Kdw sI[ B`t bVy vDIAw kvI vI sn Aqy jjmwnW dI pRohqI dw kMMm vI krdy sn[ Awpxy jjmwnW dy ^uSI Aqy ZmI dy mOikAW ’qy hwzr ho ky mubwrkW dyxw Aqy lokW qoN ienwm lYxw aunHW dw ruzgwr sI[ ienHW ny AwpxIAW-AwpxIAW vhIAW vI bxweIAW hoeIAW sn [ ienHW vhIAW ivc auh Awpxy jjmwnW dy nW, isrnwvyN Aqy kursInwmy drj krdy rihMdy sn[ jdoN koeI ^ws Gtnw vwprdI qW auh aus dw vyrvw nwlo-nwl drj krI jWdy sn[ jdoN iksy jjmwn dw ^ws idn-idhwVw huMdw qW ies smwgm dy mOky ’qy auh aus dy ^wndwn dy kursInwmy Aqy aunHW dy v`fy vfyirAW dy kwrnwimAW ƒ suxw ky aunHW ƒ ^uS krdy sn[ ies bdly aunHW ƒ ienwm imilAw krdw sI [mQurw B`t dy v`fy vfyry gurU Amr dws swihb vyly is`K pMQ ivc Swml hoey sn[ gurU Arjn swihb vyly qW auh gurU drbwr ivc hI hwzr rihMdy sn[ jdoN gurU hirgoibMd swihb ny &Oj bxweI qW rwjpUqW qy KqrIAW dy nwl-nwl bRwhmx vI &Oj ivc BrqI hoey sn[

B`t pirvwr ivcoN BIKw B`t dw pirvwr gurU Gr ivc ^ws QW r`Kdw sI[ gurU gRMQ swihb ivc ies pirvwr dy 11 SwierW dI bwxI Swml hY Aqy ienHW ivcoN mQurw B`t dy ilKy s`q slok vI gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj kIqy hoey hn[ ienHW slokW ivc mQrw B`t ny gurU rwmdws swihb qy gurU Arjn swihb dI S^sIAq dw ibAwn kIqw hoieAw hY: nwnw pRkwr ijin jgu kIE, jnu mQurw rsnw rsY (1404), qqu ibcwru XhY, mQurw jg qwrn kau, Avqwru bnwXau (1409).

gurU hirgoibMd swihb dI pihlI lVweI ruhIlw ipMf (hux hirgoibMdpur) ivc 27 sqMbr qy 3 AkqUbr 1621 dy idn hoeI sI [ 3 AkqUbr dI lVweI ivc hornW dy nwl-nwl mQurw B`t ny vI lVweI ivc bhwdrI dy ^Ub zOhr idKwey sn Aqy ies lVweI ivc aus ny ShIdI jwm vI pIqw sI[ ies sbMDI iek AMdrwj B`t vhIAW ivc ies qrHW imldw hY[

“nwnU bytw mUly kw, poqw rwau kw, pVpoqw cwhV kw, bMs bIJy kw, bMJrwauNq, swl solW sY AT`qRw, k`qk pRivSty qIj ky idhuM, gwm ruhIlw prgxw btwlw ky mlHwn, gurU kw bcn pwie rqnw bytw Bgvwny kw, krmw bytw cMdU kw, bwsI klwnOr ko mwr ky mrw [ gYloN mQurw, bytw iBKy kw, poqw reIey kw, pVpoqw nrsI kw, bMs BgIrQ kw, kOiSS goqR gOV bRwhmx, prwgw bytw goqm kw, Bwrgv goqR, iC`br bRwhmx, hor rx jUJMqy gurU ky joDy swmHy mwQy rx myN jUJ kr mry[” (B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI, Kwqw bMJrauNqo kw).

mQrw isMG fwktr

 mQrw isMG (1883-27.3.1917), pu`qr hrI isMG, dw jnm p`CmI pMjwb dy izlHw FuifAwl ivc hoieAw sI[ auh Kwlsw hweI skUl ckvwl qoN dsvIN jmwq pws kr ky 18 swl dI aumr ivc auh dvweIAW bxwaux vwlI iek &rm ivc nOkrI krn lg ipAw sI[ sMn 1906 ivc auh duAweIAW bxwaux vwlI AYc. fI, Twkr dws kMpnI dw ih`sydwr bx igAw sI[ sMn 1908 ivc aus ny SwdI krvweI sI[ aus dy Gr iek bytI ny jnm ilAw sI[ sMn 1913 ivc aus dI pqnI qy bytI dovyN cVHweI kr geIAW sn[ hux aus ny knyfw jwx dw mn bxw ilAw sI[ pihlW auh SMGeI (cIn) igAw, ij`Qy aus ny dvweIAW dI dukwn KolH leI[ sMn 1914 ivc jdoN kwmgwtw mwrU jhwz knyfw nUM igAw qW ies ny aus ivc svwr hox dI koiSS kIqI, pr ieh ip`Cy rih igAw sI[ ies mgroN ieh hWgkWg ivc hI ruk igAw sI[ ie`Qy auh Zdr pwrtI dw bhuq srgrm mYNbr bx igAw sI[ jdoN pwrtI ny pMjwb Aw ky j`dojihd SurU krn dw &Yslw kIqw qW ieh vI pMjwb pu`j igAw sI[ ieh bMb bxwaux dw mwihr sI; ies kr ky ieh ies syvw ivc lg igAw sI [ieh &Oj dIAW CwvxIAW ivc jw ky &OjIAW nUM vI bZwvq krn vwsqy vI aukswauNdw irhw sI[ myrT dI CwvxI ivc jw ky vI ies ny prcwr kIqw sI[ ie`Qy irswlw nMbr 12 dy bhuq swry &OjI bZwvq vwsqy rwzI ho gey sn; pr rwz KulHx ’qy auh igR&qwr kr ley gey sn[ ies mOky ’qy ieh bc ky inkl igAw sI[ jdoN rwjw mhyNdr pRqwp isMG ny jlwvqn srkwr bxweI qW ies nUM vI bqOr vzIr Swiml kIqw igAw sI[ ies ny Zdr pwrtI vwsqy cIn, rUs Aqy jrmnI dy c`kr lwey sn[ 2 nvMbr 1916 dy idn ies nUM qwSkMd ivc igR&qwr kr ky Bwrq ilAWdw igAw sI[ aus nUM ‘qIjw splImYNtrI lwhor kWspIrysI kys’ ivc cwrj kr ky &WsI dI szw suxweI geI sI[ ies nUM cupcwp &WsI dy ky jyl dy AMdr hI ies dw sskwr kr id`qw igAw sI

mQrw isMG prmwr

 

BweI mQrw isMG ny 8 AkqUbr 1700 dy idn inrmohgVH dI lVweI ivc ShIdI hwisl kIqI sI[ mQrw isMG ShId BweI idAwl dws dw bytw, mweI dws dw poqw qy b`lU dw pVpoqw sI[ BweI b`lU  gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) dI lVweI (13 ApRYl 1634 dy idn) qy BweI idAwl dws gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dy nwl, cWdnI cONk id`lI ivc (11 nvMbr 1675 dy idn) ShId hoey sn[ ShId ipqw qy ShId pVdwdy dy ies vwirs dw Cotw Brw kilAwx isMG kuJ idn pihloN hI 29 Agsq 1700 dy idn qwrwgVH iklHy dI lVweI ivc ShId ho cu`kw sI[

mQrw isMG Awpxy BrwvW qy pVdwdy vWg bVw bhwdr qy idlyr sI[ auh gurU jI dy nwl hI irhw krdw sI[AkqUbr 1700 ivc jdoN gurU swihb phwVIAW dI ie`zq r`Kx ^wiqr AnMdpur C`f ky inrmohgVH cly gey qW byeImwn Ajmyr cMd ny &Oj lY ky gurU jI ’qy inrmohgVH dI phwVI ’qy vI hmlw kr id`qw sI[ ies hmly dOrwn is`KW qy phwVIAW ivc zbrdsq ByVW hoeIAW sn[ ies mOky ’qy hoeIAW h`Qo-h`Q lVweIAW ivc mQrw isMG vI mUhry ho ky liVAw sI qy duSmx dy keI ispwhIAW ƒ mwrn mgroN Awp vI jwn dy id`qI sI[ aus dI ShIdI sbMDI B`t vhIAW ivc ieM\ izkr AwieAw hY:“….mQrw isMG bytw idAwl dws kw, poqw mweI kw….bMJrauNq, jlwnw….swl sqrW sY sqvMjw, kwriqk pRivSty sqmIN mMglvwr ky idhuM, inrmohgVH ky mlHwn, prgnw kihlUr kI jMg myN swmHy mwQy jUJ kr mry [” (B`t vhI mulqwnI isMDI, Kwqw puAwr jlHwnoN kw)[ mQrw isMG qoN mgroN aus dw bytw rwm isMG, poqw hIrw isMG qy pVpoqy dyvw isMG, Bwg isMG Aqy &qy isMG vI pMQ dI syvw krdy rhy sn.

mQo murwrI

 

iek swKI muqæwibkæ ieh izlHw lwhOr dy iek ipMf KweI dw vwsI pRymw KqrI sI ijs dw kohV dw rog gurU Amr dws jI ny TIk kIqw sI[ gurU jI ny ies dw nW murwrI r`iKAw sI[SIhW au~pl nW dy iek KqrI ny gurU jI dy kihx ’qy AwpxI DI mQo dw ivAwh murwrI (aur& pRymw) nwl kr id`qw sI[ gurU jI ny ies joVI nUM is`KI pRcwr vwsqy mMjI b^SI sI; ieM\ ieh ‘bweI mMjIAW’ ivc iek mMjI dy ‘g`dIdwr’ sn[ pihlI g`l qW kohV dw rog dUr krn vwlI g`l hI Zlq hY; gurU jI nw qW vYd sn qy nw krwmwqI[ dUjw gurU jI v`loN 22 mMjIAW kwiem krnw vI hMdwlIAW dI bxweI khwxI  swibq ho cukw hY[ hMdwl dy ^wndwn ny hMdwl nUM iek mMjI b^Sy jwx dI khwxI s`cI swibq krn vwsqy 22 mMjIAW vwlI khwxI GVI sI (vyKo: hMdwl)[ qIjw, BweI gurdws ny drjnW Aihm is`KW dw izkr XwrHvIN vwr ivc kIqw hY; aus ivc murwrI nW dy do is`KW dw izkr hY (rohqws dw murwrI Dvx pauVI  24 ivc Aqy Awgry dw AnMd murwrI pauVI 27 ivc)[ aus ny lwhOr dy iksy pRymw jW mQo qy murwrI dw izkr nhIN kIqw[ ieh nhIN ho skdw ik gurU jI ny aus nUM ‘mMjI’ b^SI hovy Aqy BweI gurdws aus dw nW qk nw ilKy[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik ieh khwxI hMdwlIAW dI GVI hoeI hY.

msqU isMG kwmwgwtwmwrU 

 msqU isMG pu`qr ibSn isMG (vwsI ipMf lIlHw myGw, izlHw luiDAwxw) sMn 1914 ivc knyfw nUM gey kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz dw iek muswi&r sI[ 21 meI 1914 dy idn jd ieh jhwz vYnkUvr pu`jw qW ies dy muswi&rW nUM auqrn nhIN id`qw igAw sI qy 24 julweI nUM ieh jhwz vwips klk`qw moV id`qw igAw sI[ 29 sqMbr 1914 dy idn jd jhwz klk`qw  ivc bjbj Gwt ’qy pu`jw qW pulIs ny muswiPrW nUM spYSl g`fI ivc pMjwb iljwxw cwihAw qW lokW ny ros kIqw[ ies ’qy &Oj ny golIAW clw ky 18 muswi&rW nUM mwr id`qw sI msqU isMG aunHW ivcoN iek sI.

m`sw rMGV

 

izLHw AMimRqsr dy ipMf mMifAwlw dw vwsI ijs nUM mIr mMnU ny gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) dw hwkm QwipAw hoieAw sI[ ies ny drbwr swihb ’qy kbzw kr ky, aus nUM AwpxI A`XwSI dw kyNdr bxw ilAw sI[ au~Qy auh hu`kw pINdw sI Aqy kMjrIAW dy nwc krvwieAw krdw sI[su`Kw isMG mwVIkMbo vwsI Aqy mihqwb isMG mIrWkot vwsI ny bIkwnyr qoN AihdIAW dy Bys ivc Aw ky  11 Agsq 1740 dy idn ies dw isr v`iFAw sI[ iek m`sw rMGV dI izMmyvwrI bMdw isMG bhwdr dw iklHw lohgVH Fwhux dI vI lweI geI sI; ho skdw hY ik auh iehI m`sw rMGV hovy.

mrdwnw, BweI

 

BweI mrdwnw (1459-nvMbr 1534), pu`qr BweI bdr Aqy (mwqw) l`Ko, dw jnm rwie-Boie-dI-qlvMfI (hux nwnkwxw swihb) ivc iek muslmwn mIrwsI prvwr ivc hoieAw sI[ ies prvwr dy lok sMgIq Aqy klw dy mwihr sn[ mrdwnw gurU nwnk swihb qoN qkrIbn 10 swl v`fw sI[ gurU nwnk swihb nUM bcpn qoN hI sgIq dw SOk sI ies kr ky aunHW nUM mrdwny nwl sMgq krnI cMgI lgdI sI[ mrdwnw hor swzW qoN ielwvw rbwb vjwaux dw vI mwihr sI[ gurU nwnk swihb ny AwpxI izMdgI dy pihly 35 swl (sMn 1469 qoN 1504 qIk) rwie-Boie-dI-qlvMfI ivc ibqwey sn Aqy ieh swrw smW mrdwnw aunHW dw swQI bixAw irhw sI[ jdoN gurU jI sulwqwnpur loDI ivc modI bx ky cly gey qW mrdwnw aunHW nUM imlx vwsqy sulqwnpur jWdw irhw sI[

     sMn 1507 ivc iek vwr jdoN BweI mrdwnw sulqwnpur loDI AwieAw qW gurU swihb ny aus ƒ in`Gw jI AwieAW AwiKAw[ mrdwnw auQy keI idn irhw[ gurU swihb jdoN bwxI gwauNdy qW mrdwnw rbwb vjw ky swQ dyNdw[ iek idn gurU swihb mrdwny ƒ AwiKAw ik AwpW dovyN rUhwnIAq dw sMdyS dyx vwsqy, dys-prdys dw dOrw krIey[ mrdwnw ny AwiKAw ik mYN AwpxI bytI dy ivAwh qoN sur^rU ho ky quhwfy nwl zrUr jwvWgw[ ikauNik ik mrdwnw rupY-pYsy dy mwmly ivc kmzor sI ies kr ky gurU swihb ny bytI dy ivAwh dw swrw Krc Awpxy izMmy lY ilAw[ aunHW  mrdwny ƒ AwiKAw ik auh ivAwh dy swmwn dI sUcI iqAwr kr dyvy[ aunHIN idnIN hI ipMf mlsIAW dw cODrI BgIrQ mwlIAw jmHw krvwaux Aqy gurU swihb dy drSn krn vwsqy sulqwnpur AwieAw hoieAw sI[ BgrIQ ny ies mgroN lwhOr vI jwxw sI[ gurU swihb ny mrdwny dI DI dy ivAwh dy swmwn dI sUcI BgIrQ ƒ idqI Aqy pYsy dy ky AwiKAw ik auh swrw smwn sulqwnpur ivcoN jW lwhOr qoN ilAw dyvy[

BgIrQ ny kw&I smwn sulqwnpur ’coN KrId ilAWdw sI qy bwkI smwn vwsqy auh lwhOr ivc mnsuK dI dukwn ’qy igAw sI[mnsuK ny loVINdw swrw smwn dy idqw[ Agly idn swmwn lY ky BweI mrdwnw qlvMfI clw igAw qyy AwpxI bytI dI SwdI kIqI[ ies mgroN Awpxy byty BweI Szwdy ƒ Gr dI izMmyvwrI sONp ky BweI mrdwnw Pyr sulqwnpur Aw igAw[ sulqwnpur ivc gurU swihb dIvwn sjWdy rhy Aqy BweI mrdwnw rbwb nwl sMgq krdw irhw[

20 Agsq 1507 dy idn gurU jI qy BweI mrdwnw dunIAw dy s&r ’qy inkl pey sn[ sMn 1522 qk gurU swihb Aqy BwrI mrdwnw ny ies pihlI audwsI dOrwn, dUr dUr qk s&r kIqw sI[ 

BweI mrdwnw iek bhuq vDIAw sMgIqkwr, gurU jI dw ipAwrw dosq Aqy bhuq inmr S^sIAq sI[ jnmswKIAW dy inMdk lyKkW Aqy g`pI kvI sMqoK isMG ny BweI mrdwnw bwry bhuq hoCIAW khwxIAW GV ky aus dI byAdbI krn dI koiSS kIqI sI, jo ik bhuq GtIAw g`l hY Aqy AijhI mhwn S^sIAq nwl Gor byiensw&I vI hY[ ienHW g`p khwxIAW ivc mrdwny nUM vwr-vwr BuK lgxw, kOfw rw^S v`loN PV ky mwrn lgxw, aus nUM jwdUgrnIAW v`loN ByfU bxw lYxw Awid vI Swiml hn[

iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ gurU jI jdoN cOQI audwsI dOrwn m`kw-mdInw qoN vwips muV rhy sn qW A&Zwinsqwn ivc kurm dirAw dy kMFy ’qy BweI mrdwnw dI mOq ho geI sI[ ies irvwieq muqæwibkæ gurU jI ny Awpxy h`QI aus nUM auQy d&nwieAw sI Aqy mgroN mrdwnw dw byt Szwdw aus dI kbr ’qy Pu`l cVHwaux igAw sI[ dUjI irvwieq muqæwibkæ BweI mrdwnw gurU jI dy nwl krqwrpur ivc vI rihMdw irhw sI Aqy aus dI mOq ie`Qy hI 11 nvMbr 1534 (13 m`Gr sMmq 1591) dy idn hoeI sI[ is`K irvwieq ivc krqwrpur ivc mOq hox nUM vDyry mnzUr kIqw igAw hY[ BweI mrdwnw dy cVHweI kr jwx mgroN aunHW dw bytw BweI Szwdw gurU drbwr ivc sMgIq dI syvw krdw irhw sI[

is`K qvwrI^ ivc ‘BweI’ l&z dI vrqoN sB qoN pihlW BweI mrdwnw vwsqy kIqI geI sI[ gurU gRMQ swihb ivc BweI lwlo Aqy BweI mrdwnw AijhIAW S^sIAqW hn ijnHW nUM mu^wiqb ho ky gurU nwnk swihb ny bwxI dy Sbd aucwry hn[ BweI mrdwnw vwsqy Aijhy iqMn Sbd ibhwgVy dI vwr ivc imldy hn:

     sloku mrdwnw ñ ] kil klvwlI kwmu mdu mnUAw pIvxhwru] k®oD ktorI moih BrI, pIlwvw AhMkwru] mjls kUVy lb kI pI pI hoie KuAwru] krxI lwhix, squ guVu, scu srw kir swru] gux mMfy kir sIlu iGau srmu mwsu Awhwru] gurmuiK pweIAY nwnkw KwDY jwih ibkwr]ñ] mrdwnw ñ] kwieAw lwhix, Awpu mdu mjls iqRsnw Dwqu] mnsw ktorI kUiV BrI pIlwey jm kwlu] iequ mid pIqY nwnkw bhuqy KtIAih ibkwr] igAwnu guVu swlwh mMfy, Bau mwsu Awhwru] nwnk iehu Bojnu scu hY scu nwmu AwDwru]ò] kWXW lwhix Awpu mdu, AMimRq iqs kI Dwr] sqsMgiq isau mylwpu hoie ilv ktorI AMimRq BrI pI pI ktih ibkwr]ó]  {gurU gRMQ swihb, s&w 553}.