GANDHI (Mahatama)
gWDI
(mohn dws krm cMd gWDI)
pUrw nW: mohn dws krm cMd gWDI. mohn dws pu`qr krm cMd dw jnm 2 AkqUbr 1869 dy idn hoieAw sI[ aus dI SwdI ksqUrbw nwl sMn 1882, 13 swl dI aumr ivc hoeI sI[ pihly p`uqr hrI lwl dw jnm (19 swl d aumr ivc) sMn 1888 ivc hoieAw sI[ sqMbr 1888 aus ny lMfn ie`nr tYNpl ivc vkwlq dIAW klwsW ivc dw^lw lY ilAw[ 10 jUn 1891 dy idn (22 swl dI aumr ivc) auh bYirst bixAw qy 12 jUn nUM Gr vwps cl ipAw[sMn 1892 ivc aus ny vkwlq SurU kIqI pr aus dI vkwlq nw c`lI[ ApRYl 1893 aus nUM iek muk`dmy dy islisly ivc swaUQ A&rIkw ByijAw igAw[ auh au~Qy iqMn swl irhw qy 5 jUn 1896 dy idn nUM vqn vwips igAw[ 30 nvMbr 1896 dy idn auh pirvwr nUM lY ky muV swaUQ A&rIkw vwsqy cl ipAw[
dsMbr 1898 ivc „boier lVweI‟ ivc aus ny ih`sw ilAw[ aus ny „ieMfIAn AYNbUlYNs kwrps‟ bxweI ijs rwhIN aus ny AMgryzW vwsqy kwilAW dy i^lw& ^u&IAw kwrvweIAW kIqIAW[ ies dOrwn AMgryzW v`loN aus nUM swrjYNt myjr dw Ahudw id`qw hoieAw sI[
AkqUbr 1901 ivc gWDI vwips vqn priqAw, pr hux vI aus dI vkwlq nw clI qW dsMbr ivc pirvwr nUM porbMdr ivc C`f ky auh muV swaUQ A&rIkw clw igAw[ mwrc 1906 ivc jdoN „zu`lU bZwvq‟ SurU hoeI qW aus ny iPr brqwnvI srkwr dI mdd kIqI[ 1906 jUn julweI kwly lokW (ijnHW nUM aus ny „kwi&r‟ iliKAw sI) dy i^lw& srkwrI lVweI ivc ih`sw ilAw[ auh AkqUbr 1906 ivc eySIAnW dy i^lw& (Agsq 1905 ivc) bxwey „pol tYks‟ dy i^lw& brqwnvI srkwr qk phuMc krn vwsqy lMfn igAw qy au~QoN dsMbr ivc vwps AwieAw[
swaUQ A&rIkw ivc vkIl vjoN gWDI iblkul nwkwm sI[ auh Awpxy smyN ivc iek vI muk`dmw ij`q nhIN sI sikAw[
1908 jnvrI ivc aus ny „pol tYks‟ dy i^lw& hVqwl ivc 20 idn jylH ivc ibqwey[ ies dOrwn aus dI iek iesweI pwdrI jy. ifaUk nwl dosqI kwiem hoeI[ jUn 1909 ivc auh iPr lMfn igAw qy AkqUbr ivc muiVAw[ ies qoN bwAd brqwnvI srkwr nwl iPr imlvrqn krn lg ipAw[sMn 1910 ivc aus ny „twlstwey &wrm‟ kiem kIqw[ iesy smyN aus ny du`D pIxw C`f id`qw[sMn 1914 ivc pihlI ivSv jMg SurU ho cukI sI[ ies smyN gWDI ny AMgryzW dI mdd vwsqy „ieMfIAn vwlMtIAr kwrps‟ bxweI; pr, bImwr pYx kr ky vDyry kMm nw kr sikAw[ 18 julweI 1914 dy idn gWDI lMfn igAw[ ie`QoN gWDI d`KxI A&rIkw nhIN igAw qy 19 dsMbr dy idn lMfn qoN vqn nUM cl ipAw[ auh 9 jnvrI 1915 bMbeI pu`jw[
13 jnvrI 1915 dy idn gWDI dw jnrl sm`ts nwl smJOqw ho igAw Aqy AMgryzI srkwr nwl aus dI nyVqw hor vD geI[ jnrl sm`ts nwl slwh krn mgroN aus ny ihMd ivc kwrvweIAW krnIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ auh 17 &rvrI 1915 dy idn tYgor nUM imlx vwsqy SWqI inkyqn igAw[ 5 ApRYl dy idn aus ny hrduAwr jw ky kuMB myly ‟qy ieSnwn kIqw[ julweI 1915 ivc auh iPr lMfn igAw[ 26 jUn 1915 dy idn brqwnvI srkwr ny aus dIAW AMgryzI hkUmq vwsqy kIqIAW syvwvW nUM mu`K rK ky aus nUM „kYsr-ie-ihMd‟ dw i^qwb id`qw[ 15 nvMbr 1915 dy idn auh „gujrwq sBw‟ dw mIq pRDwn cuixAw igAw[ 6 &rvrI 1916 dy idn aus ny bnrws ihMdU XUnIvristI ivc lYkcr id`qw[ 26 dsMbr 1916 dy idn aus ny lKnaU kWgrs ivc SmUlIAq kIqI[ eyQy auh moqI lwl qy jvwhr lwl nihrU nUM pihlI vwr imilAw[ 17 jUn 1917 dy idn aus ny swbrmqI AwSrm kwiem kIqw[ iesy swl AkqUbr nvMbr ivc auh gujrwq AYjUkySnl Aqy isAwsI kw&rMsW ivc ih`sw lYNdw irhw[sMn 1918 Aqy sMn 1919 ivc aus ny iek vwr vrq r`iKAw Aqy iek siqAwgRih ivc ih`sw ilAw[ 24 &rvrI 1919 dy idn aus ny „rOlt AYkt‟‟ dy i^lw& morcw lwaux dw AYlwn kIqw qy 6 ApRYl dy idn hVqwl Aqy siqAwgRih SurU kIqw[ ies mgroN AMgryzW ny mIfIAw ivc aus nuM mhwn AwgU vjoN pyS krnw SurU kIqw qy aus ny kWgrs pwrtI dI vwg for sMBwl leI[ isr& cwr swl ivc hI aus nUM „mhwn AwgU‟ bxw ky bwkI swry AwgUAW, ^ws kr ky grm dlIAW‟ nUM K`ufy lw id`qw igAw[sMn 1915 qoN sMn 1930 qk AMgryz srkwr ny qy AMgryzI mIfIAw ny aus nUM ^Ub mShUrI id`qI[ ies nwl aus dw bhuq prcwr hoieAw[ gWDI ny bhuq morcy lwey pr iek morcy ivc vI kwmXwbI hwisl nw hoeI[ pr ies nwl aus nUM bhuq mShUrI imlI ijs nwl auh „vwihd‟ AwgU bx igAw[ 1947 ivc AMgryz mulk nUM gWDI qy nihrU dy hvwly kr ky C`f ky cly gey[ 30 jnvrI 1948 dy idn aus nUM n`QU rwm gofsy ny golIAW mwr ky mwr id`qw.
gWDI Aqy is`K
gWDI iek Awm mUlvwdI „ihMdU‟ sI; aus dI soc iek Awm bwxIey ihMdU vwlI hI sI[ hwlW ik auh idloN Dwrimk nhIN sI[ auh ieMglYNf rihMidAW Srwb Aqy gW dw mws qk Kw cukw sI[ auh Swied kwmI vI sI[ ijhVw S^s mW-bwp dy mrn dy plW ivc pqnI nwl Bog kr irhw hovy aus ivc pirvwr vwsqy ikMnw kU ipAwr/jzbwq ho skdw hY, ies g`l dw AMdwzw sOiKAW hI lwieAw jw skdw hY[
pr auh Dwrimk nw hox dy bwvjUd i&rkU zrUr sI[ auh dUjy DrmW, ^ws kr ky muslmwnW Aqy is`KW nUM idloN n&rq krdw sI[ auh qW 1920ivAW ivc vI “rwm rwj” dIAW g`lW krdw huMdw sI[sMn 1923 ivc jd aus ny qklI dw pRcwr SurU kIqw qW aus ny ieh pRcwr vI kIqw ik qklI ivcoN inklx vwly hr Dwgy qy rwm qy ikRSn dI muhr hoxI cwhIdI hY[ (ieMdU lwl ky. XjnIk, gWDI: AYz AweI inaU ihm, s&w 302, jI.fI. qyNdulkr, mhwqmw: lweI& Aw& mohn dws krm cMd gWDI)[
pihlW sMn 1921 ivc nwnkwxw swihb dy kqlyAwm bwry vI gWDI dw slUk qkrIbn AYNtI-is`K sI[ aus dy ibAwnW ivcoN SryAwm mhMqW nwl hmdrdI dw ieSwrw nzr AwauNdw sI[ aus ny qW ieh koiSS vI kIqI sI ik is`K gurduAwrw suDwr lihr bMd kr dyx Aqy Bwrq dI AwzwdI dI lihr ivc hI ih`sw pwaux[ (ies ip`Cy vI aus dw mksd mhMqW dI mdd krnw hI sI)[ auN\ is`K lIfrW ny aus dI ies slwh nUM r`d kr id`qw sI[ hW is`KW ny iek ZlqI zrUr kIqI sI ik aus dy kihx ‟qy nwnkwxw swihb dy kqlyAwm sbMDI srkwr nwl nwimlvrqx dw mqw zrUr pws kr id`qw sI[ pr ies dy bwvjUd gWDI qy kWgrs ny nwnkwxw swihb dy sbMD ivc isr& iek-do ibAwn dyx qoN isvw kuJ nhIN sI kIqw[ aultw is`KW qy srkwr ivc iv`Q vDweI sI[
gWDI hmySw is`K Drm nUM ihMdU Drm dw iek AMg ikhw krdw sI[ is`K AwgUAW ny aus nUM iml ky vI qy ibAwnW rwhIN vI (qy iek`TW qy mIitMgW ivc vI) aus nUM Aijhw kihx qoN roikAw sI[ (ies ‘qy iek A^bwr ny gWDI bwry iliKAw sI:„mhwqmw gWDI pwgl ho igAw‟[ jdoN auh pMjwb AwieAw qW aus ny mMn ilAw ik mYN Aijhw pbilk ivc kdy nhIN khWgw pr iPr vI auh tilAw nhIN[ aus ny 9 ApRYl 1925 dy ‘XMg ieMfIAw ivc iek lyK ilK ky gurU goibMd isMG swihb nUM ihMdU Drm dw r`iKAk pr iek Bu`lV dyS Bgq ikhw (pr aus ny iSvwjI mrh`tw qy rwxI JWsI nUM kdy Bu`lV nhIN ikhw)[ jd mMgl isMG ny aus nUM ies bwry spStIkrn vwsqy ikhw qW aus ny ZlqI nhIN mMnI qy AwpxI g`l ‟qy AiVAw irhw, sgoN aus ny ikRSn bwry nvIN it`pxI dy id`qI ik auh ‘ieiqhwsk ienswn nhIN sI’ qy jy ieh swibq ho jwvy ik mhWBwrq ‘ieiqhws’ sI qW mYN ikRSn nUM r`b dw Avqwr mMnx qoN sw& ienkwr kr dyvWgw[‘ auN\ gWDI ny mMinAw ik aus ny is`K AwgUAW nwl vwAdw kIqw sI ik mYN aunHW nUM ihMdU Drm dw AMg nhIN khWgw[ pr gWDI iPr vI vwr-vwr is`K Drm ‟qy hmly krdw irhw[
sMn 1929 dy lwhOr sYSn ivc kWgrs ny mqw pws kIqw sI ik „kWgrs koeI AYsw kwƒn mnzUr nhIN krygI jo is`KW (qy hor AklIAqW) ƒ mnzUr nhIN hovygw[‟ sMn 1931 ivc gWDI ny is`KW nUM Brmwaux vwsqy iek vwr ikrpwn dI is&q vI kIqI sI[ 16 mwrc 1931 ƒ gWDI ny sIs gµj id`lI ivc ikhw ik „„kWgrs is`KW nwl kdI ivswhGwq nhIN krygI, qy lwhOr dy mqy Anuswr koeI Aijhw AweIn nhIN bxwieAw jweygw jo is`KW ƒ mnzUr nw hovy[ ies sUrq ivc is~KW nUM h`k hovygw ik auh h`Q ivc qlvwr PV ky bZwvq krn, vwihgurU qy mnuK jwqI aunHW dI mdd krngy[”
iehI vwiedw mgroN 6 julweI 1946 ƒ klk`qw ivc nihrU vloN vI duhrwieAw igAw[ nihrU dy l&z sn „„pµjwb dy bhwdr is`K ^ws slUk dy hkdwr hn[ mYƒ ies ivc koeI ieqrwz nhIN idsdw ik ihµdUsqwn dy au~qr ivc iek Aijhw ielwkw vKrw kr id`qw jwvy ijs ivc AwzwdI dw inG is`KW dy lhU ƒ vI grmwvy[”
sMn 1936 ivc jd AMbydkr is`K bxn l`gw sI qW gWDI ny ies dI zbrdsq mu^wl&q kIqI sI, ijs nwl aus ny is`K bxn qoN nWh kr id`qI sI[ (ieh bySk AMbydkr dI kmzorI sI ik auh iek ihMdU AwgU A`gy Juk igAw ijs dw nqIjw aus nUM izMdgI Br Bogxw ipAw qy auh iek inrws AwgU vWg ies dunIAW qoN clw igAw)[
Agsq 1940 hI mwstr qwrw isµG ny kWgrs pRDwn AbU klwm mOlwnw Awzwd ƒ ilKy iek ^q ivc &Oj ivc is`KW dI vDyry BrqI dI g`l AwKI hoeI sI[ mwstr qwrw isµG ny ies dI iek kwpI gWDI ƒ vI Byj idqI sI[ gWDI ny mwstr qwrw isµG dI ic`TI dy jvwb ivc ieh vI iliKAw ik:
“You have nothing in common with Congress — you believe in the rule of sword, the Congress does not…” („quhwfy Aqy kWgrs ivc kuJ vI sWJw nhIN[ qusIN ikrpwn ivc XkIn rKdy ho qy kWgrs nhIN)[
ies ‟qy mwstr qwrw isµG ny gWDI nwl hoeI ^qo-ikqwbq pRYs ƒ irlIz krn dy nwl hI 12 sqµbr 1940 ƒ kOmI qy sUbweI kWgrs qoN AsqI&y dy id`qy[ AsqI&y ivc mOlwnw Aqy gWDI nwl ivcwrW dy &rk Aqy „rwjw jI dI pySkS‟ dy ivroD dw izkr kIqw igAw sI[ 15 sqµbr 1940 nUM aurdU AKbwrW „pRqwp‟, „imlwp‟ qy „vIr Bwrq‟ ny gWDI dw ivroD qy mwstr qwrw isµG dI ihmwieq kIqI[ A^bwrW ny mOlwnw Azwd ƒ mwstr qwrw isµG qoN muAw&I mµgx vwsqy ikhw (gWDI nUM muAw&I mMgx vwsqy nhIN ikhw igAw sI, hwlW ik is`K Drm dy i^lw& l&z gWDI ny vrqy sn)[ A^bwrW ny ikhw ik is`KW dIAW mhwn kurbwnIAW ƒ A`KoN Ehly kIqw igAw hY[ pr 18 sqµbr 1940 ƒ mwstr qwrw isµG ny AYlwn kIqw ik kWgrs qoN myrw AsqI&w S^sI hY AkwlI dl kWgrs dy nwl hI rhygw[ mwstr qwrw isµG dw ieh ibAwn Zlq sI ikauNik gWDI ny mwstr qwrw isµG dy i^lw& kuJ nhIN sI ikhw blik is`K Drm dI ikrpwn dy i^lw& n&rq auglI sI[ bxdw qW ieh sI ik swrI is`K kOm gWDI dy i^lw& au~T KVoNdI pr Aihmk qy buzidl is`K AwgU susrI vWg su`qy rhy[
28 sqµbr 1940 ƒ AkwlI dl dI vrikµg kmytI ny gWDI dy is`KW sbµDI l&zW dI inµdw kIqI qy mµg kIqI ik kWgrs mOlwnw Awzwd (gWDI dy nhIN) dy ibAwn bwry AwpxI puzISn sw& kry[ AkwlI dl ny sMn 1929 dy is`KW ƒ id`qy Brosy Xwd r`Kx leI ikhw Aqy „rwjw jI dI pySkS‟ dw ivroD kIqw[ 15 AkqUbr nUM nihrU ny vI iek ibAwn ivc is`K AwgUAW ƒ AµgryzW nwl imlvrqx jW kWgrs dw swQ ivcoN ie`k rwh cuxn vwsqy ikhw[ pr, gWDI Aqy nihrU dy vqIry dy bwvjUd AkwlI dl qy kWgrs iek`Ty cldy rhy „isvl nw &urmwnI‟ dI ihmwieq bwry mqw pws kIqw[ ies vyly AkwlI dl dw prDwn qyjw isµG AkrpurI sI[ 31 dsµbr 1940 ƒ AkwlI kwn&rµs &iqhgVH ivc hoeI[ ies ivc igAwnI krqwr isµG, eISr isµG mJYl Awidk ny kWgrsI rol ƒ nw-psµd krn sbµDI qkrIrW kIqIAW[ mwstr AjIq isµG AµbwlvI ny ikhw ik „„Aihµsw is`K isDWqW dy ivru`D hY[ is`K gurUAW ny keI vwrI Awpxy isDWqW dI rwKI vwsqy Aqy zwlm nwl mukwblw krn vwsqy ihMsw (qwkq dI vrqoN) kIqI hY[”
kuJ is`K AwgUAW ny gWDI dy i^lw& ibAwn zrUr id`qy pr auh vI nrm-nrm ijhy pr ies dy bwvjUd auh gWDI nUM Awpxw lIfr mMndy rhy[ eynI kU sUJ sI AkwlI AwgUAW ivc ik auh Awpxw gu`Jw duSmx vI nhIN sn pihcwxdy qy nw hI auh jurAq rKdy sn ik ieho ijhy dMBI, byeImwn qy DoKybwz nUM r`d kr skdy[ sB qoN AjIb rol sI Amr isMG Jbwl, aUDm isMG nwgoky, mMgl isMG ig`l, hIrw isMG drd vrgy AwgUAW dw, joo ies sB kuJ dy bwvjUd gWDI nUM hI sB kuJ mMndy sn qy aunHW nUM aus dw i&rkU qy AYNtI-is`K rol vI JMJoVdw nhIN sI[ ieh hwlq sI Aihmk is`K cODrIAW dI[ ieh lok mUrKwnw h`d q`k kWgrs qy gWDI dI pYrokwrI hI nhIN cwplUsI qk krdy sn[
ies mgroN vI gWDI Aksr is`KW Aqy ikrpwn bwry boilAw krdw sI[ aus ny Awpxy prcy hrIjn dy 5 Aqy 12 julweI 1942 AMkW ivc SryAwm ikrpwn dy i^lw& iliKAw[ kWgrs pwrtI ivc is`K-ivroDI qy i&rkU mwhOl dI h`d qW ieQoN qk sI ik sMn 1945 ivc kWgrs sYNtrl pwrtI dy cI& iv`p ny mµgl isµG AYm.pI. ƒ ie`QoN qk hukm jwrI kIqw sI ik auh AsYNblI ivc is`KW bwry svwl nw pu`iCAw kry[ ies ‟qy AkwlI dl ny aus ƒ ApozISn ivc bYTx Aqy is`K h`kW sbµDI AkwlI dl dI pwlsI Anuswr clx vwsqy ikhw[
15 Agsq 1947 qoN bwAd gWDI isr& swFy pMj mhIny hI jIivAw pr aus ny ies dOrwn drjnW vwr is`KW dy i^lw& GtIAw iksm dy bol boly[ ies dIAW kuJ imswlW hwizr hn:
iek vwr aus ny is`KW nUM ihMdU ikhw Aqy nwl hI kihx l`gw ik: is`KW nUM vKrw Drm qW mYkwly (auh Swied kinMGm kihxw cwhuMdw sI) ny ikqwb ilK ky bxwieAw sI[ gWDI dy l&zW ivc: ieh swrw mYkwly ny KVw kIqw sI[ auh ieiqhwskwr qW sI hI nhIN[ aus ny is`KW nUM Alg Drm kihx dI zihr PYlweI ijs nUM hr iek ny ingl ilAw[ (gWDI, kulYktf vrks, ijld 88, s&y 4-5)[
gRMQ swihb kI hY, ieh qW ihMdU SwSqrW ‟qy ADwrq hY[…ieh is`KW dw svw lwK kI mzwk hY[ AYtm bMb dy ies zmwny ivc is`KW dI ikrpwn iek zMgwl l`gw hiQAwr hY[ (gWDI, kulYktf vrks, ijld 89, s&w 284)[
ijs qrHW lok ikrpwn pihxI iPrdy hn; ieh iek jMglI vrqwrw hY (gWDI, kulYktf vrks, ijld 89, s&y 274)[
is`K kihMdy hn ik auh pRIvI kONsl dy &Ysly muqwibk iksy vI sweIz dI ikrpwn pihx skdy hn[ hux ihMdUAW dI hkUmq hY qy pRIvI kONsl dw &Yslw ^qm ho cukw hY
(gWDI, kulYktf vrks, ijld 90, s&w 72-73)[
iek is`K jy svw l`K hY qW auh duSmx nUM mu`ikAW nwl hI mwr skdw hY, ikrpwn dI kI loV hY[
gurU nwnk ny kdy nhIN sI ikhw ik mYN ihMdU nhIN, nw hI iksy hor gurU ny Aijhw ikhw[ is`K, ihMdU, boDI, jYnI DrmW nUM Alg nhIN mMinAw jw skdw[ ieh swry ies ihMdU Drm dIAW Sw^wvW hn[ ihMdU Drm iek smuMdr hY ijs ivc swry dirAw smw jWdy hn (gWDI, kulYktf vrks, ijld 90, s&w 177)[
mYN quhwfw gRMQ swihb pVHdw hW pr mYN ieh quhwnUM ^uS krn vwsqy nhIN pVHdw[ nw hI Aijhw krn vwsqy mYnUM quhwfI iejwzq dI loV hY[ pr gurU jI ny ikqy vI nhIN ikhw ik quhwnUM dwVHI zrUr augwauxI cwhIdI hY qy ikrpwn zrUr cu`kxI cwhIdI hY[ (gWDI, kulYktf vrks, ijld 90, s&w 470)[
mOlwxw Awzwd (jo swrI aumr gWDI dw v&wdwr irhw qy muslmwx aus nUM “SoA buAwey Aw& kWgrs” ikhw krdy sn) ny vI AwpxI ikqwb ieMfIAw ivnz &rIfm (ies dy aunHW 30 si&AW ivc jo aus dI mOq qoN qIh swl mgroN Cwpy gey sn) ivc gWDI qy nihrU dI i&rkwprsqI dw prdw &wS kIqw hY[
gWDI is`K Drm dy i^lw& AijhI GtIAw bolI Aksr boldw hI rihMdw sI pr byZYrq kWgrsI „is`K‟ vzIrIAW qy hor lwlcW kwrn ieh sB kuJ cup kr ky sux lYNdy sn qy kMn bMd kr lYNdy sn qy kbUqr vWg ib`lI vyK ky A`KW mIt lYNdy sn qy gUMgy bxy rihMdy sn[ ^ws kr ky pRqwp isMG kYroN, mMgl isMG ig`l, Amr isMG Jbwl, svrn isMG jlMDr, guridAwl isMG iF`loN, zYl isMG, aUDm isMG nwgoky, drSn isMG PyrUmwn vZYrw qW ies zlwlq nUM im`Tw kr ky pINdy sn.
(fw. hrijMdr isMG idlgIr)