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vrlf is`K rweItrz kwn&rMs

 

dunIAw Br dy is`K lyKkW nUM dI ieh jmwq 9 AkqUbr 2004 dy idn cMfIgVH (gurduAwrw sYktr 34 dy hwl) ivc kwiem kIqI geI sI[ ies dw mMqv dunIAW Br dy is`K lyKkW nUM iek mMc ’qy iek`Tw krnw Aqy pMQk iviSAW ’qy sWJI rwey kwiem kr ky kwrj krnw sI[ ies dw pihly cyArmYn fw drSn isMG Aqy pRDwn fw hrijMdr isMG idlgIr nUM cuixAw igAw sI[ ies jmwq nwl sbMDq hoey ivdvwnW qy lyKkW ivc hyyT ilKy vI Swiml sn: fw hrnwm isMG Swn, fw ikrpwl isMG ieiqhwskwr, fw. hrnwm isMG Swn, igAwnI gurid`q isMG, b^SIS isMG in`Jr AmrIkw, jwgIr isMG hmdrd ieMglYNf, BUipMdr isMG hwlYNf, AYs. blvMq, fw AmrjIq kOr iebn klW, qrsym isMG id`lI, kMvr mihMdr pRqwp isMG luiDAwxw, gurrqnpwl isMG, jsvMq isMG mwn, ieMdr isMG G`gw, suKpRIq isMG aUdoky, AmrjIq isMG cMdI, kysr isMG mMf, dlvIr kOr, vulvthYNptn Awid[ ies dw iek cYptr ieMglYNf ivc vI kwiem kIqw igAw sI, ijs dw ieMcwrj jwgIr isMG hmdrd sI[ ienHW ny Awpxw iek vY~b sweIt vI SurU kIqw sI[ ienHW dy bhuq swry smwgm cMfIgVH Aqy ieMglYNf ivc hoey sn.

AjIq jlMDr 10 AkqUbr 2004 muK s&w

vrlf is`K rweItrz kwn&rMs dy vY~b sweIt dw audGwtn (fw idlgIr qy jwgIr isMG hmdrd)

vrlf is`K rweItrz kwn&rMs ibRiMmMGm (ieMglYNf) dw iek smwgm

ivswKw isMG ‘sMq ispwhI ‘

 

ivswKw isMG (13.4.1903 – 15.8.1968), pu`qr krm isMG dw jnm ipMf jnyqpurw (izlHw luiDAwxw) ivc hoieAw sI; pr aus ny AwpxI izMdgI dw bhuqw smW ipf ikSnpur klW (izlHw &Irozpur) ivc ibqwieAw sI[ aus ny gurU-dw-bwZ morcw (sMn 1922) ivc igR&qwrI id`qI sI Aqy kuJ mhIny jyl ivc irhw sI[ mgroN aus ny jYqo morcw dorwn vI igR&qwrI id`qI sI[ sMn 1944 ivc aus ny ipNMf ivc gurmiq pRcwr isMG sBw kwiem kIqI sI[ ies mgroN aus ny gurU nwnk swihb AYjUkySn soswietI kwiem kIqI sI Aqy izlHw &Irozpur dy keI ipMfW ivc skuL KolHy sn[

aus ny mwlvw ieiqhws nW nwl iqMn ijldW ivc mwlvw (Aqy hor ielwikAW vI) dw ieiqhws vI iliKAw sI[ BwvyN ies ilKq ivc bhuq kuJ kwlpink hY pr ies ivc bhuq swry ipMfW dy aunHW lokW dw izkr hY ijnHW ny iksy lihr ivc ih`sw ilAw sI jW jwnW kurbwn kIqIAW sn.

ivswKw isMG ddyhr

 

ivswKw isMG ddyhr (13.4.1877 – 5.12.1957) dw jnm idAwl isMG sMDU dy Gr ipMf ddyhr (izlHw AMimRqsr) ivc hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy auh ibRitS &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw sI; ies smyN aus nUM &Oj ivc gRMQI vjoN vI syvw inBwauxI peI sI[ sMn 1907 ivc aus ny &Oj dI nOkrI C`f id`qI Aqy rozgwr dy islisly ivc cIn clw igAw[ sMn 1908 ivc auh AmrIkw clw igAw[ au~Qy auh kuJ smW &wrmW ivc kMm krdw irhw[ kuJ smyN mgroN aus ny jvwlw isMG T`TIAW nwl iml ky iek v`fw &wrm ^rId ilAw[ CyqI hI aunHW ny stwktn ivc iek gurduAwrw vI kwiem kr ilAw; mgroN iek gurduAwrw holtivl ivc vI kwiem kIqw igAw sI[ 14 jnvrI 1913 dy idn gurU goibMd isMG jI dw jnm idn mnwieAw igAw[ ies mOky qy iek bhuq v`fw iek`T hoieAw[  ies iek`T mgroN is`KW dI iek AnAYlwnI jQybMdI kwiem ho cukI sI; ieh iek`T 31 dsMbr 1913 dy idn Zdr pwrtI kwiem krn dI SurUAwq bixAw sI[ ies lihr dy AYkSn vjoN jdoN is`K Aqy hor lok mulk vl cl pey qW AMgRyzI srkr ny aunHW swirAW nUM igR&qwr krnw SurU kr id`qw sI[ ivswKw isMG nUM vI igR&qwr kr ky AMfymwn jyl ivc Byj id`qw igAw sI[ ie`Qy aus ny pMj swl ibqwey sn[ ie`Qy kYdIAW nwl izAwdqI dy i^lw& ros vjoN aus ny Bu`K hVqwl kIqI sI, ijs nwl aus dw vzn 80 pONf Gt igAw sI[ ies dOrwn aus ’qy qpidk (tIbI) dw hmlw vI hoieAw sI[ ies hwlq ivc aus nUM hspqwl Byj id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1920 ivc aus nUM irhw kIqw igAw sI[ 14 ApRYl 1920 dy idn auh ipMf pu`jw sI[ sMn 1923 jvwlw isMG T`TIAW, jo BMfwrw jyl ivc Bu`K hVqwl kr irhw sI; aus nUM imlx vwsqy ieh aus jyl ivc igAw sI[ sqMbr 1925 ivc ieh sohx isMG Bknw nUM imlx vwsqy Xrvdw jyl vI igAw sI[

sMn 1926 ivc SRomxI AkwlI dl ny “dyS Bgq pirvwr shwiek kmytI” bxweI qW jo isAwsI kYdIAW dy pirvwrW dI mdd kIqI jw sky[ ies nUM aus dw pRDwn bxwieAw igAw sI[ ies ny isAwsI kYdIAW dy pirvwrW vwsqy bhuq &Mf iek`Ty kIqY Aqy  aunHW dy GrW ivc pYsy phuMcwey sn[

17 sqMbr 1931 dy idn jdo qrnqwrn gurduAwrw dI kwr syvw SurU kIqI geI qW ies nUM pMj ipAwirAW ivc Swiml kIqw igAw sI[ 14 AkqUbr 1932 dy idn jdoN pMjw swihb gurduAwrw dI kwr syvw SurU kIqI geI qW ies vwr vI ies nUM pMj ipAwirAW ivc Swiml kIqw igAw sI[ pihlI nvMbr 1933 dy idn ies nUM ipMf ivc nzrbMd kr id`qw igAw sI[ 

AkqUbr 1934 ivc aus nUM Akwl buMgw gurduAwrw (ijs nUM kuJ lok Akwl q^q kihx dI ZlqI  krdy hn) dI ‘syvw sMBwl dy jQy dw jQydwr’ bxwieAw igAw sI[ dsMbr 1934 ivc jdoN SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ny nvwb muz`&r ^wn nUM gurduAwrw AYkt pws krwaux ivc mdd krn vwsqy isropwau Byt kIqw qW ies ny ‘Akwl buMgw gurduAwrw dI syvw sMBwl dy jQy dy jQydwr’ dy Ahudy qoN AsqI&w dy id`qw[

sMn 1935 ivc jdoN AkwlI dl ivc Pu`t pY jwx kr ky dl v`K v`K DiVAW ivc vMifAw igAw Aqy iek dUjy dy i^lw& swizSW hox lg peiAW qW ies ny aunHW ivc smJOqw krwaux dI koiSS kIqI sI; sohx isMG Bknw ny vI ies muihMm ivc ih`sw pwieAw sI[

BwvyN ies mgroN auh 20 swl izMdw irhw sI, pr aus ny isAwsq ivc srgrm ih`sw lYxw C`f id`qw sI[ aus ny 80 swl dI aumr ivc qrnqwrn ivc AMiqm suAws ley sn.

 ivswKw isMG ddyhr (sMn 1926 ivc)

 

 

ivswKw isMG ddyhr aumr dy Aw^rI virHAW ivc

 

vzIr isMG. rwjw &rIdkot

 

&rIdkot irAwsq dw rwjw (1828-21.4.1874), pu`qr phwV isMG sMn 1849 ivc q^q ‘’qy bYiTAw sI[ ies ny 1857 dy Zdr smyN AMgRyzW dI bhuq mdd kIqI sI Aqy swrI aumr aunHW dw ^Yr-^Íwh irhw sI[ iek lyKk ny ies bwry bhuq AjIb ijhI g`l ilKI hY ik “ies ny swrI aumr iksy prweI AOrq v`l burI nzr nwl nhIN vyiKAw sI[ ies dw k`Cw &rIdkot dy qoSy ^wny ivc r`iKAw hoieAw sI Aqy ies dw nwlw Do ky lok aus pwxI nUM grBvqIAW nUM ipAwauNdy hn ijs nwl b`cw ibnw iksy klyS dy pYdw ho jWdw hY”.

vzIr ^wn &Ojdwr srhMd

 

vzIr ^wn hirAwxw dy ksby kuMjprw dw rihx vwlw sI[ ies dw Asl nW imrzw AskrI sI[ ies nUM 2000 svwr dw mnsb imilAw hoieAw sI[ AOrMgzyb ny ies nUM sIhrMd (hux srhMd) dw &Ojdwr lwieAw hoieAw sI (srhMd id`lI sUby dw ih`sw sI)[

ieh bhuq hMkwrI sI Aqy lokW nwl bhuq D`kw kIqw krdw sI[  is`KW nwl ieh Akwrn duSmxI r`Kdw sI[ ies dIAW ByjIAW &OjW ny sMn 1700 ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI ’qy inrmohgVH ivc hmlw kIqw sI[ ies ny 12 dsMbr 1705 dy idn gurU goibMd isMG jI dy do in`ky b`icAW (7 Aqy 9 swl dy) nUM AMqW dy qsIhy dy dy ky kql kIqw sI Aqy gurU jI dI mwqw nUM mwirAw sI[ ivSvws kIqw jWdw hY ik muZl bwdSwh bhwdur Swh dI hdwieq ’qy 5 AkqUbr 1708 dy idn gurU goibMd isMG jI dy su`qy hoieAW aunHW ’qy hmlw kr ky aunHW nUM kql krn vwly do pTwx vI iesy dy Byjy hoey sn[ ies dI mOq c`pV icVI dI lVweI ivc 12 meI 1710 dy idn bMdw isMG bhwdur Aqy aus dy swQIAW dy h`QoN hoeI sI.

vzIr ^wn (cinEt)

 

vzIr ^wn (sMn 1560 dy krIb- mOq 1641) dw Asl nW SY^ ielm-aud-dIn AMswrI sI[ ausdw jnm cinEt ivc SY^ Abdul lqI& dy Gr hoieAw sI[ ieh ihkmq dw bVw v`fw mwihr sI[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ ies ny iek vwr byZm nUr jhW dI iek bImwrI dw kwmXwb ielwj kIqw sI ijs kr ky ieh muZl bwdSwh jhWgIr dw chyqw bx igAw sI[ jhwgIr ny ies nUM 5000 zwq Aqy svwr dw mnsb imilAw id`qw hoieAw sI[ sMn 1619 ivc gurU hirgoibMd swihb dI gvwlIAr iklHy ivcoN irhweI ivc ies dw bhuq v`fw rol sI[ sMn 1628 ivc ies nUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxwieAw igAw sI[ sMn 1634 ivc ies nUM Awgrw sUby dw sUbydwr bxw id`qw igAw sI (Awgrw audoN muZl bwdSwh dI rwjDwnI sI)[ ies dI mOq sMn 1641 ivc Awgrw ivc hI GoVy qoN if`g ky z^m ho jwx nwl hoeI sI[ ies ny lwhOr ivc iek Swndwr msijd bxvweI sI jo AwpxI Swno-SOkq nwl A`j vI kwiem hY[JnW dirAw dy kMFy v`isAw ngr vzIrwbwd iesy dy nW ’qy hI Awbwd hoieAw sI (vyKo: vzIrwbwd).

virAwm isMG nwnkwxw

 

1. virAwm isMG (13.11.1889 – 20.2.1921, pu`qr Bgvwn isMG, dw jnm ipMf it`bI jY isMG, izlHw swhIvwl ivc hoieAw sI[ 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny do sO dy krIb is`KW, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, nUM golIAW clw ky byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI[ golIAW clx dI Awvwz sux ky virAwm isµG Aqy dlIp isµG swhovwl, jo pOxw iklomItr dUr, au~qm isµG kwrKwnydwr dy Gr bYTy sn, gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn v`l B`jy[ auh Aqy virAwm isµG gurduAwry pu`jy qW aus vyly mhµq bwhroN Awey nvyN is`KW ƒ kql krn dw hukm dy irhw sI[dlIp isµG ny mhµq ƒ kqlyAwm krnoN roikAw pr dlIp isµG dI g`l suxn dI bjwie mhµq ny ipsqOl k`F ky dlIp isµG ƒ vI kql kr id`qw[ aus dy iek bµdy ny virAwm isµG ƒ vI kql kr id`qw.

 

2. virAwm isMG (1870 – 20.2.1921) pu`qr bulwkw isMG (vwsI c`k nMbr 39 vMtovwlI, izlHw Sy^Upurw) ijs dw j`dI ipMf miVHAwlw c`iTAW, izlHw gujrWvwlw sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

 

3.virAwm isMG (1893 – 20.2.1921)  pu`qr bUtw isMG (vwsI c`k nMbr 91 DMnUAwxw, izlHw lwielpur) ijs dw j`dI ipMf hrIpur, izlHw jlMDr sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

 

4. virAwm isMG (31.7.1881 – 20.2.1921) pu`qr dUlw isMG (vwsI c`k nMbr 64 buMfwlw, izlHw lwielpur) ijs dw j`dI ipMf sUqovwl, izlHw AMimRqsr sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

 

5. virAwm isMG (1870 – 20.2.1921) pu`qr Bwg isMG kMboj (vwsI inzwmpur cylyvwlw, izlHw Sy^Upurw) ijs dw j`dI ipMf inzwmpur, izlHw AMimRqsr sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

virAwm isMG jYqo

 

1. virAwm isMG pu`qr nrYx isMG (vwsI ipMf bopw rwie, izlHw luiDAwxw) jYqo morcy ivc iek ShIdI j`Qy ivc Swiml hoieAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

2. virAwm isMG pu`qr JMfw isMG (vwsI ipMf bwGw purwxw, izlHw mogw) jYqo morcy ivc pihly ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

virAwm 

brwV kul dw iek sUrbIr AwdU jo sMGr dw pu`qr sI[ sMGr ny pwnIpq dI lVweI ivc bwbr dI mdd kIqI sI[ ies dI mOq sMn 1560 ivc B`tIAW nwl hoeI iek lVweI ivc hoeI sI[ ies dw pu`qr mihrwj ny vI bhuq nW kmwieAw sI.

vwirs Swh

 

pMjwbI dw mShUr Swier[ ies dI izMdgI dy hwlwq sbMDI koeI is`kybMd jwxkwrI nhIN imldI[ bhuqy ivdvwn ieh mMndy hn ik ies dw jnm sMn 1722 ivc sXd gulSyr ^wn (jW kuqb Swh) Aqy kmwl bwno dy Gr hoieAw sI[ ies dw jnm jMifAwlw Syr ^W (izlHw Sy^Upurw) ivc hoieAw sI[ ies ny qwlIm ksUr dy m^dUm (hwi&z Zulwm murqzw) qoN hwsl kIqI sI[ ies dI v&wq (mOq) sMn 1799 ivc hoeI sI (ies dy jnm qy mOq bwry hor qwrI^W vI ilKIAW geIAW hn)[ ies dI kbr ies dy ipMf jMifAw Syr ^W ivc bxI hoeI hY.

ies ny sMn 1766 (1180 ihjrI sMmq) ivc hIr dw ik`sw iliKAw sI [ hIr dw ik`sw dmodr Aqy mukbl ny vI iliKAw sI, pr vwirs Swh dw ik`sw sB qoN vD mkbUl hoieAw sI[ mOlw b^S kuSqw muqæwibkæ vwirs Swh dy ik`sy ivc swdgI, AslIAq Aqy joS buinAwdI ^UbIAW hn[ aus dy klwm ivc kmwl dI rvwnI Aqy joS hY[ zbwn bVI muhwvrydwr Aqy ingr hY[ aus ny Awpxy pwqrW koloN aunHW dI aumr. Xogqw Aqy mwhOl dy muqæwibkæ AKvwieAw hY[ aus ny j`t, mOlvI, pIr-&kIr, kMmI ikswn, AorqW Awid dI i&qrq qy hkIkq nUM suhxI qrHw ibAwn kIqw hY[ aus dI bolI srl qy sw& hY; l&z FukvyN Aqy PbvyN hn[ klwm ivc rs, loc Aqy jwn hY[ aus dy keI iSAr qW muhwvry Aqy AKwxW dw rUp Dwr cuky hn, ijvyN: ibnw murSdW rwh n h`Q Awvx, du`D bwJ nw irJdI KIr sweIN; A`k bIj ky iksy nw AMb KwDY, PrvWh SihqUq nw lwieAw eI;  vwirs rMn PkIr qlvwr GoVw, cwry lok ieh iksy dy Xwr nwhIN; ieh mwieny sB kurwn dy ny, ijhVy iSAr mIeyN vwirs Swh dy ny; rWJw AwKdw ieh jhwn su&nw, C`f jwvxw ey nYxW vwlIey nI Awidk.

vwirs Swh dw iek klipq ic`qr

vwirs Swh dw mzwr qy msijd

 

 

 

vDwvw isMG jYqo (1)

 

1. vDwvw isMG pu`qr JMfw isMG (vwsI ipMf au~goky, izlHw mogw) jYqo morcy ivc pihly ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

2. vDwvw isMG (vwsI ipMf lIl, izlHw lwielpur) jYqo morcy ivc pihly ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

3. vDwvw isMG (vwsI ipMf kMg, izlHw AMimRqsr) jYqo morcy ivc nOvyN ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

vIr isMG, BweI

 

BweI vIr isMG (5.12.1872 – 10.6.1957) dw jnm fw. crn isMG dy Gr AMimRqsr ivc hoieAw sI[ sMn 1891 ivc, 19 swl dI aumr ivc, aus ny izlHy ivc A`vl rih ky mYitRkulySn dw iemiqhwn pws kIqw[

sMn 1893 ivc  aus ny Kwlsw tRYkt soswietI kwiem kIqI Aqy ies Adwry hyT is`K Drm Aqy qvwrI^ sbMDI qkrIbn 200 tRYkt Cwpy[ sMn 1898 ivc aus ny Kwlsw smwcwr nW hyT h&qwvwr A^bwr vI SurU kIqw[ aus ny AMimRqsr ivc AnwQW vwsqy iek AwSrm SurU krn ivc vI bhuq rol Adw kIqw[

BweI vIr isMG ny bhuq swry nwvl Aqy kivqwvW dy nwl nwl gurU swihb dIAW jIvnIAW vI ilKIAW sn[ aus ny BweI gurdws Aqy kvI sMqoK isMG dIAW ilKqW vI sMpwdn kr ky CwpIAW sn[ BweI vIr isMG dIAW muK ikqwbW ieh hn: (nwvl): suMdrI, sqvMq kOr, ibjY isMG, suBwg jI dw suDwr h`QIN bwbw nOD isMG; (kivqwvW): rwxw sUrq isMG, rwjw lKdwqw isG, ibjlIAW dy hwr, mtk hulwry, myry sweIAW jIE; (Drm Aqy ieiqhws): gurU nwnk cmqkwr, ASt gurU cmqkwr, klgIDr cmqkwr;  (sMpwdn qy tIkw): gurU gRMQ koS, gur pRqwp sUrj gRMQ, vwrW qy kibq BweI gurdws, purwqn jnmswKI, is`KW dI Bgqmwlw, igAwn rqnwvlI  Awid[ aus ny gurU gRMQ swihb dy kuJ ih`sy dw tIkw vI kIqw sI[ aus ny drjnW lyK vI ilKy sn ijnHW ivcoN kuJ lyKW nUM mgroN ‘BweI vIr isMG dI ieiqhwsk rcnw’ nW hyT ikqwbI rUp ivc Cwp id`qw igAw sI[

BweI vIr isMG nUM pMjwb XUnIvristI ny sMn 1949 ivc fwktr dI AwnryrI ifgrI dy ky invwijAw igAw sI[sMn ivc aus nUM sMn 1950 ivc iek AiBnMdn gRMQ pyS kIqw igAw sI[

sMn 1952 ivc aus nUM pMjwb kONsl dw mYNbr bxwieAw igAw sI[

sMn 1956 ivc aus nUM pdm BUSn dw AYvwrf id`qw igAw sI[

sMn 1972 ivc aus dI jnm SqwbdI ’qy iek fwk itkt vI jwrI kIqI geI sI.

 

     BweI vIr isMG dy kuJ n&I p`K vI sn: 

1. ikauNik auh inrmlw sMprdw nwl sbMD rKdw sI ies kr ky aus ny gurbwxI Aqy ieiqhws nUM inrmlw p`K qoN pyS krn dI koiSS vI kIqI sI[
2. auh hmySw AMgRyzW dw v&wdr irhw sI[ isAwsI nukiqAW qW kI aus ny qW gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dI vI zrw mwsw vI ihmwieq nhIN kIqI sI[
3. aus ’qy ieh doS vI lgdw hY ik auh dUijAW dIAW rcnwvW Awpxy nW ’qy Cwp lYNdw sI[ ilKwrI aus nUM AwpxIAW ilKqW suDweI vwsqy dy jWdy sn pr auh ‘guMm ho geI’ dw bhwnw lw ky moVdw nhIN sI (ieh g`l igAwnI igAwn isMG ny vI ilKI hY)[ aus dI mOq mgroN svw sO dy krIb AijhIAW ilKqW aus dy Gr ivcoN imlIAW sn[
4. aus ny dUjy inrmlw ilKwrIAW kvI sMqoK isMG qy igAwnI igAwn isMG vW| Awpxy koloN GV ky khwxIAW vI ieiqhws ivc Swiml krn dI koiSS kIqI sI (ijvyN: srhMd dy &Ojdwr dI pqnI v`loN Coty swihbzwidAW dI ShIdI ’qy ^udkuSI krnw)[ gurU nwnk swihb dy nW nwl “dyv” nUM vDyry pRclq krn ivc aus dw v`fw rl sI[ ies qoN ielwvw hor vI bhuq swrIAW Zlq g`lW aus ny pRclq kIqIAW sn[

 

 

BweI vIr isMG jvwnI ivc

 

 

 

 

BweI vIr isMG aumr dy Aw^rI virHAW ivc

 

 

 

 

vYNqUrw

 

XW-bYpiqsy vYNqUrw (25.5.1794-3.4.1858) dw jnm ietlI ivc iek XhUdI  vpwrI dy Gr iek kYQoilk mW dI ku`K qoN ivc hoieAw sI[ sqwrW swl dI aumr ivc ieh ietlI dy rwjy dI &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw sI[ mgroN ieh nYpolIAn bonwpwrt dI &Oj ivc jrnYl bx igAw sI[  nYpolIAn v`loN q^q C`fy jwx Aqy ietlI  dI &Oj qoVy jwx mgroN sMn 1814 ivc ieh ietlI muV AwieAw sI[ nYpolIAn nwl ies dI hmdrdI hox kr ky Aqy pulIs nwl JgVy qoN bcx vwsqy sMn 1817 ivc ieh mulk C`f ky clw igAw[ pihlW kuJ smW ieh kONsqYNqInol (hux iesqMbul) ivc irhw[ ie`Qy aus nUM pqw l`gw ik ierwn dw Swh XUrpIn jrnYlW nUM BrqI kr irhw hY qW ieh ierwn clw igAw[ ierwn dy Swh ny ies nUM krnl dw Ahudw dy id`qw[ sMn 1822 ivc ierwn dy Swh dI mOq ho geI qy aus dw v`fw pu`qr A`bws imrzw Swh bixAw[ A`bws nUM ies dI v&wdrI ’qy S`k hoieAw qW aus ny ies nUM nOkrI qoN htw id`qw[ ies mgroN ieh iek hor jrnYl  AYlwrf nwl iml ky pMjwb nUM c`l ipAw sI[ lwhOr pu`j ky auh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM imilAw sI[ mhwrwjw ny ies nUM AwpxI &Oj nUM kvwied isKwaux vwsqy r`K ilAw sI[  mhwrwjw ny vYNqUrw nUM 2500 rupY mhInw qn^wwh qoN ielwvw bhuq swry eInwm vI b^iSS kIqy sn[ies dI DI ivktorIn nUM vI do ipMf jwgIr vjoN imly hoey sn[vYqUrw ny nOSihrw dI lVweI ivc Aihm rol Adw kIqw sI[  ieh sqMbr 1843 qIk ieh lwhOr irhw sI Aqy mhwrwj Syr isMG dy kql mgroN &rWs muV igAw sI[ ies ny AwpxI bwkI aumr pYirs ivc hI ibqweI sI.

vygw pwsI 

 

f`lw ipMf dw rihx vwlw pwsI goqr dw BweI vygw gurU Amr dws swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: KwnU Curw qwrU qry, vygw pwsI krxI swrI (vwr 11, pauVI 17).

vsqI rwm

 BweI vsqI rwm (1701-1802) BweI bulwkw isMG (jo gurU goibMd isMG jI kol AnMdpur irhw krdw sI) dw pu`qr sI[ (gurU jI dy h`QoN pwhul lYx vwlw bulwkw isMG Awpxy pu`qr nUM is`K ikauN nw bxw sikAw ies dw jvwb nhIN imldw)[ ieh lwhOr Sihr ivc rwvI dirAw dy iknwry ’qy SwhI iklHy dy nyVy iek AwSrm bxw ky irhw krdw sI[ ikhw jWdw hY ik ies AwSrm ivc bhuq swry AnwQ b`cy rihMdy sn[ ie`Qy aunHW vwsqy irhwieS, Kwxw Aqy pVHweI dw pRbMD huMdw sI[ iek khwxI muqæwibkæ iek vwr iek cUVHI dy mMmy ivc pwk pY geI sI Aqy ies ny mMmw cUs ky auh pwk k`F ky aus dw ielwj kIqw sI[ vsqI rwm mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN qk jINdw irhw sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG iek vwr aus nUM imlx vI igAw sI Aqy Bytw vI cVHweI sI[ vsqI rwm dI smwD iklHy dy kol bxweI geI sI[ sMn 1992 ivc AXoiDAw ivc bwbrI msijd dy Fwhy jwx mgroN muslmwnW ny ies dw vI nukswn kIqw sI, jo mgroN murMmq kr id`qw igAw sI.

vswvw isMG jYqo  

 

1. vswvw isMG (vwsI ipMf purovwl, izlHw gurdwspur) jYqo morcy ivc qIjy ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

2. vswvw isMG (vwsI ipMf c`k nMbr 268, izlHw lwielpur) jYqo morcy ivc pMjvyN ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

vswvw isMG Zdr pwrtI 

 

vswvw isMG, pu`qr JMfw isMG, dw jnm ipMf v`rw (izlHw hoiSAwrpur) ivc hoieAw sI[ sMn 1913 ivc auh rozgwr dy islisly ivc isAwm (hux QweIlYNf) clw igAw[auh icAWgmweI gurduAwry ivc gRMQI vjoN syvw vI krdw huMdw sI[ jdoN Zdr pwrtI kwiem hoeI qW auh ies dw srgrm kwrkuMn bx igAw sI[ auh Awpxy swQIAW nwl iml ky AwzwdI vwsqy hiQAwrbMd Gol krn leI hiQAwr iek`Ty krn lg ipAw sI[ auh QweIlYNf, brmw, cIn Awid ivc vI jWdw rihMdw sI[ A^Ir ienHW dI sUh ^u&IAw eyjMsIAW nUM iml geI[ pulIs ny ienHW 70 bMidAW nUM igR&qwr kr ky ienHW ’qy “brmw Zdr swizS kys” clwieAw[ ies kys ivc 7 jixAW nUM &WsI dI szw suxweI geI sI[  vsvw isMG nUM 16 nvMbr 1916 (dyS Bgq Xwdgwr hwl jlMDr dI qsvIr muqæwibkæ 10 &rvrI 1916) dy idn mWflw jylH &WsI id`qI geI sI.

vfBwg isMG

 

ieh rwm isMG dw pu`qr, ibkrm isMG dw poqw, inrMjn rwie dw pVpoqw, bhwr (phwV) cMd dw pV-pVpoqw qy DIr m`l dw pV-pVpVpoqw sI (DIr m`l gurid`qw dw pu`qr Aqy gurU hirgoibMd swihb dw poqw sI)[ ieh krqwrpur (jlMDr) ivc SIS mihl vwlI iemwrq ivc rihMdw sI[ ApRYl 1757 jdoN is`KW ny Aihmd Swh du`rwnI dy pu`qr qYmUr ’qy hmlw kr ky aus v`loN id`lI dI lu`t dy mwl dw kuJ ih`sw Koh ilAw qW jlMDr dy &Ojdwr nwsr AlI ny aus nUM bdlw lYx vwsqy krqwrpur ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy slwh idqI[qYmUr ny ies ngr ‘qy hmlw kr ky, lokW dw kqlyAwm Aqy lu`t-mwr krn mgroN ies Sihr nUM A`g lw idqI[ ies A`g ivc gurduAwrw QMmH swihb Aqy gurU gRMQ swihb dw pihlw srUp (BweI gurdws ilKq) vI sV gey[ ies mOky ’qy vfBwg isMG nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw qy aus ’qy bhuq qS`dd kIqw igAw[ iek  rwq nUM aus dy kuJ cyly aus nUM ihrwsq ivcoN k`F ky mOjUdw ihmWcl dy ipMf mOVI ivc lY gey[ auh eynw fr igAw ik muV ky mOVI ipMf ’coN ikqy nhIN inkilAw qy fr nwl dihilAw hoieAw auh sMn 1762 ivc mr igAw[ vfBwg isMG dI koeI AOlwd nhIN sI[ aus dy mrn ip`CoN aus dy cyilAW ny mYVI ipMf ivc aus dI smwD bxw ky ies nUM “BUq k`Fx vwilAW” dw fyrw bxw ilAw sI

suBwS cMdr bos

 

suBwS cMdr bos (23.1.1897 -18.8.1945), pu`qr jwnkIdws bos, dw jnm ktk (EfIsw) ivc pRBwvqI bos dI kuK qoN hoieAw sI[ auh AwpxI mW dy 14 b`icAW ivcoN nOvIN QW ’qy sI[ ieh bMgwlI pirvwr aunHIN idnI ktk ivc rihMdw sI[ suBwS ny ktk ivc kwlj dI pVHweI mgroN pRYzIfYNsI kwlj klkqw ivc dw^lw ilAw[ aus ny klkqw XUnIvristI qoN i&lws&I ivc grYjUeySn dI ifgrI hwisl kIqI[ ies mgroN aus ny kyNbirj XUnIvristI qoN mYNtl AYNf mOrl swieMisz ivc grYjUeySn dI ifgrI hwisl kIqI[ aus ny Agsq 1920 ivc AweI.sI.AYs. dw iemiqhwn pws kIqw; Ajy ies iemiqhwn dw dUjw ih`sw bwkI sI ik aus ny AMgRyz srkwr dI nOkrI nw krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ sMn 1921 ivc auh mulk vwips Aw igAw Aqy AwzwdI dI lihr ivc Swiml ho igAw[  aus ny klk`qw qoN svrwj nW dw A^bwr SurU kIqw[ srkwr dy i^lw& ilKx kr ky sMn 1925 ivc aus nUM igR&qwr mWflw jyl ivc bMd kr id`qw igAw[ ie`Qy aus nUM qpidk (tIbI ) dI bImwrI ny Gyr ilAw ijs kr ky sMn 1927 ivc aus nUM irhw kr id`qw igAw[ jyl qoN bwhr Aw ky auh srb ihMd kWgrs dw jnrl sk`qr bx igAw[ dsMbr 1928 klk`qw ivc hoey kWgrs dy iejlws dw ieMqzwm ausy ny kIqw sI[ sMn 1930 ivc auh klkqw dw myAr  bixAw (auh 22 Agsq 1930 qoN 15 ApRYl 1931 qIk myAr dy Ahudy ’qy irhw sI)[

     sMn 1933 ivc auh AwstrIAw qy XUrp dy hor mulkW ivc igAw[ ies dOry dOrwn auh ietlI dy hwkm msolInI nUM imilAw[ iesy smyN ivc aus ny ‘ieMfIAn strgl’ ikqwb ilKI (jo lMfn qoN sMn1935 ivc CpI sI, pr srkwr ny bYn kr id`qI sI)[

     suBwS cMdr bos pihlW gWDI qy nihrU dw pRsMsk sI, pr mgroN aus dy aunHW nwl isDWqk mqByd ho gey[ 18 jnvrI 1938 dy idn aus nUM srb ihMd kWgrs dw pRDwn cux ilAw igAw sI[ 27 nvMbr 1938 dy idn rwvlipMfI hoeI srb ihMd AkwlI kwn&rMs dI pRDwngI krn vwsqy auh aucycy qOr ’qy pMjwb ivc AwieAw sI[ Agly swl 31 jnvrI 1939 dy idn srb ihMd kWgrs dy nvyN pRDwn dI cox hoeI[ ies cox ivc  suBwS cµdr bos, gWDI dI ihmwieq vwly aumIdvwr p`twBI sIqw rm`ieAw dIAW 1286 votW dy  mukwbly ivc 1495 votW lY ky 209 votW dy &rk nwl muV pRDwn cixAw igAw sI (bImwr hox kr ky aus nUM  strYcr ’qy pw ky iejlws ivc ilAwdw igAw sI[ ies cox ivc pMjwb dy swry dy swry fYlIgytW ny suBwS dy h`k ivc vot pweI sI[ suBwS bos qoN hwr jwx ’qy ‘roNd ip`tidAW’ gWDI-nihrU DVy dy v`lB BweI ptyl, AcwrIAw ikRplwnI, fwktr rwijµdr pRswd, BUlw BweI dysweI, syT jmnw dws, mOlwnw Azwd Aqy hwry aumIdvwr ny vrikMg kmytI qoN AsqI&y dy id`qy[ ies kr ky 29 ApRYl 1939 dy idn suBwS cMdr bos ny pRDwngI qoN hI nhIN kWgrs pwrtI qoN vI AsqI&w dy id`qw[

22 jUn 1939 dy idn aus ny &wrvrf blw`k nW dI jQybMdI kwiem kIqI; ies jQybMdI dw inSwnw ‘pUrn svrwj’ sI[ hux ikauNik suBwS cMdr bos kWgrs nUM C`f cukw sI, ies kr ky ibRitS srkwr, ies dw ^u&IAw mihkmw Aqy pulIs ny aus dI ^ws ingrwnI r`KxI SurU kr id`qI[  aus nUM aus dy Gr ivc hI nzrbMd kr id`qw igAw[

hux aus dw kMm krnw qkrIbn AsMBv ho igAw[ ies kr ky aus ny mulk C`f ky bwhr jw ky AwzwdI dI lihr clwaux dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ 16-17 jnvrI 1941 dI A`DI rwq vyly auh pTwn dy pihrwvy ivc, Awpxy BqIjy issr kumwr bos nwl, JwrKMf dy iek ngr pu`j igAw[ ie`QoN auh  26 jnvrI 1941 dy idn A&Zwinsqwn v`l cl ipAw[ sUbw srh`d ivc AwZw ^wn dI mdd nwl aus ny srhd pwr kIqI Aqy kwbul pu`j igAw[ ie`QoN aus ny ietYlIAn pwsport hwisl kIqw Aqy mwsko pu`j igAw[ auh rUs dy hwkmW nUM imilAw pr aus nUM aunHW qoN mdd dI Aws nw hoeI[ mwsko ivc auh jrmnI dy s&Ir nUM imilAw[ aus ny suBwS nUM jhwz rwhIN mwsko qoN jrmn dI rwjDwnI briln phuMcw id`qw[ aus vyly AYrivn moAml kol A&rIkw ivc igR&qwr kIqy 3000  BwrqI  &OjI kYd sn[ aunHW ny ies &Oj nwl ihMd v`l Dwvw krn dw plwn bxwauxw SurU kr id`qw[

sMn 1942 ivc rUs ’qy hmlw krn kr ky ivc jrmnI dI &Oj dw bhuq nukswn ho igAw sI, ies kr ky ihMd au~qy hmlw krn dI kwrvweI nUM Aml ivc nw ilAWdw jw sikAw[ meI 1942 ivc ihtlr ny suBwS cMdr bos nUM d`Kx pUrbI eySIAw jwx vwsqy AwpxI pxfu`bI (sbmYrIn) dI pySkS kIqI[ ies dOrwn aus dI pqnI AYimlI SYnkI ny AnIqw bytI nUM jnm id`qw (suBwS cMdr ny AwpxI ies SwdI dw kdy izkr nhIN kIqw sI)[

&rvrI 1943 ivc suBwS pxfu`bI rwhIN jrmnI qoN cl ipAw[ mYfgwskr ivc auh ies qoN auqr ky jpwnI pxfu`bI ivc svwr ho igAw Aqy meI 1943 ivc sumwtrw phuMc igAw[ ie`Qy pu`j ky aus ny jnrl mohn isMG vwlI Azwd ihMd nUM &Oj muV jQybMd kIqw[ Azwd ihMd &Oj ny bhuq kwmXwbI hwisl kIqI[ ies imSn dOrwn iek vwr auh hvweI jhwz ivc s&r kr irhw sI ik aus dw jhwz hwdsy dw iSkwr ho igAw Aqy aus dw srIr burI qrHw sV igAw qy nwnmo (qweIvwn) dy hspqwl ivc 18 Agsq 1945 dy idn aus dI mOq ho geI[

sMn 1947 ivc AMgRyz ihMd nUM C`f gey Aqy hkUmq pMifq jvwhr lwl nihrU nUM sONp gey[ BwvyN suBwS cMdr bos dI mOq ho cukI sI, pr nihrU nUM hmySw S`k irhw sI ik jhwz dy hwdsy ivc suBwS dI mOq nhIN hoeI sI Aqy auh izMdw hY[ nihrU aus qoN eynw frdw sI ik aus ny 20 swl qk ^u&IAw mihkmy rwhIN suBwS dy pirvwr dy hr iek mYNbr ’qy ingwh r`KI sI.

 

1938 ivc kWgRs dw pRDwn bxn mgroN pMifq jvwhr lwl nihrU nwl

 

briln ivc ihtlr dy sB qoN nzdIkI swQIAW nwl (sMn 1941)

 

 

briln ivc ihtlr nwl (sMn 1941)

 

 

Azwd ihMd &Oj v`loN jwrI kIqw igAw iek not ijs au~qy suBwS cMd dI qsvIr sI

 

Bwrq srkwr v`loN jwrI kIqIAW do fwk itktW (1964)

lUxIAw, bwbw

 

bwbw lUxIAw iek ihMdU &kIr sI[ ies dw fyrw burhwnpur ivc qwpqI dirAw dy d`KxI kMFy ’qy sI[ sMn 1670 ivc ieh ptnw igAw sI Aqy ies ny gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb Aqy gurU goibMd isMG (jo audoN 8 swl dy sn) dy drSn kIqy sn[mwDo dws (mgroN bMdw isMG bhwdur) Awpxy ausqwd jogI AOGV nwQ dI mOq mgroN iqMn swl ies dy fyry ’qy irhw sI qy mgroN nMdyV clw igAw sI[ meI 1708 ivc jdoN gurU goibMd isMG jI burhwnpur ivc sn qW auh gurU jI nUM imlx vwsqy AwieAw sI[ mgroN gurU jI vI ies dy fyry ’qy gey sn[ iesy ny mwDo dws bwry gurU jI nUM d`isAw sI Aqy aus nUM imlx vwsqy AwiKAw sI.

lihxw isMG mjIiTAw

 

lihxw isMG, pu`qr dysw isMG, lwhOr dw sUbydwr sI[ aus ny ieh syvw 1767 qoN 1799 (mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy kbzw krn qIk) inBweI sI; aus smyN ivc ies dy nwl gu`jr isMG BMgI Aqy sUbw isMG vI swQ dyNdy rhy sn[ ieh  lwhOr drbwr dw sB qoN vD sUJvwn Aqy ivigAwn soc vwlw Aihlkwr sI[mgroN auh kwSI (vwrwxsI) clw igAw sI[ (aus dw pu`qr idAwl isMG mjIITAw vwrxsI ivc hI pYdw hoieAw sI)[ igR&n ‘pMjwb cI&z’ ikqwb ivc aus bwry kihMdw hY  ik auh bhuq frU Aqy vihmI sI; sMkt Awaux ’qy auh fr ky hirduAwr ieSnwn krn vwsqy inkl jWdw sI[ Swh muhMmd ny ‘jMgnwmw’ ivc aus bwry iliKAw sI: “lihxw isMG srdwr mjIiTAw sI, v`fw Akl dw kot kmwl mIAW[ Swh muhMmdW tur igAw qIrQW nUM, sBy C`f ky dMg dvwl mIAW”[ lihxw isMG dI Xwd drSnI ifauFI qoN drbwr swihb dy pul au~qy bxweI hoeI Dup-GVI A`j vI kwiem hY.

drbwr swihb ivc lihxw isMG dI Dup-GVI

 lw`rYNs, sr jw`hn Aqy lw`rYNs, hYnrI mWtgumrI

 

lw`rYNs, sr jw`hn

hYnrI sr jw`hn (4.3.1811-26.6.1879), pu`qr lY&tInYNt krnl AlYZzYNdr lwrMs (sMn 1764-1835) dw jnm ircmMf (XwrkSwier, ieMglYNf) ivc hoieAw sI[ ieh hYnrI mONtgumrI lw`rYNs dw Cotw Brw sI[ sMn 1830 ivc ies ny isvl srivisz ivc dw^lw ilAw sI Aqy ies nUM klk`qw (hux kolkwqw) ivc qeInwq kIqw igAw sI[ mgroN ies nUM id`lI ivc mijstRyt lw id`qw igAw sI[ pihlI mwrc 1846 dy idn ies nUM lwhOr drbwr koloN sMn 1845-46 dI lVweI mgroN Kohy bsq-doAwb dy ielwky dw kimSnr lwieAw igAw sI[ 29 mwrc 1849 dy idn lwrf flhOzI ny pMjwb nUM AMgRyzI rwj ivc imlwaux dw AYlwn kIqw qW aus ny ies lwhOr irAwsq dy pRbMD vwsqy  ‘borf Aw& AYfminstRySn’ Qwp id`qw sI ijs ivc ies nUM mYNbr ilAw igAw sI[ ies dw v`fw Brw ies borf dw cyArmYn sI[sMn 1853 ivc ies dy Brw ny nOkrI C`f id`qI qW ies nUM ibRitS pMjwb dw kimSnr lwieAw igAw sI[ is`K &Oj nUM qoVn dI izMmydwrI ies nUM hI sONpI geI sI[ ies ny 90 hzwr is`K &OjIAW nUM GrW nUM tor id`qw sI[ 25 &rvrI 1859 dy idn auh nOkrI qoN rItwier hoieAw sI Aqy ieMglYNf muV igAw sI[ sMn 1864 ivc aus nUM ibRitS ieMfIAw dw gvrnr jnrl lwieAw igAw sI; aus ny ies Ahudy ’qy sMn 1869 qIk syvw inBweI sI[ aus dI mOq lMfn ivc hoeI sI[ aus dI kbr vYstminstr AYby ivc bxI hoeI hY[ AMiMmRqsr Aqy lwhOr ivc aus dy nW ’qy sVkW bxIAW hoeIAW hn.

 

 

lw`rYNs, hYnrI mWtgumrI

sr hYnrI mWtgumrI lw`rMs (28.6.1806– 4.7.1857), pu`qr lY&tInYNt krnl AlYZzYNdr lwrMs (sMn 1764-1835) dw jnm sIlon (sRIlMkw) ivc hoieAw sI[ auh sMn 1823 ivc bMgwl qop^wny ivc BrqI hoieAw sI[ 14 jnvrI 1839 dy idn ies nUM ibRitS polItIkl eyjMt lwieAw igAw sI[ ies ny sr jwrj klwrk dy nwieb vjoN syvw inBweI sI[ pihlW ieh &Irozpur ivc qeInwq sI, mgroN ies nUM pySwvr, jlwlbwd (A&Zwinsqwn) Aqy hor keI jgh syvw sONpI geI sI[ ies ny inzwm ivc bhuq vDIAw rol Adw kIqw sI[ sMn 1843 ivc kYQl dw rwjw BweI audY isMG cVHweI kr igAw[ aus dw koeI b`cw nw hox kr ky ies nUM au~QoN dw AYfminstRytr lwieAw igAw sI[ pihlI dsMbr 1843 dy idn ies nUMM nYpwl ivc brqwnvI srkwr dw eyjMt lwieAw igAw sI[ sMn 1845 ivc lwhOr drbwr nwl lVweI dOrwn ies nuM pMjwb bulwieAw igAw sI[ ies ny swrIAW lVweIAW ivc ih`sw ilAw sI[  sMn 1846 ivc iek lVweI ivc myjr brwf&u`t dI mOq mgroN ies nUM lwhOr ivc gvrnr jnrl dw eyjMt lwieAw igAw sI[ sMn 1847 ivc ies dy hukmW hyT rwxI ijMdW Aqy imSrw lwl isMh (pRDwn mMqrI) nUM pMjwb ivcoN k`F ky ihMdosqwn ivc Byj id`qw igAw sI[ pihlI &rvrI 1849 dy idn ies nUM lwhOr ivc ibRitS rYzIfYNt dw Ahudw id`qw igAw sI[ 29 mwrc 1849 dy idn jdoN lwrf flhOzI ny pMjwb nUM AMgRyzI rwj ivc imlwaux dw hukm jwrI kIqw qW ies ny ivroDqw ijqweI sI[ ies dy bwvjUd ies nUM lwhOr sUby dy ‘borf Aw& AYfminstRySn’ dw cyArmYn QwipAw igAw sI[ ies dy sbMD lwrf flhOzI nwl jdoN bhuq cMgy nw rhy qW sMn 1853 ivc ies ny nOkrI C`f id`qI sI[ ies mgroN ies nUM rwijsQwn ivc qeInwq kIqw igAw sI[ 14 mwrc 1857 dy idn ies nUM AauD dw cI& kimSnr lwieAw igAw sI[ sMn 1857 dy Zdr vyly ieh lKnaU dw ieMcwrj sI[ au~Qy ies kol 8 hzwr dI &Oj sI Aqy dUjy pwsy Zdr krn vwilAW dI igxqI 30 hzwr sI[ ies lVweI ivc 2500 AMgRyz mwry gey sn, ZdrIAW ivcoN vI hzwrW dI igxqI ivc lok mwry sn[ iesy lVweI dOrwn 2 julweI 1857 dy idn ieh burI qrHw z^mI ho igAw sI; do idn mgroN ies dI mOq ho geI sI.

Ltkx, BweI

 

ltkx Awgrw
Awgrw dw rihx vwlw BweI ltkx gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: nwno ltkx ibMdrwau, syvw sMgiq pUrxu Gwlw  (vwr 11, pauVI 27).

 

ltkx GUrw
BweI ltkx GUrw gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: ltkxu GUrw jwxIAY, guridqw gurmiq gur BweI (vwr 11, pauVI 24).

lwl lMgwh

 

BweI lwl lMgwh iF`loN-j`t mOjUdw izlHw qrnqwrn ivc pRwcIn ipMf surisMG (jo kdy p`tI prgxy dw muK ipMf sI) dw cODrI sI[ ieh Jbwl dy BweI lMgwh dy pirvwr ivcoN sI[ jdoN gurU rwmdws jI ny AMimRqsr (srovr) bxwieAw qW ies ny pirvwr sxy bhuq syvw kIqI sI[ ies dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY:ptI AMdir cauDrI, iFloN lwl lMgwh suhMdw (vwr 11 pauVI 22). hor vyKo: lMgwh, cODrI.

lMgwh

 

nwnoky ipMf dw vwsI lMgwh gurU hirgoibMd swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ gvwlIAr dy iklHy ivcoN irhw hox mgroN gurU jI ny lwhOr ivc gurU rwmdws jI dy j`dI Gr ivc iek Drmswlw bxweI sI[ies lMgwh nUM aus syvwdwr QwipAw sI[ ies ny gurU jI au~qy hoey hmilAW dOrwn ^Ub bhwdrI idKweI sI.

lMgwh cODrI

 

cODrI lMgwh iF`loN, pu`qr A`bul^Yr (Abdul ^Yr), cuBwl/Jbwl dw rihx vwlw sI[ ieh p`tI ielwky dw cODrI sI[ ieh Aqy ies dw Brw lwl pihlW sKI srvr dw cylw (sulqwnIAw) sI, pr gurU Arjn swihb nUM imlx mgroN is`KI ivc Swiml ho igAw sI[ AMimRqsr (srovr) Aqy drbwr swihb bxn smyN ies ny bhuq syvw kIqI sI[ ies dy do pu`qr (iskMdr Aqy jsmq) Aqy iek bytI (aumrI) sI[ aumrI dI SwdI Jbwl dy nyVy dy ipMf lwlU GuMmx ivc hoeI  sI[ies dy Brw lwl qy pyro dy pirvwr vI is`KI ivc Swiml ho igAw sI (iKdrwxy dI Fwb dy swky vwlI mweI Bwgo ies pyro dI poqI sI)[ jdoN jhWgIr ny gurU Arjn swihb dI igR&qwrI  dw hukm id`qw qW ies nUM vI igR&qwr kIqw igAw sI[

ies dy Brw lwl lMgwh dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: ptI AMdir cauDrI, iFloN lwl lMgwh suhMdw (vwr 11, pauVI 22).

 

hor vyKo: lwl lMgwh.

lwlU

 

lwlU, cwcw/ lwlU bwbw
gurU nwnk swihb dy cwcw dw nW[ ies dw jnm sMn 1444 Aqy mOq 1542 ivc hoeI sI.

 

lwlU buiDvwn
BweI lwlU gurU AMgd swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: lwl su lwlU buiDvwn, durgw jIvMDu praupkwrI (vwr 11, pauVI 15).

 

lwlU ivj
ivj goqr dw KqrI BweI lwlU gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: lwlU bwlU ivj hin, hrKvMqu hirdws ipAwrw  (vwr 11, pauVI 18).

lwlo BweI

 

GtOVw goqR dw qrKwx BweI lwlo lwhOr qoN qkrIbn 53 iklomItr Aqy gujrWvwlw qoN qkrIbn 15 iklomItr dUr iek ngr sYdpur (mgroN AYmnwbwd/ eymnwbwd) izlHw gujrWvwlw dw vwsI sI[ iek ZrIb imhnqkS ienswn hox kr ky aus kol cMgw Kwx pIx qy pihxn qk dy vsIly nhIN sn[ irvwieq muqæwibkæ auh koDrw (kxk qoN GtIAw Anwj) dI rotI KwieAw krdw sI[ aus dy pirvwr ivc iek pqnI qoN isvw iek bytI sI[ aus dy prvwr bwry ies qoN vDyry jwxkwrI nhIN imldI[

     gurU nwnk swihb AwpxI pihlI audwsI sMn 1507 ivc) Aqy cOQI audwsI dOrwn (sMn 1521 ivc) aus nUM imlx gey sn Aqy aus kol keI idn Tihry sn[BweI lwlo kol gurU jI dy Tihrn sbMDI iek swKI mShUr hY[ jd gurU jI aus kol gey qW BweI mrdwnw vI aunHW dy nwl sI[ eyQoN gurU swihb ny BweI mrdwnw ƒ qlvMfI ByijAw qW jo auh Awpxy pirvwr ƒ audwsI ’qy jwx dy s&r bwry ds Awey[ BweI mrdwnw dy vwips Awaux qk gurU swihb sYdpur ivc hI rhy sn qy roz dIvwn sjWdy rhy sn[ ipMf qoN bwhr, ij`Qy roVW Aqy p`QrW dy ivckwr bYT ky Awp kIrqn kirAw krdy sn, au~Qy “gurduAwrw roV/roVI swihb” bixAw hoieAw hY[

jdoN gurU swihb BweI lwlo kol Tihry hoey sn, audoN sYdpur dy iek bVy v`fy AmIr AwdmI, milk Bwgo, ny Awpxy mwipAW dy srwD dy nW ’qy, iek v`fw-Boj kIqw Aqy ies ivc swry ipMf dy lokW ƒ rotI vwsqy s`idAw[ milk Bwgo iek hMkwirAw hoieAw, D`ky-Kor Aqy zwlm AwdmI sI[ lok aus ƒ idloN n&rq krdy sn[ aus ny gurU nwnk swihb ƒ vI Kwxy ’qy s`idAw[ pr gurU swihb ny aus dI rotI Kwx qoN nWh kr idqI[ jdoN milk Bwgo ƒ pqw lgw ik ies ‘PkIr’ ny aus Boj ivc ih`sw lYx qoN ienkwr kIqw hY qW aus ny Awpxy Aihlkwr Byj ky gurU swihb ƒ jbrI bulw ByijAw[ jd gurU swihb au~Qy pu`jy qW aus ny pu`iCAw ik qusIN myry ‘bRhm-Boj’ ivc Swiml ikauN nhI hoey? gurU swihb ny aus ƒ AwiKAw ik qyrI rotI imhnq dI kmweI dI nhIN[ swƒ ies ivc grIbW qy kwimAW dw ^Un idsdw hY[ ies ’qy milk Bwgo ivc iek vwr qW cup ho igAw[ (eyQoN hI kuJ lyKkW ny gurU swihb vloN incoV ky duD qy ^Un vgwaux dI krwmwq GV leI sI)[ Pyr milk Bwgo pu`Cx lgw qusIN CotI zwq dy BweI lwlo dy Gr dI rotI ikauN kbUl krdy ho? gurU swihb ny ikhw swƒ aus dI rotI ivc eImwndwrI qy imhnq dw du`D nzr AwauNdw hY[ nwly CotI zwq qW aus dI hY jo r`b qoN dUr rihMdw hY, BweI lwlo qW r`b dy nyVy hY[ auh qW r`b dw ipAwrw hY, r`b dw lwflw pu`qr hY[ aus vkæq qW milk Bwgo ƒ gurU swihb dIAW KrIAW g`lW qy bVw gu`sw AwieAw pr Gr ivc smwgm hox kr ky cup kr igAw[ kuJ icr mgroN auh gurU jI dy iek dIvwn ivc igAw sI; aus nUM gurU jI dI Azmq ny bhuq Asr-AMdwz kIqw[ hux aus ƒ vI sum`q AweI[ aus ny vI gurU swihb qoN is`KI dwn mMigAw Aqy aus ny AwpxI dOlq dw iek v`fw ih`sw grIbW Aqy loVvMdW qy ^rc kr idqw qy auh milk Bwgo qoN BweI Bwgo bx igAw[ eyny ivc hI mrdwnw vI qlvMfI qoN muV AwieAw sI[ kuJ idn auQy rihx mgroN gurU swihb Drm pRcwr vwsqy A`gy tur pey sn[

     gurU nwnk swihb dUjI vwr BweI lwlo nUM sMn 1521 ivc imly sn[ m`kw PyrI qoN vwips AwauNdy hoey gurU jI sYdpur ruky sn[ jdoN gurU swihb sYdpur phuMcy qW Sihr aujwV bixAw ipAw sI[ jdoN bwbr ny hmlw kIqw qW ies Sihr dy pTwx hwkmW ny bwbr dw twkrw kIqw sI pr hwr gey sn[ bwbr ny ies Sihr nUM ij~qx mgroN lu~itAw sI Aqy bwAd ivc qbwh kr idqw sI[ swry Aihlkwr, AmIr qy hwkm igR&qwr kr ky jylH ivc sut idqy sn[ ies hwlq bwry gurU nwnk swihb ny iqMn Sbd ilKy sn[ ienHW ivcoN iek Sbd BweI lwlo nUM sMboDn kr ky iliKAw mMinAw jWdw hY: jYsI mY AwvY Ksm kI bwxI qYsVw krI igAwnu vy lwlo] pwp kI jM\ lY kwblhu DwieAw jorI mMgY dwnu vy lwlo] (722). BweI mrdwnw Aqy BweI lwlo nUM ieh mwx hwsl hY ik gurU gRMQ swihb ivc aunHW dw nW bwxI ivc Swiml hY.

hor vyKo: eymnwbwd.

lwlo sBrvwl

 

hMdwlIAW v`loN GVI 22 mMjIAW dI khwxI ivc iek is`K dw nW ijs nUM gurU Amr dws jI ny Drm pRcwr dI mMjI b^SI hoeI sI[ ikauNik 22 mMjIAW dI khwxI hI kwlpink hY; ies kr ky ieh pwqr vI kwlpink hY.

lwlw syTI

 syTI goqr dw KqrI BweI lwlw gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: lwlw syTI jwxIAY, jwxu inhwlU sbid ilvlweI  (vwr 11, pauVI 24).

lwl isMG ^zwncI (lwl cMd ipSOrIAw)

 

7 dsMbr 1705 dy idn cmkOr dI gVHI dy bwhr hoeI lVweI ivc ShId hoieAw BweI lwl isMG gurU goibMd isMG swihb dy pRmu`K is`KW ivcoN iek sI aus ny pMj ipAwirAW, pMj mukiqAW Aqy BweI mnI isMG vwly bYc dy XwrHW is`KW qoN bwAd dy bYc ivc KMfy dI pwhul leI sI Aqy lwl cMd qoN lwl isMG bixAw sI[ gurU jI ny ies nUM ^zwncI dI syvw b^SI hoeI sI[ Awp dw gurU swihb nwl jzbwqI irSqw sI Aqy Awp gurU swihb dy nyVy hox dI locw riKAw krdy sn [lwl isMG ipSwvr dw rihx vwlw sI[ iesy kr ky aus ƒ lwl cMd ipSOrIAw vI AwK ky vI bulwieAw jWdw sI[lwl isMG gurU swihb kol keI swlW qoN rih irhw sI[ ieh c`k nwnkI ivc vI gurU swihb dy nwl sI Aqy iPr pwauNtw ivc vI irhw sI[ ies ny BMgwxI dI jMg ivc vI ^Ub jOhr idKwey sn[

     5 qy 6 dsMbr 1705 dI rwq ƒ jdoN gurU swihb ny AnMdpur C`ifAw qW ieh aunHW 40 is`KW ivcoN iek sI ijnHW ny gurU swihb dy nwl jIx-mrn dw pRx kIqw sI[ ieh cwlHI is`K gurU swihb dy nwl AnMdpur swihb qoN tury sn Aqy kIrqpur swihb phuMc gey ieQoN ieh swry srsw ndI pwr krn mgroN cmkOr pu`j gey sn[ 7 dsMbr dI dupihr vyly ies ipMf ƒ mlyrkotly dIAW &OjW ny Gyr ilAw sI[ CyqI hI sMqwlI is`KW Aqy SwhI &OjW ivc lVweI SurU ho geI sI[ mu`TI Br is`KW ny v`fI igxqI ’c AweI &Oj dw ft ky twkrw kIqw sI[ hornW dy nwl-nwl lwl isMG ies mOky ’qy f`t ky lVy Aqy ShIdI jwm pIqw sI.

lwl isMh, rwjw (pRweIm minstr lwhOr)

 ieh j`sw ml imsrw-bRwhmx dw pu`qr sI[ ieh izlHw ijhlm dy ipMf sihgol ivc dukwndwrI krdw huMdw sI[ iDAwn isMh fogrw Aqy aus dy pu`qr hIrw isMh fogrw dI imhr nwl sMn 1832 ivc ies nUM lwhOr drbwr ivc qoSw^wnw ivc nOkrI id`qI geI sI[ sMn 1843 ivc iDAwn isMh dy kql mgroN ies ny hIrw isMh dI hdwieq nwl igAwnI gurmuK isMG Aqy bylI rwm dw kql kIqy jwx mgroN hIrw isMh ny ies ’qy ^uS ho ky ies nUM &Oj dy iek dsqy dw muKI bxw id`qw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw ies nUM keI jwgIrW dy nwl nwl rwjw dw i^qwb vI idvw id`qw sI[ ies nUM mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dw AiDAwpk vI lw id`qw igAw sI[ ies dOrwn ieh rwxI ijMdW dy bhuq nzdIk Aw igAw sI[ rwxI hux aus nUM Awpxw sB qoN vD v&wdwr mMnx lg peI sI (AMgRyzW ny qW ies nUM rwxI ijMdW dw pRymI vI pRcwirAw sI)[ sMn 1845 ivc jvwhr isMG dy mwry jwx ipCoN 8 nvMbr 1845 dy idn ies nUM lwhOr drbwr dw pRweIm minstr bxwieAw igAw sI[ hIrw isMh fogry dy kql mgroN ieh AMgRyzW nwl iml igAw sI ies ny Aqy lwhOr drbwr dI &Oj dy muKI qyjw isMh imSrw (jo Awp vI AMgRyzW nwl iml cuikAw sI) ny swry rwz AMgRyzW nUM dy ky is`K &OjW nUM ^qm krn dI Xojnw iqAwr kIqI sI Aqy A^Ir pMjwb ’qy AMgRyzW dw kbzw krvwaux ivc kwmXwb hoey sn[ ies ny 31 jnvrI 1846 dy idn Awpxw Ahudw C`f id`qw sI, pr ies dy bwvjUd ieh sBrwEN dI lVweI (10 &rvrI 1846 dy idn) ivc hwizr sI qW jo is`K &OjW nUM qbwh kIqw jw sky[ ies mgroN ieh gulwb isMh fogrw nwl iml ky swizSW krn lg ipAw sI[AMgryzW ny ies ’qy rsmI muk`dmw clw ky ies nUM 12 hzwr rupY swlwnw pYnSn dy ky ies dy pirvwr sxy pMjwb qoN ihMdosqwn dy ngr Awgrw ivc jlwvqn kr id`qw sI[ mgroN ies nUM fyhrwdUn Byj id`qw igAw sI, ij`Qy ies dI mOq sMn 1866 ivc ho geI sI.

lwl isMG rwjw

 

ieh kYQl dy rwjw dysU isMG dw pu`qr sI[ pitAwlw dy rwjy Amr isMG nwl dysU isMG dw tkrwA pYdw hoieAw qW ies ny ny id`lI dy vzIr nvwb mwjudOlw AbU Al Ahd nwl nyVqw kr leI sI[ aus ny ies qoN cwr l`K rupY dI mMg kIqI sI[ dysU isMG ny iqMn l`K rupY dy id`qy sn Aqy bwkI dy iek l`K rupY dy bdly Awpxy ies pu`qr lwl isMG nUM zmwnq vjoN id`lI Byj id`qw sI[ jd dysU isMG iek l`K rupY nw Byj sikAw qW id`lI dy hwkm ny lwl isMG nUM qS`dd dw iSkwr bxwieAw sI[ ies g`l ny lwl isMG nUM Awpxy bwp dw ivroDI bxw id`qw sI[ id`lI qoN irhweI mgroN jd lwl isMG kYQl pu`jw sI qW dysU isMG ny aus nUM kYd kr ilAw sI[ dysU isMG sMn 1781 ivc mr igAw sI[ aus mgroN aus dw dUjw pu`qr bhwl isMG kYQl dw hwkm bixAw sI[ lwl isMG kYd ivcoN B`j jwx ivc kwmXwb ho igAw sI; qy auh Awpxy Brw nUM mwr ky kYQl dw hwkm bx igAw sI[ sMn 1819 ivc aus dw ccyrw Brw krm isMG mr igAw[ lwl isMG aus dI irAwsq vI Awpxy kbzy ivc krn ivc kwmXwb ho igAw sI[ lwl isMG ny bVI isAwxp nwl rwj kIqw sI[ aus ny lokW nUM vI ^uS r`iKAw sI Aqy guAWFI irAwsqW nwl vI vDIAw sbMD bxwey sn[ aus dI moq mgroN aus dw pu`qr audY isMG kYQl dw rwjw bixAw sI[ 15 mwrc 1843 dy idn audY isMG ibnw AOlwd mr igAw qW AMgRyzW ny aus dI irAwsq ’qy kbzw kr ilAw.

lwl isMG igAwnI (Kwlsw dIvwn BsOV)

 

igAwnI lwl isMG  (sMn 1887-1975), pu`qr ^zwn isMG, dw jnm izlHw luiDAwxw dy ipMf knyc ivc hoieAw sI[ Gr ivc ZrIbI hox kwrn aus nUM A`TvIN ivc pVHweI C`fxI peI sI[ ies mgroN auh hWgkWg clw igAw sI; ij`Qy auh do swl irhw sI[ sMn 1909 ivc auh pMc Kwlsw dIvwn BsOV ivc gRMQI vjoN syvw krn l`g ipAw sI[ kuJ smW auh ikRpwn bhwdur Aqy hor pricAW ivc sb-AYfItr vjoN nOkrI vI krdw irhw sI[  mqByd hox kr ky aus nUM pMc Kwlsw dI nOkrI C`fxI peI sI[ sMn 1933 ivc bwbU qyjw isMG BsOV dI mOq mgroN auh iPr pMc Kwlsw dIvwn nwl sbMDq ho igAw sI[ sMn 1965 ivc auh dIvwn dw muKI bx igAw sI[ ies swry dOrwn aus dI mwlI hwlq mwVI hI rhI sI Aqy mrn qk auh mwlI sMkt ivcoN inkl nhIN sikAw sI[ igAwnI lwl isMG ny kuJ ikqwbW dI rcnw vI kIqI sI, ijnHW ivcoN muK hn: gurmiq mwrqMf, is`K kwnUMn, is`KW ny rwj ikvyN ilAw, is`KW dw rwj ikvyN igAw, sUrj pRkwS dy gpOVy, kys i&lws&I, is`K ieiqhws dI pVcol, ds gurU swihbwn dw jIvn, nIlI dsqr dI dwsqwn (sÍY jIvnI) Awid.

lwl isMG igAwnI (fwierYktr BwSw ivBwg)

 

igAwnI lwl isMG (18.1.1916 – 17.5.1996), pu`qr igAwn isMG, dw jnm ipMf dODr izlHw &rIdkot) ivc hoieAw sI[ igAwnI dw iemiqhwn pws krn mgroN aus ny AYm ey. dI ifgrI hwsl kIqI Aqy is`K imSnrI kwlj AMimRqsr ivc pVHwaux lg ipAw[ auh sMn 1943 qoN 1947 qIk ie`Qy AiDAwpn krdw irhw sI[ sMn 1947 ivc SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ny aus nUM pRcwr sk`qr dI syvw dy id`qI[ sMn 1949 ivc aus nUM BwSw ivBwg dw AisstYNt fwierYktr Aqy sMn 1959 ivc pUrw fwierYktr bxw id`qw igAw sI ij`QoN auh  sMn 1971 ivc irtwier hoieAw sI[ ies mgroN aus nUM pMjwb pbilk srivs kimSn dw mYNbr Aqy sMn 1974 ivc ies dw cyArmYn lw id`qw igAw sI[ igAwnI lwl isMG  ny BwSw ivBwg ivc rihMidAW bhuq swrIAW kImqI ikqwbW nUM Cwp ky lokW qIk ssqI kImq ’qy phuMcwieAw sI.

 

lwl isMG bMgySrI

 

lwl isMG ny 20 nvMbr 1710 dy idn srhMd dI lVweI ivc jwn id`qI sI[ ies m`s-Pu`t nOjvwn dI dlyrI byimswl sI[ ieh qlvwr clwaux ’c bVw mwihr sI Aqy pMj s`q sUrimAW nwl iek`lw hI lV skdw sI[lwl isMG ny in`ky huMidAW hI KMfy dI pwhul hwsl kr leI sI [ aus ivc is`KI jzbwq ku`t-ku`t ky Bry hoey sn[

jdoN bMdw isMG bhwdr ny pMjwb dI AwzwdI vwsqy swry is`KW ƒ jUJx dw pYZwm ByijAw qW lwl isMG vI &Oj ivc Aw Swiml hoieAw sI[ aus ny keI lVweIAW ivc ih`sw ilAw sI Aqy AwpxI bhwdrI dw kmwl idKwieAw sI[

     jdoN srhMd ij`qx mgroN bwbw bMdw ny bwz isMG bMgySrI ƒ au~QoN dw sUbydwr qwienwq kr id`qw qW lwl isMG vI aus dy nwl syvw ivc ih`sw vMfwaux l`g ipAw sI[ is`KW dw srhMd ’qy kbzw qkrIbn pMj mhIny irhw sI[ A^Ir iek l`K &Oj lY ky bwdSwh bhwdr Swh ny Awp pMjwb v`l kUc kr id`qw sI[  dUjy pwsy sulqwnpur loDI qoN iek l`K dI iek hor &Oj vI srhMd v`l c`l peI sI[ 20 nvMbr 1710 dy idn srhMd ivc is`KW Aqy muZlW ivc zbrdsq lVweI hoeI sI[ is`K igxqI ivc bhuq hI QoVHy sn pr aunHW ny f`t ky mukwblw kIqw [ hwlWik lwl isMG Aqy su`Kw isMG vI auQoN mih&Uz inkl skdy sn pr aunHW ny f`t ky lVn ƒ hI qrjIh id`qI sI[ A^Ir, duSmxW dy AwhU lwhuMdy, auh Awp vI ShIdI jwm pI gey sn[

     iek lyKk ny lwl isMG nUM BweI nTIAw dw bytw iliKAw hY, pr nTIAw dy kursInwmy ivc sB qoN Coty byty dw nW sMq isMG (ShIdI cmkOr) iliKAw imldw hY[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik ieh lwl isMG pRym isMG dw bytw Aqy hTI cMd (ShId BMgwxI 18 sqMbr 1688) dw poqw hovygw[ pr ies bwry XkIn nwl kuJ nhIN ikhw jw skdw.

lwl cMd suiB`KI

 

ieh mwqw gujrI dw ipqw sI  ieh hirAwxw dy ipMf lKnOr dw rihx vwlw sI[ izlHw jlMDr vwly krqwrpur ivc vI ies dw iek Gr sI[ ies dI mOq 27 julweI 1694 dy idn lKnOr ivc hoeI sI.

lwl cMd pMfq (pMjoKVw)

 

ieh izlHw AMbwlw dy ipMf pMjoKVw dw rihx vwlw sI[ ieh sMsikRq dw ivdvwn sI[ ies ny prcwr kIqw hoieAw sI ik mYN cwr vydW, Cy SwsqrW, ATwrW purwxW Aqy sqweI isMmRqIAW dw igAwn rKdw hW[ pr, ikauN ik pMjoKVw ivc Awm lokW nUM sMsikRq nhIN AwauNdI sI ies kr ky lok aus dI AslIAq nhIN sn jwx skdy[ (vYsy vI ihMdU smwj ’c sMsikRq isrP pujwrIAW dy pVy ilKy jwx vwlI SYA sI[ Awm ihMdU qW sMsikRq jwxdw hI nhIN sI (qy nw hI A`j jwxdw hY)[ sMsikRq kdy vI Awm bol cwl dI bolI nhIN rhI sI; dUjw, sMsikRq pVn dw h`k isrP bRwhmx nUM sI ieM\ aus dw Kotw is`kw c`lI jw irhw sI)[

pRc`ilq khwxI muqæwibkæ jdoN gurU hrikSn swihb pMjoKVw pu`jy qW lwl cMd nUM pqw lgw ik is`KW dw gurU iek in`kw ijhw bwl hY qy aus dI aumr 12 swl qoN vI Gt hY[ bRwhmx ny gurU jI nUM nIvW idKwaux vwsqy iek cwl socI[ auh Awpxy nwl gIqw dI iek poQI lY AwieAw[ auh Aw ky gurU jI dy kol bYT igAw qy aunHW dIAW g`lW suxdw irhw[ kuJ icr mgroN poly ijhy kihx lgw, “gurU jI quhwfw nW hrikSn hY jo swfy Bgvwn ikRSn qoN vI au~cw hY[ aus ikRSn ny gIqw ilKI sI, kI qusIN aus gIqw dy ArQ smJw skdy ho?” gurU swihb nUM aus dI cwl pihloN hI smJ Aw geI sI[ gurU jI muskurw pey Aqy aus nUM disAw ik isr& mYN hI nhIN blik myrw hr is`K gIqw hI nhIN blik hr sMsikRq ikqwb dy ArQ kr skdw hY[ swfw hr is`K sMq, ispwhI qy igAwnI hY[ AsIN zwq-pwq dy ihswb nwl pVHweI nhIN krvwauNdy[ swfy qW bRwhmx, j`t, vYS, SUdr, swry hI gIqw vrgIAW keI ikqwbW pVH cuky hn qy ArQ kr skdy hn[ qusIN iksy is`K dw nW lE, auh hI quhwnUM gIqw dy ArQ kr dyvygw[

lwl cMd nUM XkIn nw AieAw ik is`K pMQ dw hr pYrokwr ividAw dw eynw jwxU ho skdw hY[ aus nUM Brm sI ik is`KW nUM qW sMsikRq AwauNdI hI nhIN hoxI[ ieh soc ky aus ny iek mwVy ijhy kpVy vwly, is`Dw-swDw lgdy is`K vl ieSwrw kr ky ikhw, “kI ieh is`K vI gIqw dy ArQ ds skdw hY?” gurU swihb muskurw pey qy aus BweI C`jU rwm nUM ieSwrw kIqw ik auh lwl cMd dI inSw krvw dyvy[ C`jU rwm ny lwl cMd dy cuxy slokW dy invykly ArQ kr ky d`sy[ lwl cMd sux ky dMg rih igAw[ aus ny gIqw dI AijhI pySkwrI v`fy v`fy bRwhmxW koloN nhIN sI suxI[ ies nwl aus dy AMdr dy bRwhmx dw hMkwr tu`t igAw[ aus ny gurU jI dy kdmW ’qy isr JukwieAw Aqy AwpxI hrkq dI muAw&I mMgI[

kuJ bRwhmx lyKkW ny ie`Qy vI Gt nhIN kIqI[ aunHW ny gurU jI dy h`Q ivc iek ‘krwmwqI’ sotI PVw idqI qy jd gurU jI ny  auh sotI aus C`jU rwm dy isr ’qy rKI qW aus dy mUMhoN gIqw dy ArQ  inklx lg pey[ ies ip`Cy aus bRwhmx lyKk dI Srwrq ieh sI ik ieh swibq kIqw jwvy ik C`jU rwm nUM kuJ nhIN sI AwauNdw qy iek ‘jwdU dI sotI’ nwl aus ivc igAwn Aw igAw[ ieho ijhIAW jwdU dIAW g`p khwxIAW ihMdU ikqwbW ivc Awm imldIAW hn[ pr AslIAq ieh hY ik gurU jI dI hdwieq sI ik hr iek is`K vD qoN vD igAwn hwisl kry[ C`jU rwm vI, iJaUr dy Gr jMimAw hoieAw hox dy bwvjUd, sMsikRq dIAW keI ikqwbW pVH cukw sI qy cMgw Awlm &wzl sI[ pr bRwhmx ilKwrIAW ny ies nUM lukwaux vwsqy jwdU dI sotI dI khwxI GV leI[

jd lwl cMd dw vihm dUr ho igAw qW aus ny gurU jI qoN muAw&I mMgI Aqy is`KI ivc Swiml hox dI ^wihS drsweI[ jd gurU jI pMjoKVw qoN kurUkSyqr clx leI iqAwr hoey qW lwl cMd ny vI nwl c`lx dI iejwzq mMgI[ lwl cMd dy nwl BweI C`jU rwm vI gurU swihb dy nwl igAw[ gurU swihb ny kurUkSyqr qoN A`gy jwx l`igAW dohW nUM vwips pMjoKVw jwx vwsqy AwiKAw qy hdwieq kIqI ik auh dovyN rl ky au~Qy is`KI dw prcwr krn[ lwl cMd ny bVI vfyrI aumr qk is`KI dw prcwr kIqw sI.

lwl cMd lubwxw

 ieh m`Kx Swh lubwxw dw pu`qr sI[ sMn 1664 ivc jdoN m`Kx Swh ny bkwlw (hux bwbw bkwlw) ivc jw ky gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dw invws l`iBAw sI qW ieh vI Awpxy ipqw, mwqw soljeI Aqy Brw ^uSwl cMd dy nwl hwzr sI[ ieh ipqw dy vpwr ivc vD-cVH ky ih`sw ilAw krdw sI[ 5 jnvrI 1706 dy idn jdoN gurU goibMd isMG jI iKdrwxy dI Fwb qoN qlvMfI swbo v`l jWidAW j`sI ipMf ivc ruky sn qW ieh gurU jI nUM Awx imilAw sI Aqy guV dy rUp ivc Awpxw dsvMD Byt kIqw sI.

lwl cMd AroVw (lwl isMG)  

 

lwl cMd AroVw m`JW gwvW crwieAw krdw sI[ iPr ieh gurU gooibMd isMG jI kol rihx lg ipAw sI[ ies ny BMgwxI (18 sqMbr 1688) dI lvweI ivc ih`sw ilAw sI[ies dw izkr kvI sYnwpqI ny ‘gursoBw’ ivc kIqw hY[ KMfy dI pwhul lYx mgroN ieh lwl isMG bx igAw sI[ ies pirvwr muqæwibkæ gurU jI ny ies nUM ju`qIAW dw iek joVw, iek nIlw bsqr Aqy iek A`T DwqW dw bicAw brqn b^iSAw sI[ ies dy vwirs Aj-klH ipMf nMgl ivc (&rIdkot qoN 10 iklomItr dUr) rihMdy hn.

lkSmx isMG Bgq

Bgq lkSmx isMG (8.6.1863 – 27.12.1944), pu`qr kwhn cMd, dw jnm rwvlipMfI ivc hoieAw sI[ 26 swl dI aumr ivc aus ny pwhul lY leI sI[ auh pVHweI ivc kmzor ividAwrQI huMdw sI[ dsvIN pws krn vwsqy aus ny pMj swl lwey sn Aqy AiDAwpk vjoN ifplomw lYx vwsqy aus nUM iqMn swl lwauxy ey sn[ aus ny Awpxw ik`qw klrk vjoN SurU kIqw sI; mgroN auh fwk mihkmy ivc ^zwncI l`g igAw sI[ kuJ smyN mgroN aus ny AiDAwpn dw kMm SurU kr ilAw sI[ auh 30 swl qk AiDAwpk vjoN syvw kr dw irhw sI; aus dw Aw^rI Ahudw ‘ieMspYktr Aw& skUlz’ sI[ auh sMn 1927 ivc rItwier hoieAw sI[  sMn 1899 ivc aus ny AMgRyzI ivc ‘Kwlsw’ nW dw h&qwvwrI A^bwr SurU kIqw sI[ AMgRyzI ivc is`KW dw ieh pihlw A^bwr sI[ ieh sMn 1903 qIk cldw irhw sI[rItwier hox mgroN sMn 1929 ivc aus ny Kwlsw A^bwr dobwrw SUrU kr ilAw sI[ auh AMgRyzI A^bwr itRibaUn vwsqy lyK vI iliKAw krdw sI[ Bgq lkSmx isMG ny do ikqwbW vI ilKIAW sn (d is`K mwrtIArz, gurU goibMd isMG) aus dI (sÍY jIvnI) aus dI mOq qoN mgroN CpI sI.

l`KU ptolIAw

 mujMg (lwhOr) dy ptolIAw bwzwr dw rihx vwlw l`KU gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: lKU ivc ptolIAw, BweI lDw praupkwrI (vwr 11, pauVI 25).

lKpq rwie

 

ieh klwnOr dw rihx vwlw sI[ ies nUM lwhOr dy sUbydwr XwhIXw ^wn ny Apxw dIvwn bxwieAw hoieAw sI[lKpq rwey qy aus dy Brw jspq rwey (&Ojdwr eymnwbwd) ny is`KW ƒ ^qm krn vwsqy bVI s^q muihMm SurU kIqI hoeI sI[ ies muihMm dOrwn &rvrI 1746 dy Aw^rI idnW ivc eymnwbwd dy nyVy ipMf ‘b`do-kI-gosweIAW’ ivc isKW nwl lVweI ivc jspq rwey mwirAw igAw sI[jdoN jspq dy mwry jwx dI ^br aus dy Brw dIvwn lKpq rwey ƒ imlI qW auh Zu`sy ivc pwZl ho igAw[ Awpxy Brw dI mOq dw bdlw lYx vwsqy is`KW au~qy byieMqhw zulm kIqy[aus ny qW ie`QoN qk AYlwn vI kIqw ik “is`K Drm ƒ iek KqrI gurU goibMd isMG ny SurU kIqw sI Aqy jd qk mYN is`KW dw nW qwrI^ ivcoN imtw nhIN lYNdw qW mYN Awpxy Awp nUM KqrI nhIN khWgw[”

lKpq rwey ny iek dm Awpxy ielwky dy hr iek Awm is`K (sxy ikrswx, srkwrI nOkr qy dukwndwr) ƒ igR&qwr krn dy hukm jwrI kr id`qy[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny sUbydwr XwhIAw ^wn dy pYrW ivc AwpxI p`g r`K ky AYlwn kIqw ik hux mYN ieh p`g audoN hI isr ’qy r`KWgw jd mYN is`KW dw vjUd imtw dyvWgw[ XwhIAw ^wn nUM hor kI cwhIdw sI? aus ny lKpq nUM QwpI idqI[ id`lI drbwr ny aus ƒ Ku`lHI Cu`tI dy id`qI qy hr shUlq dyx dw vwAdw kIqw[

mwrc 1746 dy pihly h&qy lKpq ny swry is`K dukwndwr, mulwzm qy ikswnW dIAW igR&qwrIAW dw hukm jwrI kr id`qw[ iek h&qy ivc hI lKpq v`loN iek hzwr qoN v`D is`K igR&qwr kIqy jw cu`ky sn[ ienHW ivc BweI subyg isMG Aqy aus dw bytw BweI Swhbwz isMG vI Swiml sn[ lKpq rwey ny ienHW swirAW ƒ kql krn vwsqy 10 mwrc 1746 dw idn im`Q idqw[ ies idn ihMdUAW dw iqauhwr ‘somwvqI m`isAw’ (auh m`isAw ijs idn somvwr vI huMdw hY; kuJ ihMdU ies nUM vI piv`qr smJdy hn) pYNdw sI[ ies kr ky bhuq swry muKI ihMdUAW ny lKpq nUM iml ky ienHW swirAW ƒ ShId krn qoN rokx dI koiSS kIqI[ ienHW ihMdU muKIAW ivc hyT ilKy isrkrdw bMdy vI Swiml sn: (dIvwn) kOVw m`l, dIvwn sUrq isMh, dIvwn dys rwj, cODrI jvwhr m`l, kujwh m`l, bhwl m`l, hrI rwm, su`KU m`l qy keI hor[ ienHW dI AgvweI lKpq dw Awpxw ausqwd gosweIN jgq-Bgq kr irhw sI[ pr lKpq qW is`KW vwsqy n&rq dI A`g ivc eynw m`c irhw sI ik aus ny iksy dI vI pRvwh nw kIqI[ hor qW hor aus ny is`KW dy kqlyAwm dw idn mulqvI krn qoN vI nWh kr id`qI[ lKpq ny aunHW nUM ikhw “qusIN qW kI, jy mYnUM r`b vI AwKy qW mYN aus dI prvwh vI nhIN krWgw[” ies ’qy gosweIN jgq-Bgq ny lKpq nUM ikhw ik qUM AwpxI n&rq dI zihr ivc fub ky hI mr jwvyNgw qy qyry ^wndwn dw nW-inSwn vI bwkI nhIN rhygw[ ieh sux ky vI lKpq nw hitAw[

10 mwrc 1746 (12 cyq sMmq 1802) dy idn lwhOr dy nKws cOk ivc iek hzwr qoN v`D is`K ShId kIqy gey[ ienHW ivc BweI subyg isMG qy aunHW dw bytw BweI Swhbwz isMG vI Swiml sn ijnHW ƒ crKVI ’qy cwVH ky, aunHW dw ijsm noc-noc ky, ShId kIqw igAw[ ies mOky ’qy iek ihMdU-phwVI irAwsq dy rwjy ny vI Awpxy kol kMm krdy 15 is`K lKpq dy hvwly kr id`qy[ ienHW nUM vI nKws cOk ivc ShId kr id`qw igAw[

lKpq rwey ny drbwr swihb Aqy kuJ hor gurduAwirAW ’qy hmly vI kIqy qy Fwh id`qy[ aus ny gurU gRMQ swihb dw iek srUp vI swiVAw[

lKpq rwey dI is`KW vwsqy n&rq eynI zihr-BrI sI ik aus ny l&z ‘guV’ Aqy ‘gRMQ’ dI vrqoN ’qy pwbMdI lw id`qI, ikauNik ‘guV’ qoN ‘gur’ (gurU) Aqy ‘gRMQ’ qoN ‘guurU gRMQ swihb’ cyqy Aw jWdw sI[ aus ny hukm jwrI kIqw ik guV dI QW ‘BylI’ Aqy ‘gRMQ’ dI QW ‘poQI’ l&z dI vrqoN kIqI jwvy[ lKpq ny AYlwn kIqw ik gurU dw nW lYx vwly dw ausy vyly iF`f cIr id`qw jwvy[(AlI-aud-dIn mu&qI, ijld pihlI, s&w 199, muhMmd lqI&, s&w 213)[

ies swrw kuJ dy bwvjUd lKpq dI is`KW dy ^Un dI qryh (ipAws) nw G`t skI[ aus dy zulmW ƒ vyK ky hr iek pMjwb-vwsI kMb igAw[  aus dI A`g ƒ keIAW ny TMfw krn dI koiSS kIqI pr auh qW n&rq ivc burI qrHW pwZl ho cu`kw sI[

lKpq dy zulmW kwrn is`K Awpxw Gr-Gwt C`f ky iek vwr Pyr jMglW, CMBW, phwVW Aqy ryigsqwn vl inkl gey[ ApRYl dy Aw^rI idnW ivc koeI ds-kU hzwr is`K rwvI dirAw dI CMB ivc, kwhƒvwn dy nyVy, lu`ky hoey sn[ ienHW ivc nvwb kpUr isMG, j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, su`Kw isMG mwVI kMbo, guridAwl isMG flyvwlIAw qy cVHq isMG sukrc`kIAw vZYrw vI sn[ aunHIN idnIN ieh jMgl bVw frwauxw sI, ikauNik sMGxy dr^qW qy JwVIAW v`l jwx qoN Awm lok frdy sn[ jdoN ies dI ^br lKpq rwey ƒ imlI qW aus ny Aqy lwhOr dy sUbydwr XwhIAw ^wn ny hzwrW dI igxqI ivc &Oj ƒ kwhƒvwn ƒ Gyrw pwaux vwsqy lY AWdw[ jdoN is`K &OjW ƒ ies Gyry dw pqw l`gw qW aunHW ny gurIlw lVweI SurU kr id`qI[ ieh lVweI keI idn cldI rhI[ ies lVweI ivc lKpq rwey dw pu`qr hrBj rwey, XhIAw ^wn dw pu`qr nwhr ^wn Aqy do Aihm jrnYl krm b^S qy mihmUd ^wn vI mwry gey[ Awpxy Brw dy kql mgroN hux Awpxy pu`qr dy mwry jwx ’qy lKpq hor pwgl ho igAw[ ieM\ hI pu`qr dI mOq ny XhIAw ^wn ƒ vI zwlmwnw roh ivc lY AWdw[ hux lKpq ny byldwrW nUM kih ky iek hzwr qrKwx bulw ky jMgl ktvwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ pr eyfw v`fw jMgl k`tx vwsqy keI mhIny lg jwxy sn ies kr ky ktvweI iv`cy rukvw ky, aus ny aus jMgl ƒ cwry pwisEN Gyrw pw ilAw qW jo iek vI is`K bc ky nw inkl sky; qy ies mgroN, swry jMgl ƒ A`g luAw id`qI[ hux is`K &OjW ny Gyrw qoV ky inkl jwx dI koiSS kIqI[ ies dy nwl hI lKpq ny qopW Aqy bMdUkW dy mUMh B`jdy hoey is`KW vl KolH id`qy[ ies nwl bhuq swry is`K mwry gey[  hr pwsy muZl &Oj hox kr ky is`KW dw bc ky inkl jwxw qkrIbn nw-mumikn ho igAw[ies G`lUGwry ivc sq qoN ds hzwr dy krIb is`K ShId ho gey Aqy iqMn hzwr dy krIb igR&qwr kr ley gey[ igR&qwrW ƒ lwhOr iljw ky, SwhI iklHy dy ip`Cy, n^ws cOk ivc ShId kr id`qw igAw[

13 mwrc 1747 (iek somy muqæwibkæ 21 mwrc) dy idn Swh invwz ^wn dI &Oj lwhOr Sihr ivc dwi^l ho geI qy eId dI nmwz ^qm hox mgroN ies &Oj ny XwhIAw ^wn Aqy aus dy swQIAW ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ ies hmly ivc XwhIAw ^wn dy bhuq swry swQI mwry gey[ XwhIAw ^wn Awp bVI muSkl nwl bicAw Aqy dOV ky znwn^wny ivc jw luikAw[ Swh invwz ^wn ny aus nUM ausy iemwrq ivc nzrbMd kr idqw Aqy Awp lwhOr dw hwkm bx bYTw[ aus ny XwhIAw ^wn dy swry v&wdwrW nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ ienHW ivc nwieb mIr moimn ^wn ksUrIAw, dIvwn l`CmI rwm/nwrwiex qy dIvwn lKpq rwey vI sn[

ies muihMm ivc kOVw m`l ny Swh invwz dI bhuq mdd kIqI sI, ies kr ky ij`qx mgroN aus ny kOVw m`l nUM Awpxw dIvwn lwieAw sI[ Swh invwz dI hkUmq bhuq QoVHw smW rhI sI[ jnvrI 1748 ivc Aihmd Swh du`rwnI ny lwhOr ’qy hmlw kIaw[ ies smyN lVweI hwrn mgroN Swh invwz id`lI B`j igAw[

     11 AprYl 1748 dy idn mIr mnUU lwhOr dw sUbydwr bixAw[ aus ny hkUmq sMBwlidAW hI j`ly ^wn Aqy lKpq rwey ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw[ lKpq rwey nUM qIh l`K rupey jurmwnw kIqw[ lKpq rwey dI 18 l`K nkdI qoN ielwvw aus dI jwiedwd  nUM vyc ky kul 20 l`K rupey bxy[ mIr mnUU vloN lKpq rwey ’qy Awied kIqy jurmwny dw bkwieAw 10 l`K ruupey bxdy sn[ ieh 10 l`K rupey dIvwn kOVw ml ny Adw kr ky mIr mnUU qoN lKpq rwey ƒ Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw; mgroN aus ny lKpq ƒ is`KW dy hvwly kr id`qw[ is`KW ny aus nUM aus dy jurmW dI FukvIN szw id`qI.

lKmIr cMd

 BweI lKmIr cMd dInw-kWgV dy cODrI rwey SmIr dw Cotw Brw sI[  ieh dovyN cODrI rwie joD dy poqry sn; rwey joD ny mihrwj dI lVweI (17 dsMbr 1634) ivc gurU hirgoibMd swihb dw pUrw swQ id`qw sI[ sMn 1705 ivc AnMdpur C`fx mgroN gurU goibMd isMG jI jdoN 20 dsMbr dy idn dInw-kWgV pu`jy qW SmIr cMd Aqy aus dy dohW BrwvW lKmIr cMd Aqy q^q m`l ny gurU jI nUM qih idl qoN jI AwieAw AwiKAw sI.

lKI rwie vxjwrw

 

BweI lKI rwie vxjwrw (20.3.1613 – 28.5.1680), pu`qr BeI goDU, poqw BweI Twkr dws dw jnm mwqw srnI dI kuK qoN p`CmI pMjwb dy ipMf ^Yrpur (izlHw muz`&rgVH) ivc hoieAw sI[ ieh pirvwr Xwdv rwjpUq kul nwl sbMD rKdw sI[ sMn 1632 ivc aus dI SwdI kMqo bIbI nwl hoeI sI[ aus ny A`T pu`qrW nUM jnm id`qw sI: ingwhIAw (ingwhIAw isMG), hym cMd (hym isMG), hwVI, hIrw (sIql isMG), puMfIAw (puMfwrw isMG), b^SI  (gurb^S isMG), bwlw (bwl isMG), jvwhr (jvwhr isMG) Aqy iek bytI sIqo dyvI (pwhul mgroN bsMq kOr) nUM jnm id`qw sI[ bIbI sIqo dyvI dw ivAwh BweI mnI isMG nwl 15 mwrc 1659 dy idn hoieAw sI[

 l`KI rwey bhuq v`fw vxjwrw pirvwr sI[ ienHW dy tWfy ivc iek l`K dy krIb GoVy, hwQI, bld, aUT, K`cr Awid sn ijnHW au~qy ieh swmwn l`d ky sRIlMkw qoN m`D eySIAw (smrkMd qy XwrkMd) qIk jwieAw krdy hn[aus vyly eySIAw dw sB qoN v`fw vpwrI sI[ mOjUdw hirAwxw Aqy ihmWcl pRdyS dy srh`dI  ielwky dI swrI zmIn l`KI rwey dI mlkIAq sI; A`j vI aus ielwky ivc aus dy luAwey drjnW KUh mOjUd hn[ bMdw isMG bhwdur dI rwjDwnI vwlw iklHw lohgVH vI l`KI rwey ny bxvwieAw sI[ sMn 1663 ivc l`KI rwey ny Swhjhwnwbwd (hux id`lI) dy duAwly ipMf rwiesInw Aqy nwl dy jMgl dI zmIn vI ^rId leI sI[ mojUdw BwrqI pwrlImYNr, rwStrpqI Bvn Awid l`KI rwey vxjwrw dI zmIn ivc hn[

 ieh Xwdv pirvwr gurU nwnk swihb dy smyN qoN hI is`KI nwl juiVAw hoieAw sI[ 11 nvMbr 1675 dy idn jdoN gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb nUM cWdnI cOk id`lI ivc ShId kIqw igAw sI qW aunHW dw DV ies ny Awpxy pu`qrW (ingwhIAw, hymw qy hwVI) Aqy BqIjy DUMmw (pu`qr kwhnw) dI mdd nwl cuk ilAWdw sI Aqy Awpxy Gr ivc ilAw ky aus DV dw sskwr Awpxy h`QIN kIqw sI[ jdoN gurU goibMd isMG jI ny KMfy dI pwhul SurU kIqI qW l`KI rwey dy A`T ivc s`q pu`qrW (ATvW hwVI pihlW cVHweI kr cukw sI) ny pwhul leI sI Aqy isMG bx gey sn[ ienHW ivcoN jvwhr isMG 29 Agsq 1700 dy idn &qhgVH iklHw (AnMdpur) ivc phwVI &OjW nwl lVdw mwirAw igAw sI[ ingwhIAw isMG 6 ApRYl 1709 dy idn AMiMmRqsr dI lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw sI[ingwhIAw isMG dy pu`qr AGV isMG qy Qrwj isMG vI muZlW nwl lVdy mwry gey sn[ l`KI rwey pirvwr dy drjnW jxy bMdw isMG bhwdur dI &Oj Aqy Kwlsw dl ivc Swiml hoey sn Aqy jwnW vwrIAW sn[ gurduAwrw rkwb gMj id`lI dy muK hwl dw nW aus dy nW ’qy r`iKAw igAw hY.

l`Kw isMG

 

ieh gurU goibMd isMG jI dy nwl nMdyV ivc AkqUbr 1708 ivc hwzr sI[ ieh rwq vyly gurU jI ’qy pihrw idAw krdw sI[ 5 AkqUbr 1708 dI rwq vyly jdoN l`Kw isMG kuJ smyN vwsqy bwhr igAw qW do pTwx jmSYd ^wn Aqy gul ^wn gurU goibMd isMG jI nUM kql krn vwsqy aunHW dy ^ymy v`l gey[ jmSyd ^wn ny ^ymy dy AMdr jw ky gurU jI ’qy vwr kIqy sn Aqy bwSl byZ bwhr KVHw irhw sI[ jmSYd ^wn gurU jI ’qy CuirAW dy vwr krn mgroN n`T ipAw[ eyny ivc l`Kw isMG mOky ’qy Aw cukw sI[ aus ny jmSYd ^wn ’qy vwr kr ky ies nUM ^qm kr id`qw sI[ eyny ivc bwSl byZ dOV cukw sI.

l`Kw isMG jYqo

 

l`Kw isMG (vwsI bMgw, izlHw nvWSihr) jYqo morcy ivc cOQy ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

lyk, lwrf

 

jnrl lwrf lyk (27.7.1744-20.2.1808) dw jnm hYro (imflsYks) ivc hoieAw sI[ sMn 1758 ivc, 14 swl dI aumr ivc, ieh brqwnvI &Oj ivc iek pYdl ispwhI vjoN BrqI hoieAw sI[ sMn 1762 ivc lY&tInYNt, sMn 1776 ivc kYptn, sMn 1784 ivc myjr, qy sMn 1790 ivc myjr jnrl bx igAw sI[ ies ny AmrIkw Aqy &rWs dIAW lVweIAW ivc vI AwpxI bhwdurI dw is`kw jmwieAw sI[ sMn 1796 ivc ies nUM AwierlYNf ivc kmWfr lwieAw igAw sI[ sMn 1798 ivc ies ny AwierlYNf ivc hoeI bZwvq nUM dbw ky nwmxw K`itAw[  sMn 1801 ivc ies nUM Bwrq ivc ibRitS &oj dw muKI bxw id`qw igAw sI[ pihlI sqMbr 1803 dy idn ies ny kol ngr (hux AlIgVH) ivc mrh`itAW dy AwgU dOlq isMDIAw nUM zbrdsq hwr id`qI Aqy muZl bwdSwh Swh Awlm nUM aunHW dI kYd ivcoN CufwieAw[ 17 nvMbr 1804 dy idn ies ny mrh`itAW dy AwgU XSvMq rwE holkr nUM hrwieAw Aqy jdoN auh B`j ky pMjwb pu`jw qW ies ny kYQl dy rwjy rwhIN Awpxw zor vrq ky aus nUM mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mdd nw lyx id`qI[ sMn 1804 ivc aus nUM ivskONt dI pdvI id`qI geI[ ies mgroN ieh lMfn muV igAw ij`Qy ies dI mOq ho geI[ ies nUM jUAw Kyfx dw bhuq SOk sI[ AwpxI mOq vyly ieh qkrIbn kMgwl ho cukw sI Aqy Awpxy b`icAW, ijnHW ivc ies dIAW kuAwrIAW DIAW vI Swiml sn, vwsqy kwxI kOfI vI nhIN sI C`f sikAw.

lwjpq rwey, lwlw

 

lwlw lwjpq rwey (28.1.1865 – 17.11.1928), pu`qr rwDw ikRSn Agrvwl, dw jnm ipMf Fu`fIky (izlHw mogw) ivc hoieAw sI[ skUl dI pVHweI ^qm hox mgroN aus ny lwhOr srkwrI kwlj ivc dw^lw lY ilAw[ ies mgroN aus ny vkwlq dI ifgrI hwisl kIqI[ ies dw ipqw AiDAwpk sI; sMn 1884 ivc aus dI qbdIlI rohqk ho geI qy ieh vI au~Qy clw igAw[ sMn 1986 ivc ieh ihswr Aw igAw Aqy au~Qy vkwlq SurU kr leI[ ies dOrwn ieh AwrIAw smwj Aqy kWgrs dohW ivc ih`sw lYx lg ipAw sI[ sMn 1892 ivc ieh lwhOr clw igAw Aqy hweI kort ivc vkwlq krn lg ipAw[

 (ihswr ivc vkwlq krn smyN dI qsvIr)

sMn 1870 qoN mgroN AµgryzW ny pµjwb ivc bhuq swrIAW nihrW k`F ky pµjwb dy kuJ izilHAW ivc KyqW vwsqy pwxI dw mslw h`l kr idqw[ ienHW izilHAW ivc mu`K qOr ’qy lwielpur (hux &Yslwbwd), imµtgumrI (hux swhIvwl) qy gujrWvwlw dI Sy^Upurw qihsIl sn[ srkwr ny pµjwb dy v`K-v`K ielwikAW qoN ikswnW ƒ ienHW izilHAW ivc Aw ky zmInW lY ky vwhI krn vwsqy pryirAw[ aunHW ƒ srkwr ny bhuq swrIAW shUlqW vI idqIAW[ hzwrW ikswnW ny dUr-drwifEN Aw ky, KUb imhnq kr ky ies ielwky dI zmIn ƒ sonw bxw id`qw[ ies nwl ikswn ^uShwl qW hoey hI, srkwr ƒ vI cµgI coKI Awmdn vI hoeI[

sMn 1900 ivc srkwr ny ienHW zmInW qoN hor vDyry Awmdn krn dI skIm hyT ‘lYNf AYlInySn AYkt’ bxw idqw[ ies kwƒn muqwibk zmInW vwhux vwly hux zmInW dy mwlk nhIN blik ‘ikrweydwr’ sn[ auh A`goN nw qW zmIn vyc skdy sn qy nw ies dI vsIAq kr skdy sn[ ies mgroN 1904 iv`c ‘pµjwb ilmItySn AYkt’ Aqy 1905 ivc ‘pµjwb pRI-AYmpSn AYkt’ bxw idqy gey[ sB qoN AwKrI sI ‘kYnwl klonIz AYkt’[ ies Aw^rI AYkt hyT nihrI pwxI dy ryt bhuq vDw idqy gey, ikswnW ƒ AwpxIAW zmInW qoN hI dr^q k`tx qoN rok idqw igAw qy ikswn mwlk dI QW iek iksm dy ‘vwhk’ hI bx gey[ ieh AYkt isr& nihrI klonIAW (izilAW) qk hI mihdUd nhIN sn blik smu`cy pµjwb dy ikswnW ’qy lwgU huµdy sn[

ienHw cohW kwƒnW ny nihrI izilHAW dy ikswnW dw glw Gu`t idqw[ ienHW ikswnW ivcoN 90% is`K sn[ pihly iqMn AYkt pws hox qk qW ikswn cup rhy sn pr kYnwl klonIz AYkt mgroN auh roh ivc Aw gey[ aunHW ny ies AYkt ƒ ‘gulwmI dw cwrtr’ krwr idqw qy ies dy nwl hI hr pwsy pRotYst hox dy Awswr bxn lg pey[ sB qoN pihlw pRotYst mwrc 1907 ivc audoN hoieAw jdoN pµjwb lY&tInYNt gvrnr cwrls irvz ƒ ivdwiegI pwrtI idqI jw rhI sI[ ies mOky ’qy Kwlsw kwlj AµimRqsr dy ividAwrQIAW ny zbrdsq ros muzwhrw kIqw[pµjwb Aqy Bwrq dIAW A^bwrW ivc ies muzwhry dw ^Ub crcw hoieAw[ Swied iehI muzwhrw sI ijs ny AµgryzW qoN Awzwd hox dI lihr dw mu`F binHAw sI[

ienHW idnW ivc hI lwhOr ivc vI nihrI klonIAW bwry kwƒn ^ws kr ky Aqy AµgryzI srkwr dy i^lw& Awm kr ky roh vD irhw sI[ lwlw lwjpq rwey ny vI 21-22 mwrc qy 6 ApRYl 1907 ƒ ies kwƒn dy i^lw& BVkwaU qkrIrW kIqIAW sn qy lokW ƒ pwxI dy ibl nw dyx vwsqy ikhw sI[ AjIq isµG ny lwhOr dy brYflw hwl ivc srkwr dy i^lw& iek bVI roh BrI qkrIr kIqI sI[

ieh swrw kuJ pµjwb dy gvrnr ny Aµgryz vwiesrwey Aqy lµfn ivc ieµfIAw Awi&s ƒ ilK ByijAw sI[ sI.AweI.fI. dIAW h&qwvwr irportW ivc izkr imldw hY ik srkwr ies AYjItySn qoN bhuq i&krmµd sI[ A^Ir srkwr ny PYslw kIqw ik 1818 dy AYkt hyT lwjpq rwey qy AjIq isµG ƒ igRPqwr kr ky nzrbµd kr idqw jwvy[ lwjpq rwey ƒ 9 meI qy AjIq isµG ƒ 3 jUn 1907 ƒ igRPæqwr kr ilAw igAw qy pµjwb qoN bwhr mWfly (hux brmw dyS) irport kr idqw[ ienHW igR&qwrIAW dy i^lwP pµjwb ivc keI QWeIN pRotYst hoey[ pr srkwr ienHW ros ibAwnW qoN izAwdw i&krmµd nhIN sI ikauN ik lwlw lwjpq rwey qW srkwr ƒ AwpxI mwsUmIAq vwsqy Arz-Bry ^q (iek iksm dy muAwPæInwmy) ilK irhw sI qy hornW qoN vI AwpxI irhweI vwsqy ApIlW ilKvw irhw sI[

lwjpq rwey ny 22 sqµbr 1907 ƒ mWfly qoN sYktrI AwP styt ƒ ilKy ^q ivc iliKAw sI: ‘mYN lwhOr jW rwvlipµfI ivc hoey &swd ivc ih`sw nhIN ilAw sI[ mYN iksy ƒ ienHW muzwhirAW ivc ih`sw lYx vwsqy BVkwieAw vI nhIN sI qy nw hI koeI bwZIAwnw qkrIr kIqI sI[ mYN qW srkwrI hukmW dI kwƒn hyT rih ky hI ivroDqw kIqI sI[ mYN kdy vI ihµsk jW ZYr kwƒnI qrIky vrqx dy h`k ivc nhIN hW qy nw hI Aijhy ivcwrW vwly lokW nwl sbµD rKdw hW[’ pihlW ihµdUAW dy iek v`fy AwgU gopwl ikRSn goKly ny vI 10 jUn 1907 ƒ vwiesrwey dy pRweIvyt sk`qr ƒ iek Kq ilK ky lwjpq rwey ƒ irhw krn dI Arz kIqI sI[ goKly ny iliKAw sI: ‘‘AjIq isµG qy lwjpq rwey ƒ ieko ijhw krwr dyxw lwjpq rwey nwl zwlmwnw byienswPæI hY[ &rvrI ivc jdoN mYˆ lwhOr ivc sI qW AjIq isµG lwjpq rwey ƒ iek buzidl Aqy srkwrI bµdw kihx lg ipAw sI[” (siqAw AYm. rwey, pMjwb hIroiek trYfISn 1900-47, s&w 21)[

lwjpq rwey nwl hmdrdI r`Kx vwlIAW A^bwrW ihµdUsqwn Aqy pµjwbI ny aus dy h`k ivc AYfItorIAl ilK ky Aqy ibAwn Cwp ky aus dI irhweI dI mµg kIqI[ ienHW A^bwrW ny lwjpq rwey dI igRPqwrI ƒ bdlw-laU kwrvweI ikhw Aqy aus (lwjpq) ƒ mwsUm, iensw&-psµd, Amn kwƒn dw pwbµd ienswn krwr idqw (ihµdUsqwn 17 meI 1907; pµjwbI meI 1907; siqAw AYm. rwey, pµjwb hIroiek trYfISn, s&w 21-22)[

siqAw AYm. rwey dw ivcwr hY ik “lwjpq rwey hux muAw&IAW qy auqr AwieAw sI qy hornW koloN vI hmdrdI qy rihm dIAW ApIlW krvw irhw sI[” lwjpq rwey pihlW Apxy lyKW ivc ‘^Un dw bdlw ^Un’ dIAw g`lW vI krdw huµdw sI[ auh sU&I Aµbw pRswd, AjIq isµG Aqy hYdr rzw vrigAW dy sohly vI gwauNdw huMdw sI[ auh lokW ƒ tYks nw dyx vwsqy vI BVkwauNdw sI[

drAsl lwjpq rwey AijhIAW g`lW krdw huµdw sI[ auh kWgrs dI iF`lV qy purAmn pwlsI dI SryAwm mu^wl&q krdw sI pr AµdroN auh jQybµdI qoN tu`tx vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sI[ auh v`fy nwAry lwauNdw sI pr igR&qwrI qoN frdw sI qy iesy kr ky jdoN aus ƒ igR&qwr kr ky mWfly Byj idqw igAw qW auh ApIlW, muAw&IAW, is&wrSW Aqy sPæweI pyS krn ’qy Aw igAw[ sYktrI Aw& styt ƒ aus dI AwpxI ic`TI Aqy goKly qy lwrf mOrly vloN aus dy h`k ivc ilKy ^q qy ibAwn iek iksm dI ‘ibnW Srq muAw&I’ sn[

A^Ir srkwr ny lwjpq rwey qy AjIq isMG ƒ 18 nvµbr 1907 dy idn irhw kr idqw[ irhweI mgroN lwjpq rwey cup kr ky Gr bYT igAw pr AjIq isµG ny ienklwbI kwrvweIAW jwrI rKIAW[

iek idlcsp g`l ieh hY ik ies vyly qk lwjpq rwey is`KI srUp ivc sI[ aus ny kys-dwVHI swbq r`Ky hoey sn Aqy auh dwVHI bµnHdw sI[ hux buzidlI ny aus dI S^sIAq eynI nIvIN kr id`qI sI ik aus dy Aµdr dw is`K vI mr igAw sI qy aus ny kys ktvw ley qy pUrw “lwlw” bx igAw qy Awpxy Awp ƒ ‘lwlw lwjpq rwey’ ilKx lg ipAw Aqy ies dy nwl hI is`KW dy i^lw& prcwr krn lg ipAw[ ies dI mW gulwb dyvI nUM ies dI ies hrkq dw bhuq sdmw l`gw qy auh bImwr pY geI qy A^Ir ieM\ hI auh dunIAW qoN tur geI)[

 

(sMn 1907 ivc Bwrq dy mShUr AwgUAW dI iek qsvIr; kursIAW qy bYTy hn (K`ibEN s`jy) lwlw lwjpq rwey (is`K srUp ivc), ibpn cMdr pwl, gopwl ikRSn goKly)

sMn 1914 ivc ieh ieMglYNf clw igAw Aqy sMn 1917 ivc au~QoN knyfw Aqy AmrIkw ivc clw igAw[  ieh iqMn swl au~Qy irhw[ ies smyN ies ny Zdr lihr dy AwgU jo jylHW ivc su`ty hoey sn aunHW kYdIAW dy prvwrW dI mdd vwsqy knyfw qy AmrIkw dy is`KW qoN 70 hzwr rupY (jo audoN bhuq v`fI rkm sI) iek`Ty kIqy Aqy auh swrI rkm aus ny AwrIAw smwj dy is`K ivroDI prcwr vwsqy Krc kIqI[ Xwin ‘is`KW dIAW ju`qIAW is`KW dy hI isr’[ 30 AkqUbr 1928 dy idn sweImn kimSn dy dOry smyN lwhOr stySn ’qy muzwhrw hoieAw sI[ hzUm ny ‘‘sweImn kimSn go bYk’’ dy nwAirAW nwl Awsmwn gUµjw id`qw[ ies mzwhry dI AgvweI kr rhy sn: mwstr qwrw isµG, Amr isµG Jbwl, mµgl isµG, srdUl isµG kvISr, sohn isµG joS, mdn mohn mwlvIAw, mOlvI Abdul kwdr, lwlw hµs rwj, fw. gopI cµd, fw. sqpwl, lwlw lwjpq rwey qy hor keI AwUg[ ies mOky ’qy pulIs ny lwTIcwrj kIqw ijs ivc rweyzwdw hµs rwj, fw. gopI cµd, fw s`q pwl, lwlw hµsrwj qy Abdul kwdr z^mI hoey z^mI hoey sn, pr lwlw lwjpq rwey nUM iek JrIt qk nhIN sI AweI sI[ dupihry iqµn vjy ieh swrw hzUm id`lI drvwzy ’qy Pyr iek`Tw hoieAw[ ies iek`T ivc keI AwgUAW ny qkrIrW kIqIAW[ qkrIrW qoN bwAd hwzr lokW ny Pyr iek jlUs k`iFAw[ ies vyly qk 15000 qoN v`D lok iek`Ty ho cuky sn[ ies jlUs ƒ ‘svrwj jlUs’ dw nW idqw igAw[ ies jlUs dI AgvweI fwktr gopI cµd (ijnHW dw isr lwTIAW dI mwr nwl su`ijAw hoieAw sI), fw. sqpwl (ijnHW dI bWh lwTIAW dI mwr nwl burI qrHW z^mI hoeI nzr Aw rhI sI) qy hornW ny kIqI sI[

ies qoN kuJ idn mgroN mwstr qwrw isMG ny lyKW Aqy ibAwnW rwhIN lwlw lwjpq rwey qoN knyfw Aqy AmrIkw qoN ZdrI AwgUAW dy prvwrW vwsqy ilAWdy hzwrW ruipAW dw ihswb ikqwb mMigAw sI[ lwly dI mOq puls dIAW lwTIAW nwl nhIN hoeI sI blik ies rkm dw ih`swb mMgx nwl idl dw dOrw pYx ’qy hoeI sI[ ies dy bwvjUd fI.ey.vI. kwlj jgrwEN. jgrwEN b`s A`fw, iSmlw qy id`lI ivc ies dy buq lwey hoey hn[ Bwrq srkwr ies vwsq iek fwk  itkt vI jwrI kr cukI hY.

lYlw GoVw

 

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw sB qoN vD mnpsMd GoVw[ ieh GoVw pySwvr dy hwkm sulqwn muhMmd brkzeI kol sI[ mhwrwjw ny ies GoVy dI qwrI& sux ky ies nUM hwsl krn vwsqy bhuq koiSS kIqI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG kol 12 hzwr GoVy sn ijnHW ivcoN iek hzwr bhuq vDIAw GoVy sn[ hr roz do vDIAw GoVy rxjIq isMG dI svwrI vwsqy iqAwr r`Ky jWdy hn[ rxjIq isMG keI-keI GMty GoVsvwrI kirAw krdw sI[ AMgRyzW nUM vI rxjIq isMG dy GoiVAW dy SOk dw pqw sI Aqy aunHW ny aus nUM skwtlYNf dI nsl dy keI GoVy Byt vI kIqy sn[ rxjIq isMG ny sulqwn muhMmd nUM lYlI GoVy vwsqy 50 hzwr rupY dI rkm Aqy eynI hI rkm dI jwgIr dI pySkS kIqI sI[ pr aus ny nWh kr id`qI sI[ jdoN rxjIq isMG ny ipSwvr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qW ikhw jWdw hY ies ies GoVy nUM kwbl Byj id`qw igAw sI[ kwbl dy bwdSwh Xwr muhMmd ny rxjIq isMG nUM trkwaux dI koiSS kIqI sI, pr A^Ir aunHW nUM ieh GoVw dyxw ipAw sI[ jnrl vYNqUrw Aqy kMvr KVg isMG dI AgvweI ivc geI hoeI &Oj dy rwhIN rxjIq isMG nUM ieh sMn 1828 ivc iml igAw sI (rxjIq isMG ny ies dy bdly ivc vYNqUrw nUM do hzwr rupY dI iK`lq id`qI sI)[ ies GoVy nUM 500 ispwhIAW dI ingrwnI ivc ipSwvr qoN lwhOr ilAWdw igAw sI[ iek AMdwzy muqæwibkæ ies GoVy nUM hwsl krn vwsqy 12 hzwr lokW dI jwn geI sI Aqy ies muihMm ’qy 60 l`K rupY dw ^rcw AwieAw sI[

ihaUgl muqæwibkæ “ies GoVy dI aumr 13 swl, k`d solHw mu`T Aqy rMg kumYq hY[ ieh bhuq ^UbsUrq Aqy cusq hY”.

rxjIq isMG lYlw ’qy svwr (iek pyNitMg)

lwhOrw isMG

 

iek kwlpink khwxI muqæwibkæ lwhOr isMG AnMdpur ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dy swihbzwidAW dw iKfwvw sI[ iek vwr aus ny mwlw isMG nW dy iek bMdy koloN iek sO rupY auDwr mMgy, pr vwr-vwr mMgx ’qy auh kih idAw krdw sI: ‘lyKw koie nw pu`CsI jW gur b^SMdw’[ ienHW dw Gr gurU jI dy Gr dy nyVy hI sI[ aus ny gurU jI nUM iSkwieq kIqI qW gurU jI ny au~cI sur ivc ieh quk pVHI  ‘hk prwieAw nwnkw aus suAr aus gwie’; ies qy SrimMdw ho ky lwhOrw isMG ny sO rupY moV id`qy sn.

lCmI, mwqw

 

mwqw lCmI ropV dy nyVy dy iek ipMf lKImpur J`lIAW dI rihx vwlI sI[ auh hr swl iek cogw iqAwr kr ky gurU jI nUM Byt krn vwsqy kIrqpur jwieAw krdI sI[ sMn 1635 ivc gurU hirgoibMd swihb iqMn idn vwsqy ropV Aqy kotlw inhMg ^wn ivc Awey sn[ ies smyN 20 julweI 1635 dy idn gurU jI mwqw kol aus dy ipMf p`ujy Aqy aus qoN colw  kbUl kIqw.

lCmI dyvI

 

bIbI lCmI dyvI burhwnpur (m`D pRdyS) vwsI syvw isMG dI pqnI Aqy qwrw kOr (nUMh gurU goibMd isMG jI) dI mwqw sI[ gurU goibMd isMG jI meI 1708 ivc bhwdr Swh nwl d`Kx jWdy smyN ies pirvwr kol keI idn ruky sn.

lCmx isMG nwnkwxw

 

lCmx isMG  pu`qr nwnk isMG (vwsI c`k nMbr 83 f`lw nMgl, izlHw Sy^Upurw), ijs dw j`dI ipMf bUVw f`lw, izlHw gurdwspur sI, nUM nwnkwxw swihb dy mhMq nrYxU ny 20 &rvrI 1921 dy idn do sO dy krIb hor is`KW dy nwl, jo lCmx isMG DwrovwlI dy j`Qy ivc gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn dy drSn krn gey sn, byrihmI nwl mwr id`qw sI.

lCmx isMG kwmwgwtwmwrU 

 

lCmx isMG pu`qr dyvw isMG (vwsI ipMf mwnocwhl, izlHw AMimRqsr) sMn 1914 ivc knyfw nUM gey kwmwgwtwmwruU jhwz dw iek muswi&r sI[ 21 meI 1914 dy idn jd ieh jhwz vYnkUvr pu`jw qW ies dy muswi&rW nUM auqrn nhIN id`qw igAw sI qy 24 julweI nUM ieh jhwz vwips klk`qw moV id`qw igAw sI[ 29 sqMbr 1914 dy idn jd jhwz klk`qw  ivc bjbj Gwt ’qy pu`jw qW pulIs ny muswiPrW nUM spYSl g`fI ivc pMjwb iljwxw cwihAw qW lokW ny ros kIqw[ ies ’qy &Oj ny golIAW clw ky 18 muswi&rW nUM mwr id`qw sI lCmx isMG aunHW ivcoN iek sI.

lCmx isMG jYqo

 

lCmx isMG (vwsI ipMf bylw ktwr isMG, izlHw hoiSAwrpur) jYqo morcy ivc cOQy ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

lCmx isMG DwrovwlI

 

BweI lCmx isMG DwrovwlI (Agsq 1885-20.2.1921), pu`qr BweI imhr isMG, dw jnm ipMf DwrovwlI (izlHw gurdwspur) ivc hoieAw sI[ mgroN ieh pirvwr DwrovwlI c`k nMbr 33 (izlHw Sy^Upurw) ivc clw igAw sI[ 1901 ivc aus dI SwdI bIbI ieMdr kOr nwl hoeI sI[ sMn 1907 ivc aus dy Gr iek byty ny jnm ilAw sI, jo CyqI hI cVHweI kr igAw sI[ sMn 1910 ivc auh Kwlsw pRcwrk ividAwlw qrnqwrn ivc dwi^l hoieAw Aqy is`K imSnrI kors pws kIqw[ sMn 1912 ivc aus ny qwrnqwrn ivc bIbIAW vwsqy iek AnwQ AwSrm KoilHAw sI[ sMn 1920 ivc aus ny ipMf ivc bIbIAW dI iek kwn&rMs kIqI; ies ivc bhuq swry moihqbr AwgU vI Swiml hoey sn[

aunHW idnW ivc gurduAwirAW dI hwlq bhuq ^rwb sI[ audwsI Aqy inrmly mhMq qy pujwrI gurduAwirAW nUM AwpxIAW injI jwiedwdW vjoN vrqdy sn; auh cVHwvy nUM A`XwSI vwsqy ^rc kirAw krdy sn[ gurduAwirAW ivc ivBcwr, T`gI, lu`t Aqy hor keI mujrmwnw kwrvweIAW huMdIAW rihMdIAW sn[ lCmx isMG Aksr nwnkwxw swihb (jo aunHW dy ipMf qoN bhuq dUr nhIN sI) kwieAw krdw sI[  hor qvwrI^I gurduAwirAW vWg gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn nwnkwxw swihb dI hwlq vI bVI mwVI sI

    ies mwhOl ivc 1, 2, 3 AkqUbr 1920 ƒ lCmx isµG ny Awpxy ipµf DwrovwlI ivc iek v`fw iek`T kIqw[ ies dIvwn ivc fw: ikclU, AwZw s&dr qy hor gYr-is`K AwgU vI Swiml hoey[ dIvwn ivc mw: moqw isµG, mw: suµdr isµG lwielpurI, dwn isµG vCoAw, jsvµq isµG Jbwl qy hornW ny lYkcr kIqy Aqy nwnkwxw swihb dI hwlq bwry i&kr zwihr kIqw[ dIvwn ny nwnkwxw swihb dy gurduAwry dy suDwr bwry mqw pws kIqw[ iesy dIvwn ivc lCmx isµG DwrovwlI ny nwnkwxw swihb dy suDwr vwsqy ShIdI jQw bxwaux dw AYlwn kIqw sI[ 

     mhµq ny nvµbr 1920 ivc AkwlIAW v`loN gurduAwry ’qy kbzw kIqy jwx dy ^dSy ƒ swhvyN r`KidAW ijhVy 400 bµdy iek`Ty kr ley sn aunHW ƒ 25-26 nvµbr 1920 dy idn gurU nwnk swihb dy jnm idn dy mOky ’qy gurduAwry dy Aµdr Aqy Awly-duAwly qweInwq kIqw hoieAw sI[ pr aus idn AkwlIAW dw gurduAwry ’qy kbzw krn dw koeI pRogrwm nhIN sI[ ies dy bwvjUd mhµq ny aus idn iksy vI is`K ƒ ikrpwn lY ky gurduAwry dy Aµdr nhIN jwx id`qw sI[ ies idn BweI lCmx isµG DwrovwlI kuJ isµGW ƒ nwl lY ky gurduAwry Awey sn[ Ajy auh Aµdr vVy hI sn ik mhµq dy guµifAW ny CvHIAW qy tkUey h`QW ivc PVI aunHW ƒ Gyr ilAw[ aus vyly ifptI kimSnr Aqy suprfYNt sI.AweI.fI. au~Qy hwizr sn[ ies kr ky iek vwr qW swkw hoxoN ruk igAw[ gurpurb qoN mgroN mhµq ny bhuqy bµdy vwips Byj id`qy sn, pr rWJw, swKU qy kwnHw vrgy ^UµKwr bµdy Awpxy kol r`K ley sn[ ies mgroN mhµq ny nwnkwxw swihb ivc iklHwbµdI krnI SurU kr id`qI sI[ aus ny gurduAwry ƒ hr pwisEN jµgI hmly vwlI ih&wzq dy ihswb nwl mzbUq kr ilAw sI qy Aµdr Asly dw ^zwnw vI iek`Tw kr ilAw sI[

     ies dOrwn jQydwr krqwr isMG J`br, lCmx isµG qy bUtw isµG SyKUpurw ny plwn bxweI ik bUtw isµG 19 PrvrI ƒ nwnkwxw swihb puj jwvy[ ausy rwq lCmx isµG dw jQw cµdrkot phuµc jwvygw[ (cµdrkot nwnkwxw swihb qoN kuJ ku iklomItr hY)[ dUjy pwisEN J`br dw jQw Aw jwvygw qy dovyN jQy 20 PrvrI dI svyr ƒ nwnkwxw swihb gurduAwry dw kbzw lY lYxgy[ mIitµg mgroN bUtw isµG lwielpur igAw, kuJ swQIAW nwl slwh kIqI Aqy Pyr nwnkwxy Aw igAw[ auDr kuJ AkwlIAW nUM vI ies dI ^br iml geI sI[hrcµd isµG lwielpurI, qyjw isµG smuMdrI qy mwstr qwrw isµG ny Awps ivc mSvrw kr ky PYslw kIqw ik nwnkwxw swihb qy ieµ\ kbzw nw kIqw jwey[ aunHW ny hor AwgUAW nwl g`lbwq krn vwsqy 19 PrvrI ƒ lwhOr ivc mIitµg bulw leI[ ies mIitµg ivc srdUl isµG kvISr, suµdr isµG lwielpurI, jsvµq isµG Jbwl qy dlIp isµG sWglw vI hwizr sn[ ies mIitµg ny &Yslw kIqw ik SRomxI kmytI v`loN r`Ky dIvwn qoN pihlW koeI jQw nwnkwxw swihb ’qy kbzw nw kry[ mIitµg ny dlIp isµG qy jsvµq isµG dI ifaUtI lweI ik auh J`br ƒ rokx vwsqy Krw sOdw jwx[ jdoN dlIp isµG Krw sOdw pu`jy qW J`br jw cu`kw sI[ ie`QoN auh cµdrkot gey qy J`br ƒ rok ilAw[ mgroN aunHW ny dlIp isµG qy virAwm isµG dI ifaUtI lweI ik auh J`br dI ic`TI iljw ky lCmx isµG ƒ dy ky jQy ƒ kbzw krn jwx qoN rok lYx[ dlIp isµG nwnkwxw swihb pu`j ky au~qm isµG kwrKwnydwr dy Gr clw igAw qy virAwm isµG dI ifaUtI lw igAw ik auh nwnkwxw swihb dy bwhr Pwtk ’qy lCmx isµG ƒ roky[

     auDr lCmx isµG Awpxy nwl 150 isµG lY ky nwnkwxw swihb Sihr dy bwhr B`Ty kol pu`j igAw[ ie`Qy aus ƒ virAwm isµG ny dlIp isµG dw sunyhw id`qw ijs ivc Awp ƒ nwnkwxw swihb kbzw krn qoN rukx vwsqy ikhw sI[ lCmx isµG ny ic`TI pVHI Aqy vwips muVn dw &Yslw kr ilAw, pr ies jQy dy iek isµG tihl isµG ny ikhw ik BwvyN AsIN gurduAwry ’qy kbzw nw krIey pr swƒ gurduAwry dy drSn zrUr krny cwhIdy hn[ aus ny ikhw ik A`j gurU hrrwie swihb dw jnm idn hY qy ies mubwrk mOky ’qy gurduAwry m`Qw zrUr tykxw cwhIdw hY[ mhµq v`D qoN v`D swƒ kql hI kr dyvygw[ tihl isµG dy ieh kihx ’qy jQy ny gurduAwry ’qy kbzy dw ierwdw qW C`f id`qw pr gurduAwry dy drSn krn vwsqy cl pey[ auh svyry 6 vjy gurduAwry phuµc gey[

     auDr 19 PrvrI 1921 ƒ bwAd dupihr mhµq nwnkwxw swihb stySn ’qy pOxy cwr vjy lwhOr jwx vwlI g`fI PVn vwsqy phuµc cu`kw sI[ ies mOky ’qy iek muslmwn AOrq aus kol AweI qy aus ƒ d`isAw ik is`KW dw iek jQw bu`cyAwxw phuµc cu`ikAw hY[ mhµq ny lwhOr jwx dw pRogrwm kYNsl kr id`qw Aqy vwips Aw ky swry guµifAW ƒ tkUey qy hor hiQAwr vµf id`qy[ aus ny im`tI dw qyl qy bhuq swrI l`kV vI iek`TI kr leI[ aus kol cwr bµdUkW vI sn[ mhµq kol golIAW qy bwrUd dw vI bVw stwk iek`Tw hoieAw ipAw sI[ aus ny keI idn pihlW gurduAwrw qy ies dy Awly-duAwly dy mkwnW dIAW C`qW ’qy p`QrW qy ie`tW dy Fyr lw ky r`Ky hoey sn[ mhµq ƒ ieh hrkqW kridAW au~qm isµG kwrKwnydwr ny vyK ilAw sI qy aus ny ies sbµDI ifptI kimSnr ƒ iliKAw vI sI pr aus dI ic`TI aunHW nUM swkw vwprn qoN mgroN pu`jI sI[

     lCmx isµG DwrovwlI dw jQw svyry 6 vjy gurduAwrw jnm AsQwn ivc phuµicAw sI[ aunHW ny Aµdr phuµc ky, m`Qw tyk ky, kIrqn krnw SurU kr id`qw[ kuJ icr kIrqn jwrI irhw[ eyny icr ivc mhµq ny guµifAW ƒ Aslw dy ky puzISnW sµBwl id`qIAW[ mhµq ny gurduAwry dy bwhrly drvwzy bµd kr id`qy[ QoVHy icr ivc hI mhµq ny aunHW ƒ kqlyAwm dw hukm jwrI kr id`qw[ hukm imlidAW hI rWJw, irhwnw Aqy do hor kwiqlW ny is`KW ƒ golIAW nwl Buµnxw SurU kr id`qw[

     jdoN swry is`K kql kr id`qy gey qW mhµq ny swrIAW lwSW iek`TIAW krn dw hukm id`qw[ mhµq ny cwr lwSW ƒ C`f ky bwkI swrIAW PUk dyx vwsqy AwiKAw[ l`kVW iek`TIAW kr ky cOKµfI dy au~qr-p`CmI pwsy Fyr lw id`qw igAw[ A`g ivc su`tx qoN pihlW mhµq v`loN BwVy ’qy ilAWdy pTwxW ny lwSW dI qlwSI leI qy jo kuJ l`iBAw, AwpxIAW jybHW ivc pw ilAw[ ies mgroN lwSW bldI icKw ivc su`t id`qIAW geIAw[ ienHW iv`coN kuJ Ajy ijaUNdy vI sn[ aunHW iv`coN ijs ny vI au~Tx dI koiSS kIqI aus ƒ CvHIAW qy lwTIAW mwr ky Pyr A`g iv`c su`t id`qw igAw[ jo is`K gurduAwry dy bwhr kql kIqy gey sn aunHW ƒ mwr ky nyVy iek GuimAwr dI B`TI ivc su`t ky swV id`qw igAw[ BweI lCmx isMG Aqy 156 ShId is`KW ny AwpxIAW jwnW dy ky nwnkwxw swihb nUM mhMq nrYxU qoN Awzwd krvw ilAw.

 

nwnkwxw swihb dy swky dI hor q&sIl vwsqy vyKo: nwnkwxw swihb dw swkw.

lCmx isMG ig`l

 lCmx isMG ig`l (1917 – 26.4.1969) dw jnm izlHw mogw dy ipMf cUhVc`k ivc hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy aus ny TykydwrI dw pySw Apxw ilAw sI[ ies dy nwl-nwl hI auh is`K isAwsq ivc vI idlcspI ilAw krdw sI[ sMn 1960 ivc auh SRomxI AkwlI dl dI AYZzYkivt dw mYNbr bx igAw sI[ jnvrI 1960 ivc auh gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw sI[ sMn 1960 ivc jdoN pMjwbI sUbw morcw cl rihw sI qw auh &qh isMG (sMq) gMgwngr dw bhuq nzdIkI bx igAw sI[ Agsq 1960 ivc mwstr qwrw isMG ny pMjwbI sUbw bxwaux vwsqy mrn vrq r`iKAw Aqy pRx pUrw kIqy ibnw qoV id`qw qW Bwrq dy pRDwn mMqrI jvwhr lwlw nihrU Aqy pMjwb dy muK mMqrI pRqwp isMG kYroN dI ^u&IAw mdd nwl &qh isMG grup ny mwstr qwrw isMG nUM isAwsq ivcoN bwhr k`Fx dI muihMm clweI[ ies muihMm ivc muK rol lCmx isMG ig`L, jIvn isMG aumrwnMgl, gurcrn isMG tOhVw Awid dw sI[ ies dy bwvjUd 30 nvMbr 1961 dy idn mwstr qwrw isMG nUM SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dw pRDwn cux ilAw igAw Aqy lCmx isMG ig`l jnrl sk`qr bx igAw[ BwvyN ieh jwpdw sI ik AkwlI dl dI &ut iek vwr qW ^qm ho cukI hY, pr AMdroN AMdrI ieh BK rhI sI[ jIvn isMG aumrwnMgl Aqy lCmx isMG ny mwstr qwrw isMG dy i^lw& doS lwauxy SurU kr id`qy sn[ijs kwrn mwstr qwrw isµG ny 3 julweI 1962 ƒ aumrwnµgl qy 5 julweI ƒ lCmx isµG ig`l ƒ muA`ql kr id`qw[ aus ny 16 julweI 1962 ƒ dl dI mIitµg sd leI[ ies ivc aumrwnµgl Aqy lCmx isµG ig`l ƒ k`Fx leI mqw pyS hoieAw[ AkwlI dl dI vrikµg kmytI ny ieh mqw Pqih isµG dI mOjUdgI ivc pws kIqw sI[ Agly idn Pqih isµG ny ienHW dohW ƒ dl coN k`Fy jwx i^lw& ibAwn dy id`qw qy nwl hI 22 julweI ƒ mu`lWpur ivc iek knvYnSn s`d leI[ 22 julweI 1962 ƒ mwstr qwrw isµG dy mu^wil&W dI ieh knvYnSn mu`lWpur ivc hoeI[ ies dI pRDwngI Pqih isµG ny kIqI[ ies knvYnSn nwl AkwlI dl dy do tukVy ho gey[ ies mOky ’qy SRomxI kmytI dy 155 ivcoN 78 mYNbr Aqy 19 ivcoN 8 AYm.AYl.ey. hwzr sn[ ies knvYnSn ivc l`gy iek vKry tYNˆt Aµdr Pqih isµG Aqy aUDm isµG nwgoky (hwlW ik auh kWgrs pwrtI dw AwgU sI) dovyN bYTy sn Aqy mYbrW qoN shuµAW cukvw rhy sn ik mYN Pqih isµG dw hukm mµnWgw[ jvwhr lwl nihrU dy sYktrI bI.AYn. milk muqæwibkæ “pRqwp isµG kYroN ny Pqih isµG dI pUrI-pUrI mdd kIqI sI[”

     ies mgroN Pqih isµµG gurp dy SRomxI kmytI dy 15 mYNbrW ny ikrpwl isµG Syryvwlw dy i^lw& byivswhI dy mqy dw noits dy id`qw[ Syrvwlw ny 2 AkqUbr ƒ SRomxI kmytI dw iejlws s`d ilAw[ pRqwp isµG kYroN, lCmx isµG ig`l, hrcrn isµG huifAwrw Aqy Pqih isµG ny Awpxw pUrw zor lw id`qw[SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbµDk kmytI dy pRDwn ikrpwl isµG Syryvwlw dy ivruD byivswhI dw mqw 72 dy mukwbly 76 votW nwl pws ho igAw[ hux cMnx isMG SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbµDk kmytI dw pRDwn bx igAw[ ies qrHW &qih isµG ƒ gurduAwirAW dI qæwkæq pUrI qrHW iml geI[ iqMn swl mgroN, 17 jnvrI 1965 ƒ nvIAW gurduAwrw coxW hoeIAW[ ijs ivc Pqih isµG dy AkwlI dl ƒ qgVI ij`q imlI[

     pMjwbI sUbw bxn qoN iqMn mhIny mgroN &rvrI 1967 ivc AsYNblI qy pwrlImYNt dIAW  coxW hoeIAW sn[24 &rvrI 1967 ƒ swrIAW 104 sItW dy nqIjy inkl Awey[ pMjwb ivc pol hoeIAW votW ivcoN AkwlI dl (dovyN) ny 24.69% Aqy kWgrs ny 37.46% votW hwisl kIqIAW qy kWgrs dy 48, AkwlI dl 26 (Pqih isµG 24, mwstr 2), sI. pI. AweI. 5, sI. pI. AYm. 3, jnsµG  9, pI. AYs. pI. 1, AYs. AYs. pI 3 qy Awzwd 9 kwmXwb hoey[ lok sBw vwsqy 9 kWgrs, 1 jnsµG (hux BwrqI jnqw pwrtI) qy 3 Pqih isµG AkwlI dl dy auNmIdvwr ij`qy sn[ cµfIgVH dI lok sBw dI sIt jnsµG ny ij`qI sI[

     24 &rvrI ƒ AkwlI (dovyN), jnsµG, kimaUinst (dovyN) Aqy kuJ Awzwd aumIdvwrW ny iml ky sWJw morcw bxw ilAw ijs ivc 53 mYNbr ho gey[ ienHW ny gurnwm isµG ƒ lIfr cux ilAw[ auDr igAwn isµG rwVyvwlw ƒ kWgrs AsYNblI pwrtI dw lIfr cuixAw igAw[ pr kWgrs iek vI AYm.AYl.ey. ƒ qoV nw skI[ A^Ir 8 mwrc 1967 ƒ pµjwb ivc AkwlI dl dI AgvweI ivc sWJy morcy dI vzwrq kwiem ho geI[ gurnwm isµG vzwrq ivc lCmx isµG ig`l, rijµdr isµG spYro, fwktr bldyv pRkwS, ipAwrw rwm DYnovwlI pihly vzIr bxy[

     13 Agsq 1967 ƒ lCmx isµG ig`l ny AYlwn kIqw sI ik Agly sYSn ivc pµjwbI ƒ d&qrI bolI bxwaux sbµDI ibl pyS hovygw[ 4 nvµbr 1967 ƒ lCmx isµG ny iPr AYlwn kIqw ik pihlI jnvrI 1968 qk pµjwb pUrI qrHW srkwrI p`Dr ’qy lwgU kr id`qI jwvygI[ jnsµG pwrtI ies g`l dI mu^wl^q kr rhI sI[ iesy qrHW Pqih isµG ny vI sI.pI.AweI. dI AwgU ibmlw fWg ivruD iek ibAwn id`qw Aqy AkwlIAW qy kimaUinstW ivc KVk peI[ qIjy pwsy lCmx isµG ig`l kwrn hI Pqih isµG dw AkwlI dl bixAw sI pr gurnwm isµG, lCmx isµG ig`l dIAW g`lW mµnx leI iqAwr nhIN sI huµdw[ A^Ir auh (ig`l) 16 mYNbrW nUM nwl lY ky ‘jnqw pwrtI’ bx leI Aqy Pqih isMG qoN bwgI ho igAw[ ies nwl sWJy morcy dI srkwr Gt igxqI ivc ho geI[ 22 nvµbr ƒ sWJy morcy dI srkwr ny AsqI&w dy id`qw[ auDr kWgrs ny lCmx isµG dI ihmwieq krn dw AYlwn kr id`qw[

     TIk iesy idn (22 nvµbr 1967 ƒ) mwstr qwrw isµG, ijs ny 42 swl qk is`K isAwsqW ’qy rwj kIqw sI, sdw leI qur igAw[mwstr qwrw isµG dy cly jwx nwl lCmx isµG igl ƒ BwvyN pUrw &wiedw nw ho sikAw pr iPr vI auh vzwrq bnwaux ivc kwmXwb ho igAw[ ig`l ny 25 nvµbr 1967 dy idn cI& minstr vjoN hl& lY ilAw[

     ig`l srkwr ny pihlw kµm ieh kIqw ik pµjwbI ƒ sk`qryq p`Dr qk lwgU krn dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ auDr ig`l ny SRomxI kmytI dI pRDwngI qoN cµnx isµG ƒ lwhux dw pRogrwm vI bxw ilAw[ 3 dsµbr 1967 ƒ mwstr qwrw isMG dy Bog ’qy kµpnI bwg AµimRqsr ivc ig`l ny AkwlI dl (mwstr) nwl “tu`tI gµFx” dw AYlwn kIqw[ 27 dsµbr 1967 ƒ srkwr v`loN kVwh pRSwd dIAW jwhlI prcIAW dy skYNfl dy sbµD iv`c cµnx isµG dy vwrµt igR&qwrI jwrI kr id`qy gey[ ies skYNfl ivc Pqih isµG AkwlI dl dy hor vI keI AwgUAW dy vwrµt igR&qwrI jwrI kIqy gey sn[ ig`l srkwr ny 13 dsµbr 1967 ƒ kwlj tIcrW ƒ XUnIvristI grWts kimSn vwly gryf dyx dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ Xwin isr& iek mhIny ivc hI ig`l srkwr ny bVy Aihm AYkSn kr id`qy sn[

     19 dsµbr ƒ pµjwb AsYNblI ny pµjwbI zbwn bwry ib`l pws kr id`qw[ ies muqæwibkæ pµjwb ivc sk`qryq p`Dr qk pµjwbI lwgU kIqI jwxI sI[ 29 dsµbr 1967 ƒ gvrnr pwvqy ny bolI ib`l ’qy dsq^q kr id`qy[ ies hyT 14 jnvrI 1968 qoN izlw p`Dr ’qy Aqy 13 ApRYl qoN sk`qryq p`Dr qk pµjwbI lwgU kIqI jwxI sI[ iek srkwrI smwgm kr ky lCmx isµG ny 13 jnvrI 1968 qoN pµjwbI ƒ izlw p`Dr qy lwgU kr id`qw[ pMjwb dI qvwrI^ ivc isr& ieko-iek lCmx isMG ig`l hI hY ijs ny kWgrsI votW nUM pMjwb jW is`K pMQ dy &wiedy vwsqy vrq ilAw sI[

     auDr 21 jnvrI 1968 ƒ Pqih isµG DVy qy aus dy ihmwieqIAW v`loN lCmx isµG ig`l ivruD cµfIgVH ’c jlUs kiFAw igAw ijhVw 3 mIl lµmw sI[ jlUs ny gvrnr ƒ mYmorMfm id`qw Aqy ig`l vzwrq ƒ brqr& krn dI mµg kIqI[

     12 &rvrI 1968 ƒ SRomxI kmytI dw bjt smwgm hoxw sI[ ies ivc ig`l ny cµnx isµG ƒ lwhux dw pRogrwm bxw ilAw[ AkwlI dl (mwstr) qy huifAwrw DVy dI mdd nwl lCmx isµG ny koiSSW SurU kr id`qIAW[ auDr cµnx isµG ny SRomxI kmytI dI mIitµg qyjw isµG smuµdrI hwl dI bjwey Akwl q^q ’qy bulw leI qy ies dy nwl hI SRomxI kmytI  dy iek sO mYNbr drbwr swihb ivc iekTy kr ley qW jo ig`l dI aunHW qk phuMc hI nw ho sky[ lCmx isµG ig`l ny AµimRqsr dy iek j`j qoN Akwl q^q ’qy mIitµg rokx leI styA hwisl kr ilAw pr ieh styA hweI kort ny qoV id`qw[ ies leI 12 &rvrI ƒ ieh mukwblw ruk igAw[ Akwl buMgw ’qy 155 ’coN 108 mYNbr hwzr hoey qy bjt iek rwey nwl pws ho igAw[ ies qoN bwAd pµjwb dw swrw iDAwn pµjwb dy srkwrI bjt vl clw igAw[ 

    23 &rvrI ƒ gvrnr dy lYkcr ’qy swrw sWJw morcw vwk AwaUt kr igAw pr 29 &rvrI ƒ gvrnr dI qkrIr ’qy SukrIey dw mqw pws ho igAw[ 6 mwrc ƒ spIkr dy i^lw& byivswhI dy do mqy pyS hoey[ Agly idn 7 mwrc ƒ gurnwm isµG ny puAwieµt Aw& Awrfr auTwieAw ik dovyN mqy glq pyS hoey hn[ ies mOky ’qy dohW iDrW vloN AsYNblI ivc JgVw SurU ho igAw[ ies dw &wiedw auTWidAW spIkr joigµdr isµG mwn ny pµjwb AsYNblI do mhIinAW leI auTw id`qI[ keI pwisAW qoN ies dI inµdw hoeI[ gvrnr ny AsYNblI ƒ 18 mwrc dy idn iPr s`d ilAw[ spIkr ny sYSn SurU huµidAW hI bYTk ^qm krn dw AYlwn kr ky sIt ^wlI kr id`qI[ swrw skqryq stw& vI clw igAw pr iPr vwps Aw igAw Aqy ifptI spIkr ny kwrvweI SurU kr id`qI[ rOly-gOly ivc bjt dIAW splImYNtrI m`dW pws kr id`qIAW geIAW[ iPr kONsl ny vI ieh ib`l pws kr id`qw[ 20 mwrc ƒ AsYNblI ƒ iPr auTw id`qw igAw[ pµjwb hweI kort qy iPr suprIm kort ivc spIkr, AwrfInYNs, sdn, ifptI spIkr dIAW qæwkæqW vgYrw bwry kys hoey pr A^Ir pµjwb srkwr dw bcwA ho igAw[

     pihlI ApRYl 1968 ƒ ibSµbr nwQ m`kV ny bolI dy svwl ’qy ig`l dI jnqw pwrtI qoN AsqI&w dy id`qw[ ies AsqI&y dy bwvjUd ig`l srkwr ƒ koeI &rk nw ipAw[ 13 ApRYl 1968 qoN pµjwbI skqryq p`Dr qk lwgU kr id`qI geI[ m`kV dy AsqI&y dy bwvjUd, ig`l ny 69 AYm.AYl.eyz.  dI ihmwieq dw dwAvw kIqw[ iesy qrHW kONsl dy 39 mYNbrW ’coN 22 mYˆbrW dI ihmwieq dw dwAvw vI kIqw[

      29 ApRYl 1968 ƒ AkwlI dl (mwstr) ny cµfIgVH vwsqy morcy dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ aunHW ny ieµdrw dI ivcolgI dI mu^wl&q vI kIqI[ cµfIgVH vwsqy AkwlI dl (mwstr) ny 16 jUn 1968 ƒ cµfIgVH ivKy iek BwrI jlUs kiFAw ijs ivc l`KW AwdmIAW qy AOrqW ny ih`sw ilAw[ ies dI AgvweI mwstr qwrw isµG dI qsvIr ny kIqI[ 9 jUn 1968 ƒ id`lI ivc srb pwrtIz knvYnSn hoeI ijs ivc AkwlI, kimaUinst, kWgrs, AYs.AYs.pI., pI.AYs.pI., rIpblIkn pwrtI, SRomxI kmytI dy numwieµdy qy hor keI is`K AwgU phuµcy[ knvYnSn ny nwnkwxw swihb ƒ vYtIkn styts dyx dI mµg kIqI[

18 jUn 1968 ƒ cMfIgVH ivc knvYnSn hoeI ijs ny cµfIgVH pµjwb ƒ dyx dI mµg kIqI[ ies ivc lCmx isµG ig`l, huifAwrw, mhwrwjw pitAwlw, igAwnI BUipµdr isµG, Amr isµG dusWJ, kWgrsI AYm.AYl.eyz., kimaUinst vZYrw Swiml hoey[ pr pµjwb dIAW bwkI mu^wil& pwrtIAW Aqy rwVyvwlw vgYrw Swiml nw hoey[

     kWgrs v`loN lCmx isMG ig`l dw swQ C`fxw: ies qoN CyqI bwAd hI pµjwb kWgrs ivc lCmx isµG dI ihmwieq sbµDI do DVy bx gey[ 20 jUn ƒ igAwn isµG rwVyvwlw ny pihlI vwr ig`l dI mu^wl&q kIqI[ 4 julweI 1968 ƒ gurnwm isµG ny ig`l dy i^lw& iek mYmorµfm rwStrpqI ƒ id`qw[ pr 31 julweI ƒ hI hom minstr cvwn ny ibAwn id`qw ik lCmx isµG ig`l i^lw& koeI prImw &ysweI kys nhIN bxdw[ ies dy bwvjUd 12 Agsq ƒ kWgrs dy sYNtrl pwrlImYNtrI borf ny ig`l dI ihmwieq vwps lYx dw &Yslw kr ilAw Aqy 20 Agsq 1968 ƒ ies bwry AYlwn vI kr id`qw[ ies ’qy 21 Agsq ƒ lCmx isµG ig`l dI (272 idn dI) vzwrq ny AsqI&w dy id`qw[ 23 Agsq ƒ pµjwb ivc gvrnrI rwj lwgU kr id`qw igAw[

     ies qrHW pµjwbI sUbw bnx mgroN qIjI vzwrq vI ^qm ho geI[ pihlI vzwrq-gurmuK isµG musw&r dI (1 nvµbr 1966 qoN 1967 dIAW coxW qk) Aqy dUjI-gurnwm isµG dI (8 mwrc 1967 qoN 22 nvµbr 1967 qk) Aqy qIjI lCmx ig`l dI (25 nvµbr 1967 qoN 21 Agsq 1968 qk)[ ies ivc cwr mhIny kWgrs, 8 mhIny 14 idn gurnwm isµG Aqy 8 mhIny 26 idn lCmx isµG ig`l dI vzwrq rhI[ 23 Agsq 1968 qoN bwAd pµjwb ivc iek vwr iPr gvrnrI rwj ho igAw[

     hux Pyr dohW AkwlI dlW dw eykw ho igAw[ ies nwl Aw rhIAW coxW ivc v`fI kwmXwbI dI Aws b`J geI[ dohW AkwlI dlW dI eykqw mgroN dl dw jnsµG nwl gTjoV vI ho igAw[ dohW ny rl ky 1969 dIAW AsYNblI coxW lVn dw &Yslw kIqw[ ies vyly pµjwb dw mwhOl jnsµG Aqy AkwlI dl dy iek`Ty hox vwlw nhIN sI qy ihµdU votr AkwlI dl ƒ vot dyx leI iqAwr nhIN sn[ auDr is`KW dI kw&I igxqI vI jnsµG ƒ votW dyx vwsqy jW imlvrqx dyx vwsqy iqAwr nhIN sI[ pr iPr vI dohW pwrtIAW ny coxW iek`Ty ho ky lVIAW[ coxW ivc sWJy AkwlI dl ƒ BwrI ij`q hwisl hoeI[ AkwlI dl ƒ 104 ivcoN 43 sItW imlIAW[ jnsµG ny 8, kWgrs ny 38, kimaUinstW (dovyN) ny 5, soSilstW ny 2, pI.AYs.pI. ny 1, suqµqr 1 sItW leIAW[ lCmx isMG ig`l sxy 4 Azwd vI ij`qy[ AkwlI-jnsµG morcy dy sWJy mYNbr 51 bxdy sn[ ies qrHW iek sB qoN v`fI pwrtI bx jwx kr ky gvrnr ny gurnwm isµG dI vzwrq dy 5 mYNbrW ƒ shuµ cukweI[

gurnwm isµG vzwrq ny pihly idn qoN hI Awpxy duSmxW ƒ szw dyx dI pwlsI muqæwibkæ kµm SurU kIqw (fI.sI. pwvqy, mweI fyAz AYz gvrnr)[ ies pwsy v`l pihlw AYkSn sI 47 imaUNspl kmytIAW dIAW, 23 mwrc 1969 ƒ hox vwlIAW coxW mulqvI krnw[ gurnwm isµG cwhuµdw sI ik SihrW ivc jnsµG ƒ kuJ &wiedw phuµcwieAw jw sky[ ieµ\ hI 13 mwrc ƒ cµfIgVH hvweI A`fy ’qy auqridAW hI swbk cI& minstr lCmx isµG ig`l ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ ieh vI iek bdlw-laU kwrvweI sI[

     gurnwm isµG ny pµjwb kONsl qoVn dw vI pRogrwm bxw ilAw[ gurnwm isµG aumrwnµgl qoN qµg Aw cu`ikAw sI[ kONsl dw mYNbr hox kr ky hI aumrwnMgl vzIrI dw auNmIdvwr sI[ ies hwlq ivc gurnwm isµG ƒ kONsl qoVnw hI sB qoN cµgw hiQAwr jwipAw[ pr dUjy pwsy sohx isµG bwsI qy ikRSn lwl (jnsµG) vI kONsl dy mYNbr sn[ ies kr ky keI pwisAW qoN ies dI mu^wl&q vI ho rhI sI[ Pqih isµG vI kONsl ƒ qoVn dy i^lw& sI[ pr &Yslw ho cu`ikAw hox kwrn &rµt ies dI mu^wl&q nhIN kr skdw sI[ ijs idn ieh ib`l AsYNblI ivc pyS hoieAw kWgrs pwrtI vwk AwaUt kr geI Aqy bwkI hwzr 67 mYNbrW ny ieh ib`l iek-rwey nwl pws kr id`qw[

     ienHW idnW ivc lCmx isµG ig`l ny iek vwr Pyr gurnwm isµG srkwr qoVn dw mnsUbw bxwieAw[ pr lCmx isµG ig`l ƒ 26 ApRYl dy idn cµfIgVH ivKy idl dw jwn-lyvw dOrw ipAw ijs nwl aus dI mOq ho geI.

lwB isMG, bwbU

 

bwbU lwB isMG (1885 – 9.3.1947), pu`qr du`lw isMG dw jnm ipMf lswVw (qihsIl i&lOr, izlHw jlMDr) ivc hoieAw sI[ dsvIN pws krn mgroN auh &Oj ivc klrk vjoN BrqI ho igAw sI[aus smyN qo aus dy nW nwl bwbU (klrk) l&z juV igAw sI[ gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dOrwn gurU-dw-bwZ ivc bItI dy zulmW dy i^lw& ros vjoN aus ny nkrI C`f id`qI sI[sMn 1924 ivc aus ny jYqo morcy dOrwn igR&qwrI id`qI sI[ sMn 1926 ivc izlHw jlMDr AkwlI jQw dw muKI cixAw igAw sI[ sMn 1928 ivc sweImn kimSn dy i^lw& Aqy sMn 1930 ivc isvl nw&urmwnI lihrW dOrwn aus ny igR&qwrI id`qI sI[ sMn 1942 ivc ‘Bwrq C`fo’ lihr dOrwn vI aus nuM igR&qwr kiqw igAw sI[ bwbU lwB isMG dw nW audoN mShUrI dI isKr ’qy AwieAw sI jdoN aus ny 25 nvMbr 1944 dy idn jMifAwlw mMjkI ivc SRomxI AkwlI dl dI islvr jublI kwn&rMs dw ieMqzwm kIqw sI[ sMn 1945 ivc aus nUM SRomxI AkwlI dl dw pRDwn cuixAw igAw sI[ bwbU lwB isMG kWgrs pwrtI dI AYZzYkitv kmytI dw vI mYNbr sI[ auh pwrtI plyt&wrm qoN is`K msilAW bwry svwl pu`Cdw rihMdw sI[ is`KW bwry svwl pu`Cx kr ky aus nUM kWgrs pwrtI qoN muA`ql kr id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1947 ivc ihMdU-is`K-musilm &swd SurU ho gey sn[ 9 mwrc 1947 dy idn auh jlMDr ivc lokW ivc i&rkU Amn kwiem r`Kx leI ApIl krn vwsqy jlUs k`F irhw sI qW iek muslmwn ny aus nUM Curw mwr ky kql kr id`qw sI.

lwB isMG jYqo

lwB isMG (vwsI ipMf joD, izlHw luiDAwxw) jYqo morcy ivc pihly ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI

jvwhr lwl nihrU (14.11.1889 – 27.5.1964), puqr moqI lwl dw jnm Alwhwbwd ivc hoieAw sI[ aus ny AwpxI muFlI pVHweI Awpxy Gr ivc pRweIvyt itaUtr rwhIN kIqI sI[ ies smyN dOrwn aus dI nyVqw iQEsO&Ikl soswietI dI AwgU AYn bysYNt nwl ho geI sI[ ies vyly aus dI aumr 13 swl dI sI[ aus ny bu`D Drm, ihMdU Drm Aqy &ls&y dIAW ikqwbW pVHnIAW SurU kr id`qIAW sn[ sMn 1905 ivc aus nUM ieMglYNf ivc Byj id`qw igAw ij`Qy aus ny pihlW hYro skUl Aqy iPr tirintI kwlj qy kYNbirj ivc pVHweI kIqI[ sMn 1910 ivc aus ny nYcUrl swieMsz ivc grYjUeySn pws kIqI[ ies dOrwn aus ny brnrf SwA, AYc. jI. vY~lz, brtrMf r`sl Aqy hor keI ilKwrIAW dIAW ikqwbW pVHIAW[ ies mgroN auh lMfn clw igAw ij`Qy aus ny vkwlq dI ifgrI hwisl kIqI[ sMn 1912 ivc mulk muVn mgroN aus ny Alwhwbwd ivc vkwlq SurU kr leI[ ies dOrwn auh kWgrs pwrtI dw mYNbr vI bx igAw[ sMn 1916 ivc auh AYn bysYNt dI ‘hom rUl lIg’ Aqy aus qoN v`K hoey lok mwnXw iqlk dI nvIN lIg dw vI mYNbr bx igAw[ sMn 1920 ivc nwimlvrqx lihr ivc aus dI pihlI igR&qwrI hoeI sI[ sMn 1923 ivc auh kuJ smW nwBw jyl ivc vI irhw sI[ ies dOrwn auh mohn dws krm cMd (mhwqmw) gWDI dy bhuq nyVy Aw igAw sI[ sMn 1929 ivc auh kWgrs dw pRDwn cuixAw igAw sI[ sMn 1937 dIAW coxW ivc kWgrs v`loN v`fI kwmXwbI hwisl krn mgroN auh bhuq mShUr ho cukw sI[ BwvyN ies smyN suBwS cMdr bos vDyyry hrmn ipAwrw sI Aqy lok aus nUM gWDI qoN vD psMd krdy sn pr gWDI jvwhr lwl nUM vDyyry cwhuMdw sI Aqy hr g`l ivc aus nUM muK r`iKAw krdw sI[ nqIjy vjoN sMn 1947 ivc AMgRyzW dy jwx mgroN jvwhr lwl pRweIm minstr bx igAw sI[ Agly sqwrW swl aus ny zor nwl hkUmq kIqI sI[ aus dy Aihd dOrwn sMn 1962 ivc cIn nwl iek lVweI vI hoeI sI ijs ivc mulk dw bhuq nukswn vI hoieAw sI[ jvwhr lwl kSmIrI bRwhmx pirvwr nwl sbMD rKdw sI[ auh BwvyN smwjvwd Aqy Drm inrpyKqw dIAW g`lW kirAw krdw sI, pr aus dy AMdr iek i&rkwpRsq ihMdU hmySw kwiem irhw sI[is`KW nwl jvwhr lwl dy sbMD kdy vI vDIAw nhIN rhy sn[ qæwkæq ivc Awaux qoN pihlW ayh is`KW dy h`kW dI g`l kirAw krdw sI, pr pRweIm minstr bxn mgroN aus ny qW pMjwbI bolI dw sUbw bxwaux dw vI ft ky ivroD kIqw ikauNik ies nwl iek sUby ivc iek is`K cI& minstr bx jwxw sI[

     jvwhr lwl ny sMn 1916 ivc kmlw kOl nwl SwdI kIqI sI ijs qoN iek lVkw (jo cVHweI kr igAw sI) qy iek lVkI (ieMdrw) pYdw hoey sn[ jvwhr lwl dI pqnI kmlw dI mOq sMn 1936 ivc ho geI sI[ ies mgroN jvwhr lwl dy SrDw mwqw, pdmwjw nwiefU, lyfI AYivnw mwaUNtbYtn Aqy koeI hor AOrqW nwl kwm sbMDW dw crcw ^Ub cldw irhw sI[ jvwhr lwl qmwkU pIx dw vI bhuq SOkIn sI.

jvwhr lwl nihrU Aqy lyfI mwaUNtbYtn

 

jvwhr lwl nihrU Aqy gWDI

ieMdrw gWDI (19.11.1917- 31.10.1984), pu`qrI pMifq jvwhr lwl nihrU, dw jnm, kmlw dyvI dI ku`K qoN Alwhwbwd pRXwgrwj) ivc hoieAw sI[ ies ny muFlI pVHweI Gr ivc r`Ky ausqwd qoN kIqI sI qy iPr mwfrn skUl id`lI Aqy kwnvYNt skUl Alwhwbwd ivc vI pVHdI rhI sI[ kuJ smW ieh pUnw, muMbeI Aqy SWqI inkyqn ivc vI pVHdI rhI sI[

sMn 1937 ivc ies ny Awks&orf XUnIvristI ivc ihstrI dI pVHweI vI kIqI sI[ ie`Qy &Iroz (sMn 1912-1960) nW dy iek pwrsI nwl aus nUM ipAwr ho igAw Aqy dohW ny 26 mwrc 1942 dy idn Alwhwbd ivc Awid Drm dy inXmW hyT SwdI kr leI (&Iroz dw mohn dws krm cMd gWDI nw koeI sbMD nhIN sI, pr gWDI ny ies nUM Awpxw nW dy id`qw sI)[ ies joVI ny rwjIv Aqy sMjy do b`icAW nUM jnm id`qw sI[

sMn 1947 ivc ies dw ipqw jvwhr lwl pRDwn mqrI bixAw qW ieh aus dw kMm kwj sMBwldI rihMdI sI[ ies mgroN ies nUM Awl ieMfIAw kWgrs dw jnrl sk`qr bxw id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1964 ivc ipqw dI mOq mgroN ies nUM rwjsBw dw mYNbr bxwieAw igAw Aqy lwl bhwdur SwsqrI dI srkwr ivc vzIr vI bxw id`qw igAw sI[

sMn 1966 ivc SwsqrI dI mOq mgroN ies nUM morwrjI fysweI dy mukwbly ivc pRDwn mMqrI bxw id`qw igAw sI[ ies ny Awpxy Aihd ivc bYNkw dI nYSnwlweIzySn kIqI sI[

sMn 1971 ivc ies ny pwiksqwn nwl lVweI kr ky bMglw dyS nUM Awzwd mulk bxvw id`qw[ ies nwl ies dI mwnqw bhuq vD geI[

sMn 1972 ivc rwj nwrwiex v`loN ies dy i^lw& kIqI cox aujrdwrI ivc ies dI cox r`d kr id`qI geI qW ies ny 15 jUn 1975 dy idn AMdrUnI AYmrjMsI lw ky jY pkwS nwrwiex smyq hzwrW ivroDI AwgUAW nUM jyl ivc su`t id`qw[

jnvrI 1977 ivc AYmrjMsI nUM ^qm kIqw igAw qW kWgrs pwrtI nUM burI qrHw hwr imlI; ieh ^ud vI cox hwr geI[ pr ivroDI pwrtIAW Awps ivc bhuq CyqI hI pwt geIAW Aqy jnvrI 1980 ivc ieh dobwrw pRDwn mMqrI bx geI[ ies dOrwn ies ny rUs nwl bhuq nyVy dy sbMD bxw ley sn[

 

BwvyN ieh dobwrw qæwkæq ivc Aw geI sI, pr mulk ivc byrozgwrI, mihMgweI Aqy hor sm`isAwvW vDI jw rhIAW sn[ ies ny sRIlMkw ivc qwiml lihr clw ky lokW dw iDAwn bdlx dI koiSS kIqI pr kwmXwb nw hoeI[ A^Ir ies ny coxW ivc ij`q hwisl krn vwsqy 4 jUn 1984 dy idn drbwr swihb AMimRqsr ’qy &OjI hmlw kr id`qw ijs nwl hzwrW is`K mwry gey[ ies nwl ieMdrw gWDI ny i&rkwpRsqI dw p`qw vrq ky ihMdU votW lYx dw rhw pDrw kr ilAw sI[ pr dUjy pwsy keI is`K ies nUM szw dyx dw plwn bxw rhy sn; A^Ir 31 Akqubr 1984 dy idn ies dy bwfIgwrfz byAMq isMG qy sqvMq isMG ny ies nUM golIAW mwr ky ies dy Gr s&drzMg ivc hI kql kr id`qw sI[

 

     ieMdrw gWDI pMifq moqI lwl dI poqI qy pMifq jvwhr lwl dI lwflI DI sI[ ieh bhuq AVb suBwA dI AOrq sI[ ivDvw hox kr ky vI aus dy suBwA ivc izd Aqy Zu`sw bhuq sn[ ies dy kihx ’qy hI pMifq nihrU ny sMn 1959 ivc kyrl dI kimaUinst srkwr qoVI sI[ sMn 1966 ivc jdoN pMjwbI sUbw bxn dy Awswr bx rhy sn qW ies ny ies nUM rokx dI koiSS kIqI sI (ies dy Awpxy kihx muqæwibkæ pMjwbI sUbw bxn nwl pMjwb ivc kWgrs nUM ihMdU dIAW votW tu`tx dw ^qrw sI)[ keI swl mgroN AYm.E. mQweI ny AwpxI ikqwb ‘rYmInIsinz Aw& d nihrU eyj’ ivc dwAvw kIqw sI ik aus dy ies nwl 12 swl kwm (sYks) sbMD rhy sn Aqy mgroN DIryNdr bRhmcwrI ny mQweI dI QW lY leI sI[ aus muqæwibkæ &Iroz (jo ik nihrU pirvwr nUM Srwb splweI krn vwly dw pu`qr sI) nwl vI pihlW ies dy syYks sbMD sn Aqy mgroN dohW ny ieMglYNf dI iek msijd ivc SwdI kIqI sI; A^Ir gWDI dy kihx ’qy ies ny Bwrq Aw ky Alwhwbwd ivc ihMdU rIqI nwl vI SwdI kIqI sI.

ieMdrw gWDI bcpn ivc

ieMdrw gWDI dI Alwhwbwd ivc SwdI

ieMdrw gWDI dI imrqk dyh

hrimMdr isMG sMDU (jnm 1957) iek skUl tIcr dw pu`qr sI[ sMn 1981 qoN 1984 qk ieh BweI AmrIk isMG dI pRDwngI hyT is`K stUfYNts &YfrySn dw jnrl sk`qr irhw sI[ sMn 1982 qoN 1984 qk auh igAwnI jrnYl isMG iBMfrWvwilAW dw AMgRyzI dw duBwSIAw (ieMtrprYtR) dw rol inBwauNdw irhw sI[ ies kr ky auh bhuq mShUr ho igAw sI[

ies dI SwdI igAwnI jrnYl isMG iBMfrWvwilAW ny Awp kIqI sI[ auh &Oj dy hmly ivc mwrI geI sI[ 4 jUn 1984 dy idn BwrqI &Oj ny drbwr swihb ’qy hmlw kIqw qW svw ku sO KwVkUAW ny &Oj dw ft ky mukwblw kIqw[ ies mOky ’qy hrimMdr isMG sMDU qy mnjIq isMG (Brw BweI AmrIk isMG) Aqy aunHW dy kuJ hor swQI jQydwr tOhVw rwhIN Awpxy Awp nUM SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dy mulwzm d`s ky &Oj h`QoN mwry jwx qoN bc gey[ ienHW swirAW nUM joDpur jyl ivc kYd kr id`qw igAw[ sMn 1985 ivc pMjwb dy gvrnr Arjn isMh ny plwinMg kr ky srkwr qy is`KW dw smJIqw krwaux dI Xojnw iqAwr kIqI[ pihlW hrimMdr isMG sMDU qy mnjIq isMG nUM joDpur jyl ivcoN bI.AYs.AY&. dy hYlIkwptr ivc id`lI iljwieAw igAw sI; pr rwjIv nwl g`lbwq isry nhIN sI cVHI (ijhVI mgroN lONgovwl Aqy surjIq brnwlw rwhIN isry cVH geI sI)[ lONgovwl smJOqy hyT 11 mwrc 1985 dy idn 8 sInIAr AkwlI AwgU irhw kr id`qy gey[ qy 12 mwrc nUM is`K stufYNts &YfrySn qoN pwbMdI vI htw leI geI[  pr ies smJOqy dy bwvjUd sMDU Aqy hor &YfrySn AwgU vI irhw nhIN sn kIqy gey[

     sMn 1989 ivc lok sBw dIAW coxW ivc KwVkUAW dI ij`q mgroNBwrq dy nvyN pRweIm minstr vI.pI. isMh ny aus nUM qy hor keI is`K AwgUAW nUM irhw krn dy hukm id`qy sn[ sMDU qy aus dy swQIAW nUM 15 dsMbr 1989 dy idn irhw kIqw igAw sI[jnvrI 1990 ivc aus ny AwpxI mwrI jw cukI pqnI dI BYx nwl SwdI kr leI[ ienHIN idnIN aus ny Kwlsw pMcwieqW kwiem krn dw AYlwn kIqw[ 24 jnvrI 1990 sI svyr nUM aus nUM aus dy Gr ivc golIAW mwr ky mwr id`qw[ ieh kæql dljIq isMG ib`tU dy swQIAW v`loN kIqw igAw sI[ ieh kql iek dm nhIN sI kIqw igAw[ ies qoN pihlW jnrl lwB isMG Aqy aus dy swQIAW ny sMDU dy Bwrq srkwr nwl imly hox dw doS lwauxw SurU kr id`qw hoieAw sI[ lwB isMG Aqy dljIq isMG ib`tU ieh nhIN sI cwhuMdy ik sMDU ‘Kwlsw pMcwieqW’ bxw ky is`KW dw AwgU bx jwvy[ sMDU dy rol bwry hmySw do rwvW rhIAW sn pr aus dy ivroDI ^ud vI S`kI rol vwly jwxy jWdy sn[ aus dy kql sbMDI cyqwvnI pihlW hI dy id`qI geI sI[ BweI AmrIk isMG dy Brw mnjIq isMG nUM ies dw pqw sI[ kql krn vwilAW ny ies dy shury nUM vI smJwieAw sI ik auh aus dI SwdI ies nwl nw kry ikauNik ies dw kql ho jwxw hY[ ies kql ny &YfrySn ivc &u`t pw id`qI[ rijMdr isMG mihqw qy AmrjIq isMG cwvlw ny vKrI &YfrySn bxw leI qy dljIq isMG ib`tU ny BweI mnjIq isMG dI pRDwngI hyT vKrI[ pihlW qW ib`tU dy swQIAW ny hrimMdr nUM ShId d`s ky aus vwsqy smwgm vI kIqy pr mgroN aus nUM ‘srkwr nwl imilAw hoieAw hox’ dw doS lw ky aus dy kql nUM shI kihxw SurU kr id`qw sI[ CyqI hI ies kql dI izMmydwrI dljIq isMG ib`tU (&YfrySn), Kwilsqwn ilbrySn &ors (prmjIq isMG pMjvV), pMQk kmytI (fw sohn isMG) Aqy Kwilsqwn ilbrySn &ors ny Awpxy isr lY leI sI[ auN\ qW pihlW vI swizSW cl rhIAW sn pr ies kql nwl kbwielI kqlW dw nvW dOr SurU ho igAw sI[

     is`K stufYNts &YfrySn ivc &u`t dw ipCokV: drbwr swihb dy hmly qoN mgroN is`K stUfYNts &YfrySn dy bhuqy AwgU jylW ivc sn[ aus vkq hrivMdr isMG Kwlsw biTMfw bwhr sI qy mIq pRDwn hox dy nwqy auh AYkitMg pRDwn vjoN kwrvweI krdw irhw sI[ ies mgroN, jd iBMfrW mihqw jQw (cOk mihqw fyrw) Aqy &YfrySn dy kwrkuMnW dw 26 jnvrI 1986 dw drbwr swihb dw iek`T hoieAw qW &YfrySn nUM muV jQybMd krn dw &Yslw hoieAw[ ies  vyly AiqMdrpwl isMG BUpwl &YfrySn dw sInIAr mIq pRDwn sI pr auh ieMdrw kql kys ivc vwrMtf sI[ ienHIN idnIN jUnIAr mIq pRDwn hrivMdr isMG Kwlsw biTMfw ny iek idn hrcMd isMG lONgovwl dy hk ivc ibAwn dy id`qw[ ies kr ky &YfrySn vwilAW ny hirMdr isMG kwhloN nUM is`K stUfYNts &YfrySn dw knvInr bxw id`qw sI[ 30 mwrc 1986 dy idn BweI mnjIq isMG qy hrimMdr isMG sMDU ny jyl ivcoN hI &YfrySn dy knvInr hirMdr isMG kwhloN nUM htw ky iek ‘pRIzIfIAm’ bxw id`qI[ ies ivc gurjIq isµG hrIhr Jok (BqIj juAweI bwbw jrnYl isMG iBMfrWvwlw), kulvµq isµG kµvl, suKdyv isµG A`kWvwlI, DrmbIr isµG, suKbIr isµG id`lI Swiml sn[&YfrySn dI iek sq mYNbrI slwhkwr kmytI vI bxweI geI[ ies ivc Swiml sn: dlbIr isµG pqrkwr, (pRo:) mihµdr isµG DwlIvwl, AiqMdrpwl isµG (Bopwl) vZYrw Swiml sn[ hirµdr isµG kwhloN, Bgvwn isµG mokl, hrdIp isµG shoqw, hrimMdr isµG Aqy crnjIq isµG cMnI (j: qlvµfI dw BqIjw) ny ies pRIzIfIAm nUM mMnx qoN nWh kr idqI qy AwiKAw ik nvIN pRIzIfIAm dy bhuiqAW mYNbrW dw ikrdwr S`kI hY[ mgroN gurjIq isµG hrIhr Jok ny vI ies nUM r`d kr id`qw[ ies nwl &YfrySn do tukiVAW ivc vMfI geI[ ies dorwn, 5 ApRYl 1986 dy idn, mnbIr isMG chyVU v`loN suKdyv isMG (aur& jnrl lwB isMG) Aqy guirMdr isMG Bolw nUM pulIs ihrwsq ivcoN CufwieAw jw cukw sI[

auDr 5 julweI 1986 dy idn brnwlw srkwr ny hirµdr isµG kwhloN nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ ies ’qy &YfrySn vrkrW ny mnbIr isMG chyVU nwl slwh kr ky srbjIq isMG ropV nUM &YfrySn dw knvInr AYlwn kr id`qw[ jnrl lwB isMG cwhuMdw sI ik srbjIq isMG ropV hrimMdr isMG sMDU, rijMdr isMG mihqw, AmrjIq isMG cwvlw, ivrsw isMG vltohw nUM &YfrySn ivcoN k`F dyvy[ pr, jd srbjIq isMG ropV ny jnrl lwB isMG dIAW hdwieqW hyT c`lx qoN nWh kr id`qI qW aus ny aus nUM rsqy ivcoN htwaux dI skIm bxweI[ ies swzS hyT aus dy i^lw& ieh ^brW PYlweIAW geIAW ik auh srkwr nwl imilAw hoieAw hY[ audoN mnbIr isMG chyVU Ajy igR&qwr nhIN hoieAw sI[ aus ny srbjIq isMG ropV dy i^lw& &YlweIAW jw rhIAW A&vwhW nUM pUrI qrHW r`d kridAW aus dw pUrw pUrw swQ id`qw sI[8-9 Agsq 1986 dI rwq nUM mnbIr isMG nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ ies bwry ieh crcw vI cilAw ik ies igR&qwrI ip`Cy gurjIq isMG dw h`Q sI (ikauNik mnbIr isMG dI igR&qwrI Aqy srbjIq isMG ropV dy kql dw aus nUM is`Dw &wiedw imilAw Aqy auh &YfrySn dw AYkitMg pRDwn bx igAw)[ srbjIq isMG dy swQIAW muqæwibkæ jnrl lwB isMG ny ies dw &wiedw auTwauNidAW mnbIr isMG dI igR&qwrI ip`Cy srbjIq isMG ropV dw nW prcwrnw SurU kr id`qw qy aus nUM ^qm krn dI skIm GVI[

aus ny 27 Agsq 1986 dy idn srbjIq isMG ropV nUM Kwlsw kwlj AMimRqsr ivc bulw ilAw Aqy aus nUM aus dy iek swQI hrdIp isMG shoqw sxy ^qm kr id`qw Aqy mgroN aultw ieh pRcwr SurU kr id`qw ik auh puls kYt bx igAw hY[ ies qoN iek dm bwAd jnrl lwB isMG ny BweI mnjIq isMG nUM pRDwn mMn ky gurjIq isMG hrIhr Jok nUM &YfrySn dw knvInr bxw id`qw Aqy nwl hI hrimMdr isMG sMDU, AmrjIq isMG cwvlw, rijMdr isMG mihqw qy ivrsw isMG vltohw nUM &YfrySn ivcoN k`Fx dw AYlwn kr id`qw[ BweI mnjIq isMG pihlW qW jnrl lwB isMG dy nwl sI pr jd aus ny hrimMdr isMG sMDU vgYrw nUM &YfrySn ivcoN k`iFAw qW aus ny ies &Ysly dI mu^wl&q kIqI Aqy ies nUM mMnx qoN nWh kr id`qI sI[

     guirMdr isMG Bolw dw kql: guirMdr isMG Bolw (pu`qr gopwl isMG qy bIbI suirMdr kOr), vwsI qwrnqwrn DrmXu`D morcy dw iek srgrm kwrkuMn sI[ auh bwbw jrnYl isMG iBMfrWvwlw dy bhuq nzdIk sI[ ies lihr dOrwn aus nUM jMifAwlw qoN igR&qwr kr ky aus nUM joDpur jylH ivc r`iKAw igAw sI[ auQoN 5 AprYl 1986 dy idn aus nUM iqMn hor swQIAW sxy rmyS kql kWf ivc pyS krn vwsqy jlMDr ilAWdw igAw qW aus dy swQIAW ny Kwilsqwn kmWfo Pors dy muKI mnbIr isMG chyVU dI AgvweI ivc AYkSn kr ky aus nMU do horW swQIAW (suKdyv isMG aur& jnrl lwB isMG Aqy svrnjIq isMG AlwdInpur) smyq Cufw ilAw sI; ies AYkSn dOrwn 6 ispwhI vI mwry gey sn[ ies mgroN guirMdr isMG Bolw ny bhuq swrIAW kwrvweIAW ivc ih`sw ilAw[ Bolw hrimMdr isMG sMDU dy nyVy sI Aqy puls qoN Cufwey jwx mgroN vI auh &YfrySn vwsqy sMjIdw rol Adw kr irhw sI[ Bolw dy swQIAW muqæwibkæ, suKdyv isMG (aur& jnrl lwB isMG) hrimMdr isMG sMDU dy swQIAW nUM rsqy ivcoN htw ky swrI lihr dw ifktytr bxnw cwhuMdw sI[ guirMdr isMG  Bolw, srbjIq isMG ropV qy mnbIr isMG nUM auh Awpxy rwh dy roVy smJdw sI[ ies hwlq ivc aus ny iek idn guirMdr isMG Bolw nUM cOk mihqw ivc bulw ilAw[

aunHW idnW ivc jQw iBMfrW mihqw dy kuJ AwgU ieh pRcwr kr rhy sn ik bwbw jrnYl isMG iBMfrWvwlw ShId nhIN hoey Aqy auh gupq rih ky j`dojihd dI AgvweI kr rhy hn pr guirMdr isMG Bolw ies hrkq dy i^lw& sI[ A^Ir jnrl lwB isMG gru`p ny aus nUM D`ky nwl rokx dw &Yslw kr ilAw Aqy iek idn DoKy nwl aus nUM (Swied cOk mihqw fyry ‘qy) bulw ilAw[ ies mOky ‘qy aus nUM ikhw igAw ik auh iBMfrWvwlw nUM ShId nw ikhw kry[ pr aus ny ies JUT bolx dy hukm nUM mMnx qoN nWh kr id`qI[ ies ‘qy aus nUM &qvw id`qw igAw ik “ijhVw khygw ik iBMfrWvwlw ShId ho gey hn aus dy mUMh ivc kIVy pYxgy[” ies dy bwvjUd Bolw Awpxy stYNf ’qy AiVAw irhw Aqy kihx l`gw ik “mYN s`c bolWgw mYnUM kIVy pYx dI prvwh nhIN[” jnrl lwB isMG iksy nw iksy bhwny aus nUM rwh ivcoN htwauxw cwhuMdw sI[ ies bol bulwry dw bhwnw lw ky jnrl lwB isMG dy hukm hyT gurnwm isMG buMfwlw (ijs nUM j`lwd ikhw jWdw sI, jo 2022 ivc Ajy vI izMdw hY) ny Bolw nUM golI mwr id`qI[ieM\ auh s`c bolx dy nW ’qy AwpsI duSmxI ivc mwirAw igAw sI[

     suKdyv isMG sKIrw dw kql: AwpsI duSmxI dI swizS hyT hI mShUr KwVkU suKdyv isMG sKIrw nUM 5 meI 1986 dy idn kql kr kr id`qw igAw sI[ mgroN aus dy swQI v`sx isMG sKIrw nUM vI mwr id`qw igAw sI[ ieh dwAvw kIqw jWdw hY ik sKIrw dy kql dw hukm fyrw cOk mihqw ivcoN id`qw igAw sI[ iek hor somy muqæwibkæ aus nUM gurnwm isMG buMfwlw (aur& j`lwd) ny jnrl lwB isMG dy kihx ’qy golI mwrI sI[ ies ies mgroNN KwVkU lihr ivc DVybMdI dw bolbwlw irhw sI, jo A^Ir hrimdr isMG sMDU dy kql nwl inKr ky swhmxy Aw igAw sI[ auN\ bhuqy KwVkU sMn 1992 dy A^Ir qk mwry jw cuky sn, ijnHW ivcoN bhuq swry KwVkU toilAW ny iek dUjy dy i^lw& sUhW dy ky mrvwey sn.

gurmIq isMG (12.6.1935 – 26.1.2018) AwstRylIAw ivc rihx vwlw iek mShUr is`K ivdvwn sI[  auh pihlW pwpUAw inaU ignI ivc rihMdw irhw sI qy iPr AwstRylIAw clw ipAw sI[ aus ny keI zbwnW ivc is`K Drm sbMDI swihq Cpvw ky lokW ivc vMifAw sI[ gurmIq isMG nUM is`K qvwrI^ Aqy is`K &ls&y dw is`kybMd ivdvwn ikhw jw skdw hY[ aus ny bhuq swry isDWqk nukiqAW bwry sMjIdw mzmUn ilKy sn[ aus dy lyK is`K irvIaU, spoksmYn Aqy hor A^bwrW qoN ielwvw bhuq swry vY~b mYZzInW ivc Cpy hoey imldy hn[ aus ny AwstrylIAw ivc iek v`fI lwiebryrI Awpxy Gr ivc Aqy iek isfnI dy gurduAwry ivc vI kwiem kIqI hoeI sI, ijs ivc qkrIbn hr nukqy bwry vDIAw qoN vDIAw ikqwbW mOjUd hn Aqy ieh swrIAW ikqwbW auh Awpxy dsvMD ivcoN ^rId ky BNyt kirAw krdw sI.

gurmIq isMG nUM snmwinq krn dw idRS

rwjyNdr kOr

 bIbI rwjyNdr kOr dw jnm kMvr BUmIAw isµG (pu`qr bwbw Awlw isµG) dy Gr sMn 1739 ivc pitAwlw ivc hoieAw sI[ sMn 1751 ivc ies dw ivAwh cODrI iqRlok cµd PgvwVw invwsI nwl hoieAw[ bIbI rijµdr kOr dy Ajy iek hI bytI pYdw hoeI sI ik pqI cVHweI kr igAw[ ieh iek bhuq hI bhwdr qy sUJvwn AOrq sI[ jd oN vI pitAwlw drbwr ivc koeI muSkl AwauNdI qW rwjyNdr kOr swihb kOr vWg Awpxy Brw swihb isµG kol puj jWdI sI, aus dI mdd krdI sI qy aus ƒ hr musIbq qoN bcwA lYˆdI sI[ aus ny iek vwr mrhitAW dy hmly dw AYsw mUµh qoVvW jvwb idqw ik mrhty muV ky pitAwly v`l qk nw sky[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny rwj dy iek drbwrI nwnU ml dIAW swizSW qoN pitAwlw styt ƒ bcweI riKAw[ bIbI rwjyNdr

XhUdI

 

(AærbI XhUdI; hIbiraU/iebrwnI jyhu idm), (AMgRyzI) ijaU (Jew): 

i&lsqIn dy ielwky iesrweIl dy kdImI vwsI; hzrq mUsw nUM mMnx vwly[ XhUdI idmwZI Aqy vpwrk p`K qoN dunIAW ivc Awpxw nW rKdy hn[ ienHW nUM keI sdIAW i&lsqInIAW qy hor muslmwnW nwl lVweIAW lVn mgroN (Aqy sMn 1940 qoN 1945 qIk jrmn dy hwkm ihtlr dy h`QoN smUhk kqlyAwm mgroN) 14 meI 1948 dy idn Awzwd mulk imilAw sI[ sMn 2022 ivc dunIAW Br ivc XhUdIAW dI igxqI fyF qoN pOxy do kroV dy krIb hY; sMn 1935 ivc XhUdIAW dI igxqI 1 kroV 67 l`K sI[ ihtlr ny qkrIbn 60 l`K XhudI mwr id`qy sn[ iesrweIl ivc XhUdIAW dI igxqI qkrIbn 70 l`K hY[ dUjw nMbr AmrIkw dw hY ij`Qy ieh 57 l`K (iek AMdwzy muqæwibk iek kroV) dI igxqI ivc hn[ ies qoN ielwvw &rWs ivc 5-6 l`K, kYnyfw ivc  4-5 l`K, ieMglYNf ivc 3-4 l`K, ArjntInw ivc 2-3 l`K, rUs ivc 2-4 l`K, AwstrylIAw ivc svw l`K XhUdI rihMdy hn.

 hor vyKo: mUsw.

XwdivMdr isMG

 

mhwrwjw XwdivMdr isMG (7.1.1914 – 17.6.1974), pu`qr mhwrwjw BUipMdr isMG, dw jnm pitAwlw ivc hoieAw sI[ ipqw dI mOq mgroN sMn 1938 ivc auh pitAwlw irAwsq dw rwjw bixAw sI[ rwjw bx ky ies ny kuJ ivl`Kx &Ysly kIqy sn[ ies dw ipqw syvw isMG TIkrIvwlw dw kwiql sI[ syvw isMG TIkrIvwl dI mOq mgroN aus dIAW AsQIAW cwr swl qk pitAwlw dy gurduAwrw inhMgW dI bZIcI ivc peIAW rhIAW[ sMn 1938 ivc jd BUipMdr isMG rwjy dI mOq hoeI qW ies ny hukm kIqw ik syvw isMG dIAW AsQIAW srkwrI snmwn Aqy &OjI Swn nwl ipMf TIkrIvwlw iljweIAW jwx[ au~Qy hzwrW lokW ny syvw isMG nUM SrDWjlIAW Byt kIqIAW[ BUipMdr isMG ny syvw isMG dy nwl-nwl hrcMd isMG jyjI nwl vI izAwdqI kIqI sI qy aus dI swrI jwiedwd kurk kr ky aus nUM dys inkwlw dy id`qw sI[ aus nUM kw&I smW AMimRqsr ivc (AMgryzI ielwky ivc) rihxw ipAw sI[ mgroN XwdivMdr isMG ny hrcMd isMG jyjI dI bytI mihMdr kOr nwl SwdI kr ky ies prvwr nwl hoeI izAwdqI dI iek qrIky nwl muAw&I mMg leI sI[ XwdivMdr isMG dI pihlI SwdI sMn 1935 ivc iek in`kI ijhI irAwsq srwiekylw (hux JwrKMf sUby iek ngr)  dI rwjkumwrI hymw pRBw dyvI nwl hoeI sI[

sMn 1948 ivc auh pihlw rwjw sI ijs ny AwpxI irAwsq nUM Bwrq ivc Swiml krn dw AYlwn kIqw sI[ iesy swl pMjwb dIAW swrIAW irAwsqW nUM iek`Tw kr ky pYpsU (pitAwlw AYNf eIst pMjwb styts XnIAn) nW dw iek sUbw bxw id`qw igAw sI; ijs dw rwj pRmuK (sdr/ sUbydwr/gvrnr) aus nUM bxwieAw igAw sI[ mgroN sMn 1954 ivc pYpsU nUM pMjwb ivc Swiml kr id`qw igAw sI[ XwdivMdr isMG sMn 1947 qk AMgryzW dw Aqy aus qoN mgroN kWgrs pwrtI dw v&wdwr bixAw irhw sI[ jdoN pMjwbI sUbw kwiem krn dI mMg auTI qW ies ny ies dI mu^wl&q kIqI sI[ 4 julweI 1955 dy idn jdoN pulIs drbwr swihb kMplYks ivc dwi^l hoeI qW ies ny ies kwrvweI dI ihmwieq kIqI sI[ sMn 1960 dI pMjwbI sUbw lihr ivc vI ieh srkwr p`KI irhw sI[ pMjwbI sUbw bxn mgroN sMn 1967 ivc ies ny Azwd aumIdvwr vjoN pMjwb AsYNblI dI cox lVI sI qy AYm.AYl.ey. bx igAw sI[ ieh jsits gurnwm isMG vzwrq ivc vzIr vI irhw sI[ ies ny isAwsI &wiedw lyYx vwsqy AwpxI DI Aqy BYx dw ivAwh nwlwgVH vrgI in`kI ijhI irAwsq dy ihMdU rjvwVy Aqy DI dw ivAwh m`D pRdyS dy iek rjvwVy ntvr isMh nwl kIqw sI[ kWgrs srkwr ny ies nUM keI vwr XU.AYn.E. ivc Bwrq dI numwieMdgI krn vwsqy ByijAw sI[ sMn 1971 ivc ies nUM hwlYNf (nYdrlYNfz) ivc Bwrq dw s&Ir lwieAw igAw sI, ij`Qy sMn 1974 ivc ies dI mOq ho geI sI.

XwdivMdr isMG rwjw bxn smyN (sMn 1938)

XwdivMdr isMG jvwnI ivc

XwdivMdr isMG sMn 1971 ivc

 

rwmdws, smrQ

 

rwmdws smrQ (sMn 1608-1681) iek mrh`tw bRwhmx sI[ aus dw jnm ipMf jMm (hYdrwbwd) ivc hoieAw sI[ aus dw bcpn dw nW nwrwiex sI[ jvwn hox ’qy aus ny isqwrw (mhWrwStr) ivc Awpxw AwSrm kwiem kIqw sI[ aus nuM mrh`tw AwgU iSvwjI dw isAwsI gurU mMinAw jWdw hY[ iek vwr gurU hirgoibMd swihb SRIngr (gVHvwl) gey sn qW dI ies nwl mulwkwq aunHW nwl hoeI sI[ gurU jI nUM hiQAwbMd vyK ky ies ny pu`iCAw sI ik gurU nwnk swihb qW iqAwgI sn pr qusIN hiQAwr pihxy hoey hn[ gurU jI ny aus nUM d`isAw gurU nwnk swihb ny mwXw iqAwgI sI, dunIAW nhIN; Aqy Ssqr ZrIb dI r`iKAw Aqy jrvwxy nUM szw dyx vwsqy hn[ auh gurU jI dI ies g`l qoN bhuq pRBwivq hoieAw sI[ smrQ rwmdws nUM ‘dws pRboD’ nW dI ikqwb dw lyKk mMinAw jWdw hY.

rwm isMG kSmIrI

 

BweI rwm isMG kSmIrI BweI dunI cMd dw bytw sI[ auh kSmIr dy iek bRwhmx pirvwr nwl sbMD r`Kdw sI[dunI cMd aunHW 16 kSmIrI bRwhmxW ivcoN iek sI, ijhVy BweI ikrpw rwm d`q nwl 25 meI 1675 dy idn gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb kol Aw &irAwdI hoey sn[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dI ShIdI qoN mgroN vI dunI cMd gurU goibMd isMG jI dI syvw ivc hwizr huMdw rihMdw sI[

jdoN gurU goibMd isMG swihb ny Kwlsw pRgt kIqw qW dunI cMd dy byty rwm cMd ny vI KMfy dI pwhul leI Aqy rwm isMG bx igAw sI[ gurU goibMd isMG jI dI &Oj qy drbwr ivc rwm isMG nW dy keI is`K sn ies kr ky v`KirAwaux vwsqy aunHW ƒ rwm isMG kSmIrI AwK ky bulwieAw jWdw sI [

rwm isMG kSmIrI gurU goibMd isMG swihb nwl bVI muh`bq rKdw sI[Awilm isMG n`cxw vWgUM rwm isMG kSmIrI vI hr vyly gurU swihb dy AMg-sMg irhw krdw sI[ Awp gurU swihb dy cOr-brdwr vjoN syvw kirAw krdy sn [ AkqUbr 1700 ivc rwm isMG kSmIrI AnMdpur swihb ivc sI[ jdoN gurU goibMd isMG swihb phwVI rwijAW dw n`k r`Kx vwsqy AnMdpur C`f ky 4 AkqUbr 1700 dy idn inrmohgVH cly gey sn qW phwVIAW ny Aihswn mMnx dI bjwie aultw gurU swihb ’qy au~Qy vI hmlw kr id`qw sI, pr is`KW ny phwVI &OjW dy ^Ub dMd K`ty kIqy A^Ir phwVI &OjW bhuq swrw nukswn krvw ky muV geIAW sn[ ies mgroN iblwspur dy rwjy Ajmyr cMd ny Awpxw vzIr srhMd dy &Ojdwr v`l Byj ky aus ƒ gurU swihb ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy aukswieAw sI[ srhMd dy &Ojdwr ny rusqm ^wn Aqy nwisr ^wn dI kmwn ivc &OjW ƒ inrmohgVH v`l qor id`qw sI[

13 AkqUbr 1700 dy idn muZl &OjW inrmohgVH dy nyVy pu`j geIAW sn[ rusqm ^wn ny iek au~cI phwVI ’qy morcy g`f ley sn[ morcy kwiem krn mgroN nwisr ^wn ny qop dw mUMh inrmohgVH dI phwVI v`l kr ky iek golw C`ifAw sI[ ies goly dw inSwnw is`Dw gurU swihb ’qy sI[ ieh golw gurU swihb dy kol KVHy rwm isMG kSmIrI ƒ v`jw qy auh ausy vyly cVHweI kr igAw.

rUV isMG kwmwgwtwmwrU (1)
rUVH isMG pu`qr lwB isMG (vwsI ipMf kwauNky, izlHw AMimRqsr) sMn 1914 ivc knyfw nUM gey kwmwgwtwmwruU jhwz dw iek muswi&r sI[ 21 meI 1914 dy idn jd ieh jhwz vYnkUvr pu`jw qW ies dy muswi&rW nUM auqrn nhIN id`qw igAw sI qy 24 julweI nUM ieh jhwz vwips klk`qw moV id`qw igAw sI[ 29 sqMbr 1914 dy idn jd jhwz klk`qw  ivc bjbj Gwt ’qy pu`jw qW pulIs ny muswiPrW nUM spYSl g`fI ivc pMjwb iljwxw cwihAw qW lokW ny ros kIqw[ ies ’qy &Oj ny golIAW clw ky 18 muswi&rW nUM mwr id`qw sI rUVH isMG aunHW ivcoN iek sI.

 

rUV isMG kwmwgwtwmwrU (2)
rUVH isMG pu`qr Syr isMG (vwsI ipMf lM|yAwxw, izlHw &Irozpur) sMn 1914 ivc knyfw nUM gey kwmwgwtwmwruU jhwz dw iek muswi&r sI[ 21 meI 1914 dy idn jd ieh jhwz vYnkUvr pu`jw qW ies dy muswi&rW nUM auqrn nhIN id`qw igAw sI qy 24 julweI nUM ieh jhwz vwips klk`qw moV id`qw igAw sI[ 29 sqMbr 1914 dy idn jd jhwz klk`qw  ivc bjbj Gwt ’qy pu`jw qW pulIs ny muswiPrW nUM spYSl g`fI ivc pMjwb iljwxw cwihAw qW lokW ny ros kIqw[ ies ’qy &Oj ny golIAW clw ky 18 muswi&rW nUM mwr id`qw sI rUVH isMG aunHW ivcoN iek sI.

rucI rwm swhnI

 

rucI rwm swhnI (5.4.1863 – 3.6.1948), p`qr krm cMd swhnI, dw jnm fyrw iesmweIl ^wn ivc hoieAw sI[ ieh pirvwr SwhUkwrw dw kMm krdw huMdw sI[ sMNn 1884 ivc ies ny bI.ey. dw iemiqhwn XUnIvristI ivc pihly nMbr ’qy Aw ky pws kIqw sI[ Agly hI swl auh swieMs dI pVHweI krn vwsqy pRYzIfYNsI kwlj klk`qw ivc dwi^l ho igAw sI[ ie`Qy aus dw pRis`D bMgwlI AwgUAW Aqy ivdvwnW nwl myl hoieAw[ sMn 1886 ivc aus nUM lwhOr ivc kimstrI dw AisstYNt pRo&Ysr lw id`qw igAw sI; aun sMn 1918 qk ies Ahudy ’qy l`gw irhw sI[ ies ivckwr sMn 1914 ivc aus nUM jrmnI ivc pVHweI krn vwsqy vzI&w iml igAw[ aunHIN idnIN hI pihlI jMg SurU ho jwx kr ky aus nUM jrmnI C`fxw pY igAw qy auh mwncYstr (ieMglYNf) clw igAw[ aus dy do pu`qr aus vyly ieMglYNf ivc sn; v`fw lMfn ivc fwktrI dI pVHweI kr irhw sI qy Cotw bIrbl swhnI kyNbirj ivc bw`tnI pVH irhw sI[ kuJ smyN mgroN rucI rwm pMjwb muV AwieAw qy lwhOr ivc nOkrI ’qy muV hwzr ho igAw[ ApRYl 1918 ivc rItwier ho ky aus ny isAwsq ivc idlcspI lYxI SurU kr id`qI sI[ aus vyly gurduAwrw suDwr lihr cl rhI sI[ aus ny ies lihr bwry ‘gurduAwrw ir&wrm mUvmYN’t ikqwb ilKI[ auh itRibaUn dw trstI Aqy dXwl isMG kwlj lwiebryrI dw &waUNfr mYNbr vI sI[ rucI rwm dI SwdI eISvrI dyvI nwl hoeI sI ijs ny 5 pu`qrW Aqy 4 DIAW nUM jnm id`qw  sI[ aus dy swry b`icAW ny ividAk Kyqr ivc bhuq nW kmwieAw sI[ Bwrq srkwr ny 2013 ivc rucI rwm swhnI dI Xwd ivc iek fwk itkt jwrI kIqI sI.

rUV isMG jYqo

 

rUV isMG (vwsI AMbwlw) jYqo morcy ivc pihly ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

rUV isMG Zdr pwrtI

 

rUV isMG (1876- 17.6.1916), pu`qr smMd isMG, dw jnm ipMf qlvMfI BMgyrIAW (izlHw mogw) ivc hoieAw sI[ auh 11 qy 12 jUn 1915 dI rwq nUM v`lw pul (mwnWvwlw) fwky ivc Swiml sI[ aus nUM ies kys ivc &WsI dI szw suxweI geI sI aus nUM 18-19 jUn 1916 dI rwq nUM lwhOr jyl ivc &WsI ’qy ltkwieAw igAw sI.

rUp kOr, rwxI

 

rUp kOr kot seIAd muhMmd (hux kot Kwlsw, AMimRqsr) dy jY isMG dI DI sI[ ies dI SwdI sMn 1815 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl hoeI sI[ ieh mhwrwjw dI mOq mgroN keI swlW qk jINdI rhI sI[ ies nUM pMjwb dy brqwnvI hwkmW qoN 1980 rupY swlwnw pYnSn imldI huMdI sI.

rUp kOr

  bIbI rUp kOr dw jnm gurU hir rwie swihb jI dy Gr 9 ApRYl 1649 dy idn kIrqpur (dibsqwny mzwihb ikqwb muqæwibkæ Swied Qwpl) ivc hoieAw sI[ bIbI jI dw ivAwh swFy bwrW swl dI aumr ivc 4 nvµbr 1662dy idn psrUr (izlHw gujrWvwlw) invwsI BweI Kymkrn nwl hoieAw sI[ iqµn idn psrUr ivc rihx qoN bwAd bIbI jI vwps kIrqpur Aw geI sI Aqy nwl dy ipMf kilAwxpur ivc rihx lg peI sI[ bIbI dI mOq 24 Agsq 1727 dy idn kilAwxpur (hux kIrqpur dw ih`sw) ivc hI hoeI sI[ aus dy Gr iek byty Amr isMG ny jnm ilAw sI[rUp kOr dw Awpxy Brw gurU hrikRSn jI qy Awpxy bwbw (dwdw gurid`qw dy Brw) gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb nwl bhuq ipAwr sI[ gurU qyZ bhwdr jI jd vI kIrqpur AwauNdy sn qW bIbI kol hI Tihrdy huMdy sn[ jd rUp kOr dw ivAwh hoieAw sI qW aus dI dwdI bsI ny aus nUM sRIcMd dI sylI topI (jo sRIcMd ny bwbw guridqw nUM id`qI sI), gurbwxI Aqy swKIAW dI iek poQI dwj ivc id`qI sI (ies h`Q-ilKq poQI ivc kuJ Sbd qy nsIhqW hn)[ ienHW dohW cIzW qoN ielwvw bIbI dw Awpxw kFweI kIqw iek rumwl qy iek audoN dI h`Q-p`KI Aj vI gurduAwrw mMjI swihb kIrqpur ivc peIAW hoeIAW hn[

bIbI rUp kOr dy byty BweI Amr isµG jI dy A`goN pirvwrW ivcoN kuJ vwirs ipµf idAwlpurw (nyVy bnUV) Awid ivc v`s rhy hn. hor vyKo: kIrqpur.

rUp cMd, BweI

 

BweI rUp cMd (sMn 1614-11.7.1709), pu`qr swDU (s`dU) dw jnm sUrqI dI ku`K qoN quklwxI ipMf ivc hoieAw sI[ sUrqI v`fw Gr ipMf dy Awkl nW dy iek pRmuK is`K dI lVkI sI[ pr Awkl nUM pqw nhIN sI ik aus dw hox vwlw juAweI sKI srvr dw cylw hY[ iek idn surqI Awpxy pqI swDU nUM lY ky gurU hirgoibMd swihb kol ipMf frolI (hux frolI BweI) ipMf AweI[ gurU jI dI isiKAw sux ky swDU ny sKI srvr nUM iqAwg id`qw Aqy is`KI ivc Swiml ho igAw[ ies joVI dy Gr bytw pYdw hoieAw qW ieh bwlk nUM lY ky gurU jI kl pu`jy[ gurU jI ny bwlk dw nW rUp cMd r`iKAw[ rUp cMd dI mOq ij`Qy hoeI sI, au~Qy ‘smwD BweI’ dy nW ’qy ipMf v`isAw hoieAw hY.

 

hor vyKo: smwD BweI, BweI rUpw.

rUpcMdu srhMd

 

sIhrMd (hux srhMd) ngr dw  BweI rUpcMdu gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dw iek pRmuK is`K sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: BweI BIvw sIhrMid, rUp cMdu snmuK sq BweI (vwr 11, pauVI 26).

irpudmn isMG, mhwrwjw

    

mhwrwjw irpudmn isMG (4.3.1883 -13.12.1942), pu`qr mhwrwjw hIrw isMG nwBw, dw jnm nwBw ngr ivc hoieAw sI[ ipqw dI mOq mgroN aus ny 24 jnvrI 1912 dy idn g`dI sMBwlI sI[ aus dI SwdI jgdIS kOr nwl hoeI sI, ijs ny iek DI AMimRq kOr Aqy iek pu`qr pRqwp isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI[ sMn 1906 ivc auh vwiesrweI dI lYijslyitv kONsl dw mYNbr rih cukw sI Aqy ies dorwn aus ny AnMd mYirj ibl pyS kr ky is`KW ivc AnMd ivAwh nUM mwnqw idvweI sI[ sMn 1911 ivc auh ieMglYNf dy bwdSwh jwrj pMjm dI q^q poSI ivc Swiml hox vwsqy lMfn igAw sI[ irpudmn isMG kwnH isMG nwBw dw ividAwrQI irhw sI, ies kr ky auh Dwrimk p`KoN cyqMn sI[  pihlW-pihl aus dy sbMD AMgRyzW nwl vI cMgy sn[ sMn 1914 ivc gurduAwrw rkwb jMg id`lI dI kMD Fwhux nwl is`KW ivc jo ros pYdw hoieAw sI, aus nUM h`l krn ivc ies dy bhuq ih`sw pwieAw sI Aqy koloN pYsy ^rc ky auh dIvwr bxvw id`qI sI[ pitAwlw irAwsq nwl JgiVAW kwrn aus nUM 9 julweI 1923 dy idn g`dI C`fxI peI sI[ ikauNik auh AkwlI lihr (gurduAwrw suDwr lihr) dw ihmwieqI sI, ies kr ky AkwlI AwgU aus nwl ^ws hmdrdI krdy sn[ aus dy g`dI qoN lwhy jwx dy ivroD ivc SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ny bhuq ros kIqw Aqy ies dy nqIjy vjoN jYqo morcw SurU hoieAw sI, jo sMn 1925 qIk cldw irhw sI[ sMn 1923 ivc irpudmn isMG nUM jlwvqn kr ky iqMn l`K rupY swlwnw pYnSn dy ky pihlW fyhrwdUn Aqy mgroN d`Kx ivc kofy knwl Byj id`qw igAw sI (aus dI pYnSn vI iqMn l`K qoN 1 l`K 20 hzwr kr id`qI geI sI)[ sMn 1927 ivc auh nMdyV igAw sI ij`Qy aus ny KMfy dI pwhul leI sI Aqy nvW nW gurcrn isMG r`K ilAw sI[ aus ny AMgRyz hwkmW nUM bhuq ^q ilK ky imMnqW kr ky g`dI dobwrw hwisl krn dI koiSS kIqI sI, pr kwmXwb nhIN ho sikAw sI.

 

kursIAW au~qy (K`ibEN s`jy): mhwrwjw hIrw isMG, kuMvr irpudmn isMG, kwhn isMG nwBw

rihmq AlI

 

rihmq AlI, pu`qr inzwmdIn, dw jnm ipMf bjIdky (izlHw sMgrUr) ivc hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy auh mnIlw (i&lwpweInz) clw igAw sI[ sMn 1913 ivc jdoN Zdr pwrtI kwiem hoeI qW auh ies dw srgrkm kwrkuMn bx igAw sI[ jdoN ZdrI AwgU ienklwbI kwrvweIAW krn vwsqy pMjwb nUM Awey sn qW auh vI swQIAW dy nwl hI AwieAw sI[ aus nUM mwlvw Kyqr dI izMmyvwrI sONpI geI sI[ 26 nvMbr 1914 dy idn &Irozpur ivc iek Aihm mIitMg hoeI sI ijs ivc muKI ZdrI AwgU iek`Ty hoey sn; ienHW ivc rihmq AlI qoN ielwvw krqwr isMG srwBw, inDwn isMG cu`Gw, jgq isMG surisMG, jgq isMG (dUjw), pMfq kwSI rwm, ijaUx isMG dOlyvwlw, hrI isMG nQwxw, virAwm isG AmlI Awid vI sn[ 27 nvMbr dy idn 18-20 ZdrI AwgU iqMn-cwr tWigAW ’qy svwr ho ky &Irozpur qoN mogw v`l c`l pey[ PyrU Sihr dy nyVy imsrIvwly pul ’qy Qwnydwr ibrwSq AlI, zYldwr &qh isMG Aqy kuJ ispwhI KVHy sn[ aunHW ny tWigAW nUM roikAw[ ies dOrwn g`lbwq ivc ibrwSq AlI ny rihmq AlI nUM Q`pV jV id`qw[ ies ’qy gMfw isMG (aur& jgq isMG) ny Qwnydwr nUM golI mwr ky mwr id`qw[ iek hor golI nwl zYldwr vI mwirAw igAw[ hux dohW pwisAW qoN lVweI SurU ho geI[ puils dI igxqI bhuq sI[ A^Ir golI is`kw ^qm hox ’qy puils ny rihmq AlI, kwSI rwm, jIvn isMG. lwl isMG swihbwxw, jgq isMG ibMJl, b^SIS isMG ^wnpur qy iDAwn isMG aumrpur nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ ienHW swirAW ’qy &Irozpur dI Adwlq ivc lu`tmwr Aqy kql dw muk`dmw clw ky &WsI dI szw suxweI[ ienHW nUM 25 mwrc 1915 dy idn swhIvwl jyl ivc &WsI ’qy ltkw id`qw igAw sI.

rzIAw sulqwnw

 

ieh id`lI q^q’qy kwbz Zulwm bMs dy rwjy ielquqimS dI DI sI[ sMn 1236 ivc ielquqimS dI mOq mgroN aus dw v`fw pu`qr &Iroz (rukn-aud-dIn) 29 ApRYl 1236 ƒ q^q ’qy bYTw[ &Iroz ikauNik AXwS sI ies kr ky aus dy drbwrIAW ny ielquqimS dI DI rzIAw ƒ q^q ’qy ibTwaux dw PYslw kIqw[ hux dohW iDrW ivc keI lVweIAW hoeIAW[ ienHW lVweIAW ivc &Iroz dI mW Swh qurkwn hwr geI qy mgroN kql kr idqI geI[ rzIAw dw Brw &Iroz vI lVweI hwrn mgroN GuVwm dy iklHy ivc kYd kr idqw igAw[ rzIAw 19 nvMbr 1236 dy idn q^q ’qy bYTI; ies kr ky aus nUM rzIAw sulqwnw kihx lg pey sn[

hux BwvyN rzIAw q^q ’qy bYT cukI sI pr hWsI dy sUbydwr sY&-aud-dIn kocI Aqy lwhOr dy sUbydwr Alw-aud-dIn ^wn ny aus ƒ bwdSwh mµnx qoN nWh kr idqI[ aunHW ny rzIAw ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy kUc vI kIqw pr hwr gey qy mwry gey[ pr, ies mgroN vI rzIAw Awrwm nwl hkUmq nw kr skI[ sMn 1239 ivc biTµfw dy iklHydwr ieKiqAwr-aud-dIn AlqUnIAw ny vI bZwvq kr idqI[ rzIAw ny &Oj lY ky biTµfy ’qy hmlw kr idqw[ 10 AprYl 1239 nUM hoeI ies lVweI ivc rzIAw dw AwSk XwkUq mwirAw igAw qy auh biTMfy dy iklHy ivc kYd ho geI[ hux rzIAw ny mjbUr ho ky AlqUnIAw nwl SwdI kr leI[ auDr 21 AprYl 1240 dy idn ielquqimS dy dUjy pu`qr bihrwm ny id`lI ivc sulqwn bxn dw AYlwn kr idqw[ ies ’qy rzIAw qy AlqUnIAw &OjW lY ky id`lI vl cl pey[ ieh g`l sqµbr 1240 dI hY[ kYQl dy nyVy hoeI lVweI ivc rzIAw hwr geI pr bc ky inkl geI[ biTµfw vl jWidAW, kYQl dy nyVy AlqUnIAw qy rzIAw kuJ fwkUAW h`QoN mwry gey[ iek somy muqæwibkæ fwkUAW ny aunHW nUM PV ky 25 AkqUbr 1240 dy idn kql kr id`qw[ ienHW dIAW kbrW id`lI ivc bxIAW hoeIAW hn (vyKo: id`lI)

rivdws, Bgq

 

Bgq rivdws (sMn 1414-1526) dw jnm sIr govrDn ipMf (kwSI, hux vwrwxsI) ivc iek cmwr pirvwr ivc sMqoK dws Aqy mwqw klsw dyvI dy Gr hoieAw sI (aus dy jnm dIAW qwrI^W Aqy mwqw ipqw dy nW bwry koeI dsqvyzI sbUq nhIN hn, pr bhuqy ivdvwn ieh q`Q kbUl krdy hn)[ Bgq rivdws nwl sbMDq keI kwlpink khwxIAW pRc`lq hn ijvyN: aus v`loN gMgw dirAw ivc Arpx krn vwsqy Bytw krnw (hwlWik auh gMgw nUM piv`qr nhIN mMndw sI); aus dI tokrI ivc hr roz sony dIAW pMj muhrW dw pYxw qy aus v`loN lMgr clwaux; icqOV dI Jwlw rwxI v`loN aus nUM  Awpxy mihl ivc bulwauxw qy bRwhmxW dw iT`T hoxw (ic`qOV ivc kdy koeI Jwlw rwxI nhIN hoeI sI); rivdws dI cmVI ivc jnyaU mOjUd hoxw Awid[ ieh swrIAW khwxIAW pWifAW ny GVIAW sn; aunHW qW ie`QoN qk pRcwr kIqw sI ik rivdws ipCly jnm ivc iek bRwhmx sI Aqy rwmwnMd dy srwp kwrn cmwr pirvwr ivc pYdw hoieAw sI[iek ivdvwn ny aus nUM rwmwnMd dw cylw d`isAw hY jo shI nhIN jwpdw[ Bgq rivdws pRmwqmw dw aupwSk sI[ aus ny pRBU BgqI dIAW keI kivqwvW ilKIAW sn[

     AwpxI pihlI audwsI dOrwn gurU nwnk swihb kwSI Awey sn Aqy Bgq rivdws nUM imlx vwsqy aus dy Gr gey sn[ gurU nwnk swihb aus dI bwxI nUM ilK ky nwl lY gey sn[ aus dy auh 40 Sbd gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj hn (pihlw sRI rwg gauVI s&w 93 ’qy Aqy cwlHIvW mlwr rwg ivc s&w 1293 ’qy)[ Bgq rivdws dw izkr gurU swihb, Bgq kbIr Aqy B`t kvIAW ny vI kIqw hY: aUc qy aUc nwmdyau smdrsI, rivdws Twkur bix AweI (gurU Arjn swihb, s&w 1207), hir so hIrw Cwif kY, krih Awn kI Aws] qy nr dojk jwihgy, siq BwKY rivdws] (Bgq kbIr, s&w 1377), gux gwvY rivdwsu Bgqu, jYdyv iqRlocn (klshwr B`t, s&w 1390) Awid.

Bgq rivdws jI dw iek kwlpink ic`qR

Bgq rivdws dy jnm AsQwn’qy bxI Xwdgwr

rqn isMG rkVW byt

 

rqn isMG r`kVW byt (22.3.1893 – 15.7.1932), pu`qr nMbrdwr jvwhr isMG Aqy bIbI goKI, dw jnm izlHw huiSAwrur dI qihsIl blwcOr dy iek ipMf  k`kV ivc hoieAw sI[ dsvIN jwmq pws krn mgroN sMn 1912 ivc auh ibRitS &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw qy qkrIbn 7 swl nOkrI krdw irhw sI pr aus ny &rvrI 1919 ivc ifscwrj lY ilAw[ ies mgroN auh bbr lihr ivc Swiml ho igAw[ pihlW pihl qW puils nUM aus dIAW kwrvweIAW dw pqw nw l`gw[ sMn 1925 ivc puils ny aus dy Gr Cwpw mwirAw[ aus vyly auh iek bbr kroVw isMG dI DI dI swdI ivc Swiml hox vwsqy ropV izLHy dy iek ipMf isMGpurw igAw hoieAw sI[ puils isMGpury pu`j geI qy aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw[ aus nUM nwjwiez hiQAwr r`Kx dy doS ivc do swl vwsqy kYd kr id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1927 ivc aus nUM irhw kIqw igAw[ ies mgroN auh SRomxI AkwlI dl ivc Swiml ho igAw[ aus nUM qihsIl gVHSMkr dw jQydwr cuixAw igAw[ ies mgroN auh Xug pltwaU dl ivc Swiml ho igAw[ aus ny gVHSMkr Aqy blwcOr ivc bMb Dmwky kIqy[ puils ny aus dy vwrMt k`F id`qy[ jd auh igR&qwr nw kIqw jw sikAw qW puils ny aus dI jwiedwd kurk kr leI[ ies qoN mjbUr ho ky aus ny igR&qwrI dy id`qI[ 23 ApRYl 1932 dy idn jd aus nUM ryl gfI rwhIN iljwieAw jw irhw sI qW auh gwrd dy gory ieMcwrj nUM mwr ky Prwr ho igAw[ srkwr ny aus dI igR&qwrI vwsqy v`fy ienwm dw AYlwx kr id`qw[ julweI ivc auh ruVkI Kws (pihlW izlHw huiSAwrpur, hux nvWSihr) ivc Awpxy iek dosq goNdw isMG bbr dy Gr ivc pnwh leI bYTw sI qW gVHI kwnUMgoAW dy mIhW isMG ny eInwm dy lwlc ivc puls nUM ^br dy id`qI[ ies ’qy puls Aqy &Oj ny do sO dI igxqI ivc goNdw isMG dy Gr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw qy mkwn ’qy golwbwrI SurU kr id`qI[ kw&I icr qk auh iek`lw hI mukwblw krdw irhw pr A^Ir &Oj ny aus Gr nUM chuMAW pwisAW qoN A`g lw id`qI qy auh ShId ho igAw.

rqn isMG kwmwgwtwmwrU 

 

rqn isMG aur& krm isMG pu`qr bqn isMG (vwsI ipMf jmSyr, izlHw jlMDr) sMn 1914 ivc knyfw nUM gey kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz dw iek muswi&r sI[ 21 meI 1914 dy idn jd ieh jhwz vYnkUvr pu`jw qW ies dy muswi&rW nUM auqrn nhIN id`qw igAw sI qy 24 julweI nUM ieh jhwz vwips klk`qw moV id`qw igAw sI[ 29 sqMbr 1914 dy idn jd jhwz klk`qw ivc bjbj Gwt ’qy pu`jw qW pulIs ny muswiPrW nUM spYSl g`fI ivc pMjwb iljwxw cwihAw qW lokW ny ros kIqw[ ies ’qy &Oj ny golIAW clw ky 18 muswi&rW nUM mwr id`qw sI rqn isMG aunHW ivcoN iek sI.

rqn isMG jYqo

 

1. rqn isMG pu`qr id`qw isMG (vwsI ipMf lMfy, izlHw mogw) jYqo morcy ivc CyvyN ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

 

2. rqn isMG (vwsI ipMf mwjrI, izlHw AMbwlw) jYqo morcy ivc XwrHvyN ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

rqn isMG Zdr pwrtI

 

rqn isMG, puqr inhwl isMG, dw jnm ipMf rwiepur doAwbw (izlHw jlMDr) ivc hoieAw sI[ jvwn hox ’qy auh ibRitS &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw sI[ kuJ smyN mgroN aus ny &Oj dI nOkrI qoN AsqI&w dy id`qw Aqy &IzI clw igAw[ ie`Qy kuJ smW rihx mgroN auh knyfw clw igAw[ jdoN Zdr pwrtI bxI qW auh ies dw srgrm kwrkMn bx igAw[ jdoN kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz vYnkUvr pu`jw qW aus dy muswi&rW nUM auqrn nw id`qw igAw[ aus smyN muswi&rW dI mdd vwsqy ijhVI ‘Sor kmytI’ bxweI geI sI, ies nUM aus dw mYNbr bxwieAw igAw sI[ Zdr lihr nwkwm hox mgroN vI aus ny pwrtI vwsqy kwrvweIAW jwrI r`KIAW sn[ aus ny XUrp Aqy lYitn AmrIkw dy keI dySW dw dOrw kr ky lokW nUM jQybMd krn dI koiSS kIqI sI[ auh do vwr rUs vI igAw sI ij`Qy auh sMn 1923 ivc BweI sMqoK isMG nwl rUs dy muKI lYinn nUM imilAw sI[ aus ny ‘kWgrs Aw& kimaUinst ieMtrnYSnl’ ivc vI SmUlIAq kIqI sI[ sMn 1926 ivc jdoN BweI sMqoK isMG ny ‘ikrqI’ nW dw mYZzIn SurU kIqw sI qW ies ny aus vwsqy bhuq swrw &Mf iek`Tw kr ky ByijAw sI[ sqMbr 1943 ivc ieh ietlI ivc sI ij`Qy ieh bImwr pY igAw qy cVHweI kr igAw.

rqn isMG BMgU

 

ieh rwey isMG dw puqr Aqy mihqwb isMG mIrWkot dw poqw Aqy Swm isMG sMDU nwrlw dw dohqw sI[ ieh izlHw luiDAwxw dy BVI ipMf ivc rihMdw sI[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik ieh eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI ivc nOkrI krdw sI jW ies kMpnI dy A&srW nwl ies dy gUVHy sbMD sn[ jdoN AMgRyzW ny bUty Swh nUM is`KW bwry ikqwb ilKx vwsqy ikhw qW ies ny ikhw sI ik iek muslmwn is`K ieiqhws nwl iensw& nhIN kr skygw[ ies ’qy ies nUM vI ieiqhws ilKx vwsqy kih id`qw igAw sI.  hor vyKo: pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS.

rqn rwie (rwjw iqRpurw)

 

sMn 1668 ivc gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb Aswm dy dOry ’qy gey sn qW au~Qy iqRpurw qy jYNqIAw dw rwjw rwm isMh vI gurU swihb ƒ imilAw sI[ aus dI dUjI SwdI ƒ vI kw&I swl ho gey sn pr aus dy Gr koeI b`cw nhIN sI hoieAw[ aus ny gurU swihb qoN ASIrvwd mMgI[ gurU swihb ny aus ƒ ikhw ik iksy dI ASIrvwd nwl murwdW pUrIAW nhIN huMdIAW[ ieh sB kuJ vwihgurU dy Bwxy ivc hY, ies kr ky aus A`gy Ardwis kr, Aqy jy aunHW dI imhr hoeI qW qyrI murwd zrUr pUrI hovygI[ swl dy Aw^Ir ’c rwjw rwm isMh dy Gr bytw pYdw hoieAw[ aus ny aus b`cy dw nW rqn rwey r`iKAw[ sMn 1680 ivc rwjw rwm isMh dI mOq ho geI[ hux iqRpurw dI g`dI ’qy rqn rwey bYTw (aus dw nW rqn mnkIXw iliKAw vI imldw hY)[ rwjw rqn rwey dI mW ny aus ƒ is`K Drm dI is`iKAw id`qI[ auh rqn rwey nUM gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dIAW g`lW suxwauNdI rihMdI sI[ iek idn rqn rwey ny AwpxI mW ƒ ikhw ik mYN gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dy drSn krnw cwhuMdw hW[ aus dI mW ny aus ƒ d`isAw ik auh gurU jI qW sMn 1675 ivc ShId kr id`qy gey sn[ jdoN rqn rwey ƒ gurU swihb dI ShIdI  dw pqw l`gw qW auh Put-Put ky ro ipAw[ aus dI mW ny aus ƒ hOslw id`qw qy d`isAw ik BwvyN nONvyN gurU ijmmwnI qOr ’qy hwizr nhIN hn pr aunHW dI rUh dsvyN gurU ivc pRkwS krdI hY[ ies ’qy rwjw rqn rwey ny AwpxI mW ƒ AwiKAw ik mYnUM dsvyN gurU swihb dy drSn krvw idE[

rwjw rqn rwey ny c`k nwnkI Awaux vwsqy iqAwrI krnI SurU kr id`qI[ aus bwrHW swl dy bwlk ny kuJ qoh&y iljwx bwry soicAw[ ienHW qohi&AW ivc iek hwQI vI sI[ ieh hwQI koly vrgw kwly rMg dw sI qy ies dI suMf qoN pUC qk iek s&Yd DwrI sI[ rqn rwey ny iek pMc klw hiQAwr vI iqAwr krvwieAw[ ies dIAW klW mroVn nwl ieh psqOl, gurj, brCI, qlvwr qy nyzw bx jWdw sI[ rqn rwey ny iek cMnx dI cwr puqlIAW vwlI cOkI, sony dw icqrdwr ktorw, ijgh, klZI, moqIAW dI ^UbsUrq mwlw vI iqAwr krvweI[ ieh swrIAW cIzw iek`TIAW krn dy nwl-nwl rqn rwey ny prswdI hwQI ƒ keI qrHW dI isKlweI vI id`qI sI[

     rwjw rqn rwey AwpxI mW qy kuJ drbwrIAW ƒ lY ky 12 AkqUbr 1680 dy idn c`k nwnkI pu`jw sI[ auh gurU goibMd isMG swihb dy drSn kr ky bhuq ^uS hoieAw[ aus vyly rqn rwey isr& 12 swl dw sI[ rqn rwey ny Awpxy qoh&y gurU swihb ƒ Byt kIqy[ jdoN aus ny hwQI ƒ nyVy ilAWdw qW hwQI ny AwpxI suMf nwl lotw (j`g) cu`k ky gurU swihb dy pYr Doqy[ iPr qOlIey nwl gurU swihb dy pYr pUMJy qy aunHW dy mOjy is`Dy kr ky r`Ky[ ies mgroN hwQI ny AwpxI suMf nwl gurU swihb dy isr ’qy cOr qy p`Kw Julwey[ jdoN gurU swihb ny iek qIr clwieAw qW hwQI aus qIr ƒ cu`k ilAwieAw[ SwmW vyly hwQI ny AwpxI suMf nwl bldI imSwl cu`k ky gurU swihb ƒ rwh idKwieAw Aqy hor AnykW krqb idKwey[ rqn rwey ny pMc klw Ssqr vI gurU swihb ƒ clw ky idKwieAw[

gurU swihb rqn rwey dy ipAwr’qy bVy ivgsy[ aunHW aus ƒ pu`iCAw ik mYN qyry vwsqy kI kr skdw hW? rwjw rqn rwey ny gurU swihb qoN is`KI dI dwq mMgI[ rqn rwey c`k nwnkI ivc eynw ^uS sI ik aus dw vwips iqRpurw jwx ƒ idl nhIN krdw sI[

A^Ir pMj mhIny bIq jwx mgroN gurU swihb ny aus ƒ AwiKAw ik auh vwips iqRpurw jw ky AwpxI irAwsq dI vwg-for sMBwly[ jwx qoN pihlW gurU swihb ny aus ƒ keI kImqI qoh&y id`qy[ aus dI Arz ’qy gurU swihb ny iek sO dy krIb is`K &OjI vI aus dy nwl Byjy[ (ienHW is`KW dIAW nslW A`j vI au~Qy hI rih rhIAW hn).

rqn kOr sur isMG

 

bIbI rqn kOr ipµf sur isµG (vµf qoN pihlW izlHw lwhOr, hux AµimRqsr) dI mHwxw dI p`qI dy bKSIS isµG iF`loN dI pqnI sI[ bKSIS isµG aunHW pihly mJYlW ivcoN iek sn ijnHW sMn 1896 ivc ivdyS dI DrqI ’qy pYr pwieAw sI[ do swl AmrIkw ivc rihx mgroN auh iPr Awpxy ipMf vwps AwieAw sI qy do swQIAW ƒ nwl lY ky muV swn&rWissko clw igAw sI[ sMn 1900 ivc dobwrw AwieAw sI qy  rqn kOr ƒ nwl lY igAw sI[

ivdyS dI DrqI qy pYr pwaux vwlI, rwxI ijMdW qoN bwAd,  pihlI pMjwbx bIbI Swied ieh rqn kOr hI sI[ ivdyS ivc rih ky aus ny A`T b`icAW nUM jnm id`qw sI[ ienHW dohW jIAW ny hI sB qoN pihlW Awpxw mkwn ivdyS ivc bxwieAw sI qy ienHW dw Gr hI pµjwb qoN jwx vwly bhuq swry pMjwbIAW dI Twhr bxdw huMdw sI[ 1913 ivc jd Zdr pwrtI bxI qW ienHW dw Gr hI ZdrIAW dy smUh dw hY~fkuAwtrz bixAw sI[ jo lok jµgl iv`coN lkVW k`tx qy lwienW ivCwaux dI lybr krdy sn, aunHW dI rotI pkwaux dI syvw vI rqn kOr iKVy m`Qy krdy rhy sn[

rqn kOr ƒ mwx sI ik aus dy ipqw qy BrwvW ny guru qy gurbwxI nwl juV ky, AwzwdI vwsqy ivFI jµg ivc ih`sw ilAw sI[ iesy leI aus ny Awpxy qyrHW swlw pu`qr bu`D SmSyr isµG ƒ jlwvqn srkwr dy pRweIm minstr mihMdr pRqwp isMh nwl AjwdI dy imSn leI qor idqw sI[ ies prvwr kol aus smyN dI qsvIr mOjUd hY ijs ivc rwjy mihµdr pRqwp isMh nwl, s. gyNdw isµG sgl, dsONDw isµG mwn, ieµdr isµG qqUmwjrw, ibSn isµG burj, crn isµG Jultw qy s. dUlw isµG KyVw nzr AwauNdy hn[ ies pirvwr muqæwibkæ rwjw mihMdr pRqwp isMh dI kQnI qy krnI ivc Prk sI; aus ny b`cy dw pUrI qrHW iKAwl nw r`iKAw; A^Ir auh b`cw, bu`D smSyr isµG, cIn dy gobI fYjrt ivcoN hI ibmwr ho ky swQIAW smyq vwips Aw igAw sI[ mgroN ies bu`D SmSyr ny XUnIvristI ivcoN pMjwbIAW ivcoN sB qoN pihlW fwktr dI ifgrI hwsl kIqI sI[

Zdr AwgUAW bwbw ivswKw isµG ddyhr, bwbw sohx isµG Bknw, s. aUDm isµG ksyl, s: kysr isµG TTgVH vrgy nwmvr ZdrIAW dI pihlI bYTk iesy dy Gr hoeI sI[ ies qoN ielwvw pihly lwhOr swjs kys ivc PWsI lgx vwly BweI krqwr isµG srwBw, BweI jgq isµG sur isµG, ivSƒ gxyS ipMgly vrgy qy hor nwmvr ZdrI vI ienHW dy Gr AwauNdy-jWdy rhy sn[ mgroN gvrnr mweIkl aufvwier ƒ golI mwrn vwlw auDm isµG kµboj vI swnPrWissko iv`c ienHW kol hI do swl qk irhw sI[ rqn kOr dy ijaUNdy jI hI aus dy do pu`qr qy do DIAW cVHweI kr gey sn[ aus ny Awp vI ivdyS ivc hI cVHweI kIqI sI

 

(lyKk: fw. AmrjIq kOr iebnklW).

rqn kOr rwxI

 

rwxI rqn kOr gujrwq dy rwjy swihb isµG (Pu`PV mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG) dI pqnI sI[ swihb isµG dI mOq qoN bwAd bIbI rqn kOr ƒ vI mhwrwjw rxjIq isµG ny c`dr-AMdwzI dI rsm nwl ivAwh ilAw sI[ ies ny kuµvr mulqwnw isµG ƒ jnm idqw sI.

rqn cMd

 ieh gurU Arjn swihb ’qy zulm Fwhux vwly cMdU dw pu`qr Aqy Bgvwn dws GyrV dw juAweI sI[ ies nUM gurU hirgoibMd swihb ny ruhIlw (hirgoibMdpur) dI lVweI ivc 3 sqMbr 1621 dy idn mwirAw sI.

rxjoD isMG mjIiTAw

 

ieh dysw sMG mjIiTAw dw pu`qr Aqy lihxw isMG mjIiTAw dw mqryAw Brw sI[ aus dI izMdgI bwry vDyry jwxkwrI qW nhIN imldI pr sMn 1844 ivc auh hzwrw dw sUbydwr sI[ jdoN gulwb isMh fogrw ny lwhOr drbwr dw qwvwn nw id`qw qW aus nUM igR&qwr krn vwsqy rxjoD isMG dI AgvweI hyT &Oj ByjI geI sI[ dsMbr 1844 ivc jdoN lwhOr drbwr dI AMgRyzW nwl lVweI SurU hoeI qW aus ny b`dovwl Aqy AlIvwl (luiDAwxw) ivc AMgRyzW dy i^lw& &Oj dI AgwveI kIqI sI[ Brovwl dy Aihdnwmy (sMn 1846) muqæwibkæ aus nUM ‘kwaUNsl Aw& rIjYNsI’ dw mYNbr bxwieAw igAw sI[ sMn 1848 ivc dIvwn mUl rwj dI mdd krn dy doS ivc aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw sI[ pMjwb nUM AMgRyzI rwj ivc imlwaux mgroN aus nUM irhw kr id`qw igAw sI, pr aus dI jwgIr zbq kr leI geI sI[ aus nUM 2500 rupY swlwnw pYnSn dy ky Gr ibTw id`qw igAw sI[ aus dI mOq sMn 1872 ivc hoeI sI.

rxjIq isMG jYqo

rxjIq isMG (vwsI ipMf B`govwlw, izlHw &Irozpur) jYqo morcy ivc CyvyN ShIdI j`Qy ivc igAw sI[ aus nUM nwBw bIV ivc r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy mwVI ^urwk Aqy qS`dd kwrn jyl ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI.

rxjIq isMG mhwrwjw

 

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG (2.11.1780- 27.6.1839), pu`qr mhW isMG, poqw cVHq isMG, pVpoqw nOD isMG dw jnm rwj kOr (pu`qrI gjpq isMG rwjw jINd) dy audr qoN ipMf bfru`KW ivc hoieAw sI (iek hor irvwieq muqæwibkæ ies dw jnm gujrWvwlw ivc hoieAw sI)[ rxjIq isMG cMdrbMsI Xwdv ^wndwn nwl sbMD rKdw sI[

     rxjIq isMG dw kursInwmw ieM\ hY: Awqm® kbIr® krxvIr® sUrj® rUp® DIr® gVHpwl® kOl® nryS® BUpq (B`tI, B`tI rwjpUq ^wndwn) ® nrpq®jspq®gjpq® Swilvwhn ®sl® ijENDn® Acl® jgpwl® pdm rQ® sMs m`l (sWsI, ijs kr ky rxjIq isMG nUM sWsI kul dw kih dyNdy hn; drAsl ieh sWsI mUMhI dw sI)® bIhdU® hrr® audrq® (sukrckIey qy sMDwvwlIey ie`QoN SurU huMdy hn)® suMdr® kwlU ®j`domn® gwilb® ik`doh ® rjwdw®q^qm`l®bwrw® bu`Fw sWsI (bu`Fw isMG) ®buD isMG® nOD isMG® cVHq isMG®mhW isMG®rxjIq isMG (mhwrwjw)[ gujrWvwlw ienHW dw muK ielwkw sI[ gujrWvwlw dw purwxw nW ienHW dy sWsI nW dy vfyry ijs qoN ienHW dI mUMhI SurU hoeI sI dy nW ’qy “^wnpur sWsI” vjoN jwixAw jWdw sI[

     CotI aumr ivc cIck inkl Awaux kwrn ies dy ichry ’qy bhuq dwZ bx gey sn Aqy nwl hI ies dI K`bI A`K mwrI geI sI[ sMn 1792 ivc mhW isMG dI mOq mgroN ieh sukrckIAw imsl Aqy gujrWvwlw irAwsq dw muKI bixAw sI[  kuJ swl ies imsl dw pRbMD dl isMG Aqy dIvwn lKpq dI mdd nwl ies dI mW clwauNdI rhI sI[ jvwn hox qk rxjIq isMG GoVsvwrI Aqy Ssqr ividAw dw mwihr bx cukw sI[ sMn 1799 qk rxjIq isMG kol gujrWvwlw, vzIrwbwd, eymnwbwd, rohqws Awid dy ielwky sn[

lwhOr ’qy kbzw: 1799 ivc lwhOr au~qy BMgI imsl dw kbzw sI[ cyq isMG BMgI Sihr dw nwzm sI[ auh qæwkæq dy mwhOl ivc jMimAw sI[ is`K Drm dI isiKAw aus dy nyiVEN vI nhIN sI lMGI[ hwkm hox dI soc nwl auh muZlW vwly rsqy ’qy hI cl ipAw sI[ auh AwkV-Kor, nS`eI, D`ky-Kor vI bx igAw sI[ jUn 1799 ivc aus ny iek AijhI hrkq kIqI ijs ny Sihr dy swry AmIrW-vzIrW ƒ aus dw mu^wil& bxw idqw[ aus ny Sihr dy iek SrI&, dwny Aqy muhqbr AwdmI mIAW bdw-aud-dIn ƒ AYvyN iek in`kI jhI g`l qoN gu`sy ho ky igR&qwr kr ky jylH ivc su`t idqw sI[ Sihr dy bhuq swry isrkrdw AwgUAW ny aus ƒ mIAW ƒ irhw krn vwsqy ApIl kIqI[ pr aus ny ienHW dI zrw vI prvwh nw kIqI[ A^Ir kuJ isrkrdw SihrI, ijnHW ivc hkIm hwkm rwey, mIAW AwiSk muhMmd, mIAW muhkm dIn, muhMmd bwikr, mu&qI muk`rm, sIr SwAdI, BweI gurbKS isMG Aqy kuJ hornW ny iek`Ty bYT ky &Yslw kIqw ik cyq isMG BMgI dI QW iksy hor ƒ lwhOr Sihr dw inzwm clwaux vwsqy AwiKAw jwvy[ soc-ivcwr krn mgroN ienHW ny iek ^q ilK ky, SukrckIAw imsl dy 19 swlw nOjvwn muKI, rxjIq isMG gujrWvwlw ƒ ByijAw Aqy lwhOr ’qy kbzw kr ky ieQoN dw inzwm sMBwlx dI Arz kIqI[ aunHW ny rxjIq isMG ƒ XkIn idvwieAw ik swry isrkrdw SihrI, AmIr-vzIr qy hor AwgU aus dw swQ dyxgy[ rxjIq isMG ny ies ic`TI bwry AwpxI s`s sdw kOr (muKI n`keI imsl) nwl g`lbwq kIqI[ aus ny Awpxy juAweI dI pUrI mdd krn dw vwAdw kIqw (qy loV pYx ’qy &Oj dI Awp AgvweI kr ky muihMm ivc Swiml vI hoeI)[

ies vyly qk ‘srb`q Kwlsw’, is`K imslW jW AwgUAW dw sWJw iek`T qkrIbn AwKrI swhW ’qy sI[ sMn 1783 ivc j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dI mOq mgroN is`K imslW Awpxw iek AwgU nhIN sn cux skIAW[ auN\ vI auh 1783 qoN pihlW hI Awps ivc qæwkæq Kohx dI jMg vl tur cukIAW sn qy aunHW ny j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw ƒ vI nzr-AMdwz krnw SurU kr id`qw sI[ is`K kOm ivcly ieqhwd, BweIcwrk soc qy pMQk lihr dw ieh iek qrHW nwl inGwr sI[ ies ƒ aus vyly Swied roikAw jw skdw sI pr ikauNik bylwg, s`cy-su`cy pihlI kqwr dy swry AwgU cVHweI kr cuky sn[ aunHW dy ij`qy ielwikAW dy nwzm/mwlk Xwin vwirs auh sn jo is`K &ls&y qoN bhuqw kr ky Axjwx sn[ auh is`K rwj nUM injI rwj smJdy hoey ply qy v`fy hoey sn[

ies kr ky iek vwr SurU hoey pu`Ty-gyV ƒ koeI TlH nw peI[ nOjvwn rxjIq isMG ƒ lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn dw s`dw dyxw, Brw-mwrU jMg Aqy vD qoN vD qæwkæq iek`TI krn dI A-is`K soc dI SurUAwq sI[ ihMdU imQhws ivc AwpxI hkUmq dy Awly duAwly dy dySW ivc GoVw Pyr ky Awpxy Zulwm bxwaux vwlw qrIkw, rxjIq isMG v`loN lwhOr ’qy kbzw krn nwl, is`K qvwrI^ ivc vI SurU ho igAw sI[

5 julweI 1799 dy idn rxjIq isMG qy sdw kOr 5 hzwr dy krIb &OjW lY ky lwhOr dIAw h`dW qoN kuJ dUr phuMc gey[ Agly idn aunHW lwhOr dIAW isrkrdw S^SIAqW ƒ s`dw ByijAw[ rxjIq isMG ƒ imlx Awey fYpUtgySn ivc muslmwn, is`K Aqy ihMdU swry hI Swiml sn[ ies bYTk ivc plwn bxweI geI ik AglI svyr rxjIq isMG &Oj lY ky lwhOr Sihr dy drvwzy ’qy phuMc jwvygw Aqy lok drvwzy KolH ky aus ƒ iklHy qk pu`jx vwsqy mdd dyxgy[

plwn muqæwibkæ rxjIq isMG 7 julweI 1799 dI svyr nUM Sihr ivc dwi^l ho ky kwbz ho igAw[ iklHy ’qy kbzw krn vwsqy cyq isMG dI v&wdwr POj ny kuJ icr lVweI kIqI pr aunHW dI igxqI QoVHI hox kr ky, rxjIq isMG dw plVw Bwrw irhw[ AKIr cyq isMG ny hiQAwr su`t idqy qy aus ƒ iek jwgIr dy ky bwie`zq lwhOr qoN Byj id`qw igAw (jwgIr dw ieh pYtrn is`K &ls&y ivc mnzUr nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ jd bwbw bMdw isMG ny srhMd nUM Awzwd krvwieAw qW aus ny jwgIrdwrI nUM iblkul ^qm kr id`qw sI[ hux rxjIq isMG ny Pyr pu`Tw gyV clw id`qw sI)[

BwvyN iek vwr qW cyq isMG clw igAw sI pr aus dy swQIAW ny ies ƒ kbUl nhIN kIqw sI[ gulwb isMG BMgI, swihb isMG BMgI (gujrwq) qy joD isMG rwmgVHIAw ny, ksUr dy A&gwn muKI ƒ nwl rlw ky, rxjIq isMG qoN lwhOr vwips Kohx dI plwn bxweI[ aunHW ny &rvrI 1801 dy dUjy A`D ivc lwhOr vl kUc kr idqw[ ieh cwry POjW ipMf BsIn dI jUh ivc phuMc geIAW[ auDr rxjIq isMG Aqy sdw kOr dIAW POjW dy nwl-nwl lwhOr vwsI vI hmlwvrW dw twkrw krn vwsqy iqAwr bYTy sn[ dovyN iDrW kuJ idn qW cup rhIAW pr iPr CotIAW-motIAW JVpW SurU ho geIAW, pr v`fI lVweI SurU nw ho skI[ &rvrI dy Aw^rI h&qy ivc BMgI AwgUAW ny mihsUs kIqw ik v`fI jMg qoN ibnW aunHW ƒ kwmXwbI hrigz nhIN iml skxI[ ies duibDw ivc do-iqMn idn hor bIq gey[ BMgI AwgUAW ny ies audwsI dy mwhOl ivc Srwb dw shwrw lYxw SurU kr idqw[ gulwb isMG burI qrHW SrwbI hox lg ipAw[ aus ny keI idn lgwqwr Srwb pIxI jwrI r`KI ijs nwl auh 28 &rvrI 1801 dy idn ktwxI ipMf ivc mr igAw[ aus dI mOq mgroN aus dI swrI &Oj iq`qr-ib`qr ho geI qy bwkI POjW vI byidl ho ky au~QoN clIAW geIAW[

ies kwmXwbI ny rxjIq isMG dy hOsly bulMd kr id`qy[ hux aus ny gujrWvwlw Aqy lwhOr qoN ielwvw vI dUjIAW is`K imslW dy ielwikAW vl vI llcweIAW A`KW nwl vyKxw SurU kr idqw[ eynw v`fw ielwkw ij`qx mgroN 21 swl dy jvwn rxjIq isMG dw idl mhwrwjw bxn ’qy kr AwieAw[ rxjIq isMG ny 11 AprYl 1801 ƒ ivswKI dy idn, lwhOr ivc SwhI drbwr lwieAw Aqy swihb isMG bydI koloN “mhwrwjw” dw ‘rwj iqlk’ lgvwieAw[ ies mOky qy bwdSwhq (mhwrwjw-AiDrwj) vwlIAW swrIAW bRwhmxI rsmW kIqIAW geIAW[ is`KI qoN Btkx v`l ieh iek Aihm kdm sI[ hkUmq qW bwbw bMdw isMG ny vI kwiem kIqI sI[ iqlk luAwaux jW “mhwrwjw” bxn vwlIAW rsmW qW kI krnIAW sn, aus ny qW ^ud nUM rwjw qk vI nhIN AKvwieAw sI[ aus ny rxjIq isMG vWg dUjIAW imslW dy ielwky Kohxy qW iek pwsy irhw auh qW ijhVw ielwkw vI ij`qdw sI aus nUM iksy kwibl jrnYl nUM sONp ky Awp hor ielwky ij`qx vwsqy cl pYNdw sI[

ksUr ’qy hmlw:  sMn 1799 ivc lwhOr ’qy kbzy mgroN rxjIq isMG ny Ajy iksy hor ielwky vl mUMh nhIN sI kIqw[ drAsl auh dUjIAw imslW dw jvwby-Aml (Reaction) aufIk irhw sI[ julweI 1799 qoN &rvrI 1801 qk aus ny lwhOr dw ieMqzwm bVy suc`jy qrIky nwl kIqw[ aus ny &rvrI 1801 ivc , Awpxy ielwky vwips hwisl krn vwsqy, lwhOr qy hmlw krn Awey, BMgIAW Aqy aunHW dw swQ dyx vwlI imsl rwmgVHIAW dI QW isr& ksUr dy A&gwn hwkm ƒ szw dyx dw PYslw kIqw[ aus ny sMn 1801 dIAW grmIAW ivc ksUr ’qy cVHweI kr idqI[ ieh hmlw iek muslmwn ’qy sI ies kr ky iksy is`K ny rxjIq isMG dI ivroDqw nw kIqI[ A^Ir ksUr dy hwkm ny mwmlw dyxw mMn ky KlwsI krvweI[ pr Agly swl aus ny Pyr mwmlw nw qwirAw qW rxjIq isMG ny Pyr hmlw kr idqw Aqy mwmlw Aqy jurmwnw dovyN vsUl kIqy[ ksUr vwlw sMn 1806 ivc iPr AwkI ho igAw qW rxjIq isMG ny ies ’qy hmlw kr ky ies dy ielwky ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy ie`QoN dy hwkm ƒ mmdot dw iklHw Aqy kuJ jwgIr dy ky ksUr qoN tor idqw)[

AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw: ksUr ’qy hmlw krn qoN mgroN rxjIq isMG ny sWJy is`K-ngr, gurU dw c`k, AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ AMimRqsr aus vyly BMgI imsl kol sI[ aunHW h`QoN lwhOr pihlW hI Kus cuikAw sI[ sMn 1804 ivc rxjIq isMG ny jY isMG knHeIAw qoN iek qop mMg ky AMimRqsr vl kUc kr idqw[ au~Qy pu`j ky rxjIq isMG ny gulwb isMG BMgI dy puqr qoN cwlwkI nwl ‘BMgIAW vwlI qop’ auDwr mMgI[ aus dy nWh krn ’qy aus ’qy hmlw kr ky aus ƒ mwr ky qy aus dI mW ƒ mINh pYdy ivc GroN k`F ky aunHW dy iklHy ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ ieM\  25 &rvrI 1804 dy idn rxjIq isMG dw AMimRqsr ’qy vI kbzw ho igAw[ ies vyly AkwlI PUlw isMG vI AMimRqsr ivc sI pr aus ny rxjIq isMG nUM rokx jW smJOqw krvwaux dI QW cu`p hI v`tI r`KI[ AMimRqsr ’qy kbzy ny Coty is`K srdwrW ƒ frw idqw qy aunHW ny rxjIq isMG qoN jwgIrW lY ky smJOqy krny SurU kr idqy[

AMgryzW nwl ‘Aihdnwmw’: 25 ApRYl 1809 dy idn AMgryzW (eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI) qy rxjIq isMG ivckwr iek ‘Aihdnwmy’ qy ds^q hoey ijs hyT sqluj dirAw nUM dohW qæwkæqW ivc h`d mMn ilAw igAw; ies muqæwibkæ sqluj dirAw dy p`Cm ivc rxjIq isMG dI srdwrI kbUl kr leI geI Aqy sqluj dy pUrb v`l AMgryzW dw h`k mMn ilAw igAw[

swhIvwl ’qy kbzw: c`j duAwb (JnW/cnwb Aqy ijhlm dy ivckwrlw ielwkw) ivc, ^ws kr ky swhIvwl (ijs nUM AMgryzW nyy imMtgumrI bxw id`qw sI) ivc &qih ^wn dI hkUmq sI[ &qih ^wn bhuq qgVw hwkm sI; aus dw iklHw bhuq mzbUq sI (jo Aj, vI swhIvwl qoN pwkptn rof ’qy, hrbMspurw Aqy c`k nMbr 47/5 dy ivckwr kwiem hY; hux ies dy nyVy hI nvW ngr ‘inaU mlgwdw istI’ vswieAw igAw hY)[ 25 jnvrI 1810 dy idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny swhIvwl Sihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ &qih ^wn ny lVweI krn dI bjwie 80 hzwr rupY kr dyxw mMn ilAw ijs ’qy rxjIq isMG ny Gyrw cuk ilAw[ dUjy pwsy &qih ^wn vwAdw krn dy bwvjUd jW qW rkm iek`TI nw kr sikAw jW aus dI nIAq bdl geI[ jd rxjIq isMG nUM rkm nw pu`jI qW aus ny Awpxw eylcI pYsy lYx ByijAw[ jd auh ^wlI h`Q muV AwieAw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 7 &rvrI 1810 dy idn Sihr nUM dobwrw Gyrw pw ilAw[ jd keI idn Gyrw ipAw irhw qW Sihr ivc AMn qy cwry vZYrw dw kwl pYx lg ipAw qW Pqih ^wn ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy[ ieM\ swhIvwl ’qy rxjIq isMG dw kbzw ho igAw Aqy &qih ^wn nUM kYd kr ky lwhOr iljwieAw igAw Aqy iklHy ivc SwhI kYdI vjoN r`iKAw igAw[

rxjIq isMG nUM koihnUr hIrw hwisl hoxw:

A&Zwinsqwn dy g`dIEN l`Qy bwdSwh Swh Sujwh dI byZm ny rxjIq isMG nUM pySkS kIqI sI ik jy auh aus dy pqI nUM Cufvw ky mih&Uz aus kol phuMcw dyvygw qW auh aus nUM dunIAw dw sB qoN nwXwb hIrw ‘koihnUr’ Byt kr dyvygI[ rxjIq isMG ny Awpxw vwAdw pUrw kIqw Aqy Swh Sujwh nUM bcwA ky lwhOr lY AwieAw[ ies mksd vwsqy bhuq swry is`K &OjIAW nUM jwn vI guAwauxI peI[ pr jd Swh Sujwh lwhOr phuMc igAw qW byZm ny hIrw dyx dI bjwie bhwny bxwauxy SurU kr id`qy; ijnHW ivc iek ieh vI sI ik auh hIrw aus ny iksy kol Amwnq r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ pr jd rxjIq isMG ny aus ‘qy s^qI vrqxI SurU kr id`qI Aqy aus nUM id`qI koTI ivc iek qrHW nzrbMd kr id`qw qW aus ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy pihlI jUn 1813 dy idn rwjy nUM hIrw Byt kr id`qw[ hIrw lYx vwsqy rxjIq isMG Awp aus dy Gr igAw[

Atk ’qy kbzw: 13 julweI 1813 dy idn Atk qoN 5 mIl dUr hYdrU ipMf dy bwhr, dirAw kMFy, kwbl dy hwkm dosq muhMmd ^wn dI &Oj Aqy lwhOr drbwr dI &Oj, ijs dI AgwveI kMvr ipSOrw isMG Aqy mohkm cMd kr rhy sn, ivc zbrdsq lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI dOrwn jIvMq isMG ny dosq muhMmd ^wn qy hmlw kIqw; ijs nwl auh ^wn) GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ aus dI &Oj ny aus nUM mirAw smJ ilAw Aqy B`j auTI; pr auh mirAw nhIN sI qy isr& z^mI hoieAw sI ies kr ky auh B`jdI &Oj ivc hI luk ky iKsk igAw[ ieM\ Atk dy iklHy ’qy rxjIq isMG dw kbzw ho igAw[

mulqwn ’qy kbzw: lwhOr qoN bwAd p`CmI pMjwb ivc dUjw v`fw sUbw mulqwn sI[ rxjIq isMG cwhuMdw sI ik auh ies ’qy vI kbzw kr lvy[ aus ny sMn 1803 ivc mulqwn ij`qx vwsqy ies ngr ƒ Gyrw pw ilAw[ pr mulqwn dy pTwx bVI bhwdrI nwl lVy[ rxjIq isMG dIAW &OjW ƒ qW Anwj qk dw vI mslw swhmxy AwieAw[ A^Ir, ibnw kuJ hwisl kIqy, auh vwips muV AwieAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny pMj hor hmly mulqwn ’qy kIqy (sMn 1805, 1807, 1810, 1816 qy 1817)[ Cy vwr dI nwkwmXwbI mgroN rxjIq isMG ny A^Ir 30 meI 1817 dy idn mulqwn ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw [hwrn mgroN mulqwn sUby dy nvwb ny mhwrwjy nUM mwlIAw dyxw mMn ilAw sI pr iek swl mgroN hI Pyr iv`tr igAw sI nwl hI aus ny JMg dy bwZI reIs Aihmd ^wn nUM pnwh vI dy id`qI sI Aqy is`KW dy i^lw& swzSW krdw irhw sI[ A^Ir 2 jUn 1818 dy idn rxjIq isMG dIy 20000 is`K &Oj ny mulqwn ’qy hmlw kr id`qw; aunHW kol zmzmw qop vI sI[ ies lVweI ivc ij`q is`KW dI hoeI pr AkwlI PUlw isMG qy hrI isMG nlvw dyvyN ies dOrwn z^mI vI hoey[ ies lVweI ivc mulqwn dy nvwb muz`&r ^wn dy pMj pu`qr Sbwb ^wn, invwz ^wn, iejwz ^wn, mumqwj ^wn, h`k invwz ^wn ShId ho gey sn[ sMn 1818 ivc rxjIq isMG ny isAwlkot ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[

pySwvr ’qy kbzw : sMn 1809 ivc AMgryzW nwl AMimRqsr dw Aihdnwmw krn qoN pihlW rxjIq isMG ny SyKUpurw Aqy kWgVw (20ª Agsq 1808 ƒ) ’qyy vI kbzw kr cukw sI[ Aihdnwmy mgroN rxjIq isMG qy AMgryzW ivckwr dirAw sqluj ƒ h`d mMn ilAw igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny p`Cm vl mUMh kr ilAw[ aus ny jnvrI 1810 ivc gujrwq qy KuSwb, PrvrI 1810 ivc swhIvwl, jUn 1810 ivc hlovwl, fofw qy vzIrwbwd Aqy nvMbr 1810 ivc fskw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny 1811 ivc isMGpurIAw Aqy n`keI imslW dy rcnw-duAwb ivcly ielwikAW nUM vI Koh ilAw sI[ 1813 ivc Atk, sqMbr 1815 ivc joD isMG rwmgVHIAw dw ielwkw, 1818 ivc JMg Aqy mulqwn vI aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cuky sI[ ies mgroN julweI 1819 ivc kSmIr, sMn 1821 ivc mnkyrw qy sMn 1824 ivc nOSihrw vI aus dI irAwsq ivc Swiml ho cuky sn[ Xwin dirAw isMD qoN dirAw sqluj qk, kpUrQlw irAwsq ƒ C`f ky, swrw ielwkw rxjIq isMG dI irAwsq dw ih`sw bx cukw sI[ ieM\ hI phwVW ivc jMmU, kWgVw, AKnUr, iBMbr, lKxpur, nUrpur, gulyr, sIbw, kotlw, jsvwn, dwqwrpur vI aus dI hkUmq dw ih`sw sn[ rxjIq isMG ny is`K imslW, muZlW, blocW, A&gwnW, fogirAW qy phwVI rwjpUqW qoN irAwsqW Koh ky Awpxy hyT kr leIAW sn[ sMn 1824 qoN mgroN fyrw iesmweIl ^wn  vI sMn 1831 ivc aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cuky sn[ hux aus ny kwbl v`l mUMh kr ilAw sI; ies rsqy dI sB qoN Aihm ij`q ipSwvr sI sI ijs ‘qy hrI isMG nlvw ny bhuq Gmswx dI jMg mgroN Aw^r 5 meI 1834 dy idn kbzw kr ilAw[

imslW dy ielwky Kohxw : ienHW idnW ivc hI rxjIq isMG ny rcnw doAwb ivc j`sw isMG du`lU Aqy dl isMG dw ielwkw Koh ilAw[ ies mgroN aus ny JnW qy ijhlm ivckwr joD isMG bwjvw dw ielwkw vI Koh ilAw[ sMn 1807 ivc jd qwrw isMG gYbw dI mOq hoeI qW rxjIq isMG ny mwqm-pursI krn dy bhwny rwhoN jw ky ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw qy iPr aus dy nkodr dy ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ kuJ icr mgroN aus ny kMg ^wndwn qoN i&lOr Aqy bwbw bGyl isMG dI ivDvw qoN hirAwxw (mOjUdw izlHw huiSAwrpur ivc) vI Koh ley[ ies vyly ibAws qy rwvI ivckwrly ielwikAW ivcoN pTwnkot ivc qwrw isMG sMDU, sujwnpur ivc buD isMG b`gw, dInwngr ivc gulwb isMG KYrw, cimAwrI ivc rMDwvw ^wndwn, mwrU& ivc buD isMG kwbz sn[ rxjIq isMG ny ienHW swirAW dy ielwky Koh ky aunW ƒ jwgIrW dy idqIAW[ ieM\ hI aus ny PgvwVw (nvMbr 1802 ivc), huiSAwrpur, bjvwVw, hujrw Swh mukIm (s`eIdW qoN), kmwlIAw (KrlW qoN), ipMfI B`tIAW (B`tIAW qoN), ipMfI GYb (nvwb ^wn joDVw qoN), Pqih jMg dy Awly duAwly (muhMmd ^wn GYbw qoN) dy ielwky vI Koh ley[ ieh swrIAW ij`qW Aqy ksUr rxjIq isMG kol sMn 1802 qoN 1808 ivckwr Aw cuky sn[ ienHW idnW ivc hI bGyl isMG kroVw isMGIAw dI srdwrnI cVHweI kr geI qy rxjIq isMG ny aus dy ielwky ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw[ rxjIq isMG ny qW AwpxI s`s sdw kOr nUM vI nhIN b^iSAw qy aus nUM kYd ivc su`t ky aus dy ielwikAW ‘qy kbzw kr ilAw (qy auh 11 swl nzrbMdI/kYd ivc rih ky mr geI)[ ieh g`l kwbly-izkr hY ik sdw kOr dw koeI pu`qr nhIN sI qy aus dy mrn mgroN aus dI irAwsq rxjIq isMG nUM hI iml jwxI sI pr iPr vI rxjIq isMG ny aus nUM kYd kr ky aus dw ielwkw Koh ilAw[

sMn 1809 ivc AMgryzW nwl AMimRqsr dw Aihdnwmw krn qoN pihlW rxjIq isMG ny SyKUpurw Aqy kWgVw (20 Agsq 1808 ƒ) ’qyy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI[ Aihdnwmy mgroN rxjIq isMG qy AMgryzW ivckwr dirAw sqluj ƒ AwpxI h`d mMn ilAw igAw[ ies mgroN rxjIq isMG ny p`Cm vl mUMh kr ilAw[ aus ny jnvrI 1810 ivc gujrwq qy KuSwb, PrvrI 1810 ivc swhIvwl, jUn 1810 ivc hlovwl, fofw qy vzIrwbwd Aqy nvMbr 1810 ivc fskw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ aus ny sMn 1811 ivc isMGpurIAw Aqy n`keI imslW dy rcnw-duAwb ivcly ielwikAW nUM vI Koh ilAw[ sMn 1813 ivc Atk, sqMbr 1815 ivc joD isMG rwmgVHIAw dw ielwkw, sMn 1818 ivc JMg Aqy nvMbr 1818 ivc mulqwn vI A`D-pc`Dw aus dy kbzy ivc Aw cukw sI[ ies mgroN julweI 1819 ivc kSmIr, sMn 1821 ivc mnkyrw qy sMn 1824 ivc nOSihrw vI aus dI irAwsq ivc Swiml ho cuky sn[ Xwin dirAw isMD qoN dirAw sqluj qk, kpUrQlw irAwsq ƒ C`f ky, swrw ielwkw rxjIq isMG dI irAwsq dw ih`sw bx cukw sI[ ieM\ hI phwVW ivc jMmU, kWgVw, AKnUr, iBMbr, lKxpur, nUrpur, gulyr, sIbw, kotlw, jsvwn, dwqwrpur ‘qy vI aus dI hkUmq sI[ rxjIq isMG ny is`K imslW, muZlW, blocW, A&gwnW, fogirAW qy phwVI rwjpUqW qoN irAwsqW Koh ky Awpxy hyT kr leIAW sn[ sMn 1824 qoN mgroN fyrw iesmweIl ^wn (sMn 1831), ipSwvr (sMn 1834), bMnU, kohwt Aqy fyrw ZwjI ^wn (sMn 1836) vI aus dy kbjy ivc Aw cuky sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj dI AwmdnI 3 kroV 24 l`K 75 hwzr rupY sI[

XUrpIn ‘jrnYlW ‘dI BrqI: rxjIq isMG ny ieh swrIAW ij`qW is`K &OjW dIAW kurbwnIAW sdkw hwisl kIqIAW sn[ auh AwpxI hkUmq nUM ‘Kwlsw drbwr’ AwK ky, is`KW nUM Kwlsw rwj dy nW ’qy vrqdw irhw[ aus dI &Oj dI igxqI, jo SurU ivc 5 hzwr sI, aus dy mrn vyly qk 92 hzwr qoN vD cukI sI; ies qoN ielwvw 31 hzwr 8 sO dy krIb GoV svwr (stY~nbYk muqæwibkæ kul 1 l`K 10 hzwr)[ aus kol 784 v`fIAW-CotIAW qopW, 20 hzwr bMdUkW sn[ sMn 1822 ivc, jd aus dI &Oj ivc AYlrf qy vYNqUrw &rWsIsI jrnYl Swiml hoey, qW audoN qk swry Aihm ielwky is`K &OjW ij`q cukIAW sn[ so, rxjIq isMG dy XUrpIn, jrnYlW ny aus dy rwj dy &YlwA ivc koeI Aihm rol Adw nhIN sI kIqw[ ies dy bwvjUd rxjIq isMG dI &Oj dIAW bhuq swrIAW pltnW XUrpIn A&srW dI kmwn hyT sn[ rxjIq isMG qW aunHW dI kOmIAq bwry vI pUrI qrHW vwik& nhIN sI[ ivdySI jrnYlW nUM r`Kx smyN aunHW dI prK dw koeI qrIkw nhIN sI[ auh qW aunHW dy ivdySI hox kwrn hI aunHW nUM aucy-aucy Ahudy dy idAw krdw sI[ (vyKo ivdySI jrnYlW: AlYZzYNdr gwrfInr qy hYnrI lwrYNs dIAW ikqwbW)[ aus dI &Oj ivc 20 ibRitS, 4 AmrIkn, 5 ietYlIAn, 24 &rWsIsI, 3 skwitS, 1 AwieirS, 4 rUsI, 2 jrmn, 1 AwstrIAn, 1 hMgyrIAn, 1 purqgwlI, 4 XUnwnI qy 1 pr`SIAn A&sr sn[ ienHW ivcoN keI qW ibRitS eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nwl bwkwiedw rwbqw rK rhy sn qy keIAW ny nOkrI C`fx mgroN rwz ‘vycy’ sn Aqy ZdwrI kIqI sI[

rxjIq isMG ny ivdySI jrnYlW nUM is`K &OjIAW dy mukwbly ivc v`fIAW-v`fIAW qn^whW vI idqIAW sn, ijhVIAW keI vwr iek Awm is`K &OjI qoN 500 guxW vD qk vI sn[

 

fogirAW Aqy imsrw bRwhmxW dw Gyrw: jd rxjIq isMG kol AQwh qæwkæq Aw geI qW aus ny AwpxI hkUmq ivc ZYr-is`KW ƒ vDyry qæwkæq dyxI SurU kr idqI[ ^uSwmd-psMd qbIAq vwly rwjy nUM cwplUsI dy nwl-nwl ^UbsUrq phwVI kuVIAW, Srwb qy hor nSy muh`eIAw krvw ky bRwhmx, fogry  qy phwVIey rxjIq isMG dI vzwrq ivc qæwkæq hwisl krdy rhy[ ienHW ivcoN sB qoN vD Kqrnwk sn jMmU dy rwjw jIq isMh puqr rwjw rxjIq dyau (ijs qoN sMn 1815 ivc rxjIq isMG ny jMmU KoihAw sI) dw ccyrw Brw ikSorw isMh qy aus dy iqMn puqr: gulwb isMh, iDAwn isMh qy sucyq isMh[ rxjIq isMG ny sMn 1821 ivc ikSorw isMh ƒ jMmU dw rwjw bxw idqw[ drAsl gulwb isMh qy aus dy Brw dwAvw krdy sn ik auh jMmU dy rwjy rxjIq dyau (ijhVw bMdw isMG dy i^lw& muihMm ivc sB qoN mUhrlI kqwr ivc sI) dy Brw dy poqry sn[ pr jy.fI.kinMGm muqæwibkæ ieh aunHW dI ‘nwjwiez’ AOlwd sI[

sMn 1822 ivc ikSorw isMh fogrw dy mrn qy gulwb isMh rwjw bx igAw[ gulwb isMh, rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq ivc, ie`ko-iek rwjw sI ijs nUM AwpxI &Oj Awp r`Kx dw h`k imilAw hoieAw sI[ ies qoN kuJ icr mgroN gulwb isMh fogrw dw Brw sucyq isMh fogrw rwmngr dw rwjw bx igAw qy sMn 1827 ivc iDAwn isMh dw puqr hIrw isMh vI rwjw bx igAw qy iDAwn isMh fogrw qW rwjw-klW (v`fw rwjw) sI[ fogirAW vwsqy qW rxjIq isMG v`fy pM|y lYx vwsqy vI iqAwr ho jWdw sI[ sMn 1828 ivc jd kWgVy dw nvW rwjw Ainru`D cMd AwpxI mW qy BYxW nwl &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dy pu`qr dy ivAwh ivc Swiml hox vwsqy AwieAw qW iDAwn isMh fogrw ny koiSS kIqI ik aus dy pu`qr hIrw isMh dw ivAwh (kWgVy dy mr cuky rwjy) sMswr cMd dI DI Aqy nvyN rwjy AnruD cMd dI BYx nwl ho jwvy[ pr kWgVy dy rwjy ies ‘nwjwiez’ prvwr nUM Awpxy qoN bhuq hI nIvW smJdy sn[ ies kr ky kuVIAW dI mW AwpxIAW DIAW nUM nwl lY ky rxjIq isMG dy ielwky ivcoN B`j ky AMgryzI ielwky ivc clI geI[ ies g`l nUMM mW ny idl nUM lw ilAw qy auh kuJ hI idnW ivc idl dy dOry nwl mr geI[ auDr rxjIq isMG ny AinruD cMd nUM AwpxIAW BYxW moV ilAwaux vwsqy ikhw[ auh aunHW nUM ilAwaux dy bhwny AMgryzI ielwky v`l igAw pr muV ky nw AwieAw[ CyqI hI auh vI sdmy nwl mr igAw[ hux rxjIq isMG ny sMswr cMd dy nwjwiez pu`qrW ivcoN iek nUM kWgVy dw rwjw bxw id`qw pr nwl hI bdlw lYx vwsqy sMswr cMd dIAW dohW DIAW nUM Awp (jbrI) ivAwh ilAw[

sMn 1811 ivc ^uShwl cMd imsr (XU.pI. dw bRwhmx) aus dw ifEFIbrdwr bx cukw sI[ieM\ hI bRwhmx imsr bylI rwm aus dw ^zwncI bx cukw sI[ rxjIq isMG dw Drm-ArQ (dwn dyx dy &Ysly krn vwlw) vzIr aus dy h`Q hox kr ky aus dy ^zwny dw bhuqw ih`sw mMdrW ƒ jWdw irhw[ ieh vzIr jwx buJ ky, idKwvy vjoN kuJ rkm drbwr swihb ƒ vI Byt krvw dyNdw sI, pr aus qoN keI guxw vDyry mMdrW ƒ idvw dyNdw sI[ rxjIq isMG dy kroVW rupY kurUkSyqr, hrduAwr qy kwSI (bnwrs) dy bRwhmxW ƒ imly jW kWgVw, jvwlwmuKI, jMmU, kwSI dy mMdrW ’qy sonw cVwaux vwsqy idqy gey[ it`lw gorK nwQ, iDAwnpur, pMforI qy Dmqwl dy jogIAW dy fyry, drjnW iSvwly qy mMdr vI rxjIq isMG qoN v`fIAW rkmW hwisl krdy rhy[ audwsIAW qy inrmilAW dy fyry vI coKw pYsw vsUl krdy rhy[ rxjIq isMG dy ies bRwhmx vzIr ny drbwr swihb dy duAwly bhuq swrI zmIn audwsIAW nUM idvw id`qI sI (ij`Qy aunHW ny AKwVy qy fyry bxw ley ij`Qy is`K &ls&y dy ault mirAwdw clweI jWdI sI qy mgroN ienHW fyirAW ivc is`K qvwrI^, i&lws&I qy gurbwxI nUM ivgwVn vwlIAW keI ikqwbW vI ilKIAW qy prcwrIAW geIAW), hwlW ik gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) dI ieh swrI zmIn drbwr swihb dI sI ijs nUM sMn 1564 ivc gurU rwm dws swihb ny quMg ipMf dy lokW qoN pUrw mu`l qwr ky ^rIidAw sI qy ies nUM A`gy vyicAw jW dwn nhIN sI id`qw jw skdw[ CyqI hI KuShwl cMd bRwhmx dIAW koiSSW sdkw rxjIq isMG ny dsihrw, dIvwlI, holI qy hor keI ihMdU iqEhwr vI mnwauxy SrU kr id`qy sn[ ies muihMm hyT sB qoN pihlw dusihrw 2 AkqUbr 1813 dy idn mnwieAw jwxw SurU hoieAw sI[

imSrw bRwhmxW dy Asr hyT rxjIq isMG ny qW gurU swihbwn v`loN r`d kIqy bydI qy soFI prvwrW ƒ vI gurU-AMS AwK ky cMgIAW rkmW idqIAW sn[ gurduAwirAW ƒ idqIAW rkmW vI pujwrI qy srbrwh hI fkwrdy rhy[ rxjIq isMG dIAW Dwrimk grWtW ivcoN 75 &IsdI ihMdUAW 10 &I sdI is`KW qy 15 &I sdI dUjy i&rikAW qy sMprdwvW ƒ imldIAW rhIAW sn[ rxjIq isMG ny qW AMimRqsr dw iejwrydwr (tYks vsUlx vwlw) vI iek bRwhmx rulIAw rwm imsr ƒ bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ies rulIAw rwm imsr dI hvylI gurduAwrw twhlI swihb AMimRqsr dy swhmxy sI[ aus iemwrq ivc sMn 1947 qoN mgroN vI aus dy vwirs rihMdy rhy sn[ iesy qrHw pMfq gMgw rwm dIvwn ƒ vI sB qoN au~cy AhuidAW iv`coN iek Ahudw idqw igAw sI (iesy gMgw rwm dIAW is`K-ivroDI kwrvweIAW kwrn AkwlI &Ulw isMG AMimRqsr C`f ky AnMdpur clw igAw sI)[ ienHW bRwhmx slwhkwrW ny rxjIq isMG qoN aus dy JMfy dw rMg vI nIly qoN s&Yd qy iPr Bgvw/kysrI/pIlw krvw ilAw sI[

rxjIq isMG Swied eynw Axjwx sI ik aus nUM pqw hI nw lg sikAw ik bRwhmxW qy fogirAW ny aus dw drbwr, qwj, ^zwnw, &Oj qy inzwm sB Awpxy kbzy ivc kIqy hoey sn[ ienHW ny is`KW nUM rxjIq isMG dy ivcwrvwn-slwhkwr-srkl (Think tank) qoN dUr r`Kx ivc kmwl dI kwmXwbI hwisl kr leI sI[ieho ijhy rwj dw hSr koeI vI AwswnI nwl smJ skdw sI[

rxjIq isMG vwsqy lVn vwly jrnYl AkwlI PUlw isMG, hukmw isMG icmnI, inDwn isMG pMj-h`Qw, inhwl isMG qy Swm isMG AtwrIvwly, hrI isMG nlvw, DMnw isMG mlveI, mjITIey, CwCI qy AwhlUvwlIey isrdwr sn[ pr aus dI imhr vDyry kr ky ihMdUAW ’qy hI rhI, BwvyN auh BeIey sn, phwVIey jW pMjwbI ihMdU[ ienHW ivc muK ihMdusqwn (XU.pI.) dy imSrw bRwhmx: iBvwnI dws, KuShwl cMd, rwm isMh, suKrwj, gMgw rwm, bylI rwm, rUp lwl, ikSn lwl, AXuiDAw pRswd, dInw nwQ, imsr dIvwn cMd; fogry: iDAwn cMd, gulwb cMd, sucyq rwm, hIrw isMh; pMjwbI ihMdU: dIvwn mohkm cMd, dIvwn Dnpq rwey, dIvwn moqI rwm, dIvwn swvn m`l, dIvwn ikrpw rwm, dIvwn AXuiDAw pRswd, dIvwn suK idAwl, dIvwn srb idAwl, AQr ml copVw qoN ielwvw muslmwn: &kIr Brw (AzIj-aud-dIn, nUr-aud-dIn qy iemwm-aud-dIn) sn[ vsqI rwm dy pu`qr goibMd rwm Aqy rwm isMG vI rxjIq isMG qoN v`fy nzrwny hwisl krdy rihMdy sn[

jy rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlvw jW iksy hor is`K jrnYl nUM sUbydwrI jW koeI hor Aihm Ahudw id`qw qW auh isr& ies kr ky id`qw sI qW jo auh is`K jrnYl aus ielwky ivc Amn kwiem kr sky qy jdoN Amn kwiem ho jWdw sI jW hwlwq sOKy ho jWdy sn qW aunHW nUM htw id`qw jWdw sI[

rxjIq isMG dy drbwr ivc ZYr-is`KW dw kbzw vyK ky iek vwr, sMn 1814 ivc, AkwlI PUlw isMG AMimRqsr C`f ky AnMdpur jw bYTw sI[ sMn 1837 ivc jrnYl hrI isMG nlvw ny rxjIq isMG nUM ikhw ik aus ny ieh rwj is`KW dIAW kurbwnIAW sdkw hwisl kIqw hY qy auh vsIAq kr ky ies nUM is`KW dI kONsl dy hvwly kr dyx bwry hdwieq kr jwvy[ kinMGm vI nlvw dy ies ‘s`c’ v`l ieSwrw krdw hY ik auh (nlvw) ies g`l dy i^lw& sI ik isr& rxjIq isMG dw koeI iek pu`qr hI is`K mulk dw Aglw rwjw bxy[ jd fogirAW ny ieh suixAw qW aunHW rxjIq isMG nUM smJwieAw ik ieh qW aus dw injI rwj hY qy is`KW dw nhIN, ies kr ky ies dw vwirs aus dw vlI-Aihd (v`fw pu`qr) hI hovygw[ ies qoN kuJ idn mgroN hI fogirAW ny iek swizS bxw ky hrI isMG nlvw nUM mrvw id`qw[ pihlW AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM vI iek swizS rc ky fogirAW ny hI mrvwieAw sI[ fogirAW ny qW rxjIq isMG dw iek vI sInIAr is`K swQI izMdw nhIN rihx id`qw sI[

rxjIq isMG dw pirvwr: rxjIq isMG dI pihlI SwdI mihqwb kOr nwl sMn 1789 ivc hoeI sI (pr muklwvw 1796 ivc AwieAw sI (ies ny eISr isMG jo in`kI aumr ivc mr igAw sI, Aqy juVvW b`icAW qwrw isMG qy Syr isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI)[ dUjI SwdI dwqwr kOr (bcpn dw nW rwj kOr)  nwl 1797 ivc hoeI sI (ies ny KVg isMG qy rqn isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI)[ sMn 1811 ivc rxjIq isMG ny gujrwq dy rwjw swihb isMG dIAW ivDvwvW rqn kOr qy dXw kOr nUM c`dr-AMdwzI dI rsm nwl Gr pw ilAw sI[rqn kOr ny mulqwnw isMG qy dXw kOr ny kSmIrw iMsMG qy ipSOrw isMG nUM jnm id`qw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny c`dr-AMdwzI dI rsm nwl rUp kOr, gulwb kOr, smn kOr qy lkSmI kOr nwl vI SwdIAW kIqIAW sn[ rxjIq isMG ny kWgVy dy rwjy sMswr cMd dIAW DIAW mihqwb dyvI (g`dW ijs ny mgroN ^udkuSI kr leI sI) qy rwj bMso nUM vI (iek qrIky nwl jbrI) ivAwh ilAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny rwxI hrdyvI, rwxI Awso qy rwxI jg dyE nwl vI SwdI kIqI sI[ ies mgroN aus ny ijMd kOr (ijMdW) nwl SwdI kIqI sI (ijs qoN dlIp isMG pYdw hoieAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny do muslmwn nwcIAW (morW Aqy gul byZm) nwl vI SwdI kIqI sI[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ rxjIq isMG dIAW 46 SwdIAW bxdIAW hn[

rxjIq isMG nwl juVIAW lok khwxIAW dI AslIAq: rxjIq isMG dy nW nwl joVIAW jWdIAW khwxIAW (p`Qr mwrn bdly b`icAW nUM imTweI imlxw, kwly qvy dy brwbr iek bzurg AOrq nUM sonw imlxw, kwl pYx ’qy iek bzurg dy Gr kxk dI borI AwpxI ip`T ’qy cu`k ky C`f ky Awauxw Aqy ieho ijhIAW hor khwxIAW, Akbr-bIrbl dIAW khwxIAW vWg, aus dy mrn qoN bhuq dyr mgroN lyKkW/pRcwrkW/FwfIAW vZYrw v`loN GVIAW geIAW sn[ hor qW hor ieh qW aus dy roznwmcy aumdwq-qu`q-qvwrI^ ivc vI drj nhIN hn hwlW ik ies roznwmcy ivc in`ky-in`ky qohi&AW dw izkr vI drj hY[ ieM\ hI Amr nwQ dw z&rnwmw rxjIq isMG vI ieho ijhI iksy khwxI dw izkr nhIN krdw[

ies dw mqlb hrigz ieh nhIN ik rxjIq isMG dw kuJ vI jmHW-p`KI nhIN sI[ aus dy rwj ivc kdy iksy nUM &WsI nhIN sI id`qI geI[ aus dy huMidAW Awm lokW nwl kdy vI D`kw nhIN sI hoieAw[ aus dI hkUmq ivc muZlW qy A&ZwnW nwloN Gt mwlIAw vsUl kIqw jWdw sI[

rxjIq isMG Aqy AMgryz:1808 qk rxjIq isMG pMjwb qy ies dy Awly duAwly dw sB qoN v`fw hwkm bx cu`kw sI[ auh audoN qk dw qy Awaux vwly vkqW ivc vI ies zon ivc sB qoN v`fy ielwky dw mhwrwjw sI[ eySIAw dI qvwrI^ ivc ies Kyqr ivcoN isr& do rwijAW dw izkr AwauNdw hY, iek pors dw qy dUjw rxjIq isMG dw[ (pr pors dI hkUmq kuJ ipMfW auqy sI pr rxjIq isMG dy mukwbly qy qW auh pwskU vI nhIN sI[ auN\ pors eynw Cotw rwjw hox dy bwvjUd iskMdr vrgI v`fI qæwkæq nwl liVAw sI; pr rxjIq isMG ny, eynI v`fI slqnq hox dy bwvjUd, AMgryzW qoN fr ky aunHW nwl smJOqw krn ivc dyr nhIN sI lweI)[

rxjIq isMG ny AMgryzW ƒ CyVn dI bjwie aunHW nwl pihlI jnvrI 1806 Aqy 25 AprYl 1809 ƒ do Aihdnwmy kr ley[ sMn 1805 ivc, jdoN AMgryzW dw BjwieAw hoieAw mrh`tw jsvMq isMG rwE holkr pMjwb pu`jw qW rxjIq isMG ny srb`q Kwlsw bulw ky aunHW qoN aus dw swQ dyx bwry rwey pu`CI[ gurmqy muqæwibkæ rxjIq isMG ny aus dw swQ qW nw id`qw pr AMgryzW nwl smJOqw zrUr krvw idqw[ pr, ies qoN bwAd rxjIq isMG ny srb`q Kwlsw dw iek`T hI nhIN hox idqw[ auN\ vI auh is`K imslW dy ielwky Kohx lg ipAw sI qy jy auh srbq Kwlsw bulwauNdw qW pihlW AwpxIAW ienHW hrkqW vwsqy jvwb-dyh huMdw[ Swied aus imslW-mwrU rwjy dy s`dy ’qy koeI is`K jrnYl AwauNdw vI nw[

sMNn 1820 ivc nwgpur dw rwjw A`pw swihb AMgryzW qoN hwr ky rxjIq isMG kol pu`jw[ aus kol bhuq swrI dOlq vI sI pr rxjIq isMG ny aus dI mdd krn qoN nWh kr id`qI sI qy Awpxy ielwky ivcoN inkl jwx vwsqy ikhw (ies ’qy A`pw swihb kWgVy clw igAw)[

ieM\ rxjIq isMG ny AMgryzW nwl sbMD bxweI r`Ky pr dUjy pwsy AMgryz aus dw rwj Kohx dIAW skImW vI bxwauNdy rhy Aqy nwl hI aus nwl idKwvy dI nyVqw vI rKdy rhy[ ies islisly ivc sMn 1831 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy AMgryz gvrnr jnrl ivckwr rsmI mulwkwq vI krvweI geI[  ieh mulwkwq 25 AkqUbr 1831 dy idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG qy ivlIAm bYNitMg ivckwr hoeI sI[ pihlW rxjIq isMG ny sqluj dirAw pwr kr ky ropV ivc jw ky ivlIAm bYNitMg nwl mulwkwq kIqI iPr Agly idn bYNitMg ny dirAw pwr kr ky rxjIq isMG dI slqnq dy ipMf kwTgVH ivc mhwrwjw dI pRwhuxwcwrI dw AnMd mwinAw[

auN\ sMn 1809 ivc jy rxjIq isMG AMgryzW nwl t`kr lY lYNdw qW auh AMgryzW nUM XkInn hrw dyNdw[ sMn 1845–46 Aqy 1848–49 dIAW is`KW Aqy AMgryzW dIAW lVweIAW qoN nqIjw k`iFAw jw skdw hY ik jy sMn 1809 ivc rxjIq isMG dI AgvweI ivc ieho ijhI is`K-AMgryz lVweI huMdI qW AMgryz AwswnI nwl Xmnw pwr D`ky gey huMdy[ sMn 1845 qy 1849 ivc is`K AwgU-hIx hox Aqy mhW ZdwrI dy bwvjUd AMgryzW nUM Asl ivc qW hrw hI gey sn, jd ik sMn 1809 ivc qW is`K kOmIAq dI soc nwl lVny sn[

rxjIq isMG Aqy is`KI AsUl: jdoN sMn 1799 ivc rxjIq isMG ny lwhOr dy byiensw& BMgI hwkmW qoN lokW dI jwn dI KlwsI krvweI qW auh srbq Kwlsw dw AsUl qoVn dy bwvjUd, kuJ h`d qk, shI cl irhw sI[ pr jdoN aus ƒ BMgIAW vWg hkUmq dw ‘J`s’ pY igAw qW auh iek Awm rwjy vWg krn l`g ipAw sI[ sMn 1801 qoN bwAd ^udpRsqI, hwkm-px, Awp-hudrwpx, hYNkV qy A`XwSI Awpxy Awp hI qurIAW AwauxIAW sn[ CyqI hI ieh swrIAW g`lW rxjIq isMG ivc AwauxIAW SurU ho geIAW sn qy kuJ hI swlW ivc auh iek Awm A`XwS rwjw bx cuikAw sI[ nwcI morW dy ieSk ivc pwgl ho jwxw qy mgroN 53 swl dI aumr ivc gul byZm nwcI dy ieSk ivc dIvwnw ho ky aus nwl ivAwh krn dI pySkS lY ky aus dy mwipAW kol jw ky byiezqI krvwauxw aus dy ie^lwk dw sB qoN nIvW isrw sI[ ieh vI crcw ivc irhw sI ik aus ny qW morW kMjrI dy nW ’qy iek is`kw vI jwrI kIqw sI qy aus vwsqy iek aucycw pul vI bxvwieAw sI ijs nUM A`j vI ‘pul kMjrI’ dy nW nwl jwixAw jWdw hY[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik ieh pul gul byZm vwsqy bxwieAw igAw sI nw ik morW vwsqy (gul byZm dy pyky AMimRqsr ivc rihMdy sn)[

jdoN rxjIq isMG fogirAW qy bRwhmxW dI cwplUsI Aqy AOrq qy Srwb dw gulwm ho igAw qW AkwlI PUlw isMG bhuq mwXUs ho igAw[ fogry Aqy bRwhmx rxjIq isMG ƒ Srwb (qy hor niSAW) Aqy kwm (AOrqW) ivc eynw msq krI rKdy sI ik rxjIq isMG AkwlI PUlw isMG qy hor is`K jrnYlW dI prvwh krnoN hI ht igAw sI[ A^Ir mwXUsI dy Awlm ivc AkwlI PUlw isMG sqMbr 1814 ivc AMimRqsr qoN clw igAw Aqy AnMdpur swihb ivc fyrw lw ilAw[ AkwlI PUlw isMG dI mwXUsI dI vjh ieh Cy nukqy sn:(a) rxjIq isMG vloN fogirAW ƒ Aihm Ahudy dyxw (A) imsr gMgw rwm bRwhmx dIAW AYNtI-is`K kwrvweIAW (e) gMgw rwm bRwhmx vloN ‘lwhOr drbwr’ ivc irSqydwrW dI BrqI (s) rxjIq isMG qy kuMvr KVk isMG ivc ihMdU AihlkwrW vloN pYdw kIqy AwpxI &rk (h) ihMdU AihlkwrW vloN rxjIq isMG qy kuMvr Syr isMG ivckwr pYdw kIqI n&rq (k) rxjIq isMG dIAW bRwhmxvwd vwlIAW kwrvweIAW ivc vwDw[

auN\ vyiKAw jwey qW AkwlI PUlw isMG dw inrwS ho ky B`j jwxw bhwdrI nhIN blik byidlI qy kmzorI sI[ ienHW muqæwibkæ PUlw isMG rxjIq isMG dI v`fI &Oj nwl m`Qw nhIN sI lwauxw cwhuMdw[

ienHW idnW ivc hI jINd dw rwjw pRqwp isMG AMgryzW nwl JgVw hox mgroN AnMdpur Aw igAw sI Aqy AkwlI PUlw isMG kol ‘pnwh’ lY leI sI[ jd AMgryzW ny PUlw isMG nUM ikhw ik auh jINd dy rwjy nUM aunHW dy hvwly kr dyvy qW aus ny nWh kr id`qI[ ies ’qy AMgryzW ny pitAwlw, mlyrkotlw qy hor &OjW nUM AnMdpur swihb ’qy hmlw krn vwsqy Byj id`qw[ pr jd is`K &OjW nUM pqw l`gw ik aunHW nUM AkwlI PUlw isMG dI igR&qwrI vwsqy AnMdpur ’qy hmlw krnw pYxw hY qW aunHW ny A`gy vDx qoN nWh kr id`qI sI[ A^Ir AMgryzW ny swihb isMG bydI dy pu`qr qoN ivcolgI krvw ky smJOqw kr ilAw[ hux rxjIq isMG vI ny AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM vwips bulw ilAw sI[

pr ies dy bwvjUd vI rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy qOr qrIikAW ivc koeI Prk nw ilAWdw[ Srwb Aqy AOrq ivc glqwn kr ky bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey rxjIq isMG qy AwpxI pkV kwiem krdy gey[ mrn vyly qk rxjIq isMG dIAW 45 dy krIb rwxIAW Aqy rKYlW sn[ aus dw hrm iek v`fy A`XwS mugl bwdSwh nwloN v`Krw nhIN sI[ rxjIq isMG ny srdwrW Aqy phwVI rwijAW qy jwgIrdwrW dIAW DIAW hI nhIN blik do nwcIAW ƒ vI AwpxIAW (rKYlW nhIN r`KIAW blik) rwxIAW bxw ilAw sI (morW sMn 1802 ivc qy gul bygm sMn 1833 ivc ivAwhI sI)[ eynw hI bs nhIN, aus ny morW qy gul bygm nwcIAW ƒ dUjIAW rwxIAW qoN vI vDyry au~cw drjw idvwieAw[ rxjIq isMG morW vwsqy qW eynw pwZl sI ik iek vwr aus ny aus dI byh`d cwplUsI kridAW aus nUM sB qoN ^UbsUrq ikhw ijs ’qy aus dI phwVn pqnI (sMswr cMd dI DI) g`dW ny ^udkuSI kr leI sI (drAsl auh sB qoN suhxI sI)[ ienHW dohW nwcIAW ny is`K Drm nhIN sI ApxwieAw qy ienHW vwsqy lwhOr dy iklHy ivc nmwz qy hor Dwrimk rsmW vwsqy ^ws msIqW bxweIAW hoeIAW sn[ morW ny qW lwhOr ivc iek vDIAw msIq Awp vI bxvweI sI[ morW nwl ivAwh kr ky aus nwl hrduAwr clw igAw sI qy 13 idn ivc iek l`K rupY Krc kr ky A`XwSI kr ky muiVAw sI (hrduAwr dw sbMD nw qW is`KW nwl sI qy nw muslmwnW nwl[ ies kr ky is`K rxjIq isMG Aqy muslmwn morW dw au~Qy, qIrQ-Xwqrw qW kIh hnImUn mnwaux jwx dw vI koeI mqlb nhIN sI)[ ieh ^rcw ‘dwn-puMn’ Kwqy ivc iliKAw igAw sI[

bRwhmx qy fogry rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dy v`fy Aihlkwr sn[ jmWdwr ^uShwl cMd (mgroN ^uShwl isMh) bRwhmx sMn 1811 ivc ifEVIvwlw bx cu`kw sI[ sMn 1815 ivc dInw nwQ dIvwn qy sMn 1817 ivc iDAwn cMd fogrw (mgroN iDAwn isMh) fogrw ifEVIvwlw bx igAw sI[ iesy swl bRwhmx qyj rwm jnrl (mgroN qyjw isMh) Aqy BeIAw rwm lwl kumydwn bixAw[ sMn 1822 ivc gulwb dws fogrw (mgroN isMh) fogrw jMmU dw rwjw, sMn 1828 ’c iDAwn cMd fogrw vzIr, iesy swl iDAwn cMd fogrw dw pu`qr hIrw (isMh) rwjw bx igAw[ hux qkrIbn swrI dI swrI hkUmq jMmU dy fogirAW qy ihMdUsqwn dy bRwhmxW dy h`Q ivc sI[

ieh sI rxjIq isMG dI hkUmq dw FWcw ijs ivc twvW-twvW muslmwn qW idsdw sI pr koeI vI is`K ikqy nzr hI nhIN sI AwauNdw[ is`KW ƒ isrP jMg kr ky mrn qy ielwky ij`q ky dyx vwsqy r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ mrn vwsqy is`K Aqy hkUmq krn vwsqy bRwhmx, fogry qy phwVIey[

ies bwry isrdwr kpUr isMG AwpxI ikqwb “pRwSr-pRSn” (d bYswKI Aw& gurU goibMd isMG) ivc ilKdw hY: “qkrIbn pMJI swl qk is`K hkUmq dw Awm ieMqzwm, lwhOr dI rwjDwnI ivc is`K kpqwnW dy gu`t kol irhw Aqy ies dOrwn is`KW ny (dirAw) jmnW qoN isMD (dirAw) qk, swry pMjwb ƒ bdySI pMjy ivcoN Azwd krvwaux vwsqy AwpxI jMg vI jwrI r`KI Aqy hr is`K kYptn, jQydwr jW isrdwr jdoN kuJ ielwkw Kwlsw rwj vwsqy Awzwd krvw lYNdw sI, auh aus ƒ AMimRqsr ivc kstofIAn jnrl (dl Kwlsw dy jQydwr) kol irkwrf ivc drj krvw idMdw sI[…ieh aus vkq qk vwsqy sI jdoN is`K AsUlW qy is`K isAwsq muqæwibkæ bxy iek AweIn hyT ‘Kwlsw rwj’ dw rsmI AYlwn kr idqw jwvygw[” (pRwSr-pRSn, sPw 352–53) (not:- isrdwr kpUr isMG dI ikqwb pRwSr-pRSn dy s&w nMbr pihlI AYfISn, 1959, dy hn[ nvIAW AYfISnW ivc s&w nMbr hor ho skdy hn)[

rxjIq isMG ny Kwlsw rwj dy ielwky Koh-Koh ky S^sI hkUmq kwiem kr leI[ aus ny auh ielwky kbzy ivc kr ley ijhVy imslW ny Kwlsw rwj dy AYlwn vwsqy Awzwd krvwey sn[ ieh hkUmq ‘Kwlsw rwj’ qoN iek bwdSwh dI ‘zwqI hkUmq’ ivc bdl geI[ ieh KwlsweI qrIikAW vl qurn dI bjwie “is`K ienklwb” ƒ pu`Tw gyV dyxw sI[ hwkm bdl gey sn, qrIkw auhI sI[ muglW dI jgh p`g vwlw rwjw sI qy bRwhmxW Aqy fogirAW dy h`Q ivc swrw kMtrol sI[ ies qbwhI dI vjh dsidAW isrdwr kpUr isMG ilKdw hY:

(1) rxjIq isMG ny Ais`K Ahudw “mhwrwjw” A^iqAwr kIqw Aqy ies mksd vwsqy “AiBSyk” dI ihMdU rsm Adw kIqI[

(2) qwjpoSI qoN kuJ swl mgroN hI aus ny is`K isAwsq dy sB qoN kImqI ih`sw “srb`q Kwlsw” krn qy rok lw idqI qy Kwlsy dIAW ijqW nwl hwisl hoey ielwky qy AwpxI mrzI dI vzwrq Tos idqI[ ieh Asl ihMdU qrIkw sI[

(3) AwpxI hkUmq dy ipClyry A`D ivc aus ny krMsI auqy ihMdU mzhb dw ip`pl dw p`qw vI aukrvw idqw qy AwpxI hkUmq ivcoN is`K AsUlW ƒ PwrKqI dy ky bRwhmx-pYtrn dy rMg ivc rMg ilAw[

(4) rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dy irkwrf, Kws kr ky aus dy Aw^rI idnW ivc, bRwhmxW qy ihMdU mMdrW ƒ byihswb dOlq Aqy dwn nwl Bry pey hn[ ieh iek auh &rz hY jo bRwhmxW muqæwibkæ hr ihMdU rwjy vwsqy zrUrI huMdw hY (qy rxjIq isMG isr& bRwhmxW dI hdwieq hyT cl irhw sI)[

(5) jd vI iksy is`K ny ies AYNtI-is`K qrIky dI muKwlPq kIqI qW aus ƒ qrIky nwl, pr XkInn, srkwr ivcoN bMny kr id`qw igAw[ qrqIbvwr jrnYl hrI isMG nlvw, bwbw swihb isMG bydI, AkwlI PUlw isMG ƒ jW qW Kqm krvw idqw igAw qy jW byAsr kr idqw igAw[

(6) rxjIq isMG ny nIly inSwn swihb dI jgh AwpxI POj dy JMfy ivc ihMdU dyvI dw inSwn kwiem kr idqw [

(7) rxjIq isMG Srwb qy AOrq dw gulwm bx cu`kw sI[ aus dIAW 40 qoN vD rwxIAW qy rKYlW vZYrw aus dI qy aus dI hkUmq dI qbwhI dw swmwn sn[

(8) aus dI Srwb dI kmzorI bwry bhuq sbUq hn keI vwrI aus dy AkwlI pihrydwr aus ‘qy gu`sy ho pYNdy sn[ ies kr ky aus ny ieh ifaUtI vI fogirAW ƒ dy idqI sI[ Srwb qy hor niSAW ivc auh eynw glqwn ho cu`kw sI ik AKIr ienHW dI vjh nwl aus ƒ ADrMg ho igAw jo jwn-lyvw sibq hoieAw[

(9) 1825 qoN mgroN rxjIq isMG fogirAW, ^ws kr ky iDAwn isMh, dI cwplUsI dI kYd ivc Aw cukw sI[ iDAwn isMh aus dy drbwr ivc aus dI kursI (q^q) dy nyVy zmIn ’qy bYT ky aus (rxjIq isMG) dy pYr AwpxI JolI ivc r`K ky pwKMf kr ky aus nUM byvkU& bxwauNdw sI[ rxjIq isMG fogirAW dI ies cwplUsI dw kYdI bx cukw sI[

kuJ ilKwrI ieh AwKdy hn ik rxjIq isMG ny imslW dI burCwgrdI Kqm kr ky v`fw is`K rwj kwiem kIqw[ ieh aunHW dI bysmJI hY qy auh is`K AsUlW dI vwk&I qoN kory hn[ rxjIq isMG dw rwj shI mwAinAW ivc is`K rwj dI qbwhI sI qy gurU dI is`iKAw dy iblkul ault sI[ isrdwr kpUr isMG muqæwibkæ:

“ieh AwKxw bymwAnw hY ik aus ny (rxjIq isMG ny) ‘burCwgrd’ is`K imslW ƒ iek jgh iek`Tw kr ky Tos bxwaux vwsqy hMBlw mwirAw, ikauNik Asl ivc aus ny is`K isAwsq dy aus kudrqI vwDy, ijs dI buinAwd ivc lokW dIAW irvwieqW sn, sunihrI ipCokV sI, jo Kwils bxwieAw igAw sI, qy ijs ƒ ^ud is`K gurUAW ny pwik bxwieAw sI, ƒ swboqwj kIqw[”

ies qrHW ieh AwKxw shI hovygw ik is`K imslW ny jo kuJ hwisl kIqw sI aus ƒ rxjIq isMG ny &zUl guAw idqw[ jy koeI rxjIq isMG vloN gurduAwirAW ivc sonw cVwaux dw izkr krnw cwhy qW aus ƒ irkwrf Prol ky pqw lgygw ik ijMnw sonw aus ny drbwr swihb cVHwieAw sI aus qoN pMjwh-guxw vD sonw jvwlwmuKI, jMmU, purmMfl, ktVw, jgn nwQ purI, hirduAwr, bnwrs, qy hor ihMdU mMdrW ƒ id`qw sI[ aus dw ihMdU mMdrW ƒ id`qw dwn is`K pMQ dI dOlq sI[ dUjw drbwr swihb dI iemwrq qy lwieAw rIx-ku sonw sgoN drbwr swihb dI rUhwnIAq ‘qy pwieAw prCwvW hY jo iksy vI qrIky nwl is`K &ls&y muqæwibkæ TIk nhIN hY[ rxjIq isMG dy ies sony dI vjh nwl drbwr swihb dw nW ivgV ky “golfn tYNpl” bx igAw[

eyQy ieh izkr krnw vI kuQWeIN nhIN hovygw ik rxjIq isMG Awpxy Awp nUM isMG swihb AKvwauNdw sI (vyKo drbwr swihb dy muK gyt ’qy l`gI q^qI)[ isMG swihb dw mqlb hY ‘isMGW dw swihb/mwilk’ (vyKo: mhwn koS, lyKk BweI kwhn isMG nwBw)[ is`K qvwrI^ ivc ‘isMG swihb’ isr& gurU goibMd isMG swihb vwsqy iliKAw hI imldw hY[ aunHW qoN ielwvw iksy hor ny kdy vI ieh l&z Awpxy nW nwl vrqx dI ihmwkq nhIN sI kIqI Aqy dUijAW nUM vrqx dI iejwzq nhIN id`qI sI[ bMdw isMG bhwdr qW Awpxy Awp nUM isr& ‘gurU dw bMdw’ ikhw krdw sI[ Aj qW jxw-Kxw grMQI vI ^ud nUM ‘isMGW dw mwilk’ (isMG swihb) AKvwauNdw hY[

AMimRqsr ’qy kbzw krn mgroN rxjIq isMG ny bhuq swry is`K srdwrW ƒ Coty-Cotyy ‘mnsb’ idqy sn[ muK jrnYl sn: dysw isMG mjIiTAw (cwr sO svwr), hrI isMG nlvw (sq sO svwr), hukmw isMG icmnI (200 svwr qy Coty qopKwny dw drogw), Bwg isMG murwly vwlw (500 svwr) qy jwgIr, imlKw isMG QyhpurIAw (700 svwr qy Gyp prgxw dI jwgIr), &qih isMG dy puqr Aqr isMG (5 sO svwr), imq isMG BdwnIAw (500 svwr qy ipAwdy), mwn isMG (400 svwr qy ipAwdy), krm isMG rMGV nMglIAw (100 svwr), joD isMG sOVIAW vwlw (300 svwr qy pYdl), inhwl isMG AtwrIvwlw (500 svwr qy pYdl), grBw isMG (iek hzwr svwr), idqy gey[ muslmwn gOsy ^wn nUM v`fw qop^wnw sONipAw igAw qy 2000 svwr idqy gey sn[ ies qoN ielwvw krm isMG dolU dy puqr j`sw isMG, gu`jr isMG BMgI dy pu`qr swihb isMG, lihxw isMG BMgI dy pu`qr cyq isMG, Bwg isMG AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy cimAwrI prgxw dy hwkm nwhr isMG dy pu`qrW dy ds hzwr svwr qy pYdl, n`kw srdwrW dy 4 hzwr svwr qy pYdl, phwVI rwijAW dy 5 hzwr svwr qy pYdl Aqy duAwby dy srdwrW dy 7 hzwr svwr qy pYdl vI rxjIq isMG dy nwl sn[ ies qoN ielwvw aus dI AwpxI v`fI &Oj vI sI[ iesy &Oj sdkw hI auh hkUmq clw irhw sI[ ies dy nwl-nwl AkwlI &Ulw isMG dI inhMg &Oj vI aus dw swQ dyNdI rhI sI qy hr v`fy qy AOKy AYkSn ivc auh sB qoN mUhry huMdI sI[

      ieh g`l kwbly-ZOr hY ik rxjIq isMG ny muslmwn ZOsy ^wn nUM 2000 svwr vI id`qy hoey sn qy BwrI qopKwnw vI sONipAw hoieAw sI[ ieM\ hI ivdySI jrnYlW nUM vI hzwrW &OjW dI kmwn id`qI hoeI sI[ pr, aus ny iksy vI is`K jrnYl nUM 1000qoN vD dw mnsb nhIN sI id`qw hoieAw[

rxjIq isMG dI mOq: (mhwrwjw) rxjIq isMG dI Srwb pIx dI Awdq byh`d mwVI sI[ ies ny aus dw ijsm gwl id`qw sI[ pcvMjw swl dI aumr mgroN auh ijsmwnI qOr ’qy byh`d kmzor ho cukw sI[ pr Ajy vI auh Srwb dw gulwm sI, qy Srwb vI auh qyz qoN qyz pIivAw krdw sI[ 1838 ivc jd AMgryz jnrl mYknOtn lwhOr AwieAw qW audoN vI aus ny aus nwl bYT ky AwpxI Aqy AMgryzW dI Srwb r`j ky ‘suVkI’ sI[ ies ip`CoN aus ’qy ADrMg dw hmlw hoieAw[ ieh vI ivcwr Awm pRclq sI ik AMgryzW ny rxjIq isMG ƒ im`TI-zihr vwlI Srwb id`qI sI, ijs ny aus ƒ CyqI hI ibsqry ’qy pw id`qw[ A^Ir 27 jUn 1839 dy idn aus dI mOq ho geI[ aus dy sskwr vyly aus dIAW cwr ihMdU rwxIAW qy s`q golIAW ‘sqI’ hoeIAW sn.

pul kMjrI (rxjIq isMG v`loN nwcI byZm vwsqy bxwieAw pul Aqy bwrWdrI)

rxjIq isMG gulbhwr byZm nwl
(hor vKo: morW srkwr)

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI sony dI kursI
(ivktorIAw AYNf Albrt Ajwieb Gr lMfn AjwiebGr ivc)

 

rMgw isMG

 

rMgw isMG (sMn 1885-18.6. 1916), pu`qr guridq isMG, dw jnm izlHw jlMDr dy ipMf Kurdpur ivc hoieAw sI[ sMn 1908 ivc auh AmrIkw clw igAw sI[ sMn 1913 ivc jdoN Zdr pwrtI bxI qW auh ies dw Aihm ih`sw bx igAw sI[  Zdr pwrtI dy ienklwbI AYkSn krn vwsqy auh jUn 1914 ivc AmrIkw qoN pMjwb nUM cl ipAw sI[ rsqy ivc kolMbo (sRIlMkw) ivc swry pMjwbIAW dy smwnw dI qlwSI leI geI sI, pr aus koloN kuJ vI brwmd nhIN hoieAw sI[ ie`QoN aunHW nUM BwrqI puils dy hvwly kr id`qw igAw sI[ BwrqI puils ny iPr aus dy swmwn dI qlwSI leI sI[[ A^Ir  21 dsMbr 1914 dy idn aus nUM irhw kr id`qw igAw sI[ pMjwb Aw ky aus ny pwrtI dIAW kwrvweIAW ivc BrpUr ih`sw lYxw SurU kr id`qw sI[ hux puils ny aus dI igR&qwrI vwsqy vwrMt jwrI kr id`qy sn; ies kr ky auh m&rUUr ho igAw sI[ iek idn iek puils vwly ny aus nUM pCwx ilAw Aqy aus nUM igR&qwr krn dI koiSS kIqI[ aus ny puils vwly ’qy golI cwl ky aus nUM mwr id`qw[ iek vwr aus ny swQIAW nwl iml ky lwhOr jyl ivcoN swQIAW nUM irhw krvwaux dI Xojnw bxweI[ 25 meI nUM aus ny swQIAW nwl iml ky kpUrQlw ivc srkwrI ^zwnw lu`tx dI Xojnw bxweI pr  kwmXwbI nw imlI[ 11 jUn 1915 dy idn AMiMmRqsr ivc aus ny swQIAW nwl iml ky puils cOkI ’qy hmlw kIqw[ ies hmly ivc do pulsIey mwry gey sn[ aus mgroN ieh puils dI vrdI pw ky bc ky inkl gey[ kuJ mhIny mgroN ienHW ny lwhOr jyl ’qy hmlw krn dI Xojnw bxweI; pr iek Zdwr dI ZdwrI kwrn puils nUM rwz iml igAw Aqy AYkSn qoN iek idn pihlW rMgw isMG Aqy aus dy kuJ swQI PVy gey[ ienHW ’qy bZwvq dy doS hyT muk`dmw clw ky ienHW nUM 30 jUn 1916 dy idn &WsI dI szw suxweI geI sI[ ienHW nUM 18 jUn 1916 dy idn lwhOr jyl ivc &WsI ’qy cVHwieAw igAw sI.

rxDIr isMG rwjw  

 

rxDIr isMG rwjw kpUrQlw (26.3.1831-2.4.1870) sMn 1852 ivc Awpxy ipqw rwjw inhwl isMG dI mOq mgroN kpUrQlw irAwsq dw rwjw bixAw sI[ sMn 1857 dy Zdr dOrwn aus ny AMgRyzW dI bhuq mdd kIqI sI[ aus dIAW &OjW AvD qk jw ky lVIAW sn[ sMn 1870 ivc auh XUrp dy dOry ’qy igAw sI[ rsqy ivc smuMdrI jhwz ivc hI aus dI mOq ho geI sI[ aus dI dyh nUM vwips ilAw ky aus dw sskwr godwvrI dy kMFy ’qy kIqw igAw sI.

rxDIr isMG, BweI

 

BweI rxDIr isMG (7.7.1878 – 16.4.1961), pu`qr n`Qw isMG, dw jnm izlHw luiDAwxw dy ipMf nwrMgvwl ivc hoieAw sI[ aus dw bcpn dw nW bsMq isMG sI[aus ny imSn kwlj lwhOr qoN bI.ey. dI ifgrI hwisl kIqI sI[ie`Qy aus dI nyVqw iek ihMdU swD nwl ho geI sI pr ieh nyVqw bhuqI dyr kwiem nhIN rhI sI[ kwlj dI pVHweI ^qm krn mgroN aus ny sb qihsIldwr vjoN nOkrI SurU kIqI sI[ 14 jUn 1903 dy idn bkwpur (i&lOr, jlMDr) ivc isMG sBw BsOV v`loN kIqy iek smwgm aus ny KMfy dI pwhul leI Aqy nvW nW rxDIr isMG r`K ilAw sI[ sMn 1905 ivc auh Kwlsw kwlj AMimRqsr ivc hostl dw suprientYnfYNt bx igAw[ ie`Qy aus nUM kIrqn dw SOk pY igAw sI[ ies mgroN auh keI QWvW ’qy jw ky gurbwxI dw kIrqn krn lg ipAw sI[ aunHW idnW ivc Ajy gurduAwrw suDwr lihr SurU nhIN hoeI sI, pr aus ny cmkOr swihb Aqy keI hor gurduAwirAW nUM pMQk mirAwdw ivc ilAwaux vwsqy j`dojihd kIqI sI[ sMn 1914 ivc aus ny Zdr lihr ivc Aihm rol Adw kIqw sI[ aus nuM lwhOr swizS kys ivc igR&qwr kr ky aus ’qy muk`dmw clwieAw igAw sI Aqy aus nUM aumr kYd dI szw id`qI sI[ aus ny Agly 15 swl v`K v`K jylW ivc guzwry sn[ aus nUM 4 AkqUbr 1930 dy idn irhw kIqw igAw sI[ 15 sqMbr 1931 dy idn aus nUM drbwr swihb ivc ivSyS snmwn id`qw igAw sI[ ies mgroN aus ny AKMf kIrqn jQw kwiem kr ky QW-QW kIrqn smwgm kIqy sn[ aus ny bhuq swry lokW nUM KMfy dI pwhul vI id`qI sI[ aus dw swrw jIvn Dwrimk syvw ivc bIiqAw sI[

aus ny keI ikqwbW vI ilKIAW sn, ijnHW ivc hyT iLKIAW vI Swiml hn: jyl ic`TIAW, gurbwxI dIAW lgW mwqrW dI ivl`Kxqw, rMgly s`jx, gurmiq ibbyk, gurmiq lyK, grmiq gOrvqw, sMqpd inrxY, Jtkw mws prQwie gurmiq qq inrxY, AMimRq kI hY, isMGW dw pMQ inrwlw.

BweI rxDIr isMG jvwnI ivc (sMn 1926)

rxDIr isMG rIsrc skwlr

 

rxDIr isMG rIsrc skwlr (21.7.1898-7.12.1972), puqr ibSn isMG DwlIvwl, dw jnm ipMf fUMmCyVI (izlHw ropV) ivc hoieAw sI[ aus dw bcpn dw nW srvx isMG qy iPr eISr isMG sI[ jvwn hox ’qy auh &Oj ivc BrqI ho igAw sI[ pMj swl dI nOkri mgroN aus ny AsqI&w dy id`qw qy Gr muV AwieAw[ sMn 1924 ivc auh AMimRqsr Aw igAw Aqy AkwlI (aurdU) Aqy AkwlI qy pRdyysI (pMjwbI) A^bwrW nwl juV igAw[ ie`Qy iek lyK ilKx kr ky aus nUM igR&qwr kr ky do swl vwsqy jyl Byj id`qw igAw[ sMn 1927 ivc auh irhw ho igAw[

irhweI mgroN auh SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ivc nOkrI krn lg ipAw[ auh ies syvw ivc ieMspYktr dy Ahudy qk phuMc igAw sI[ sMn 1945 ivc jdoN is`K ihstrI rIsrc soswietI bxweI geI qW auh vI ies nwl juV igAw[ ies mgroN jdoN is`K rY&rYNs lwiebryrI SurU kIqI geI qW fw. gMfw isMG Aqy rxDIr isMG ny ies vwsqy bVI lgn nwl kMm kIqw[ sMn 1962 ivc SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ny is`K ieiqhws rIsrc borf bxwieAw qW aus nUM ies dw pihlw ‘rIsrc skwlr’ lwieAw igAw[ sMn 1964 ivc aus ny SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dI nOkrI Cf id`qI Aqy ipMf Aw kr rihxw SurU kr id`qw[ kuJ smyN mgroN auh pMjwbI XUnIvristI pitAwlw ivc ErIAYNtl skwlr vjoN syvw krn lg ipAw[ ies smyN aus ny bicqr nwtk (AKOqI dsm gRMQ) dw qrjmw krnw SurU kIqw (ies ivc cirqropwKXwn Swiml nhIN sI)[ aus ny 1970 qk ies XUnIvristI ivc syvw inBweI sI[

     rxDIr isMG ny bicqr nwtk (iqMn ijldW) dy Anuvwd qoN ielwvw bhuq swrIAW kImqI ikqwbW ilKIAW sn, ijnHW ivc hyT ilKIAW ikqwbW vI Swiml hn: gur pRxwlIAW, audwsI is`KW dI iviQAw, is`K ieiqhws dy pRq`K drSn, pwT BydW dI sUcI, pRyym sumwrg gRMQ (sMpwdnw), pwiksqwn ivcly gurduAwry[ ienHW qoN ielwvw aus ny rY&rYNs lwiebryrI dIAW ikqwbW dw sUcI pqR iqAwr krn Aqy gurU swihb dy hukmnwmy iek`Ty krn ivc vI bhuq rol Adw kIqw sI (jo aus dy nW hyT nhIN sI Cp sikAw)[ ies qoN ielwvw aus ny A^bwrW Aqy mYZzInW vwsqy drjnW lyK ilKy sn[ rxDIr isMG dI is`K ieiqhws vwsqy kIqI syvw krm isMG ihstorIAn, igAwnI grjw isMG Aqy SmSyr isMG ASok dI syvw qoN iksy p`KoN vI Gt nhIN hY[ rxDIr isMG ny sMn 1927 ivc SwdI kiqI sI[ aus dy Gr 5 pu`qrW Aqy iek DI ny jnm ilAw sI. (ies ivclI kuJ sm`grI vwsqy bldIp isMG rwmUvwlIAw dw DMnvwd).

rxbIr isMG

 

rxbIr isMG (11.10.1879 -31.3.1948), pu`qr blbIr isMG Aqy poqw rwjw rGbIr isMG, dw jnm sMgrUr ivc hoieAw sI[ auh BwvyN sMn 1887 ivc jINd irAwsq dw rwjw bixAw sI, pr nwbwlg hox kr ky sMn 1899 ivc hI aus nUM rwjw vwly AiDkwr hwsl hoey sn[ aus dI mOq mgroN aus dw pu`qr rwjbIr isMG rwjw bixAw sI[ sMn 1948 ivc hI ieh irAwsq nvyN bxy sUbyy pYpsU dw ih`sw bx geI sI.

rwmU kohlI 

kohlI KqrI  goqR dw  BweI rwmU gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dw iek pRmuK is`K sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: gurmuiK rwmU kohlI, nwil inhwlU syvk swrw (vwr 11, pauVI 21).

 

 

rwmU f`lyvwlw 

f`lw ipMf dw  BweI rwmU gurU Amr dws swihb dy smyN dw iek pRmuK is`K sI[ aus dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: rwmU dIpw augRsYxu, nwgaurI gur sbd vIcwrI  (vwr 11, pauVI 16).

rwmo, bIbI

 

gurU hirgoibMd swihb dI pihlI pqnI dmodrI dI v`fI BYx jo frolI (hux frolI BweI) dy sWeINdws nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI[ sMn 1606 dI jUn qoN dsMbr 1607 qIk ienHW dy Gr ivc rhy sn[gurU hirgoibMd swihb dw iek pirvwr nwl bhuq ipAwr sI[ ies dI mOq julweI 1631 ivc hoeI sI[ ies dw sskwr gurU jI ny Awpxy h`QIN kIqw sI.