sMn 1765 qoN 1799 qk lwhOr ’qy hkUmq krn vwlI BMgI imsl Awpxy vyly dI sB qoN v`fI imsl mMnI jWdI sI[ ies dy iek muKI gurbKS isMG dy pwilq p`uqr lihxw isMG Aqy dohqy gu`jr isMG ny 1765 ’c lwhOr qy kbzw kIqw sI[
BMgI imsl dw moFI AMimRqsr izly dy ipMf pMjvV dw BweI C`jU/C`jw isMG sI[ aus ny gurU goibMd isMG jI qoN KMfy dI pwhul leI sI[ aus ny cMdw isMG nwl rl ky jMgW vI lVIAW sn[ aus dy dUjy swQI sn: BImw isMG, n`Qw isMG qy jgq isMG[ mohn isMG qy gulwb isMG (ipMf DONsw, AMimRqsr), kroVw isMG (cOpwl), gurb^S isMG sMDU (roVWvwlw), Agr isMG (KMGUVw) qy swvn isMG rMDwvw[
C`jw isMG dy mrn ipCoN BImw isMG ny kmwn sMBwlI sI[ aus ip`CoN aus dw muqbMnw p`uqr hrI isMG iF`loN ies imsl dw AwgU bixAw sI[ hrI isMG dw muK fyrw (hY~fkuAwrtrz) iglvwlI ipMf ivc sI[ mgroN auh AMimRqsr ivc rihx l`g ipAw sI[ aus dIAW pihlIAW ij`qW sn: isAwlkot, kiVAwl, mIrovwl vZYrw[ aus ny cinEt Aqy JMg ’qy vI hmly kIqy[ aus ny lwhOr qoN iqMn iklomItr dUr kot seIAd ’qy vI hmlw kIqw sI[ ieh auh iklHw sI ijs ivc lwhOr dy A&Zwn sUbydwr Kvwjw AbYd ny Asly dw stwk r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ hrI isMG BMgI nUM srdwr jhwn ^wn dI bxweI qop (mgroN BMgIAW vwlI qop) ie`QoN hI imlI sI[ aus ny bhwvlpur dw Awlw duAwlw vI ij`q ilAw sI[ aus ny sWdlbwr dw kihlvwV iklHw vI ij`q ilAw sI pr iek l`K rupY swlwnw dw nzrwnw dyx dI Srq ’qy ies dy pihly mwlkW nUM moV id`qw sI[ aus dy swQIAW ny rwvlipMfI vI ij`q leI sI[ aus ny 12 hzwr dI &oj nwl jMmU ’qy hmlw kr ky ie`QoN dy rwjy rxjIq dyv nUM vI Awpxy hyT ilAw ky nzrwnw vsUilAw[ hrI isMG dI mOq pitAwlw ’qy hmly dOrwn golI l`gx nwl hoeI sI[
hrI isMG dy do pqnIAW qoN pMj pu`qr sn: JMfw isMG, gMfw isMG, dysU isMG, dIvwn isMG qy cVHq isMG[ sMn 1765 ivc hrI isMG dI mOq mgroN JMfw isMG imsl dw jQydwr bixAw sI[ imsl dI vwgfor sMBwlx qoN QoVHw icr ipCoN hI aus ny mulqwn ij`q ilAw sI Aqy Awpxy Brw gMfw isMG ƒ sONp id`qw sI[ JMfw isMG ny jMmU dy rwjy ƒ vI muV hrwieAw sI qy aus qoN Krwj vsUilAw[ kmWf sMBwlx qoN mgroN aus ny fyrw iesmweIl ^wn qy pwkptn ƒ vI AwpxI isrdwrI hyT lY AWdw sI[ sMn 1767 ivc aus ny AMimRqsr dI mOjUdw lUx mMfI ivc iek iklHw bxwieAw ijs nUM BMgIAW dw iklHw ikhw jwdw sI[
sMn 1772 ivc aus ny Brqpur ’qy kbzw kr ky gurb^S isMG ƒ ies dw &Ojdwr bxw idqw sI[ 25 dsMbr 1772 dy idn aus ny A&Zwn hwkm qYmUr dIAW &ojW nUM mulqwn ivc hwr id`qI sI qy ies irAwsq ’qy `kw kbzw kr ky gMfw isMG qy lihxw isMG nwl brwbr dw vMf ilAw[ sMn 1773 ivc JMfw isMG ny j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw nwl iml ky ksUr ’qy hmlw kIqw sI[ mulqwn qoN muVidAW aus ny blocW qoN eIn mnvweI sI Aqy JMg, mnkyrw Aqy kwlw bwZ nUM vI ij`q ilAw sI[ JMfw isMG ny rwmngr (rsUl ngr) ’qy hmlw kr ky c`iTAW qoN zmzmw qop vI dobwrw Koh leI sI[ iqMn mhIny dI lMbI jMg ip`CoN aus ny ksUr ƒ vI ij`q ilAw sI[ pr ies ij`q qoN iqMn mhIny dy AMdr hI iek idn iSkwr Kyfx igAW nUM aus dy mu^wil&W (bhuqy cVHq isMG nUM hI kwql mMndy hn) ny aus dw kql krvw idqw sI[ JMfw isMG dy vyly ies imsl dI Awmdn iek kroV rupoY swlwnw sI[
JMfw isMG dI mOq mgroN BMgI imsl dI kmWf gMfw isMG ny sMBwlI sI[ ienHW idnW ivc BMgIAW Aqy knHeIAw imsl ivckwr ielwky m`lx dI GrylU jMg vI iCV peI sI[ ies islisly ivc sMn 1776 ivc hoeI iek lMbI lVweI ivc gMfw isMG mwirAw igAw sI[
gMfw isMG qoN mgroN aus dy iek hor Brw cVHq isMG ny imsl dI vwg for sMBwlI sI[ auh SukrckIAw imsl dy muKI mhW isMG (ipqw rxjIq isMG) nwl sMn 1777 ivc hoeI iek lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw sI[ hux cOQw Brw dysU isMG imsl dw muKI bixAw sI[ dysU isMG iek kmzor bMdw sI[ auh Awpxy ielwikAW ’qy vI Awpxw kbzw kwiem nhIN rK sikAw sI[ sMn 1779 ivc hoeI iek lVweI ’c auh vI mwirAw igAw sI[ aus qoN mgroN imsl dI jQydwrI krm isMG ny sMBwlI sI[ sMn 1792 ivc krm isMG vI mhW isMG SukrckIAw nwl iek lVweI ivc mwirAw igAw sI[ krm isMG qoN mgroN aus dy pu`qr j`sw isMG dI vwrI AweI sI[ pr ienHIN idnIN hI gulwb isMG (pu`qr dysU isMG) vI AMimRqsr phuMc igAw sI Aqy imsl dw muKI bx bYTw sI[
julweI 1799 ivc lwhOr ’qy ies dw hI kbzw sI, jdoN rxjIq isMG ny Sihr ƒ ies qoN Koh ilAw sI[ gulwb isMG, rxjIq isMG dy iKlw& &Oj lY ky AwieAw, pr jMg krn qoN pihlW hI izAwdw Srwb pIx kwrn aus dI mOq ho geI sI[ gulwb isMG qoN mgroN aus dy nwbwlg pu`qr ny imsl dI kmWf sMBwlI sI[ sMn 1804 ivc rxjIq isMG ny aus qoN AMimRqsr vI Koh ilAw sI Aqy aus ƒ qy aus dI mW su`KW nUM kuJ jwgIr dy ky Gr ibTw idqw sI[
BMgI imsl dI iek Sw^ bUVIAw Aqy jgwDrI ivc vI kwbz rhI sI[ AMimRqsr izlHy dy ipMf cOmk dy lKmIr isMG dy cwr pu`qr sn: bwG isMG, bwz isMG, rwey isMG qy prjw isMG[ ienHW ivcoN prjw isMG ƒ durwnI kYdI bxw ky lY igAw sI[ ies ny jwn bcwaux vwsqy muslmwn bxnw mnzUr kr ilAw sI[ BwvyN ieh Gr muV AwieAw pr ieh irhw muslmwn hI[ bwkI dy iqMny BrwvW ny JMfw isMG vyly pwhul lY leI sI qy aus dy j`Qy ivc Swiml ho gey[ ienHW nwl JvwlmMdW ipMf dw nwnU isMG vI rl igAw Aqy ienHW ny iml ky bUVIAw Aqy jgwDrI Aqy ies dy Awly duAwly dy 204 ipMfW qy kbzw kr ky AwpxI irAwsq kwiem kIqI sI[ BMgIAW kol i&rozpur dy nyVy KweI Pymy kI, vW, bzIdpur Aqy Awly duAwly dy 37 ipMfW dw ielwkw vI sI[ ieh ielwkw jY isMG (GVIAw ipMf) dy kbzy ivc sI[ ieM\ hI gu`jr isMG, aus dy Brw nsbwhw isMG qy do BqIijAW gurb^S isMG Aqy mlqwn isMG ny i&rozpur ’qy vI kbzw kIqw hoieAw sI[ iesy imsl dI iek hor SwK gujrwq ivc vI sI[ ijs dw muKI swihb isMG sI (jo rxjIq isMG dw Pu`PV sI)[ sMn 1814 ivc swihb isMG dI mOq mgroN rxjIq isMG ny ies ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny swihb isMG dIAW iqMn ivcoN do (AwpxI BUAw nUM C`f ky) pqnIAW nwl ivAwh vI kr ilAw sI.