is`K ieiqhws dI ieiqhwskwrI
is`K kOm dI qÍwrIK swƒ pUrI qrHW s`co-s`c nhIN imldI[ kOm dy Awpxy qwrIKdwn SrDw-vs ho ky, Awpxy Awp ƒ aucyrw qy s`cw swibq krn vwsqy, keI g`lW vDyry vDw-cVHw ky dsdy hn Aqy keI g`lW nzr-AMdwz kr jWdy hn[ dUjy pwsy, mu^wil& lyKk dUjI kOm dIAW ^wsIAqW nUM lukwauNdy hn Aqy nw-Aihm g`lW ƒ &ls&w Aqy Aihm bxw ky pyS krn dI koiSS krdy hn[ qIjI iDr AjnbIAW dI hY, ijs qoN Aws kIqI jWdI hY ik auh bylwg ho ky g`l AwKxgy[ pr AijhIAW klmW Gt hI nzr AwauNdIAW hn[ mYN ies pypr ivc muK qOr „qy gurU kwl dy soimAW dI g`l krWgw[
jnmswKIAW dI AslIAq
is`K qÍwrIK dy pihly somy vwrW BweI gurdws, jnmswKIAW qy gur iblws vrgIAW ilKqW hn[ BweI gurdws ny gurU nwnk swihb dI izMdgI dIAW bhuq swrIAW GtnwvW ƒ ^UbsUrq qrIky nwl ibAwn kIqw hY[ auh is`K hox dy bwvjUd bymqlb dI SrDw ƒ hwvI nhIN hox dyNdw[ jnmswKIAW ivcoN bhuqIAW ATHwrvIN sdI jW mgroN dIAW hn[ sB qoN pihlI Srwrq jnmswKI BweI bwlw hY[ BwvyN aus dw AwDwr gurU AMgd swihb v`loN ilKvweI geI koeI jnmswKI sI, jo hMdwlIAW ny ^qm kr ky, nklI jnmswKI BweI bwlw dy nW „qy ilKvw ky, gurU swihb nUM CuitAwaux dI koiSS kIqI[
dUjI Srwrq ipRQI cMd mIxw dy pu`qr imhrbwn dI sI, ijs ny jnmswKI ilK ky is`K qvwrI^ ivc BulyKy KVHy kr dI swizS rcI sI[ gurU nwnk swihb dI jnm qwrI^ k`qk dI jgh ivswK bxwaux vwlw iehI S^s sI (krm isMG ihstorIAn ny „BweI bwlw jnmswKI‟ nUM r`d kIqw sI qy ies ibnw „qy aus ny gurU jI dw jnm k`qk ivc hox vI r`d kr id`qw[ aus ny ivswK nUM shI mMinAw, pr aus dI ZlqI ieh sI ik aus ny imhrbwn dI jnmswKI nUM shI mMn ilAw sI[ jd ik hkIkq ieh hY ik bwlw jnmswKI vW| auh vI iek swzSI ilKq hY)[
qIjI v`fI swizS inrmilAW dI sI[ sMq isMG igAwnI (ijs nUM iBMfrW-mihqw tkswl vwly Awxy muKIAW ivcoN iek mMndy hn) dy bwp sUrq isMG inrmlw ny iqMn ikqwbW ilKIAW: „is`KW dI Bgqmwlw‟, Bgq rqnwvlI qy jnmswKI gurU nwnk swihb[ aus inrmly ny ienHW nUM BweI mnI isMG dy nW „qy pRclq kr ky is`KW ivc bhuq SrwrqI qy swzSI sm`grI dw prcwr qy prswr kIqw[ AKOqI prwqn jnmswKI, ijs nUM AMgryzW ny sB qoN purwxI prcwrn dI swizS rcI sI, auh vI imhrbwn qy sUrq isMG inrmlw dI (BweI mnI isMG dy nW nwl joVI) jnmswKI dw hI iek rUp hY[auN\ qW BwvyN swrIAW jnmswKIAW ivc hI coKI imlwvt qy Srwrq mOjUd hY, pr, ies dy bwvjUd BweI gurdws dI vwr nwl twkrw kr ky Aqy gurbwxI dy ADwr „qy prK ky ienHW jnm swKIAW iv`coN s`coN-s`c FUMiFAw jw skdw hY[
gurU AMgd swihb qoN gurU Arjn swihb qk dI qÍwrIK bwry kuJ smgrI BweI gurdws dIAW vwrW ivcoN iml jWdI hY[ ieM\ hI “s`qw qy blvMf dI vwr” Aqy “B`tW dy sYÍXy” vI ienHW gurU swihbwn dIAW izMdgIAW, aunHW dIAW S^sIAqW qy pMQ ƒ dyx bwry kw&I kuJ smweI bYTy hn[
mihmw pRkwS: iek v`fI swizS
is`K qvwrI^ ivc imlwvt pwaux Aqy Zlq g`lW prcwrn dI iek hor v`fI swizS mihmw prkwS hY[ ieh gurU Amr dws dy ^wndwn ivcoN srUp dws B`lw ny 1776 ivc ilKI sI (ies dw kwiv-rUp 1840 ivc kvI bu`D isMG ny iqAwr kIqw sI qy bhuqy lyKkW ny kwiv-rUp nUM hI vriqAw hY)[ imhrbwn qy hMdwlIAW qoN bwAd, srUp dws B`lw ny is`K qvwrI^ ivc sB qoN vD imlwvt kIqI hY[ aus ny gurU kwl vwsqy imhrbwn vwlI jnmswKI dI bhuqI sm`grI nUM ADwr bxwieAw qy aus qoN mgroN dy kwl bwry vI swzSI sm`grI pyS kIqI[ AKOqI q`q Kwlsw qy bMdeI Kwlsw dy JgVy dw frwmw iesy ikqwb qoN pRclq hoieAw sI, ijs nUM iPr hor ilKwrIAW ny vI vriqAw qy ies nUM s`c swibq krn dI swizS ivc BweIvwl bxy[
q`q Kwlsw qy bMdeI Kwlsw msly dI AslIAq kI hY?
bMdw isMG bhwdr dI ShIdI mgroN Agly iqMn swl is`KW vwsqy bVy AOKy sn[ pMjwb dy iksy Sihr ivc iek vI is`K nzr nhIN AwauNdw sI, Aqy gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) ivc qW iksy is`K dy hox dw svwl hI nhIN sI pYdw huMdw[ 1719 ivc s`Xd BrwvW ny &r`^sIAr bwdSwh nUM AMinHAW kr id`qw qy iPr mwr vI id`qw[ ies nwl id`lI hI nhIN pMjwb ivc vI byXkInI vwly hwlwq pYdw ho gey ijs kr ky lwhOr dy sUbydwr ny vI is`KW dy i^lw& muihMm ivc idlcspI lYxI C`f id`qI[ ies qoN kuJ mhIny mgroN id`lI ivc muhMmd Swh rMgIlw bwdSwh bx igAw[ aus ny is`KW dy mwmly ivc koeI idlcspI nw leI[ ieM\ do kU swl hor bIq gey[
1722 qk is`KW ivc do DiVAW jW iksy hor iksm dy &rk (mqByd) dw koeI vjUd nhIN sI[ ies smyN qk koeI AKOqI q`q Kwlsw jW bMdeI Kwlsw mOjUd nhIN sI[ iksy vI ilKq ivc Aijhw koeI nW nhIN imldw[ hW 1723 ivc gurU dw c`k (AMimRqsr) ivc do DVy zrUr pYdw ho gey sn[ ienHW DiVAW ivc vI muK qOr „qy drbwr swihb dI syvw sMBwl sMBwlx dw JGVw sI[ iek DVw sI: Amr isMG kMboj (pu`qr rGupqI shwey kMboj, vwsI Kymkrn) dw sI (ijs nUM bMdw isMGIey kihx lg pey sn)[ Amr isMG kMboj auh S^s sI ijhVw bMdw isMG dI ShIdI vwlI rwq mihrolI ivc jw ky bMdw isMG dI lwS dy tukVy aus nUM bMnHI hoeI lwl p`g ivc bMnH ky cu`k ilAwieAw sI qy aunHW nUM Foty-dy-tWfy (jMmU irAwsq) ivc swihb kOr (pqnI bMdw isMG bhwdr) kol lY igAw sI ij`Qy aunHW tukiVAW dw sskwr kIqw igAw sI[(gMfw m`l vDwvx, qvwrI^y sohdrw, hvwlw igAwnI grjw isMG, ShId iblws, s&w 82)[
dUjw DVw sI: gurU AMgd swihb dy ^wldwn dy qryhn prvwr qy gurU Amr dws swihb dy B`lw prvwr dw (jo Awpxy Awp nUM „swihbzwdy‟ qy gurUAW dy Asl vwirs kihMdy sn; Aqy „Akwl purKIey‟ AKvwauNdy sn[
1723 ivc gurU-dw-c`k ivc g`l audoN vDI jd Amr isMG kMboj ny kihxw SurU kr id`qw ik gurU goibMd isMG swihb bMdw isMG bhwdr nUM „XwrHvW gurU‟ Qwp ky gey sn[ pr dUjy pwsy sMgq isMG qy mIrI isMG kihMdy sn ik gurU swihb gurg`dI gurU gRMQ swihb nUM dy ky gey sn[ Amr isMG ny gurUU-dw-c`k ivc g`dI lw ky, mhMq bx ky, m`Qw vI itkwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ aus ny qW ieh prcwr vI SurU kr id`qw ik is`K nUM mws m`CI nhIN KwxI cwhIdI qy sUhy (lwl) rMg dy k`pVy pihxny cwhIdy hn:
Amr isMG mhMq Kym jo krnIAw[ lXw clwie eys pMQ sI Awpxw[
is`Kn QIN pujvwie, pYr Awpxy[ bYTw g`dI lwie, sMg bIc mYN[
nIlw bMd krwieAw AMbr pihnxw[ sUhw AMg lgwieAw, eyhdy syvkW[
…
mws m`CI nih Kwx, bx gey vYSno[pXw ivKWD sI Awx, m`D iem Kwlsy[
mwqw suMdrI ilKw, soc ivcwr ieh[dohW dlW dw myl krn krwn leI[
syvw hrI sI pwqI, bwcI Kol ky[ mnI isMG mukwey JgVw dohW kw] 143]
(igAwnI grjw isMG, ShId iblws, s&w 82)[
mwqw suMdrI ny iek ^q ilK ky dohW DiVAW nUM JgVw ^qm krn vwsqy ikhw[ mwqw dy ^q mgroN BweI mnI isMG (auh Akwl q^q dw koeI AKOqI jQydwr nhIN sI; auh isr& gRMQI qy kQwkwr dI syvw inBwauNdw huMdw sI) nUM dohW DiVAW ny swls mMn ilAw (jy auh AKOqI jQydwr huMdw qW AKOqI „huknwmw‟ hI jwrI kr dyNdw)[ aus ny swls vjoN dohW DiVAW nUM ibTw ky mslw h`l krn dI koiSS kIqI[ swlsI smJOqy muqwibk ieh mMinAw igAw ik do prcIAW ‟qy dohW DiVAW dw nW ilK ky srovr ivc pw id`qw jwvygw qy ijs dI prcI pihlW qr AweI dUjw DVw aus dI g`l mMn lvygw[ ieq&qkn swihbzwidAW (AkwlpurKIAW) dI prcI pihlW qr AweI[ pr bMdeI (Amr isMG dy swQI) iPr iv`tr gey[ ies hwlq ivc BweI mnI isMG ny AkwlpurKIAW dy lwhOrw isMG nwl slwh kIqI ik dohW qr&W dy m`lW (pihlvwnW) dw Gol krvw id`qw jwvy qy ijhVw F`T jwvy auh jyqU nUM Awpxw AwgU mMn ley[ A^Ir bMdeIAW v`loN sMgq isMG qy mIrI isMG ieh g`l mMn gey[ Akwl q^q Aqy drbwr swihb dy ivckwr, JMfy buMMgy (ij`Qy hux do JMfy l`gy hoey hn) dy nyVy, Gol hoieAw ijs ivc bMdeIAW v`loN sMgq isMG qy AkwlpurKIAW v`loN mIrI isMG Guly ijs ivc bMdeIAW dw sMgq isMG F`T igAw[ hux sMgq isMG ny hwr mMn leI qy bMdw isMG nUM gurU kihx dI izd bMd kr id`qI[ (ieh koeI isDWqk &Yslw nhIN sI; bs iek iksm dI lwtrI sI)[ BweI mnI isMG ny ausy vly sUr dw Jtkw krvw ky, mws iqAwr kr ky, sMgq isMG qy aus dy swQIAW nUM KuAwieAw qy nwl hI sUhy rMg dI QW nIly kpVy puAw ky „eykqw‟ krvw id`qI[ (ieh Gtnw 18 AkqUbr 1723 dI hY)[:
gey Akwl purKIey jIq[ syvw hrI vDI prqIq]
Jt kr Jtkw sUr kw, mnI isMG mMgvwie[
sMgq isMG QIN Awid lY, bMdIAn dIXo Ckwie]150]
lwie qn^wh b^Sy sBI, nIlMbr pihnwie[
Brm Byd sB imt gey, BeI eykqw Awie]151]
(igAwnI grjw isMG, ShId iblws, s&w 82-83)[
ieh swrI Gtnw 1723 nwl sbMD rKdI sI ijs nUM srUp dws B`lw ny Zlq pyS kr ky is`K qvwrI^ hI ivgwV id`qI[mgroN rqn isMG BMgU qy igAwnI igAwn isMG ny hor mswlw lw ky hor g`pW GV leIAW[
ibnod isMG qy bMdw isMG (q`q bMdeI) dy AKOqI JgVy dw s`c kI hY
ij`QoN qk ibnod isMG dy bMdw isMG qoN A`f hox dw prcwr dw mslw hY, 9 julweI 1714 dy idn bwdSwh &ru^sIAwr ƒ ^br imldI hY ik “bwz isMG (ibnod isMG nhIN) bMdw isMG qoN A`f ho igAw hY qy aus dy nwl &Oj dw iek v`fw ih`sw clw igAw hY[”(A^bwrwqy drbwry mA`lw, 9 julweI 1714 dI AYNtrI)[ eyQy vI bwz isMG ƒ muZlW nwl smJOqw krdw jW jwgIr lYNdw nhIN d`isAw igAw blik vKrw ho ky vI AwpxI &Oj smyq muZlW nwl t`kr lYNdw idKwieAw igAw hY (hkIkq ieh hY ik bwbw bMdw isMG ny bwz isMG nUM v`Kry morcy vwsqy ByijAw sI qW jo muZl &OjW dI qwkq do pwsy vMfI jwvy)[ dUjy pwsy mwrc 1715 qy dsMbr 1715 ivckwr, gurdws nMgl dy Gyry ivcoN ibnod isMG dy inkl jwx dI g`l vI nwmumikn hY[ aus duAwly 80-90 hzwr &Ij dw Gyrw eynw zbrdsq sI ik au~QoN koeI bc ky nhIN sI jw skdw[ hW au~Qy rukx ƒ nwmnzUr kr ky Gyrw pYx qoN pihlW hI (mwrc 1716 ivc hI) inkl jwxw qW mMinAw jw skdw hY[ pr ies dw mqlb bMdw isMG nwl duSmxI nhIN ho skdI sI[ A^bwrwqy drbwry muA`lw ivc ikqy vI Aijhw koeI hor izkr nhIN ijs ivc AjIq isMG pwilq qoN isvw iksy Aijhy is`K bwry iliKAw hovy ijs ny muglW nwl smJOqw kIqw hovy, jwgIr leI hovy jW nOkrI kIqI hovy (ijvyN rqn isMG BMgU Aqy igAwnI igAwn isMG ny iliKAw hY)[
hor qW hor aus vyly dy iksy irkwrf jW iksy somy ivc „q`q Kwlsw‟ l&z vI nhIN imldw[ q`q Kwlsw l&z dI sB qoN pihlI vrqoN vI srUp dws B`lw ny mihmw prkwS ivc kIqI hY[ rqn isMG BMgU ny srUp dws dI nkl kIqI hY qy igAwnI igAwn isMG ny ies ivc hor mswlw Br id`qw sI[
rqn isMG BMgU qW ie`QoN qk ilKdw hY ik kwhn isMG, mIrI isMG, &qih isMG Aqy Swm isMG nOrMgvwlIAw nUM bwdSwh ny 5 sO &Oj dw muKI bxw idqw sI[ iek GoVsvwr is`K nUM 30 rupY mhInw, pYdl nUM 15* rupY mhInw qy jQy dy isrdwr nUM 150 rupY mhInw qn^wh imldI sI[ kuJ „q`q KwlsIey‟ gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) ivc vI rhy ijnHW nUM muZl srkwr ny 5 hzwr rupY mhInw idqy sI[ ies qoN ielwvw srkwr ny prgxw Jbwl dw mwlIAw vI lMgr vwsqy dy idqw sI[ (*audoN muZl ispwhI dI qn^wh 4 qoN 5 rupY mhInw huMdI sI)[
kwnH isMG kI bMdXoN judweI[ leI qurkn sXoN bwq bxweI]
rupXo pMj sY inq TihrwXo[ Asvwr pMj sY swQ rKwXo]
rqn isMG BMgU qW ieh vI ilKdw hY ik q`q Kwlsw ny srkwr nwl iml ky lwhOr Sihr nUM bMdw isMG qoN bcwaux vwsqy AwpxI &Oj vI ByjI sI, ijs ny kohwlI dy nyVy, GxIey ky ipMf ivc, bMdw isMG nwl t`kr lY ky, aus nUM hrw ky, lwhOr nUM bcwieAw sI[ (rqn isMG BMgU, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS, s&y 134-137, 162-63, 1982 dI AYfISn)[
pr, srUp dws B`lw, Aqy aus dy ADwr „qy ilKx vwly BMgU qy igAwn isG dIAW g`pW qoN ielwvw iksy vI hor is`K jW muslmwn ilKwrI ny AKOqI q`q Kwlsw, jW iksy hor is`K DVy v`loN, lwhOr Sihr vwsqy hoeI ies lVweI ivc kIqy rol dw izkr qk nhIN kIqw[ hor qW hor A^bwrwqy drbwry muA`lw ivc ies lVweI dw jW AKOqI q`q-Kwlsw v`loN muZlW dI mdd kIqy jwx dw izkr iblkul nhIN hY[ isr& ieh Gtnw hI nhIN blik q`q-bMdeI t`kr jW JgVy dw A^bwrwqy drbwry muA`lw hI nhIN blik aunHW idnW ivc qvwrI^ ilKx vwly kwmvr ^wn (qzikrwqu-slwqIn), muhMmd Aihsn eIjwd (&r`^sIAr nwmw), ^w&I ^wn (muMq^bul lubwb), imrzw muhMmd hwrsI (iebrq nwmw Aqy qwrIi^ muhMmdI), cqurmn (chwr gulSn), iSv dws (mun`vrul klwm Aqy &r`^sIAr nwmw), Zulwm husYn ^wn (sIAwrul muqw^rIn), AlI-aud-dIn (iebrq nwmw), sohn lwl (aumdwq-quq-qvwrI^), bUty Swh (qwrI^-ie-pMjwb), ^uSvkq rwey (qvwrI^y is`KW) zrw vI izkr nhIN krdy[
“B`t vhIAW”
gurU hirgoibMd swihb qoN gurU goibMd isMG swihb qk Aqy aus qoN mgroN dy qkrIbn 100 swl dI qÍwrIK dw sB qoN Aihm somw “B`t vhIAW” hn[ ieh vhIAW aunHW B`tW dIAW ilKIAW hoeIAW hn, ijnHW ivcoN keIAW dI bwxI gurU gMRQ swihb ivc vI Swiml hY[ is`K qÍwrIK dw sB qoN kImqI ^zwnw ienHW vhIAW ivc mOjUd hY[ iesy hI ^zwny ny is`K kOm dI qÍwrI^ dy bVy Axjwxy s`c ƒ sMBwilAw hoieAw hY[ ies dI d`s pwaux vwly mhwn Kojkwr igAwnI grjw isMG sn[ aunHW dI ies syvw ny pMQ dI qÍwrIK dIAW keI GuMfIAW KolHIAW sn[ ies swry ivcoN bhuq kuJ nUM 1790 ivc svrUp isMG koiSS B`t ny „gurU kIAW swKIAW‟ ivc ibAwn kIqw hoieAw hY[ pr B`t vhIAW bwry iqMn g`lW dI cOksI vrqx dI v`fI loV hY: 1. ieh bRwhmx B`tW ny ilKIAW sn qy auh hr Gtnw ivc AwpxI AhmIAq vDwaux vwsqy Awpxy Awp nUM gurU Gr dy pRohq bxwaux dI Srwrq kr jWdy hn[ 2. auh inrmilAW dy nyVy sn, ies kr ky auh dsmgRMQI nUM prcwrn vwilAW ivcoN sn[ aunHW dI sB qoN kImqI cIz hY gurU kwl dy is`KW dy prvwrW dy nW, kursInwmy Aqy GtnwvW dIAW qwrI^W[ iek iKAwl rhy ik cMdU Aqy aus dy ^wndwn qy aus dy ^wqmy bwry isr& iek ieh somw hY ijs ivc kmwl dI jwxkwrI mOjUd hY[ ieMz hI gMgU bRwhmx bwry dMd kQw Aqy swihbzwidAW qy mwqw gujrI dI igR&qwrI ikvyN hoeI, ies dI AslIAq vI B`t vhIAW ivcoN pqw lgdI hY[
guriblws pwqswhI CyvIN qy dsvIN dI AslIAq
bicqr nwtk (ijs ƒ kuJ lok nwjwiez qOr „qy gurU goibMd isMG jI dI ilKq kihMdy hn) dw iek ih`sw vI is`K qÍwrIK dw iek Aihm somw hY[ ies dy pihly ih`sy, jo gurU jI dy jnm qoN pihlW dw imQhws hY, nUM C`f ky, bwkI swrw vyrvw lVweIAW dI qÍwrI^ hY[ ies dw pihlw ih`sw, jo gurU swihb dy AKOqI pUrb jnm nwl sbMDq hY, auh swrw inrmilAW qy bRwhmxW dI swzS hY, ijhVy is`K Drm nUM lv kuS nwl joVn qy is`KW nUM ihMdU swibq krn dI swzS dy muhry hn[
kuJ qvwrI^ ‘hukmnwimAW‘ iv`coN vI iml jWdI hY[ ieh huknwmy gurU swihbwn, mwqw suMdr kOr, bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dy ^q hn[ ienHW iv`coN bhuqy jwAlI hn, jo lokW ny Awpxy prvwrW nUM is`K jgq dy mohqbr S^s d`sx dI swizS nwl iqAwr kIqy qy krvwey sn; pr, ienHW ivcoN kuJ qvwrI^I GtnwvW qoN ielwvw v`K-v`K ielwikAW dy kuJ is`KW dw vyrvw vI iml jWdw hY[ imswl vjoN gurU goibMd isMG swihb dI bhwdr Swh nwl imlxI dw ies qoN kImqI somw hor koeI nhIN hY[ ieM\ hI Kwlsw Aqy KMfy dI pwhul dw &rk ienHW hukmnwimAW qoN hI spSt huMdw hY[ ieh hukmnwmy fw gMfw isMG Aqy s. SmSyr isMG ASok vloN ikqwbI rUp ivc Cwpy jw cuky hn[
ATHwrvIN sdI ivc gur soBw qy guriblws ilKy jwxy SurU hoey[ sB qoN pihlI rcnw gur soBw (sYnwpqI dI ilKI) hY jo 1701 Aqy 1709 ivckwr ilKI geI sI[ ies ivc BwvyN gurU goibMd isMG swihb jI dI izMdgI dI qÍwrIK pyS kIqI hoeI hY pr ies dw sB qoN kImqI ih`sw gurU swihb v`loN „KMfy dI pwhul‟ dyxw, pwhul lYx vwly is`KW dI izMdgI qy hoey ies dy Asr Aqy ihMdUAW v`loN pwhulIey is`KW nwl mwVy slUk dI q&sIl dsx mOjUd hY[ ies kwl dy ieiqhws dI ieho jhI bylwg pySkwrI ikqy nzr nhIN AwauNdI[ sYnwpqI dw kmwl ieh hY ik auh gurU jI dI ShIdI qoN qVpdw hoieAw hox dy bwvjUd vI, bhuq Gt jzbwqI ho ky qvwrI^ pyS krdw hY[ ies kr ky aus dI pySkwrI ƒ AsIN s`co-s`c AwK skdy hW[
‘guriblws’ irvwieq ivc, ATHwrvI sdI dy A^Ir ivc, is`K qvwrI^ bwry, iqMn rcnwvW imldIAW hn[ “guriblws pwqSwhI dsvIN” su`Kw isMG ny 1797 ivc iliKAw sI[ ieh vI gurU goibMd isMG swihb dI jIvn-khwxI hY[ BwvyN lyKk ptnw swihb ivc gRMQI vjoN syvw kr irhw sI pr auh inrmlw hox kr ky bRwhmxvwd dw pujwrI hY[ iesy kr ky ies ilKq ivc pOrwixk khwxIAW, mnGVqw g`lW Aqy A-is`K sm`grI BrI peI hY[ auN\ lyKk ny koeI AijhI Gtnw jW nukqw nhIN pyS kIqw, ijs ƒ qÍwrIK dI pySkwrI ivc jmHW vwlI g`l (poyizitv puAwieMt) AwiKAw jwvy[
iek hor rcnw koier isMG dI gur iblws pwqswhI 10 hY[ ies ivc iliKAw hY ik ieh 1751 ivc ilKI geI sI; pr ies ivclI AMdrUnI gvwhI dsdI hY ik ieh 1787 qoN vI bhuq bwAd dI rcnw hY[ 2938 CMdW dI ies rcnw ivc gurU goibMd isMG swihb dI jIvnI pyS kIqI hoeI hY[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik lyKk ny “bicqr nwtk” zrUr pVHI hovygI qy ho skdw hY ik Swied aus ny “gur soBw” vI pVHI hovy[ koier isMG ny sIs Byt kOqk, gurU swihb dw AnMdpur qoN qlvMfI swbo dw s&r, nMdyV ‟c gurU swihb dI ShIdI, qy gurU gMRQ swihb ƒ gurg`dI dyx dy nwl-nwl BweI mnI isMG dI ShIdI dw vI vyrvy nwl ibAwn kIqw hY[ ies ivc bGyl isMG v`loN id`lI &qih krn (1783) Aqy sIsgMj gurduAwrw bxwey jwx (1787) dw izkr hY[ ienHW vyrivAW dIAW qwrIKW ivc kw&I ZlqIAW hn[ Swied lyKk dw mUl somw suxIAW-suxweIAW swKIAW ‟qy ADwrq hovy[ dUjw, ies ivc keI jgh ‟qy is`K &ls&y bwry coKI ZlqibAwnI vI nzr AwauNdI hY[ jwpdw hY ik ieh vI inrmlw toly nwl sbMDq sI[ aus dw ieh kihxw korw JUT hY ik aus ny BweI mnI isMG dI ShIdI A`KIN dyKI sI[
guriblws pwqswhI CyvIN iksy sohn kvI dI 1718 dI nhIN blik gRMQI drbwrw isMG qy pujwrI gurmuK isMG inrmlw dI 1840 dy krIb dI rcnw hY; iehI g`l BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny vI gurmiq mwrqMf ivc ilKI hY [ gurmuK isMG inrmlw ny AwpxI AhmIAq kwiem krn vwsqy ieh ilKI sI qW jo aus nUM Akwl q^q dw v`fw pujwrI mMn ilAw jwvy[ Akwl q^q koeI iemwrq dw nW nhIN blik iek isDWq dw nW hY; pr, inrmly lyKkW gurmuK isMG gRMQI drbwrw isMG ny guriblws pwqswhI CyvIN ilK ky g`pW qy mnGVq khwxIAW nUM vI qvwrI^ bxwaux dI koiSS kIqI hY[ A&sosnwk qy Srmnwk g`l ieh hY ik SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ny 1998 ivc ies gur-inMdk ilKq nUM sMpwdn krvw ky, Awp Cpvw ky, ^Ub prcwirAw[
iesy qrHW dUjI swzSI qy gur-inMdk ikqwb sMqoK isMG dI „sUrj pRkwS‟ hY, ijs dw lyKk sMqoK isMG vI inrmlw sI qy ikauNik aus dw inrmlw ausqwd sMq isMG igAwnI drbwr swihb dw pujwrI sI qy sMq isG dy mrn ip`CoN aus dw pu`qr gurmuK isMG qy cylw drbwrw isMG (guriblws pwqswhI dy lyKk) drbwr swihb dy pujwrI sn[ guru swihb dI byAdbI Aqy Zlq ibAwnIAW nwl BrI ies ikqwb „sUrj pRkwS‟ dI kQw inrlw pujwrIAW ny mMjI swihb (drbwr swihb) ivc krxI SurU kIqI sI (Swied hux vI huMdI hY)[
ieh sB pujwrI inrmly sn qy iBMfrW-mihqw jQw ienHW dy cyly hn jo 1977 ivc Awpxy Awp nUM dmdmI tkswl kihx lg pey[ Awr.AYs.AYs. qy Qrf eyjMsI ny iBMfrW-mihqw jQw nUM tkswl vjoN kwiem krn ivc v`fw rol Adw kIqw hY[ A`j tkswl dy nW „qy drbwr swihb Aqy hor gurduAwirAW „qy inrmly iPr kwbz ho cuky hn[
ATwrvIN sdI dI iek hor Aihm ilKq “bMswvlInwmw dsW pwqswhIAW dw” hY[ ies dw lyKk kysr isMG iCbr dIvwn drgh m`l (jo sqvy qoN dsvyN gurU qk „dIvwn‟ dy Ahudy ‟qy sI) dw pVpoqw sI[ BweI mqI dws-sqIdws ies dy pVdwdy dy Brw hIrw m`l dy puqr sn[ kysr isMG iCbr dI ieh rcnw 1769 dI ilKq hY[ ies ikqwb ivc ds gurU swihbwn, bwbw bMdw isMG, AjIq isMG pwilq, mwmw ikrpwl isMG Aqy aus qoN kuJ icr ip`CoN qk dw hwl hY[ kysr isMG iC`br dw prvwr ies rcnw dy vyly qoN fyF sO swl qoN pihlW dw gurU prvwr dw ih`sw sI[ kysr isMG dy bMswvlInwmy ivc pihly pMj gurU swihbwn dy vyly dw bhuqw ih`sw is`kybMd qÍwrIK hY[ ies ivc gurU swihb qy aunWH dy prvwrW dIAW jnm, ivAwh, mOq vZYrw dIAW qwrI^W iblkul shI hn[ pr qwrI^wvlI p`KoN ies ikqwb dy ipCly A`D ivc kw&I glqIAW hn[ XkInn aus kol koeI ilKqI somw sI ijs ivc pihlIAW pMj pwqSwhIAW dI qÍwrIK mOjUd sI pr ipClw ih`sw aus dI AwpxI Xwd-dwSq ‟co jW suxI-suxweI jwxkwrI ‟qy AwDwrq hY[ auN\ ies ipClyry ih`sy ivc vI bhuqIAW (swrIAW nhIN) GtnwvW shI hn[ hW iek g`l bVI A`KrdI hY ik auh QW-QW ‟qy iek pujwrI-bRwhmx vWg bRwhmx ^wndwnW dI vifAweI krdw hY[ (Swied aus ny purohqW vwlw rozgwr ApxwieAw hoieAw hovy?)[
is`K qÍwrIK dy &wrsI somy :
is`K qvwrI^ dy soimAW vjoN &wrsI ilKqW, iek A`D ƒ C`f ky ieh swrIAW muslmwnW dIAw hn, ies kr ky ienHW dI muK sur AYNtI-is`K hY[ pr ienHW ivc pyS qwrIKW, GtnwvW, S^sIAqW dy vyrvy vZYrw zrUr &wiedymMd hn[ auN\ kwzI nUr muhMmd bloc dw „jMg nwmw‟ qy kuJ hor &wrsI somy is`KW dy ie^lwk Aqy jIvn-jwc bwry kmwl dI jwxkwrI dyNdy hn, jo aunHW dI is~KW vwsqy n&rq dy bwvjUd ienHW ilKqW ivc pyS ho geI hY[
is`K qÍwrI^ bwry jwxkwrI dyx vwlw sB qoN pihlw &wrsI somw AbU &zl dw 1601 ivc iliKAw „Akbr nwmw‟ hY ijs ivc bwdSwh Akbr dy, gurU Arjn swihb kol, nvMbr 1598 ivc, goieMdvwl jwx dw izkr hY[ ieM\ hI jhWgIr dI jIvnI „qozik-jhWgIrI‟ ivc aus (bwdSwh) v`loN gurU Arjn swihb ƒ
1606 ivc ShId krn dw hukm dyx dw izkr hY[
qIjw &wrsI somw dibsqwny-mzwihb (1645-46) hY ijs dw lyKk maUbwd zul&kwr ArdsqwnI hY (pihloN muuhsn &wnI nUM ies dw lyKk mMinAw jWdw irhw hY) ies ikqwb ivc CyvyN qy sqvyN gurU swihbwn bwry kw&I jwxkwrI hY[ bwkI gurUAW bwry vI ies ivc kuJ-kuJ jwxkwrI hY[ BwvyN ies rcnw ivc vI qvwrI^ dIAW bhuq swrIAW ZlqIAW hn, pr, dUjy soimAW nwl mukwblw krn mgroN AsIN dwixAW Aqy qUVI ƒ judw-judw kr ky &wiedw lY skdy hW[ hW, is`K Puls&y bwry ies ivc kuJ bVIAW kImqI g`lW ilKIAW imldIAW hn[ Aijhw jwpdw hY ik maUbwd ny kuJ smgrI gurU swihb koloN hwisl kIqI sI qy kuJ ZYr-is`K soimAW qoN jW gYr-is`KW qoN suxI-pu`CI sI[ iesy kwrn ieh ikqwb s`c Aqy gpOiVAW dw imlgoBw bx geI hY [ iPr vI s`c qy JUT dw inKyV krnw AOKw nhIN hY[
cOQI ilKq 1696 ivc ilKI geI, iek ihMdU lyKk sujwn rwey BMfwrI, vwsI btwlw Sihr, dI „^ulwsquq qvwrIK‟ hY[ ies ikqwb ivc Akbr v`loN goieMdvwl jw ky gurU Arjn swihb ƒ imlx Aqy gurU hir rwey swihb v`loN dwrw iSkoh ƒ mdd dyx dy vwAdy dw izkr hY[
tofr m`l dI AslIAq
muAwsr-aul-aumrw, Swh invwz ^wn Sms-aud-dOlw dI iqMn ijldW ivc ikqwb 1758 dI ilKI hoeI rcnw hY[ ies ivc bwdSwh Akbr qoN 1758 qk dy muZl bwdSwhW A&srW, jrnYlW Aqy aunHW dy ^wndwnW dw bVI q&sIl nwl vyrvw idqw igAw hY[ ieh ikqwb „eySIAYtk soswietI‟ bMgwl ny 1888 ivc AMgryzI qrjmw krvw ky CwpI sI[ ies ivcoN pqw lgdw hY ik tofr m`l do sn: iek Akbr vyly dw qy dUhw Swhjhwn vyly dw[ srhMd vwl tofr m`l nUM SwhjhwnI kihdy sn[ swihbzwidAW qy mwqw gujrI dw sskwr ies dy prvwr ny kIqw sI[ tofr m`l Awp qW 1665-66 ivc mr cukw sI[ ieh g`l swnUM ies ikqwb ivcoN imldI hY[ iesy ivc bMdw isMG bwry bhuq kImqI jwxkwrI mOjud hY[
drbwr swihb Aqy sWeIN mIAW mIr dI khwxI
au~nIvIN sdI dIAW &wrsI ilKqW ivc vI is`KW bwry kw&I sm`grI imldI hY pr ieh cSmdId gvwhW dy ibAwn nhIN hn blik dUjIAW ilKqW Aqy lokW dy ibAwnW ‟qy AwDwrq rcnwvW hn[ ienHW ivc sB qoN pihlI ilKq ^uSvkq rwey (jo lwhOr drbwr ivc AMgryzW dw vkIl sI) dI 1812 ivc ilKI ikqwb-ie-qwrI^-ie-pMjwb hY[ ies qoN mgroN 1818 dI Aihmd Swh btwlIAw dI qwrI^-ie-pMjwb qy 1848 dI bUty Swh (Zulwm muh`eIaudIn) dI qwrI^-ie-pMjwb (ijs ivc aus ny drbwr swihb dI nINh sWeIN mIAW mIr koloN rKvwey jwx dw pRwpygMfw SurU kIqw sI[ ausy ny hI pRcwr kIqw sI ik drbwr swihb dI nINh r`Kx vyly iet nUM imsqrI ny cu`k ky pwsw plt ky r`iKAw sI ijs qoN gurU Arjn swihb ny pySngoeI kIqI sI ik drbwr swihb 3 vwr FwihAw jwvygw)[ is`K kOm dw duKWq hY ik kuJ bysmJ is`K AwgUAW ny ies swxSI pRcwr nUM cupcwp mMn ilAw sI)[
rqn isMG BMgU ny ies dy jvwb ivc „pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS‟ ilKI sI[ iKAwl rhy ik rqn isMG BMgU vI AMgryzI srkwr dw nOkr sI[ BwvyN aus ny kuJ bhuq kImqI g`lW dI jwxkwrI id`qI hY, pr aus ny vI AMgryzW nUM ^uS krn vwsqy keI kuJ imlwvtI swiml kIqw sI[
AYNtI-is`K skUl:
is`K Drm dy &ls&y Aqy qvwrI^ nUM ivgwVn vwsqy BwvyN sB qoN pihlIAW ilKqW muslmwn ilKwrIAW dIAW sn ijhVy is`KW nUM n&rq krdy sn, pr ihMdUAW ny vI ies ivc brwbr dw ih`sw pwieAw[ ihMdUAW iv`coN ieh hrkq sohn lwl sUrI ny „aumdwq-auq-qvwrI^‟ ivc kIqI sI (jW iPr aus dy nW ‟qy ikqwb Cwpx vwly AYfItr, aus dy poqy ny)[ 1812 qoN 1840 qk dy smyN ivc iqAwr hoeI ies ikqwb ivc lyKk ny rxjIq isMG dI kuJ-kuJ cwplUsI zrUr kIqI hY pr aus ny gurU swihb bwry bVw kuJ kUV iliKAw hY[
ies qoN bwAd ihMdU ilKwrIAW gokl cMd nwrMg (trWs&rmySn Aw& is`Kiezm), 1945 dI ilKq, Aqy ieMdU BUSn bYnrjI (AYvolUSn Aw& is`Kiezm), 1947 dI ilKq, ny vI is`K Drm nUM ivgwVn dIAW hrkqW ivc ih`sw pwieAw[ AwrIAw smwjI lyKkW ivcoN dOlq rwey (swihby kmwl) Aqy pMfq prmw nMd (bMdw bYrwgI) ny is`K Drm dy i^lw& swzSI ilKqW id`qIAW[ fwktr hrI rwm gupqw ny is`K qvwrI^ bwry bVI imhnq nwl Koj kIqI Aqy &wrsI soimAW dy ADwr ‟qy bVI kImqI sm`grI pyS kIqI; pr AwpxI AwrIAw smwjI phuMc kwrn auh is`K qvwrI^ nwl zbrdsq D`kw kr igAw qy AwpxI ikrq dI kImq Gtw leI[ do hor is`K-ivroDI lyKkW jwdU nwQ srkwr ny „&wl Aw& muZl AYNpwier‟, 1932 dI ilKq, Aqy sB qoN qwzw ilKq sqIS cMdr dI pwrtIz AYNf pwilitks AYt d muZl kort (2002) hY[ ies ivc vI is`K qvwrI^ nUM jwx buJ ky ivgwiVAw qy is`KW nwl n&rq nUM AwpxIAW ilKqW ivc SryAwm pyS kIqw[
eIsweI pRwpygMfw
eIsweIAW iv`coN sB qoN pihlI hrkq ArnYst trMp ny 1887 ivc kIqI sI[ aus dI „d Awid gRMQ‟ gurbwxI dI Zlq trWslySn vI hY Aqy aus ivc is`K Drm qy &ls&y bwry vI Zlq sm`grI hY[ ieh mumikn hY ik aus dI swizS ivc aus dy bRwhmx slwhkwrW dw h`Q vI hovy[
mklwaUf dw rol
1970 qoN mgroN is`K qÍwrI^ ƒ ivgwVn vwsqy iek aucycI lihr vI clweI geI sI[ ies lihr dw muKI ihaU mklwaUf ƒ mMinAw jWdw hY[ inaUzIlYNf dw ieh iesweI imSnrI pihlW byAirMg XUnIAn kirscIAn kwlj btwlw ivc pVHwauNdw (drAsl pMjwbIAW ƒ iesweI bxn vwsqy pRyrdw) irhw sI qy iPr AYNtI-isK ieMtrnYSnl lw`bI ny aus ƒ trWto XUnIvristI ivc “is`K cyAr” ‟qy ibTvw idqw[ ieh ihaU mklwaUf, jy. AYs. gryvwl dw ^ws swQI sI (iesy kr ky mklwaUf ny AwpxI ikqwb “bI-40 jnm swKI” iesy gryvwl ƒ hI smrpx kIqI sI, pr mgroN gryvwl qy mklwaUf ivc ivgV geI sI)[ jy. AYs. gryvwl Aqy aus dy hor cyly (ieMdU bMgw, surjIq hWs vZYrw) pihlW hI is`K i&lws&I Aqy qÍwrI^ ƒ ivgwVn ivc Aihm rol Adw kr rhy sn qy ies grup ny keI ikqwbW ivc is`K kOm dy i^lwP SryAwm iliKAw sI[ mklwaUf ny keI stUfYNt A`gy ilAWdy Aqy aunHW ƒ nOkrIAW qy ifgrIAW idvweIAW[ iPr ienHW swirAW ny is`K Drm, PlsPw, qÍwrI^ Aqy gurbwxI dy i^lw& lyK qy ikqwbW ilKIAW Aqy mklwaUf ny ienHW ƒ pI-AYc. fI. dIAW ifgrIAW vI idvweIAW qy XUnIvristIAW ivc nOkrIAW vI; Xwin is`KI nwl ZdwrI dw eInwm idvwieAw[
mklwaUf dy ^ws cyilAW ivc hrjoq aubrwey, ipSOrw isMG, guirMdr mwn, lwaU &Yc vgYrw Swiml hn[ ies qoN ielwvw ArivMdrpwl isMG mMfyr (AmrIkw) qy gurhrpwl isMG (ieMglYNf) hn ijnHW nUM is`K cyArz „qy iesy kr ky ibTwieAw igAw hY ik auh is`K &ls&y Aqy is`K qwvrI^ nUM ivgwVn, aulJnW pYdw krn Aqy is`Ki ivc SrDw ^qm krn ivc rol Adw krn[
ies AYNtI-is`K skUl dy hor swQIAW ivc AweI. jy. isMG inaUXwrk (ijs ny mklwaUf nUM „mhwn sihjDwrI is`K‟ dw i^qwb id`qw sI), jyrwlf bYrIAr (AmrIkw), rUfI Qwmsn (fYnmwrk), mihMdr isMG (BweI vIr isMG sdn id`lI) vrgy Aqy kuJ is`KI dy mu^wl& K`by-p`KI lyKk qy aunHW dy is`D qy Ais`Dy ihmwieqI vI hn[ pRo. hrbMs isMG pitAwlw dI DI, in`kI-guinMdr kOr, nUM ies grup ny hmySw r`d kIqw sI, pr jd aus kuVI ny Awpxy is`K pqI nUM qlwk dy ky iek eIsweI buAwey-&rYNf gory AwdmI nwl ivAwh kr ilAw qW ies grup ny in`kI-guinMdr nUM vI Awpxy swQIAW ivc Swiml kr ilAw[
mklwauf grup dI soc vwly hor eIsweI lyKkW ivc Evn kol, sI. AYc. loieln, sI.bI.vYbstr vI hn[ isr& inEl ikMg hI ieko-iek p`CmI lyKk sI ijs ny is`K Drm bwry swvIN phuMc ApxweI sI[
AYNtI-is`K pbilSr
ies AYNtI-is`K skUl dy eIsweI pbilSrW (AwksPorf XUnIvristI pRYs, pYNguien vgYrw) nwl vI koeI ‘^ws’ sbMD hn ijnHW kr ky ienHW lyKkW dIAw byh`d GtIAw Akwdimk p`Dr dIAw ikqwbW ƒ jMgI p`Dr ‟qy CwipAw jWdw hY[ kmwl dI g`l qW ieh hY ik ienHW ikqwbW ivcoN ienHW pbilSrW nUM koeI ^ws kmweI vI nhIN huMdI[ ieh swibq krdw hY ik ies AYNtI is`K skUl dy lyKkW dIAW ikqwbW nUM swizS hyT CwipAw jWdw hY[
is`KW AdwirAW ivc swzSIAW dw snmwn
ijs-ijs Adwry ivc is`K Drm dy doKI bYTy hn au~Qy hI aupr izkr kIqy lyKkW ƒ “mhW ivdvwn” kih ky siqkwr qy AYvwrf id`qy jWdy hn[ pr hYrwnI dI g`l ieh hY ik 2006 ivc jy. AYs. gryvwl ƒ qW iek is`K Adwry gurU goibMd isMG Kwlsw kwlj ny cMfIgVH ivc 51 hzwr rupY dw AYvwrf vI idqw hY[ gryvwl dIAW ilKqW is`K &ls&y Aqy qvwrI^ „qy bhuq cwlwkI nwl gu`Jw hmlw krdIAW hn[ auh guru Arjn swihb v`loN is`KI dw pRcwr qy pRswr nUM „Akbr dI imhrbwnI‟ dw is`tw mMndw hY[ auh is`K Drm nUM purn qy Awzwd Drm vI nhIN mMndw[ aus dIAW ilKqW ivc jMmU dy Zdwr fogirAW ivcoN kdy vI iksy iek dy i^lw& iek vI l&z iliKAw nhIN imldw ikauNik jd krn isMh fogrw sYNtr ivc vzIr sI qW aus dI mdd nwl gryvwl ieMfIAn ihstrI ieMstIicaUt iSmlw ivc fwierYktr bxwieAw igAw sI[ id`lI ivc prmjIq isMG srnw qy SRomxI kmytI ivc m`kV aus nUM prmot krdy hn[ ies dy ipCokV ivc ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr hY ijs ny 1985 ivc hrcMd isMG lONgovwl koloN rwjIv gWDI nwl smJOqw krvwaux ivc sB qoN vD rol Adw kIqw sI qy ZdwrI kIqI qy krvweI sI[ ipRQIpwl kpUr ies jy.AYs. gryvwl dw ividAwrQI qy cylw hY[
SRomxI kmytI dw nvW „isK ieiqhws‟
ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr dw s`kw cwcw ikrpwl isMG hY ijs ny pitAwlw XUnIvristI koloN l`KW rupY lY ky „jnmswKI pRMprw‟ ilKI jo inrI Zlq ibAwnI, Zlq q`QW Aqy g`pW „qy ADwrq hY[ hux SRomxI kmytI ny 50 l`K rupY Krc ky ikrpwl isMG qoN sMqoK isMG dI „sUrj pRkwS‟ sMpwdn krvwauxI SurU kIqI hoeI hY (Xwin dohIN h`QIN ikrpwl isMG nUM pYsw lutwieAw jw irhw hY)[ ikrpwl isMG nUM qW „pRo&Ysr Aw& is`Kiezm‟ dw i^qwb dyx dw frwmw vI kIqw jw cukw hY[
(2019 ivc ikrpwl isMG dI mOq ho cukI hY)
ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr ny vI ^ud kdy koeI ikqwb nhIN ilKI (j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw aus dI ieko-iek ikqwb hY, ijs dy 50 si&AW ivc kuJ vI „Koj‟ nhIN hY)[ aus ny kuJ ikqwbW sMpwdn zrUr kIqIAW hn ijnHW ivc aus ny 8, 10 jW 15 s&y ilKy huMdy hn; ienHW si&AW ivc vI aus ny 80 qoN 90% sm`grI aus ikqwb ivcoN id`qy hvwly huMdy hn[
ikauNik ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr Avqwr isMG m`kV dw tIcr irhw hY, ies kr ky aus nUM hr QW promot kIqw jw irhw hY[ aus ny iek ikqwb pitAwlw UnIvristI dy vweIs cWslr jspwl isG nUM smrpx kIqI sI,; ies kr ky pitAwlw XUnIvristI dy hr smwgm ivc aus nUM mwx id`qw jWdw hY[ SRomxI kmytI ny „isK ieiqhws‟ nUM dobwrw ilKvwaux vwsqy iek kmytI bxweI sI ijs ivc jy. AYs. gryvwl, ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr qy aus dw s`kw cwcw ikrpwl isMG Aqy jy.AYs. gryvwl dI ihMdU dosq ieMdU bMgw Swiml kIqy sn[ ies qoN smiJAw jw skdw hY ik ieh ikho ijhw ieiqhws iliKAw jwvygw[ ieh auho ijhw hI hovygw ijho ijhw SRomxI kmytI ny 1999 ivc ihMdI ivc is`K ieiqhws CwipAw sI[ ^Yr ieh ieiqhws Cpy jW nw Cpy pr ies dy nW „qy iek do kroV rupY zrUr ies cOkVI nUM dy id`qy jwxgy[
A`j is`K qÍwrIK ilKx vwly sMjIdw Aqy shI lyKk ^qm ho rhy hn[ do-cwr KojIAW ƒ C`f ky koeI vI ies Kyqr ivc kMm nhIN kr irhw Aqy nvyN skwlr pYdw nhIN kIqy jw rhy [ ies dy ^qrnwk nqIjy swhmxy Aw rhy hn Aqy A`goN qW mukMml qbwhI SurU ho jwvygI[ ies mgroN is`K qvwrI^ Aqy &lsPy ƒ gMDlw kr ky ies ƒ r`d krn dIAW hrkqW SurU ho jwxgIAW[
is`K qvwrI^ bwry jy koeI QoVHy ivc jwxkwrI cwhuMdw hovy qW ieh ikqwbW kw&I hn:
sYnwpqI (gur soBw), srUp isMG kOiSS (gurU kIAW swKIAW), syvw isMG (ShId iblws), kinMGm (ihstrI Aw& d is`Kz), eIvwn bYl (AnYksySn Aw& pMjwb AYNf mhwrwjw dlIp isMG), mYkwil& (d is`K irlIjn), hrbMs isMG (hYrItyj Aw& d is`Kz), krm isMG ihstorIAn (bMdw isMG bhwdr, sdw kOr qy ieiqhwsk Koj), kwhn isMG nwBw (hm ihMdU nhIN), fw: gMfw isMG (is`K ieiqhws bwry, is`K ieiqhws vl qy Aihmd Swh du`rwnI), pRo: swihb isMG (gur ieiqhws) pqvMq isMG qy hrjI milk (pMjwb: &Ytl imskYlkulySn), fw: hrijMdr isMG idlgIr (is`K qvwrI^ ivc Akwl q^q swihb dw rol Aqy mukMml is`K qvwrI^ – pMjwbI qy AMgryzI, dohW ivc)[
fw: hrijMdr isMG idlgIr