Gurdwaras and Cities Punjabi
lihlI klW
izlHw hoiSAwrpur ivc iek ipMf (hoiSAwrpur qoN 16 iklomItr dUr), ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hir rwie swihb gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw jMf swihb bixAw hoieAw hY[ ie`Qy jMf dw iek purwxw ru`K hY ijs bwry ikhw jWdw hY ik gurU jI ny ies ru`K nwl Awpxw GoVw bMinHAw sI.
lihlI klW ivc purwxw jMf dw ru`K
izlHw sMgrUr dI lihrw qihsIl ivc iek ipMf (lihrw gwgw qoN 10 iklomItr dUr)[ ieh ipMf dy duAwly kotVw lihl, lyhl Kurd, lihl kkrwlw, dyhlw sIrw Aqy audYpur vsy hoey hn[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn ies ipMf ivc gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc pihlW qW iek in`kw ijhw mMjI swihb bixAw hoieAw sI; hux iek v`fw gurduAwrw bxwieAw jw irhw hY.
nyVy dw idRS 
izlHw pitAwlw dw iek ipMf (pitAwlw qoN 14 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy iek vwr gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw pwqSwhI nOvIN bixAw hoieAw hY.
lMmw izlHw luiDAwxw dI rweykot qihsIl ivc (rweykot qoN 10 iklomItr dUr) iek ipMf hY[ drAsl lMmw qy j`tpurw (suDwr qihsIl) do v`K-v`K ipMf hn pr nwlo-nwl hox kr ky ies nUM lMmw-j`tpurw hI kihMdy hn[ sMn 1705 ivc 5 qy 6 dsMbr dI rwq nUM AnMdpur iqAwgx, cmkOr dI gVHI qoN mwCIvwVw jwx Aqy mwCIvwVw qoN ‘au~c dw pIr’ bx ky inklx mgroN gurU goibMd isMG swihb 17 dsMbr 1705 dy idn ies ipMf ivc pu`jy sn[ ie`Qy rweykot irAwsq dw muKI rwey k`lHw gurU jI nUM imlx AwieAw sI Aqy Awpxy Gr lY igAw sI[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc lMmw ipMf ivc gurduAwrw gurUsr pMjUAwxw swihb Aqy, j`tpurw ivc jMfsr swihb bxy hoey hn[ lMmw ipMf ivc iek gurduAwrw Cotw dmdmw swihb vI bxwieAw igAw hY ijs dy borf’qy iliKAw hY ik gurU jI ny ie`Qy ‘bwbw rmd`q isMG dy cObwry ivc 21 rwqW ibsrwm kIqw’[ ieh khwxI kwlpink hY; gurU jI ie`Qy isr& iek rwq rhy sn.
gUgl nkSy ivc au~pr lMmw ipMf (hyTW j`tpurw)
gurUsr pMjUAwxw swihb lMmw ipMf
dmdmw swihb lMmw ipMf
Zlq jwxkwrI vwlw borf
izlHw &rIdkot dI jYqo qihsIl ivc iek ipMf (jYqo qoN 11, &rIdkot 30 iklomItr dUr), ij`Qy gurU nwnk swihb, gurU hirgoibMd swihb qy gurU goibMd isMG swihb v`K-v`K simAW ’qy gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw Akwl gVH bixAw hoieAw hY[ pihlW ieh iek in`kwijhw mMjI swihb sI, pr hux iek v`fI iemwrq bx cukw hY[ ies gurduAwry nwl vI s`p dw au~Dwr krn sI iek krwmwq dI iek kwlpink khwxI juVI hoeI hY.
purwxy izlHw ropV dw iek ipMf Aqy hux muhwlI dw &yz 8; ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hir rwie swihb Awey sn[ ies ipMf dw kurm nW dw iek lubwxw gurU Arjn swihb dy smyN dy pRmuK is`KW ivcoN iek sI[ gurU hir rwie swihb dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw pwqSwhI sqvIN bixAw hoieAw sI; ikauN ik ieh ielwkw AMb dy ru`KW kr ky mShUr sI, ies kr ky gurduAwry dw ‘AMb swihb’ mShUr ho igAw sI[ pihlW ie`Qy in`kw ijhw mMjI swihb sI pr hux iek bhuq v`fw gurduAwrw bx cukw hY Aqy nwl hI iek bhuq v`fI srW vI hY[ ies gurduAwry dy nwl dI zmIn bhuq mihMgI hY, ijs kr ky ies nUM hVp krn dI koiSS kIqI jWdI rhI hY.
gurduAwry dI srW
izlHw luiDAwxw dw iek ipMf (smrwlw qoN qkrIbn 10 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy gurU goibMd isMG swihb mwCIvwVw qoN dInw kWgV jWidAW 14 dsMbr 1705 dy idn kuJ pl ruky sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ ieh vI ikhw jWdw hY ik gurU hirgoibMd swihb vI gvwlIAr 27 AkqUbr 1619 dy idn iklHy ivcoN irhw hox mgroN nvMbr 1619 ivc goieMdvwl jWdy ies QW ’qy ruky sn[
iek khwxI muqæwibkæ jd gurU jI ies QW pu`jy qW SwhI &Oj dy iek srdwr ny aunHW nUM s&r qoN roikAw qW nUrpur dy SXd pIr muhMmd ny gurU jI bwbq gvwhI id`qI sI[ ies jgh gurU jI dy nwl jw rhy is`KW ny muslmwnW dw bxwieAw Bojn ‘qÍpRswid, Brm kw nws’ kih ky CikAw sI[ ieh khwxI kwlpink hY ikauN ik gurU jI nUM qW pMj muslmwn pIr iljw rhy sn ijs kr ky aunHW nUM roky jwx dw svwl hI nhIN sI pYdw huMdw.
izlHw AMbwlw dw iek ipMf (AMbwlw qoN 10 iklomItr dUr)[ ies ipMf ivc mwqw gujrI dy ipqw (Aqy gurU qyZ bhwdr jI dy shurw qy gurU goibMd isMG jI dy nwnw) lwl cMd suiB`KI dI irhwieS qy zmIn sI[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb Aqy gurU goibMd isMG jI Swied ies QW ’qy iek qoN vD vwr gey hoxgy[ Agsq 1670 ivc jdoN gurU goibMd isMG ptnw qoN pMjwb Awey sn qW kw&I smW ie`Qy rhy sn (Tskw qoN s`Xd Swh BIK gurU jI nUM imlx vwsqy ie`Qy hI AwieAw sI)[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY (ieh auhI QW hY ij`Qy lwl cMd suiB`KI dw Gr sI)[ ies QW ’qy iek purwxw KUh hY, jo llw cMd dy Gr dw sI (ies nUM mwqw gujrI v`loN luAwieAw KUh kih dyNdy hn)[ ies gurduAwry ivc purwxy brqn (prwq Awid), purwxw plM G Awid qy Fwl, ktwr, jmDr Awid kuJ Ssqr r`Ky hoey hn, ijnHW bwry ikhw jWdw hY ik ieh gurU jI (jW lwl cMd suiB`KI pirvwr) dy sn.
lKnOr swihb gurduAwrw
lKnOr swihb gurduAwry dw muK duAwr
lKnOr swihb gurduAwry ivc mwqw gujrI dw KUh
izlHw AMimRqsr dI qihsIl Ajnwlw dw iek ipMf (Ajnwlw qoN 15 qy AMimRqsr qoN 25 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy iek vwr gurU nwnk swihb gey sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw byr swihb bixAw hoieAw hY.
(ApBRMS lohaur, lOhpur)
lwhOr pMjwb dw iek pRwcIn ngr hY[pRwcIn ilKqW ivc lwhOr ngr dy hor nW hn: luhwvr, luhwr, rwhvr, lwhnUr, iervqvwr (ierwvqI/rwvI ndI kwrn)[ v`K-v`K soimAW muqæwibkæ ies dw mu`F v`K-v`K simAW ivc bMinHAw igAw sI; pr ieh ivcwr Awm hY ik ies ngr dw mu`F pMjvIN sdI ivc bMinHAw igAw sI[ imQhws ivc ies nUM rwmcMdR dy pu`qr lv v`loN vswey jwx dw izkr hY jo klpnw qoN isvw kuJ vI nhIN hY[ ies ngr dw pihlw izkr cInI XwqrI ihaUnsWg dIAW ilKqW ivc imldw hY; pr audoN iek ieh hoeI v`fw jW Aihm ngr nhIN sI; ieh rwvI dirAw dy kMFy ’qy v`isAw iek Awm ngr sI[ lwhOr dw izkr mihmUd ZznvI dI qvwrI^ ivc vI AwauNdw hY; aus ny ies ngr ’qy hmlw kIqw sI, pr ies nUM aujwiVAw nhIN sI[ sMn 1181 Aqy sMn 1186 ivc muhMmd ZOrI ny ies ’qy hmly kIqy sn[ iPr sMn 1270 ivc Zulwm bMs dy blbn ny ies ngr ’qy hmlw kIqw sI[ sMn 1285 ivc muZlW ny muV ies ngr ’qy hmlw kIqw sI[ sMn 1524 ivc muZl bwdSwh bwbr ny ies ngr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI Aqy lu`t-mwr krn mgroN v`fIAW iemwrqW nUM A`g lw id`qI sI[ bwbr, hmwXUM, jhWgIr, Swhjhwn, AOrMgzyb Aqy bhwdur Swh bwdSwh ies ngr ivc keI vwr rhy sn[ sMn 1748 ivc Aihmd Swh du`rwnI ny ies Sihr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ ies mgroN ieh lwhOr sUby dI rwjDwnI irhw sI[ sMn 1753 qoN 1765 qk ieh ngr is`KW dy hmilAW dw kyNdr irhw sI; ies kr ky koeI hwkm ies dw pUrw nwzm nhIN sI[ sMn 1765 ivc is`KW dI BMgI imsl ny ies ngr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1799 ivc ieh ngr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI rwjDwnI bx igAw sI[ sMn 1849 ivc ies ’qy AMgryzW dw kbzw ho igAw sI[ ies mgroN ieh pMjwb sUby dI rwjDwnI irhw sI[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN ieh p`MCmI pMjwb sUby dI rwjDwnI bx igAw sI[ lwhOr ngr dw rkbw 1772 mur`bw iklomItr hY[ ie`QoN dI AwbwdI sMNn 2022 ivc 1 kroV 12 l`K hY (sMn 1901 ivc 1l`K 87 hzr; sMn 1951 ivc 11 lK 30 hzwr sI) ies ivcoN 95% lok muslmwn hn (sMn 1947 ivc 60% lok muslmwn sn),[ lwhOr ivc 2.9 eIsweI, 1 % ihMdU qy .6% is`K vsdy hn[ lwhOr vwsIAW dI 87% qoN vD AwbwdI pMjwbI bolI boldI hY[
lwhOr ngr v`K-v`K simAW ’qy pTwxW, muZlW, is`KW Aqy AMgRyzW dI rwjDwnI irhw sI[ sMn 1710 qoN 1765 qk ies ngr ivc hzwrW is`KW dw kqlyAwm kIqw igAw sI, ^ws kr ky Abdus smd ^wn (sMn 1726 qIk), zkrIAw ^wn (sMn 1745 qIk) , XwhXw ^wn Aqy lKpq rwie (sMn 1746 qIk), mIr mMnU (sMn 1753 qIk) dy kwl ivc hzwrW is`KW nUM byrihmI nwl kql kIqw igAw sI[ ies ngr ivc iklHy dy ipCly pwsy n^ws cOk ivc Aqy ie`QoN dI jyl ivc BweI mnI isMG, BweI qwrU isMG, BweI subyg isMG Swhbwz isMNG Aqy Axigxq is`KW Aqy is`KxIAW kql kIqy gey sn[
lwhOr ngr ivc gurU nwnk swihb AwpxI pihlI audwsI dOrwn (AkqUbr 1507) ivc gey sn qy BweI dunI cMd nUM imly sn gurU Amr dws vI ies ngr ivc gey sn[ gurU rwm dws dw qW jnm vI ie`Qy hoieAw sI[ gurU Arjn swihb dI ShIdI iesy QW hoeI sI[
gurU gRMQ swihb ivc lwhOr Sihr dw izkr ieM\ imldw hY: lwhOr shru jhru khru svw phru… lwhOr shru AMimRq sru isPqI dw Gru (1412) {lwhOr ngr (Shr-vwsIAW vwsqy Awqmk mOq ilAweI r`Kx dy kwrx) zhr (bixAw ipAw hY, ikauNik ie`Qy (in`q svyry) svw phr qIk (lokW au~qy) khr (huMdw rihMdw hY; (mgroN) lwhOr Shr AMimRq dw cSmw (bx jWdw hY, jdoN ie`Qy prmwqmw dI is&iq-swlwh huMdI hY qW ieh is&qI dw Gr bx jWdw hY; iek ivdvwn muqæwibkæ ies ngr ivc kihr audoN vriqAw sI jdo muZl bwdSwh bwbr ny ies ngr nUM l`ut ky A`g lweI sI Aqy iPr gurU swihbwn dy Awaux vwlw ieh rUhwnIAq dw Gr bx igAw sI}[
lwhOr dIAW mUK XwdgwrW ivcoN sB qoN purwxI iemwrq ie`QoN dw iklHw hY[ ies iklHy dw inrmwn XwrHvIN sdI ivc hoxw SurU hoieAw sI (aus vyly vI ie`Qy iek purwxw iklHw kwiem sI)[ ies qoN ielwvw ie`Qy dwqw drbwr, vzIr ^wn dI msijd, AOrMgzyb dI bxweI SwhI msijd vI Aihm QWvW ivc Swiml hn[ sMn 2017 ivc ie`Qy mYtro bxnI SurU hoeI sI ijs dw iek ih`sw ‘grIn tryn’ vjoN sMn 2020 ivc SurU ho igAw sI[ lwhOr Sihr dI Swn AnwrklI bwzwr, aurdU bwzwr, mwl rof, ErIAYNtl kwlj (pMjwb XIvirstI), myE hspqwl Aqy hor Axigxq QWvW hn[ nvyN lwhOr ivc qW bhuq kmwl dIAW klonIAW, mwlz Aqy keI Adwry kwiem kIqy gey hn[ iksy vyly iklHy dy nwl hIrw mMfI (ijs ivc vysvwvW rihMdIAW sn) vI AwpxI iksm dI AihmIAq rKdI sI.
lwhOr stySn dw sMn 1947 qoN pihlW dw idRS
lwhOr dw iek hvweI idRS
lwhOr iklHy dw muK drvwzw
lwhOr ivc vzIr ^wn dI msijd
lwhOr vzIr ^wn dI msijd dw hvweI idRS
sMn 1930 dw lwhOr dw iek idRS
lwhOr dw iklHw qy SwhI misjd qy Awlw duAwlw
lwhOr ivc A`lwmw iekbwl dw mzwr
lwhOr dw dwqw drbwr
sweIN mIAW mIr dw mzwr
jhWgIr dw mkbrw
kwlpink AnwrklI dw mzwr
lwhOr dw iek hor hvweI idRS
lwhOr dw SwlImwr bwZ
lwhOr dw g`dw&I styfIAm
lwhOr dw ilbrtI cOk
lwhOr dw swrkrI kwlj XUnIvristI
lwhOr dI mYtro (AOrYNj tRyn)
lwhOr Sihr ivc gurU swihbwn Aqy is`K qvwrI^ nwl sbMDq bhuq swrIAW XwdgwrW vI hn: 1. gurduAwrw pihlI pwqSwhI (isirAWvwlw muh`lw) 2. jnm AsQwn gurU rwmdws swihb (cUnw mfI) 3. Drm swlw gurU rwmdws swihb Aqy dIvwn^wnw gurU Arjn swihb 4. fyhrw swihb (ShIdI AsQwn gurU Arjn swihb), iklHy dy swhmxy Aqy SwhI msijd dy nwl (vyKo qsvIrW) 5. gurduAwrw bwaulI swihb pwqSwhI pihlI (f`bI bwzwr ivc sunihrI msijd dy ip`Cy), ij`Qy gurU Arjn swihb nUM cwr idn kYd ivc r`iKAw igAw sI 6. lwl KUhI (mocI drvwzw) 7. gurduAwrw pwqSwhI CyvI mozMg ielwkw (vyKo: mozMg) 8. cumwlw swihb (pwqSwhI CyvI) BwtI gyt dy nyVy 9. ShId gNMj BweI qwrU isMG (lMfw bwzwr dy nyVy nOl`Kw bwzwr ivc) 10. ShId gMj BweI mnI isMG (msqI drvwzw dy AMdr) 11. ShId jMg isMGxIAW 12. lwhOr iklHy dy AMdr gurduAwrw (ies nUM mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny bxvwieAw sI)[ ies qoN ielwvw bu`DU dw Awvw, smwD mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG vI Ajy kwiem hn[ do gurduAwirAW: nwnk gVH (nyVy bdwmI bwZ) Aqy cub`cw swihb (nyVy muZlpurw qy Drm prw) dw nW-inSwn mOjUd nhIN hY.
lwl KUh (gurU Arjn swihb)
fyhrw swihb Aqy Awlw-duAwlw (hvweI idRS)
fyhrw swihb (nyVy dw hvweI idRS)
fyhrw swihb (swhmxy dw idRS)
fyhrw swihb (AMdr dw idRS)
fyhrw swihb (AMdr dw iek hor idRS)
fyhrw swihb (muK drvwzw)
fyhrw swihb (muK drvwzw 1947 dw idRS; lweI& mYZzIn dw muK s&w)
fyhrw swihb dy AMdr
(1947 dw idRS; lweI& mYZzIn ivcoN)
lwhOr iklHy dy AMdr gurduAwrw
ShId gMj isMGxIAW
ShId gMj BweI qwrU isMG (swhimxEN)
ShId gMj BweI mnI isMG dw Qyh
lwhOr ivc &kIr BrwvW (AzIzudIn, vhIdudIn) dw Ajwieb Gr ijs ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG sbMDI Anmol ^zwnw sWiBAw ipAw hY
lwhOr iklHy ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw bu`q
p`CmI pMjwb dw iek pRwcIn ngr (mMiGAwxw ksbw ies qoN 3 iklomItr dUr hY; pr ies lkW ivc ienHW ipMfw dw nW JMg-mMiGAwxw hI jwixAw jWdw hY)[ jMg l&z jMgl dw ivigiVAw hoieAw rUp hY; bwrHvIN sdI qk ies QW v`fw jMgl huMdw sI[ mShUr sU&I Swier sulqwn bwhU iesy ielwky nwl sbMDq sI (vyKo: bwhU, sulqwn)[ ie`Qy aus dw mzwr bixAw hoieAw hY[ hIr-rWJw mShUr ik`sy dI khwxI iesy QW nwl sbMDq khI jWdI hY[ BwvyN ieh kwlpink khwxI hY pr lokW ny ie`Qy hIr rWJw dw mzwr vI bxw id`qw hoieAw hY[
ies ielwky ivc gurU nwnk swihb gey sn[ aunHw dI Xwd ivc JMg qoN toBw tyk isMG mwrg ’qy 12 iklomItr dUr gurduAwrw nwnksr bixAw hoieAw sI (ies ipMf dw nW vI nwnksr hI jwixAw jWdw sI)[ ies dy nwl iek v`fw srovr vI sI[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN gurduAwrw iek Qyh bx cukw hY pr srovr dI inSwnI A`j vI kwiem hY.
gurduAwrw nwnksr dw srovr
mohwlI dy nyVy, cMfIgVH qoN 14 Aqy srhMd qoN qkrIbn 20 iklomItr dUr iek ipMf[kdy ies QW ’qy iek v`fw C`pV Aqy nyVy hI iek iJVI hovygI, ijs dw nW mgroN ‘C`pV-iJVI’ qoN ivgV ky c`pV-icVI bx igAw hovygw[ ieh do ipMf hn c`pV icVI klW Aqy c`pV icVI Kurd, pr hux ieh ie`ko lgdy hn[ ie`Qy 12 meI 1710 dy idn srhMd dy &Ojdwr vzIr ^wn diAW &OjW Aqy bMdw isMG bhwdur dI AgvweI hyT is`K &OjW ivc zbrdsq lVweI hoeI sI ijs ivc vzIr ^wn mwirAw igAw sI Aqy ies mgroN srhMd ’qy is`KW dw kbzw ho igAw sI[ 1950ivAW ivc c`pV icVI Kurd ipMf ivc sMn 1710 dI lVweI dI Xwd ivc pihlW ‘gurduAwrw bMdw isMG bhwdur’ bixAw hoieAw sI[ sMn 2006 ivc ie`Qy iek 328 Pu`t au~cw ‘&qh burj’ bxwieAw igAw sI[ burj dy nwl iek it`bI ’qy bMdw isMG bhwdur dw Aqy dUjI it`bI ’qy mwlI isMG (ijs nUM 1710 ivc srhMd dw nwieb sUbydwr bxwieAw igAw sI) dw bu`q bxwieAw igAw hY.
‘&qh burj’ dw hvweI idRS
bMdw isMG bhwdur qy mwlI isMG dy bu`q vwly it`by
izlHw mukqsr dw iek ipMf (mukqsr qoN 7 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy gurU goibMd isMG jI iKdrwxy dI Fwb (mukqsr) dy ShIdW dw sskwr krn mgroN Agly idn 31 dsMbr 1705 dy idn gey sn; aunHW ny iek rwq ies ipMf ivc guzwrI sI[ ie`QoN dy jorw isMG Aqy smUh ipMf vwsIAW ny gurU jI Aqy swQI is`KW dI SrDw nwl syvw kIqI sI[ ie`Qy gurU jI dI Xwd ivc pihlW qW iek in`kw ijhw mMjI swihb sI; hux au~Qyy iek bhuq v`fw gurduAwrw bxwieAw jw cukw hY[ ies gurduAwry nwl gurU jI v`loN iek GogV dI mukqI krn dI kwlpink khwxI vI GVI hoeI hY[ ie`Qy gurU jI dy 28 ivswK 1762 (25 ApRYl 1706) dy idn jwx dI qwrI^ vI Zlq ilKI hoeI hY.
ieh dunIAw dw sB qoN v`fw dyS hY ies dw A`Dw ihsw XUrp ivc hY Aqy A`Dw ih`sw eySIAw ivc[ ies dw rkbw 17,125,191 mur`bw iklomItr hY[ sMn 2022 ivc ies dI AwbwdI 14 kroV 62 l`K qoN kuJ vD hY[ ies dI rwjDwnI mwsko hY[ rUs au~qy pihlW zwr dI hkUmq sI[ sMn 1721 ivc ‘pItr d gRyt’ ny Awpxy Awp nUM rUsI swmrwj dw bwdSwh AYlwinAw sI[ sMn 1851 ivc &rWs dy rwjy nYpolIAn ny rUs ’qy kbzw krn dI nwkwm koSS kIqI sI[ sMn 1941 ivc jrmn dy hwkm ihtlr dI vI AijhI koiSS vI nwkwm rhI sI[ sMn 1917 qoN kimaUinst pwrtI dw rwj hY[ ies dy muK AwgUAW ivcoN lYinn qy stwiln sn[ sMn 1991 qk ies dw 14 mulkW ’qy kbzw sI (audoN ies dw nW ‘XUnIAn Aw& sovIAq soSilst rIpilbkz’ sI)[ ieh 14 mulk sn: XUkryn, bYlorSIAw, auzbyiksqwn, kzw^sqwn, jwrjIAw, AzrbweIXwn, ilQuAwnIAw, moldwvIAw, lwqvIAw, ikriZzsqwn, qwijksqwn, AwrmynIAw, qurknsqwn, AYsqonIAw[ ies qoN ielwvw polYNf, hMgrI, cYoslvwkIAw, romwnIAw Aqy pUrbI jrmnI vI rUs dy kbzy hyT sn[ sMn 1979 ivc ies ny A&Zwinsqwn ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI[ gorbwco& ny swry mulkW nUM Awzwd hox dI iejwzq id`qI sI[ ies ivc 75% eIsweI, 10% muslmwn Aqy bwkI dUjy DrmW dy jW iksy vI Drm nUM nw mMnx vwly lok hn[ rUs kol iek bhuq v`fI &Oj hY; sMn 2022 ivc ies kol 10 l`K 27 hzwr bwkwiedw &OjI hn Aqy 20 l`K 35 hzwr rIzrv &OjW hn[ rUs kol 4500 inaUklr hiQAwr hn[
sMn 2012 qoN vlwdImIr pUiqn dw rUs ’qy mukMml kbzw hY Aqy Swied aus dI mOq qk kwiem rhygw; auh pihlW ^u&IAw eyjMsI ky.jI.bI. ivc kMm krdw sI Aqy pUrbI jrmnI ivc qeInwq sI[ sMn 1991 ivc aus ny ieh nOkrI C`f id`qI sI[ ies mgroN auh keI hor AhudAW ’qy irhw sI; sMn 1999 ivc auh pRweIm minstr sI Aqy iPr prYzIfYNt bx igAw sI[ mwrc 2014 ivc rUs ny XUkryn ’qy hmlw kr ky aus dy sUby krIimAw ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ &rvrI 2022 ivc rUs ny XUkryn ’qy dobwrw hmlw kr ky ies bhuq swry ih`sy nUM burI qrHw qbwh kr id`qw sI Aqy ies dy kuJ ih`sy ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI.
hirAwxw dw iek muK ngr (id`lI qoN qkrIbn 70 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb do vwr gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek Swndwr gurduAwrw ‘bMglw swihb’ bixAw hoieAw hY.
izlHw pitAwlw dI nwBw qihsIl dw iek ipMf (nwBw qoN 4 Aqy pitAwlw qoN 24 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn gey hn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY.
rohtw gurduAwry ivc l`gw borf
izlHw pitAwlw dI nwBw qihsIl dw iek ipMf (nwBw qoN 4 Aqy pitAwlw qoN 24 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn gey hn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY.
au~qrwKMf dy fyhrwdUn izlHw ivc (hirduAwr qoN 21 Aqy fyhrwdUn qoN 45 iklomItr dUr) iek ngr jo iksy smyN iek jMgl huMdw sI; hux ieh iek bhuq v`fw ngr hY[ imQhws muqæwibkæ rwm ny iek bRwhmx (rwvx) nUM mwrn ip`CoN kydwrKMf ivc ‘pRwSicq’ kIqw sI[ audoN lCmx ny ies QW ’qy gMgw ndI nUM r`isAW nwl pwr kIqw sI (ie`Qy bxy pul dw nW lCmx JUlw aus imQhwsk Gtnw kr ky nW r`iKAw igAw sI)[ ieh pul 450 Pu`t lMmw hY[ ieh sMn 1927 ivc bxnw SurU hoieAw sI[ ies dw audGwtn audoN ‘XUnweItf pRoivMnisz’ dy gvrnr sr mwlkm hylI ny 11 ApRYl 1930 dy idn kIqw sI[ pihlW ie`Qy iek hor pul sI ijhVw Akqubr 1924 dy hVH ivc ruVH igAw sI[ irSIkyS ivc dirAw pwr swry ielwky ivc mMidr hI mMidr bxy hoey hn.
izlHw luiDAwxw dI qihsIl dorwhw dy iek ipMf rwmpur (dorwhw qoN 10 iklomItr dUr) ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw[ gurU jI mwCIvwVw qoN cl ky iek rwq Ajnyr rih ky Agly idn jWdy 14 dsMbr 1705 nUM ipMf rwmpur pu`jy sn[gurU jI pMj muslmwn murIdW nwl iek plMG ’qy svwr ho ky Awey sn[ gurU jI ny kuJ smW ie`Qy ruk ky iek ryrU dy ru`K hyTW ibqwieAw sI[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek v`fw gurduAwrw bxwieAw igAw hY[gurduAwry ivc l`gy borf ivc q`Q Zlq hn.
gurduAwry ivc l`gw borf
izlHw luiDAwxw dy ipMf nMdpur (nyVy swhnyvwl) ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw[ gurU jI rwmpur qoN AwlmgIr jWidAW 15 dsMbr 1705 dy idn kuJ smW ie`Qy ruky ruk ky ibqwieAw sI[ gurU jI pMj muslmwn murIdW nwl iek plMG ’qy svwr ho ky Awey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek v`fw gurduAwrw bxwieAw igAw hY[
ies gurduAwry ivc ryrU dy iek purwxy dr^q nUM sMBwilAw hoieAw hY[ ikhw jWdw hY ik ieh auhI r`uK hY ijs hyT gurU jI ny Awrwm kIqw sI[ gurduAwry ivc l`gy borf ivc q`Q Zlq hn.
gurduAwry ivc sMBwilAw ryrU dw iek purwxw ru`K
gurduAwry ivc l`gw borf
izlHw qy qihsIl isAwlkot ivc jMmU vwly pwsy srh`d dy nwl lgdw iek ipMf ij`Qy gurU hirgoibMd swihb kSmIr dOry dOrwn ruky sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iqMn gurduAwry bxy hoey sn: kuMf swihb (ie`Qy pwxI dw iek kuMf sI), gurUsr (ies dy nwl iek srovr sI; ies nwl imQhws joiVAw igAw sI ik gurU jI ny brCw mwr ky pwxI k`iFAw sI) Aqy twlHI swihb (ie`Qy twhlI dw iek purwxw ru`K sI ijs nwl gurU jI ny Awpxw GoVw bMinHAw sI)[ iqMnW gurduAwirAW dIAW iemwrqW bhuq Swndwr sn[ hux aunHW ivcoN kuMf swihb dy burj dw kuJ inSwn mOjUd hY; pr iqMnW gurduAwirAW dIAW iemwrqW ivc lokW ny kbzy kr ky AwpxIAW irhwieSW bxweIAW hoeIAW hn[ies ipMf ivc zYldwr hzwrw isMG dI hvylI vI sI, jo hux Qyh bx cukI hY.
kuMf swihb dw burj
gurUsr
twlHI swihb
AwpxI pihlI audwsI dOrwn gurU nwnk swihb Aqy BweI mrdwnw au~qrwKMf dy ielwky ivc hldvwnI qoN huMdy hoey ipMf cOVw ip`qw (mOjUdw rITw swihb vwlI jgh ’qy) pu`jy[ ie`Qy, ipMf dy hyTW, do ndIAW lDIAw Aqy rqIAw dw sMgm hY; gurduAwrw ipMf dy hyTW, ienHW ndIAW dy kMFy ’qy bixAw hoieAw hY[ nwnkm`qw qoN rITw swihb dw k`cw rsqw, phwVIAW Aqy ndIAW dy kMiFAW rwhIN, 60 ku iklomItr hY; pr p`kI sVk dw rsqw bhuq lMmw bxdw hY[ ies jgh ’qy ayus vyly XogIAW dw iek fyrw sI[ gurU jI ny XogIAW nUM s`c dy Drm dw rsqw d`isAw[ mgroN XogIAW dI mwnqw ^qm ho geI Aqy aunHW dw fyrw vI ^qm ho igAw[ hux gurduAwry dI rIs-brIsy aunHW ny vI jogI Fyr nwQ dy nW ’qy iek m`T/fyrw/mMdr bxwieAw hY pr aus ivc hux bwhr qoN koeI vI XwqrU nhIN AwauNdw; kuJ ipMf vwsI kdy-kdy pUjw zrUr krdy hn[
ieh auh ielwkw hY ij`Qy koeI ^urwk nw iml skx kwrn gurU swihb Aqy BweI mrdwnw ny jMglI Pl, kMd mUl, rIiTAW dy Pl (ieh rITy pUrI qrHW im`Ty nhIN hn pr kOVy nw hox kr ky ienHW nUM im`Ty ikhw jWdw hY) Aqy dr^qW dy p`qy Kw ky guzwrw kIqw[ (ieh kMd mUl qy rITy vZYrw Kwx qoN hI mgroN iksy lyKk ny gurU swihb v`loN rITy im`Ty krn dI ‘krwmwq’ dI khwxI GV leI sI)[
mOjUdw gurduAwrw rITw swihb dI iemwrq sMn 1970 qoN bwAd dI hY[ pihlW ie`Qy iek in`kw ijhw mMjI swihb huMdw sI; pr sMn 1929-30 ivc hldvwnI dy kuJ pMjwbI vpwr dy islisly ivc ieDr Awey sn; aunHW ivcoN Awsw isMG qy bYswKI rwm ny eyQy h`tI pw leI sI[ kuJ icr mgroN aunHW ny iek mukwmI vwsI lwl nwQ qoN jogIAW dy fyry dy nwl dI jgh ^rId leI Aqy hOlI-hOlI iek k`cI ijhI (tIn dI C`q vwlI) iemwrq bxw ky iek gurduAwrw bxw ilAw[ aus vyly ies dy pujwrI audwsI swDU sn[ sMn 1970 qoN mgroN is`KW ny kuJ hor zmIn ^rId leI Aqy ieh gurduAwrw nwnkm`qw dI kmytI dy ieMqzwm ivc Aw igAw[ hux cOVw ip`qw dw nW ‘rITw swihb’ vDyry jwixAw jwx lg ipAw[ hOlI-hOlI gurduAwry dI iemwrq vI v`fI huuMdI geI[ hux kInIAw dI sMgq ny iek srW vI bxw id`qI hY[ 2000 sMn dy nyVy qyVy, ies gurduAwry ‘qy Swm isMG nW dy iek fyrydwr ny kbzw kr ilAw sI[
ies ielwky ivc keI pwsy rIiTAW dy kuJ dr^q mOjUd hn[ gurduAwry ivc iek purwxy dr^q dw su`kw qxw riKAw hoieAw hY ijs bwry dwAvw kIqw jWdw hY ik ieh gurU swihb dy vyly dy dr^q dI inSwnI hY[ auN\ hux gurduAwry ivc kuJ dr^q nvyN lgw id`qy gey hn (2 dr^q muK gyt ’qy Aqy 4-5 ip`Cly pwsy; pr ienHW swirAW bUitAW dy rITy kOVy hn, im`Ty nhIN)[ ies gurduAwry ivc Awaux vwlIAW sMgqW nUM rIiTAW dy Pl nUM ‘pRSwd’ dy nw ’qy id`qw jWdw hY; ieh rITy aus zmINdwr qoN KrIdy jWdy hn ijs dI zmIn ivc im`Ty rIiTAW dy dr^q hn[ ies zmINdwr dI zmIn gurduAwry qoN 5 kU iklomItr pihlW hY Aqy ies kol im`Ty rIitAW vwly iek-do dr^q hn, jo bhuq Pl dyNdy hn; ieh gurduAwrw kmytI nUM fyF qoN do rupY dw iek rITw vycdw hY[ (ie`Qy jgh ^rId ky hux gurduAwrw ’qy kwbz swD ny ‘nwnk vwVI’ nW ‘qy iek bwZ lwieAw hY ijs ivc im`Ty rIiTAW dy dr^q lwaux dI koiSS kIqI jw rhI hY)[ ieh vI crcw hY ik ijs swD dw gurduAwry ‘qy kbzw hY auh rIiTAW nUM KMf dI cwSnI nwl im`Tw kr ky ‘pRSwd’ vjoN dyNdw hY[ rITw swihb vwlI khwxI kdoN GVI geI, ieh ikhw nhIN jw skdw[ ieh swKI bwly vwlI jnmswKI, imhrbwn vwlI jnmswKI, BweI mnI isMG dy nW nwl joVI jwx vwlI jnmswKI (drAsl srUp isMG inrmlw dI ilKI) jW ivlwieq vwlI jnmswKI jW iksy vI purwxy somy ivc nhIN imldI[ ivlwieq vwlI jnmswKI ivc ‘nwnkm`qw’ vwlI swKI zrUr mOjUd hY[ ieM\ hI bwlw jnmswKI ivc Fwky v`l iek jgh ‘qy gurU jI Aqy mrdwny v`loN KKVIAW Kw ky Awhwr krn dw izkr zrUr imldw hY[
rITw swihb (dUr qoN idRS)
rITw swihb (nyVy dw idRS)
ihmWcl dy mMfI izlHy ivc iek pRwcIn ipMf (mMfI qoN 23 iklomItr dUr), jo kdy bu`D m`q dw iek bhuq v`fw kydr sI[ ies dw nW ies ivc bxI hoeI iek in`kI ijhI kudrqI JIl (rvwlsr) qoN c`ilAw sI[ ies JIl ivc kdy dr^q qirAw krdy sn (auh JIl hux vI kwiem hY, pr hux aus ivc dr^q nhIN qrdy)[ ies ipMf dw is`K qvwrI^ ivc vI Aihm izkr AwauNdw hY[ iek irvwieq muqiwbk gurU nwnk swihb vI ie`Qy Awey sn Aqy aunHW ny boDI ivdvwnW nwl Drm crcw kIqI sI (pr aunHW dI Xwd ivc koeI gurduAwrw nhIN hY)[ gurU goibMd isMG jI ie`Qy 28 mwrc 1692 dy idn Awey sn[ mwrc 1692 ivc rwjw BIm cMd ny phwV dIAW bweI DwrW dy rwijAW dw iek`T bulwieAw[ ndOx dI lVweI (mwrc 1691) qoN mgroN muZl srkwr dy hox vwly hmilAW dy fr hyT rih rhy phwVI rwijAW ny gurU swihb dI srpRsqI hwisl krn dI ^wihS zwihr kIqI[ mwrc 1692 dy Aw^rI h&qy gurU swihb iblwspur qy mMfI v`l gey sn[ 28 mwrc dy idn rvwlsr ’c swry phwVI rwjy iek`Ty hoey[ aunHW dI sdwrq gurU swihb ny kIqI[ gurU swihb ny aunHW ƒ XkIn idvwieAw ik “jy qusIN muZlW dI ZulwmI ivc nw rihxw cwho qW mYN quhwfI inghbwnI qy srpRsqI krn vwsqy iqAwr hW[” swry rwijAW ny gurU swihb dy hukm ƒ mMnx dw vwAdw kIqw sI[ gurU swihb iek do idn rvwlsr rhy sn[ie`Qy l`gy iek borf muqæwibkæ gurU jI ie`Qy iek mhInw rhy sn, jo shI nhIN hY ikauN ik gurU jI 22 idn mgroN 20 ApRYl 1692 dy idn purmMfl phuMc cuky sn[ ie`QoN gurU jI ndOx, kWgVw huMdy hoey purmMfl (dyvk dirAw dy kMFy), jMmU, c`k-kwnHw, rwmgVH iKrVI, sWbw, pTwnkot, huiSAwrpur ’c sMgqW ƒ drSn dyNdy hoey vwips AnMdpur pu`j gey sn[ gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc iek v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ ies dI pihlI iemwrq sMn 1930 ivc mMfI dy rwjy ny bxvweI sI[ aus mgroN ies ivc bhuq vDw huMdw irhw sI[ hux ieh iek bhuq ivSwl iemwrq hY.
hirAwxw dy izlHw Xmunwngr dI jgwDrI qihsIl ivc iek ipMf (jgwDrI qoN 8 iklomItr dUr)[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb iek vwr bUVIAw nUM jWdy hoey ies ipMf ivc ruky sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bxwieAw igAw hY.
mhWrwStr ivc, nMdyV qoN 14 iklomItr dUr, iek ngr ijs dI phwVI ’qy sMn 1708 ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI nMdyV jWidAW kuJ smW ruky sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw rqngVH swihb bxwieAw igAw hY.
izlHHw luiDAwxw dI dorwhw qihsIl dw iek ipMf (dorwhw qoN 16 Aqy luiDAwxw qoN 23 iklomItr dUr), ij`Qy gurU hirgoibMd swihb sMn 1631 ivc GuVwnI qoN Awey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ ieh gurduAwrw pitAwlw dy rwjy mhwrwjw BUipMdrw isMG dI rwxI jsvMq kOr ny sMn 1940 ivc bxvwieAw sI.
izlHw &qhgVH dI Kmwxo qihsIl dw iek ipMf (smrwlw qoN 15 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy iek vwr gurU goibMd isMG kurukSyqr v`l jWidAW ruky sn[ ieh vI ikhw jWdw hY ik gurU hirgoibMd swihb vI sMn 1619 ivc gvwlIAr iklHy qoN irhw ho ky ie`Qy ruk ky gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw goibMdgVH bxwieAw igAw hY[ gurduAwry ivc l`gy dohW q^iqAW ’qy id`qI jwxkwrI Aqy qwrI^W shI nhI hn.
rwijQwn ivc svweImwDopur ngr kol (svweImwDopur qoN 13 iklomItr dUr; jYpur qoN 180 iklomItr dUr) iek iklHw[ ies nUM cOhwn rwjy spwldkS ny sMn 944 ivc bxwauxw SurU kIqw sI[iek hor irvwieq muqæwibkæ ies nUM rwjw jYAMq ny sMn 1110 ivc bxwieAw sI[ ies dw pihlw nW rxsqMB jW rxsqMBpurw sI[ ipRQvI rwj cOhwn jYn Drm nUM mMnx vwlw sI[ aus ny sB qoN pihlW sumInwQ qy sMBvnwQ jYn mMdr bxvwey sn[ sMn 1192 ivc ipRQvI rwj cOhwn dI mOq mgroN ieh iklHw muhMmd ZOrI dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw sI[ sMn 1226 ivc ielquimS ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI; pr cOhwnW ny sMn 1236 ivc iPr kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1290 ivc &Iroz-audIn KljI ny Gyrw pwieAw sI pr kbzw nhIN kr sikAw sI[ sMn 1301 ivc sulqwn muhMmd Swh ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ sMn 1326 qoN 1528 qk ieh iklHw myvwV dy rwjy hmIr isMG, rwxw kuMBw Aqy rwxw sMgw dy kbzy ivc irhw[ sMn 1568 ivc Akbr ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw[ ies mgroN ieh kCvwhw rwjpUqW dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw[ ies iklHy ivc sumInwQ qy sMBvnwQ jYn mMdrW qoN ielwvw iSv, gxyS qy rwmlwljI dy mMdr vI hn[ ieh swry ielquimS dy kbzy qoN pihlW dy 12vIN 13vIN sdI dy bxy hoey hn[ rxQMBOr dw is`K ieiqhws nwl vI sbMD hY[ DIr m`l nUM sMn 1676 ivc bkwlw qoN igR&qwr kr ky iesy iklHy ivc kYd r`iKAw igAw sI ij`Qy Agly swl aus dI mOq ho geI sI.
bMglw dyS dw iek pRwcIn ngr qy izlHw ij`Qy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI pUrb Xwqrw dOrwn gey sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bxwieAw igAw sI jo sMn 1947 ivc muslmwnW ny Fwh id`qw sI[ rMgwmwtI nW dw iek ngr p`CmI bMgwl ivc vI hY.
izlHw lwhOr ivc lwhOr-brkI rof ’qy iek ipMf ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hirgoibMd swihb ruky sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw sI[ sMn 1947 qoN bwAd ies gurduAwry ’qy iek mhwjr pirvwr ny kbzw kr ilAw sI.
izlHw lwhOr ivc Bwrq pwik srh`d dy nyVy iek ipMf ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hirgoibMd swihb ruky sn[aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw sI[ies ipMf dIAW do AwbwdIAW hn Aqy dohW dy ivckwr gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw sI[ sMn 1947 qoN bwAd ies gurduAwry ’qy iek mhwjr pirvwr ny kbzw kr ky AwpxI irhwieS kr leI sI.
AwpxI pihlI audwsI dOrwn gurU nwnk swihb Aqy BweI mrdwnw sRIlMkw qoN byVI rwhIN muV sn Aqy DnuskofI auqry sn[ (sMn 1964 ivc iek smuMdrI qU&wn nwl DnuskofI qbwh ho igAw sI)[ DnuskofI qoN gurU swihb (29 iklomItr dUr) rwmySvrm pu`jy sn[ rwmySvrm ihMdUAW dy 4 muK DwmW ivcoN iek hY[ ies ivc iSv dw rwmwnwQsvwmI mMdr hY[gurU nwnk swihb vyly ieh mMdr Cotw ijhw sI; A`j-klH ieh bhuq v`fI iemwrq hY[ hux vwlI iemwrq gurU swihb qoN mgroN bxI sI[ rwmySvrm ivc iSv aupwSkW qoN ielwvw bhuq swry gorKpMQI jogI vI irhw krdy sI[ jogIAW ny gurU swihb nwl Drm crcw crcw kIqI[ gurU swihb ny jogIAW nUM jog Cf ky gRihsQI bxn dI pRyrnw idqI[ gurU swihb ny aunHW nUM smJwieAw ik “Asl Drm gRihsQI rihMidAW iesy izdgI ivc mukqI hwisl krnw hY[” rwmySvrm ivc gurU swihb dI Xwd ivc “gurduAwrw gurU nwnk Dwm” bixAw hoieAw hY[ ies ivc iek bhuq purwxw KUh vI; ijs bwry ieh pRcwr kIqw hoieAw hY ik ieh KUh gurU jI ny bxwieAw sI[ ies gurduAwry ivc gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc (aunHW dy) pYr aunHW dy Awaux dI inSwnI vjoN bxwey hoey hn (ijvyN hsn Abdwl ivc gurU jI dy h`Q dw inSwn, pMjw swihb, bixAw hoieAw hY)
rwmySvrm mMidr (hvweI idRS)
rwmySvrm mMidr
rwmySvrm gurduAwrw gurU nwnk Dwm bwhroN
rwmySvrm gurduAwrw gurU nwnk Dwm (AMdroN)
gurU jI dI Xwd ivc (aunHW dy) pYrW dI inSwnI
gurduAwry ivc l`gw borf ijs ivc bhuq ZlqIAW hn
izlHw &rIdkot dw iek ipMf (jYqo qoN 10 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy gurU goibMd isMG jI 29 dsMbr 1705 dy idn gey sn[ gurU jI dInw qoN qlvMfI swbo jWidAW ies QW ’qy kuJ pl ruky sn[ iesy QW ’qy mwJy qoN Aw rhy cwlHI is`KW Aqy mweI Bwgo nwl gurU jI dI mulwkwq hoeI sI, ijs qoN mgroN iKdrwxy dI Fwb ’qy lVweI hoeI sI ij`Qy ieh cwlHI is`K ShId ho gey sn[ ies ipMf ivc gurU jI dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ gurduAwry ivc iek purwxw dr^q vI hY, ijs bwry ikhw jWdw hY ik gurU jI ny ies dr^q nwl Awpxw GoVw bMinAw sI[ gurduAwry dy borf ’qy iek bMdy v`loN fyly qoV ky iek`Ty krn dI kwlpink khwxI vI ilKI hoeI hY.
lwhOr dy sUbydwr XwhIAw ^wn dw q^q pltx ’qy kOVw m`l dIvwn bixAw[ ies nwl is`KW ’qy zulm iek vwr qW ruk gey[ 30 mwrc 1747 dy idn srb`q Kwlsw dw iek iek`T drbwr swihb dy muK drvwzy dy mUhryy hoieAw sI[ ies iek`T ivc bhuq swry kOmI msly ivcwry gey[ srbq Kwlsw ny gurmqw kIqw sI ik is`K j`do-jihd ƒ jQybMd kIqw jwvy[ Kwlsw &OjW ƒ SsqrW-AsqrW nwl lYs kr ky muZl &OjW dy twkry vwsqy pUrI qrHW iqAwr-br-iqAwr kIqw jwvy[ ies dy nwl hI ieh gurmqw vI kIqw igAw sI ik gurU dw c`k ivc iek iklHw vI auswirAw jwvy [ ieh k`cw iklHw Sihr dI audoN dI h`d dy bwhr rwmsr srovr dy nyVy bxwauxw SurU kIqw igAw sI[ ies dw nW gurU-dw-c`k Sihr vswaux vwly gurU rwmdws swihb dy nW ’qy ‘rwm rOxI’ riKAw igAw[ (rOxI dw mwAnw hY: k`cIAW kMDW dI &sIl/ cwrdIvwrI[ Xwin ieh iklHw Gt Aqy iek vlgx vDyry sI)[ ies ivc isr& 500 bMdy hI rih skdy sn[ BwvyN ieh iek v`fI hvylI hI jwpdw sI, pr ieh vDIAw qrIky nwl bxwieAw igAw sI qy hmly vyly kuJ dyr qk cMgI ih&wzq dy skdw sI[
rwm rOxI dy iqAwr hox mgroN is`KW ny drbwr swihb kMplYks dI syvw-sMBwl SurU kIqI[ qbwh ho cu`ky ih`sy ƒ muV auswirAw Aqy bwkI ih`sy dI murMmq kIqI[ hux ‘gurU dw c`k’ ivc rozwnw sMgqW juVn l`g peIAW[ Agly A`T mhIny sMgqW bwkwiedw ‘gurU dw c`k’ ivc pu`jdIAW rhIAW[ ies dOrwn is`K &OjW pUrI qrHW jQybMd ho geIAW[ is`KW kol coKI igxqI ivc GoVy Aqy kw&I imkdwr ivc Aslw Aw cu`kw sI[ hux auh muZl &Oj nwl t`kr lYx dy rOA ivc sn.
AMiMmRqsr Sihr ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI irhwieS dy duAwly luAwieAw igAw iek bwZ[ ie`Qy mhwrwjw dy mihl ivc iek srd ^wnw Aqy iek bwrWdrI bxI hoeI hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG sMn 1818 qoN 1837 qIk grmIAW ivc ies QW ’qy irhw krdw sI[ ie`Qy mjwrwjw ny muZlW dy SwlImwr bwZ dI qrz ’qy ieh bwZ bxwauxw SurU kIqw sI[ ieh bwZ sMn 1819 ivc bxnw SurU hoieAw sI Aqy 1837 qIk iqAwr ho cukw sI[ ies nUM bxwaux vwsqy aus smyN dy svw l`K rupY l`gy sn[ pMjwb au~qy AMgRyzW dy kbzy qoN mgroN ies QW ivc iek Ajwieb Gr kwiem kIqw igAw sI[ aus mgroN ieh kw&I smW aujwV ipAw irhw sI[ mgroN AwrkweIvz mihkmy ny ies dI syvw sMNBwl krnI SurU kIqI[ ies ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw iek buq vI pwieAw igAw sI.
mhw. rxjIq isMG dw rwm bwZ AMimRqsr mihl
rwm bwZ AMimRqsr dI ifauFI
rwm bwZ AMimRqsr dI ifauFI (1858-60)
1855 ivc ifptI kimSnr kUpr v`loN kwiem kIqw igAw Ajwieb Gr
rwm bwZ ivc mhwrwjw dw buq
izlHw mwnsw dI iB`KI qihsIl ivc iek ipMf (mwnsw qoN 15 iklomItr dUr)[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn iek vwr ies ipMf ivc ruky sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc ‘gurduAwrw pwqSwhI nOvIN’ bixAw hoieAw hY.
izlHw luiDAwxw dI suDwr qihsIl dw iek ipMf (suDwr qoN 4 qy luiDAwxw qoN 26 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hirgoibMd swihb gey sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw dmdmw swihb bixAw hoieAw hY[ mukwmI irvwieq muqæwibkæ ie`Qy dwKw ipMf dI iek mweI ny gurU jI vwsqy im`sy pRSwdy ilAWdy sn.
gurduAwrw dmdmw swihb rkbw
gurduAwrw dmdmw swihb rkbw (nyiVEN)
rwjpUqW dy rihx dw mulk jW rwjpUqW dI hkUmq vwlw ielwkw[ ies ivc p`Cm ivc isMD dirAw, pUrb ivc buMdylKMf, d`Kx ivc ivMDX phwV dI Dwrw qy au~qr vl sqluj dirAw ies zon dIAW srh`dW sn[ ies ivc mOjUdw rwijsQwn, m`D-pRdyS Aqy gujrwq dw kuJ ielwkw qy pMjwb dy p`CmI ih`sy dw kuJ ielwkw Swiml sI[ ies ivclIAW muK irAwsqW sn: audYpur, joDpur, jYpur, jYslmyr, bIkwnyr, ikSngVH, kotw, bUMdI Aqy keI hor CotIAW (kul 18) irAwsqW[ ies dw rkbw 343328 murbw iklomItr sI[ rwjpUqwnw nW AMgryzW ny sMn 1800 qoN mgroN GiVAw sI[ ies dw sB qoN purwxw izkr sMn 1831 dy AYNQnI i&nly dy bxwey iek nkSy ivc imldw hY; aus ivc ies ielwky nUM Ajmyr-rwjpUqwnw ikhw igAw sI:
mOjUdw rwijsQwn dw nkSw ijs ivc purwxIAW irAwsqW nzr AauNdIAW hn
izlHw sMgrUr dI DUrI qihsIl ivc (DUrI qoN 6 iklomItr dUr) iek ipMf ij`Qy iek vwr gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw pwqSwhI nOvIN bixAw hoieAw hY
ibhwr ivc (gXw qoN 30 Aqy ptnw qoN 93 iklomItr dUr) iek pRwcIn ksbw jo kdy rwjw ibMbswr dI rwjDwnI hoieAw krdw sI[ rwjgIr mgD dy mOrIAw rwj dI pihlI rwjDwnI sI (mgroN ibMbswr dy pu`qr Ajwq CqrU ny ipqw nUM ie`Qy kYd kr ky pwtlIpuqr (ptnw) nUM AwpxI rwjDwnI bxw ilAw sI)[ mhwqmw bu`D ny Awpxw bhuqw smW ies ielwky ivc hI ibqwieAw sI[ ie`Qy rwijAW dy mihl hox kr ky ies dw nW rwj gRih bx igAw sI[ hux ieh iek in`kw ijhw ksbw hY (ieh izlHw nwlMdw dI iek qihsIl hY); pr ieQy bhuq swrIAW pRwcIn QWvW mOjUd hn[ rwjgIr ivc ihMdUAW dw ‘qpobn qIrQ’ hY ij`Qy iek grm pwxI dw cSmw ‘bRhm kuMf’ vI hY ijs ivc Aj-klH muslmwnW Aqy eIsweIAW dy jwx dI mnwhI kIqI hoeI hY[rwjgIr ivc ibMbswr rwjy dw iklHw, Ajwq CqrU rwjy dI jylH (ijs ivc aus ny Awpxy ipqw ibMbswr nUM kYd r`iKAw sI) qy boDIAW dw pRwcIn m`T, ipplI kwvw, vlcrz cotI vZYrw vyKx vwlIAW QwvW hn[ ie`Qy 2018 ivc mhwqmw bu`D dw iek 70 Pu`t au~cw buq bxwieAw igAw sI[
rwjigr ivc bRhm kuMf
AwpxI pihlI audwsI dOrwn gurU nwnk swihb vI ies ngr ivc sMn 1509 ivc gey sn[ aunHW ny sIql kuMf dy nyVy bYT ky lokW nUM qIrQW dw Brm C`f ky s`cw Drm jIx dw rsqw d`isAw sI[ rwj gIr ivc is`KW nwl sbMDq do jgh hn: 1. inrmilAW dw gurduAwrw 2. iek gurduAwrw jo iek rItweIrf is`K &OjI bwbw Ajwieb isMG ny Awpxy injI ^rc nwl bxwieAw sI, nUM jo aus dy cVHweI kr jwx mgroN 2019-20 ivc nvW bxwieAw igAw hY
sIql kuMf gurduAwrw nvIN iemwrq
&OjI is`K ijs ny gurduAwrw bxwieAw sI
sIql kuMf gurduAwry ivc l`gw borf ijs ivc id`qI jwxkwrI pUrI qrHw shI nhIN hY
inrmilAW dw gurduAwrw
izlHw biTMfw dI mOV qihsIl dw iek ipMf (mOV klW qoN 5 Aqy qlvMfI swbo qoN 17 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy guru qyZ bhwdr swihb Aqy gurU goibMd isMG jI gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw twhlw swihb bixAw hoieAw hY.
gurduAwry dw gyt iek irtwierf ipRMsIpl jrnYl isMG dy nW ’qy bxw id`qw igAw hY
hirAwxw dy pMckUlw izlHy ivc iek ipMf ( qoN iklomItr), jo kdy iek in`kI ijhI irAwsq huMdw sI[ 27 AkqUbr 1688 dy idn gurU goibMd isMG pwaUNtw swihb qoN c`l ky c`k nwnkI jWdy hoey ies QW ruky sn Aqy ies irAwsq dI rwxI dy s`dy ’qy aus dy Gr Kwxw Kwx gey sn[ gurU jI mwxk twbrw ipMf ivc ruky hoey sn; jd rwxI nUM pqw l`gw qW aus dy pqI rwjw &qh isMG ny pTwxW qoN fridAW gurU jI nUM jI AwieAW nhIN ikhw sI qW rwxI ny gurU jI nUM Arz kr ky Awpxy mihl ivc bulwieAw sI[ ikhw jWdw hY ik gurU jI ny rwxI nUM iek KMfw (iek jwxkwrI muqæwibkæ Fwl qy qlvwr) b^iSAw sI jo kuJ smyN mgroN Swied corI ho igAw sI[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iklHy dy AMdr gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw sI[ hux iklHy dI hwlq bhuq mwVI hY, pr gurduAwrw Ajy kwiem hY.
rwiepur rwxI iklHw
rwiepur rwxI dy iklHy dIAW inSwnIAW
rwiepur rwxI iklHy dy AMdr gurduAwrw
izlHw luiDAwxw dI jgrwauN qihsIl dw iek ngr (luiDAwxw qoN 37 iklomItr dUr)[ ieh ngr sMn 1648 ivc rwie Aihmd ny Awbwd kIqw sI[ rwie Aihmd dw v`fw vfyrw qulsI rwm muslmwn bx igAw sI; aus nUM Sy^ c`kU vI kihMdy sn[rwie Aihmd dI kul ivcoN rwie kwml-aud-dIn ny jgrwauN Awbwd kIqw sI[ ies dw pu`qr klHw rwie sMn 1705 ivc rwiekot irAwsq dw mwlk sI[ rwie klHw dI bytI dI SwdI kotlw inhMg dy BweI inhMg ^wn dy byty Awlm ^wn nwl hoeI sI[ inhMg ^wn Aqy aus dy swry irSqydwr gurU swihbwn dy swidk sn[ rwie klHw dw gurU jI nwl pihlw myl ApRYl 1694 ivc Awlm ^wn dI mMgxI dI rsm smyN kotl inhMg ^wn ivc hoieAw sI[
gurU goibMd isMG jI 5 qy 6 dsMbr 1705 dI rwq nUM AnMdpur C`fx mgroN dInw kWgV jWdy hoey 17 dsMbr dy idn lMmw j`tpurw pu`jy sn[ jdoN rwie klHw nUM gurU jI dy Awaux dw pqw l`gw qW auh gurU jI dy drSn krn vwsqy Awp lMmw j`tpurw pu`jw sI[ auh gurU jI nUM Awpxy Gr lY igAw sI[ ie`QoN aus ny Awpxy swQI nUrw mwhI nUM sIhrMd (hux srhMd) Byj ky mwqw gujrI Aqy b`icAW dI shIdI Aqy tofr m`l pRvwr v`loN aunHW dw sskwr kIqy jwx dI ^br dI qsdIk krvweI sI[ gurU jI do idn au~Qy rhy sn[ mwqw jI Aqy b`icAW dI ShIdI dI ^br suxn mgroN gurU jI ny iek kwhI dw bUtw auKyVidAW ikhw sI ik qurkW ny bhuq zulm kIqw hY, hux ienHW dy rwj dI jVH pu`tI jweygI[ ieh zulm dw rwj bhuqI dyr nhIN rhygw[ ieh sux ky rwie klHw ny ikhw sI ik mYN vI qW qurk hW[ ies ’qy gurU jI ny aus nUM AwpxI qlvwr b^S ky AwiKAw sI ik jd qk ieh quhwfy kol mih&Uz rhygI pMQ quhwfI ih&wzq krdw rhygw[ iek vwr rwiekot dy rwjy ’qy swihb isMG bydI ny hmlw kIqw sI jo iehswn &rwmoSI vwlI hrkq sI[iek vwr rwie klHw dw poqw gurU jI v`loN b^iSS kIqI qlvwr pihx ky iSkwr krn igAw sI Aqy ies qlvwr nUM AxgihlI nwl PVn kr ky aus dI mOq ho geI sI[ mgroN ies pirvwr qoN ieh qlvwr luiDAwxw dy AMgRyz ifptI kimSnr ny lY leI sI Aqy auh ieMglYNf lY igAw sI[ iek irvwieq miqwibk ieh qlvwr gurduAwrw isropwau swihb nwBw ivc rhI sI[ hux ies qlvwr dw koeI pqw nhIN cldw[ gurU jI ny rwie klHw nUM iek lotw ‘gMgw swgr’ vI b^iSS kIqw sI[ ieh gMgw swgr iqRpurw dy rwjw rqn rwie ny gurU jI nUM Byt kIqw sI[ ies ivc 288 Cyk hn Aqy ies dIAW do qihAW hn[ iek qih bMd krn vwlw ies ivc pweI koeI cIz nhIN fulHdI Aqy dUjI qih KolHx nwl sB kuJ ikr jWdw hY[gurU jI ny rwie klHw nUM iek rIhl (ijs ’qy poQI r`K ky pVHI jWdI hY) vI b^iSS kIqI sI (ies rIhl dw vI koeI pqw nhIN lgdw)[ rwiekot ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw twhlIAwxw swihb bixAw hoieAw hY[ aus qoN ielwvw ie`Qy gurduAwrw bUtw swihb Aqy jVH pu`tI swihb vI bxy hoey hn. hor vyKo: gMgw swgr.
gurduAwrw twhlIAwxw swihb
gurduAwrw ivc l`gw hoieAw borf
rwijsQwn ivc Ajmyr qoN qkrIbn 10 iklomItr dUr iek pRwcIn ipMf (hux ngr)[ ies ngr dw nW imQhwsk dyvqy bRhmw dy shury puSkr dy nW ’qy ipAw sI[ ies ngr ivc sB qoN purwxw mMdr bRhmw mMdr hY[ imQhws muqæwibkæ bRhmw ny ies QW ’qy X`g kIqw sI; aus ny X`g krn vwsqy QW dI cox krn vwsqy kml (Pu`l) su`itAw sI, ij`Qy kml if`gw sI au~Qy srovr bx igAw sI[ Xg krn smyN jdoN bRhmw dI pqnI sivqrI dy Awaux ivc dyrI ho geI qW bRhmw ny gwXqrI nW dI iek gopI nwl SwdI kr ky aus dy nwl X`g SurU kr id`qw sI[ jdoN sivqrI vwips AweI qW gwXqrI nUM X`g ivc bYTI dyK ky aus ny bRhmw nUM srwp id`qw sI ik ‘qyrI pUjw ikqy nhIN hovygI’; ies kr ky bRhmw dI pUjw isr& puSkr ivc hI huMdI hY[
ikhw jWdw hY ik purwxw ngr ies qoN pMj iklomItr dUr sI[ ies ngr dy ivckwr iek ^UbsUrq JIl hY, ijs dy cwry pwsy 52 Gwt hn Aqy burjIAW bxIAW hoeIAW hn [ QoVHI-QoVHI dUrI ’qy ie`Qy iqMn srovr hn: 1.jXyST puSkr (bRhmw dw) 2. bUVHw puSkr (ivSnU dw) 3. kinSt puSkr (rudr/iSv dw)[ bRhmw dy srovr dI mhwnqw sB qoN vD hY[ ihMdU XwqrU ie`Qy hI ieSnwn krdy hn[ puSkr nUM qIrQW dw qIrQ kihMdy hn[ puSkr srovr (JIl) dy iknwirAW ’qy bhuq swry mMdr bxy hoey hn[ ienHW dI igxqI 350 d`sI jWdI hY[ srovr dy iek pwsy cotI ’qy sivqrI dw Aqy dUjy pwsy gwXqrI dw mMdr hn; ies mMdr dI igxqI 51 SkqIpITW ivc kIqI jWdI hY[
mOjUdw ngr JIl nUM jWdy iek bwzwr dy duAwly v`isAw hoieAw hY[ ies bwzwr ivc drjnW hotl Aqy fyF-do sO dy krIb dukwnW hn[ ies ngr dy muK vwsI hotlW dy mwlk qy dukwndwr Aqy aunHW dy mulwzm hn qy jW iPr pujwrI Awid hn[ ies ngr ivc hr swl dyS ivdyS qoN l`KW XwqrU AwauNdy hn[ ie`Qy guru nwnk swihb AwpxI pihlI audwsI qoN vwpsI dOrwn sulqwnpur jWdy hoey ruky sn Aqy gurU goibMd isMG qlvMfI swbo qoN AOrMgzyb nUM imlx jwx smyN (jnvrI 1707 ivc) ruky sn[ kdy JIl dy kMFy, gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw goibMd Gwt bixAw hoieAw sI; ies dw izkr swrIAW purwxIAW ikqwbW ivc AwauNdw hY (JIL dy ies ih`sy nUM A`j vI goibMd Gwt hI kihMdy hn)[ hux auh iemwrq qW mOjUd hY pr sMn 1984 ivc gurU gRMQ swihb dw srUp Zwieb kr ky imQhwsk dyvI dyviqAW dIAW qsvIrW lw id`qIAW hn (gurduAwry dw guMbd A`j vI idsdw hY; qsvIr vwsqy DMnvwd: ‘rihmq tIvI’ Aqy ‘pMjwb tRYvl kpl’)[ ies JIl qoN kuJ dUr is`KW ny iek v`fw gurduAwrw bxwieAw igAw hY.
puSkr ngr dy do hvweI idRS
puSkr dw bRhmw mMdr
ieiqhwsk gurduAwry ‘goibMd Gwt’ vwlI iemwrq
(gurduAwry dw guMbd Aj vI idsdw hY)
Sihr dw dUjw Axieiqhwsk gurduAwrw
(&wrsI pMjwb) pMj+Awb= pMj pwxI (pMj dirAwvW dI DrqI)[
ieh nW muslmwn hmlwvrW ny id`qw sI[ pihlW ies nUM mdr dys kihMdy hn[ pMjwbI ivc ies dw nW ‘pMj nd’ vI mShUr hY[ s`q dirAwvW dy ivckwr dw ielwkw hox kr ky ies nUM ‘spq isMDu’ vI kihMdy hn[ pRwikRq bolI dI ifkSnrI ivc pMjwb vwsqy pMcwl Sbd AwieAw hY[ iksy vyly ies ivc isMD Aqy jmnw dirAwvW dy ivckwr dw ielwkw Swiml sI[
vydW dI rcnw ie`Qy hoeI mMnI jWdI hY[ ie`Qy gMDwr rwj (sMn 750 qoN 518 purwxw kwl) dw kwl Amn dw kwl sI[ iPr iskMdr, sIQIAn, pwrQIAn qy kuSwn hmlwvr ie`Qy kwbz rhy sn[ aunHW qoN mgroN mOrIAw, gupq qy ihMdUSwhI rwijAW dw bolbwlw vI irhw[ rwjw dwihr qoN mgroN muhMmd iebn kwism qoN muhMmd Swh rMgIlw qIk muslmwnW dI hkUmq (sMn 712 qoN 1739), iPr muZlW qy du`rwnIAW dI imlI julI (sMn 1739 qoN 1765), iPr is`KW dI (sMn 1765-1849) Aqy iPr AMgryzI hkUmq (sMn 1849-1947) rhI sI[
sMn 1947 ivc ies nUM do ihi`sAW (p`CmI qy pUrbI pMjwb) ivc vMf id`qw igAw sI[ ieh vMf Drm dy ADwr ’qy hoeI sI; p`CmI pMjwb muslmwnW Aqy pUrbI pMjwb is`KW Aqy ihMdUAW dw sUbw bx igAw sI[ JnW qy ijhlm pUry Aqy kuJ-kuJ sqluj qy rwvI p`CmI pMjwb ivc rih gey sn; Aqy, pUrw ibAws Aqy sqluj dw bhuqw ih`sw qy rwvI dw kuJ ih`sw pUrbI pMjwb ivc rih gey sn[
sMn 1947 qoN pihlW pMjwb dw rkbw 133741 mur`bw mIl (vrg mIl) sI[ pMjwb dIAW 11 v`fIAW (pitAwlw, kpUrQlw, jINd, nwBw, &rIdkot, bhwvlpur, mMfI, mlyrkotlw, cMbw, sukyq, lohwrU) qy 32 CotIAW (kul 43) irAwsqW dw rkbw 37059 mur`bw mIl sI (Xwin pMjwb dw kul rkbw 136905 mur`bw mIl sI)[ sMn 1947 ivc pMjwb dy 32 izlHy sn[ sMn 1881 ivc AxvMfy pMjwb dI AwbwdI 2 kroV 8 l`K sI[ ies ivcoN 47.6% muslmwn, 43.0% ihMdU Aqy 8.2% is`K sn[ sMn 1941 ivc sWJy pMjwb ivc kul AwbwdI 3 kroV 43 l`K sI, ijs ivcoN muslmwn 53.2%, ihMdU 29.1% Aqy is`K 14.9% sn[
sMn 1966 ivc pMjwb nUM pMjwbI Aqy hirAwxvI bolI dy ielwky dy AwDwr ’qy vMf id`qw igAw sI, hwlWik pMjwb nwl DoKw kr ky bhuq swry pMjwbI boldy ielwky hirAwxw nUM Aqy kuJ ihmWcl nUM dy id`qy gey sn[ sMn 1966 ivc pUrbI pMjwb dw rkbw 50362 mur`bw iklomItr (19445 mur`bw mIl) rih igAw sI[ pUrbI pMjwb ivc pihlW 10 izlHy rih gey sn (gurdwspur, AMimRqsr, jlMDr, huiSAwrpur, kpUrQlw, luiDAwxw, sMgrUr, pitAwlw, biTMfw, &Irozpur)[ mgroN izilHAW nUM Cotw-Cotw kr ky 10 qoN 23 izlHy (23vW mlyrkotlw sMn 2021 ivc bixAw sI) bxw id`qy gey sn[pUrbI pMjwb dI AwbwdI (2011 dI mrdmSumwrI muqæwibkæ) 2 kroV 77 l`K 43 hzwr 338 sI[ ies ivcoN 1 kroV 60 l`K (57.69%) is`K, 1 kroV 6 l`K (38.49%) ihMdU (ienHW ivc bhuqw ih`sw dilq hn), 5 l`K 35 hzwr (1.93%) muslmwn hn[
pUrbI pMjwb dy muK ngr hn: AMimRqsr, jlMDr, luiDAwxw, pitAwlw, biTMfw[ pMjwb dy pRwcIn siBAqw dy muK ngr hn: sMGol, ropV, ngr (i&lOr) Awidk; Aqy Dwrimk ngr hn: AMimRqsr, qrnqwrn, krqwrpur (jlMDr), kIrqpur, c`k nwnkI qy AnMdpur, qlvNMfI swbo, goiedvwl, KfUr Awidk.
pUrbI pMjwb 2022 ivc
pUrbI Aqy p`CmI pMjwb ATHwrvIN sdI ivc
p`CmI pMjwb (pwiksqwn) dw rkbw 205344 mur`bw iklomItr Aqy AwbwdI (sMn 2021 ivc) qkrIbn 11 kroV hY (sMn 1947 ivc isr& 2 kroV sI)[ p`CmI pMjwb ivc 97.21% muslmwn, 2.3% eIsweI Aqy kuJ hzwr is`K, ihMdU qy AihmdIey (srkwrI qOr ’qy aunHW nUM ZYr-musilm minAw igAw hY) vI hn[ p`CmI pMjwb dy 36 izlHy, 146 qihsIlW Aqy 7602 XUnIAn kONslW (imaUNspl kmytIAW qy pMcwieqW) hn[ sB qoN vD AwbwdI vwly Sihr hn: lwhOr (1 kroV 12 lK), lwielpur/&Yslwbwd (32 l`K), rwvlipMfI (21 l`K), gujrWvwlw (20 l`K), mulqwn (19 l`K), bhwvlpur (pOxy 8 lK), srgoDw (pOxy 7 l`K), isAlkot swFy 6 l`K) hn[p`CmI pMjwb dIAW bolIAW hn:
pMjwbI (69%), srwiekI, jo pMjwbI dI hI iek Sw^w hY (21%), aurdU (4.8%), pSqo (2%); kuJ lok poTohwrI, blocI qy isMDI vI boldy hn[ p`CmI pMjwb dI isr& 65% AwbwdI pVH ilK skdI hY[ isr& 25% dsvIN jmwq qoN A`gy jWdy hn, 4% qoN vI Gt mwstrz ifgrI qk pujdy hn, hwlWik ie`Qy 60 XUnIvristIAW hn[
p`CmI pMjwb dy pMjwbI dy pRmuK Swier, kvI, ik`swkwr hn: SY^ &rId, dmodr sulqwn bwhU, Swh husYn, dmodr gulwtI, bulHy Swh, vwirs Swh, &zl Swh, AihmdXwr, hwSm, dmodr, Swh husYn, pIlU, mIAW muhMmd b^S, Kvwjw Zulwm &rId, qnvIr nkvI, mnzUr J`lw, SrI& kuMjwhI, njm husYn sXd, &^r zmwn, A&zl Aihsn rMDwvw, munIr inAwzI, AlI ArSd mIr Awid[ p`CmI pMjwb dy pRmuK lok gwiek hn: nUr jhwn, ienwieq husYn B`tI, zubYdw ^wnm, mihdI hsn, Amwnq AlI ^wn, nusrq &qh AlI ^wn, SOkq AlI ^wn, rySmw, qu&Yl inAwzI, Zulwm AlI, &rIdw ^wnm, Awlm lohwr, Awibdw prvIn, rUnw lYlw, nwhId A^qr, mus`rq nzIr, n`Xrw nUr, mnsUr mlMgI, Aqwaulw ^wn eIswKylvI, hwimd AlI bylw, nsIbo lwl, Awir& lohwr, hdIkæw ikAwnI, &rIhw prvyz, mrwqb AlI ^wn Awid[
p`CmI pMjwb ivc pRwcIn, ieiqhwsk ngr qy ipMf ieh hn: qkiSlw, hV`pw, ktws rwj, it`lw jogIAW, mulqwn, lwhOr, ipSwvr, isAwlkot, nwnkwxw swihb, krqwrpur; Aqy, munro, rohqws qy lwhOr dy iklHy. hor vyKo: pwiksqwn, lwhOr, mulqwn.
pUrbI Aqy p`CmI pMjwb 1941 ivc
pUrbI Aqy p`CmI pMjwb 1947 ivc
lihMdw (p`CmI) qy cVHdw (pUrbI) pMjwb
gUgl qoN pMjwb dw nkSw mwrc 2022
ieslwmwbwd
mInwr-ie-pwiksqwn lwhOr
mulqwn dw iek idRS
lwielpur (&Yslwbwd)dw iek idRS
isAwlkot dw iek idRS
lwielpur (PYslwbwd) dw iek idRS
srgoDw dw iek idRS
srgoDw dI gol msijd
srgoDw dy iqMn v`fy mw`l ivcoN iek
rwvlipMfI dw iek idRS
lwhOr dIAW hor qsvIrW vwsqy vyKo: lwhOr
kSmIr ivc puMC dirAw Aqy byqwr nwly dy kMFy ’qy v`isAw iek ksbw (jMmU qoN qkrIbn 225 qy sRIngr qoN qkrIbn 175 iklomItr dUr)[ puMC sMn 850 ivc rwjw nr hyT iek Awzwd irAwsq sI[ rwjqrMgnI ikqwb muqæwibkæ sMn 1020 ivc ie`QoN dy rwjy ny mihmUd ZznvI nUM zbrdsq t`kr idqI sI[ sMn 1596 ivc muZl bwdSwh jhWgIr ny isrwju`dIn rwTOr (jo rwjw joDw qy sUrj isMh dI kul ivcoN sI) nUM ies irAwsq dw hwkm bxw id`qw sI[ ieh ^wndwn sMn 1798 qk ie`Qy hkUmq krdw irhw sI[ sMn 1819 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ rxjIq isMG ny ieh irAwsq iDAwn isMh fogry nUM jwgIr vjoN dy id`qI sI[ sMn 1846 ivc jdoN gulwb isMh fogrw AMgRyzW dI mdd nwl kSmIr dw hwkm bixAw qW BwvyN ieh Awzwd rhI sI, pr ieh gulwb isMh dI hkumq dw ih`sw bxI sI[ sMn 1940ivAW ivc ieh kSmIr irAwsq dw ih`sw jwxI jwx lg peI sI[ sMn 1947 ivc ie`QoN dy lokW ny pwiksqwn ivc Swiml hox vwsqy bZwvq SurU kr id`qI sI, ijs nUM BwrqI &Oj ny dbw id`qw sI Aqy 20 nvMbr 1948 dy idn ies dy pUrbI ih`sy ’qy puUrw kbzw kr ilAw sI; pr, p`CmI ih`sw pwiksqwn dy kbzy vwly ‘Awzwd kSmIr’ dw ihsw irhw sI[ puxC hux vI in`kw ijhw ksbw hY[ 2021 ivc ie`QoN dI AwbwdI qkrIbn 27 hzwr sI (sMn 1947 ivc qkrIbn 9 hzwr sI)[ puxC dw vwsIAW ivcoN 44% ihMdU, 33% muslmwn qy 21% is`K hn[
mukwmI irvwieq muqæwibkæ gurU goibMd isMG jI ny BweI PyrU isMG nUM puxC Aqy kSmIr dy ielwky ivc is`KI pRcwr vwsqy ByijAw sI[ aus ny bhuq swry lokW nUM is`KI ivc Swiml kIqw sI[ A`goN aus dy cyilAW ivcoN pMjwb isMG Aqy rocw isMG ny hor vI bhuqw pRcwr kIqw sI[ iPr rocw isMG ny ngwlI ipMf ivc fyrw kwiem kr ky is`KI pRcwr ivc ih`sw pwieAw sI[ ngwlI ipMf vwsqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny bhuq jwgIr id`qI sI[ rocw isMG dy iek cyly mylw isMG ny vI puxC dy ielwky ivc is`KI dw bhuq pRcwr kIqw sI. hor vyKo: ngwlI.
izlHw jlMDr dI qihsIl i&lOr dw iek ipMf (iPlOr qoN 16 qy iblgw qoN 7 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hir rwie swihb gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY
izlHw luiDAwxw dI smrwlw qihsIl ivc, ropV vwlI nihr dy kMFy ’qy, iek ipMf (cmkOr qoN 8 qy smrwlw qoN 7 iklomItr dUr), ij`Qy gurU goibMd isMG jI 7 qy 8 dsMbr 1705 dy ivckwrlI rwq nUM cmkOr qoN mwCIvwVw jWdy kuJ pl ruky sn[ sMn 1947 qk ieh muslmwnW dw ipMf sI; ies kr ky ie`Qy koeI gurduAwrw nhIN sI[ pMjwb dI vMf mgroN ihjrq kr ky gey iek muslmwn dy mkwn ivc gurduAwrw kwiem kIqw igAw sI; hux nvyN gurduAwry dI v`fI iemwrq bx cukI hY[ gurduAwry dw nW ‘kMGw swihb’ r`K id`qw igAw hY (AKy gurU jI ny ie`Qy ruk ky kysW ivc kMGw vwihAw sI).
ies ielwky ivc poTohwrI (jo pMjwbI dw iek aup-bolI hY) qoN ielwvw pMjwbI dIAW hor aup-bolIAW phwVI qy ihMdko vI bolIAW jWdIAW hn[ pMjwb qoN bwhrly sUibAW ivcoN Awey lok jW kwljW dy pVHy lok aurdU boldy hn[ ies ielwky dy sB qo vD kImqI ^zwinAW ivc suAW dirAw vI hY jo mrI qoN kwlw bwZ qk vgdw hY[ies ivc bhuq swrw ielwkw phwVI hY, pr kw&I ielwkw pDrw vI hY, ij`Qy KyqI huMdI hY[ ies ielwky ivc imlx vwly Pl dunIAw dy sB qoN vDIAw PlW ivc Swiml hn[
sMn 1947 qk poTohwr dy ielwky ivc hzwrW is`K qy ihMdU vsdy sn (jo ik kul AwbwdI dw qkrIbn 15% sn); aunHW ivcoN bhuqy pitAwlw, luiDAwxw qy id`lI jw vsy sn[ ies ielwky ivc 20 qoN vD Kwlsw skUl bxy hoey sn[ poTohwr dy ielwky ny bhuq swrIAW Aihm S^sIAqW nUM jnm id`qw hY, ijnHW ivc mwstr qwrw isMG, fw. mohn isMG dIvwnw, igAwnI hIrw isMG drd, pRo, mohn isMG, ipRMsIpl qyjw isMG, krqwr isMG du`gl, sMq isMG gujr^wnI (prmjIq isMG srnw id`lI dy v`fy-vfyry), gurmuK isMG muswi&r vI Swiml hn.
mnikAwlw ivc bu`D Drm dw sqUp
it`lw jogIAW phwV
Prvwlw iklHw dy KMfr
{hor vyKo: hsn Abdwl, coAw swihb, it`lw jogIAW, qkiSlw, rohqws}.
poTohwrn= poTohwr dy ielwky dI AOrq.
poTohwrI= poTohwr dy ielwky dI bolI (jo pMjwbI dI aup-bolI hY).
AMimRqsr ivc puqlI Gr cOk kol gurU Arjn swihb qy gurU hirgoibMd swihb dI Xwd ivc bixAw iek gurduAwrw[ sMn 1606 ivc jdoN ipRQI cMd mIxw gurU-dw-c`k Awaux vwlIAW sMgqW qoN cVHwvw lYx lg ipAw qW gurU Arjn swihb, bwbw bu`Fw qy BweI gurdws Awid kuJ smW ie`Qy dIvwn lwauNdy rhy sn Aqy Awaux vwlIAW sMgqW nUM ngr ivc jwx qoN pihlW hI ipRQI cMd dIAW hrkqW bwry ^brdwr krdy rhy sn[ AMimRqsr dI lVweI (13 ApRYl 1634) qoN mgroN is`K &OjW ie`Qy iek`TIAW hoeIAW sn[ ies QW ’qy iek purwxw KUh vI hY, ijs bwry ikhw jWdw hY ik ieh gurU hrgoibMd swihb ny luAwieAw sI.
ipplI swihb gurduAwrw ivc l`gw borf
AwpxI qIjI audwsI dOrwn gurU nwnk swihb, rwey Boey dI qlvMfI qoN cl ky, vYrovwl qy KfUr huMdy hoey goieMdvwl pu`jy sn Aqy ieQy ibAws dirAw pwr kIqw sI[ ies mgroN Awp mIrhoqw (hux luiDAwxw) phuMc ky, sqluj dirAw dy kMFy ’qy cldy hoey mwCIvwVw qy ropV huMdy hoey auh (luiDAwxw qoN 125 iklomItr) ipMjOr vl gey sn[ ipMjOr iek pRwcIn ngr hY[ ies jgh iksy zmwny ivc BImw dyvI dw mMdr sI, ijhVw gurjwr-pRiqhwr rwijAW dy smyN (8vIN qoN 11 vIN sdI) dw jwpdw hY[ ipMjOr dw ipCokV ies qoN vI pihlW pMcwl dys dy (pWfv) rwijAW nwl jw imldw hY; ikauNik ie`Qy pWfUAW dy kwl dI hkUmq dIAW inSwnIAW vI imlIAW hn[ ies jgh iek bhuq purwxI bwaulI vI hY ijs nUM pMj Dwrw bwaulI (Aqy pMj Dwrw qIrQ) vI ikhw jWdw hY ikauN ik ies jgh phwVW qoN pwxI dIAW pMj DwrW phuMcdIAW sn[ ipMjOr dw nW vI pMj pwisEN (pMj+Er) qoN Awaux vwlIAW DwrW qoN bixAw jwpdw hY[ ies mMdr nUM muslmwn hmlwvrW ny Fwh ky zmIn nwl imlw id`qw sI[ mgroN ies jgh ’qy muZl bwdSwh Swhjhwn ny iek bwZ lgvwieAw sI, ijs nUM pihlW ‘muZl gwrfn’ ikhw jWdw sI qy hux ‘XwdivMdrw gwrfn’ (pitAwlw dy rwjy XwdivMdr dy nW kr ky) ikhw jWdw hY[
jd gurU nwnk swihb ie`Qy pu`jy qW mMdr qbwh ho cuky sn, pr pMj Dwrw bwaulI Ajy kwiem sI[ gurU swihb ny F`Ty hoey ‘pMjDwrw qIrQ’ dy nyVy ruk ky pVwA kIqw sI Aqy lokW nUM s`cy Drm dw rsqw d`isAw sI[ ie`Qy rwq rukx mgroN Awp sumyr prbq vl jwx vwsqy mMfI v`l cl pey sn[ ipMjOr ivc gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc iek v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ gurduAwry ivc l`gy borf muqæwibkæ gurU nwnk swihb ie`Qy 15 A`sU 1574 ibkrmI dy idn Awey sn; borf muqæwibkæ aus idn grYgorIAn sMn 1517 dI 13 sqMbr sI (auN\ ieh 14 sqMbr 1517 bxdI hY)[ ies borf ’qy vI krwmwq dI iek g`p khwxI ilKI hoeI hY.
ies gurduAwry dI pihlI iemwrq mhwrwjw krm isMG pitAwlw (sMn 1798-1845) ny bxweI sI[ hux ies dw prbMD SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI kol hY.
gurduAwry ivc l`gw g`p khwxI vwlw borf
B`tI rwjpUq rwjw jYsl (ijs ny sMn 1156 ivc jYslmyr vswieAw sI) dI CyvIN puSq is`DU Aqy is`DU dI nOvIN puSq brwV sI[ brwV qoN 12 vIN pIVHI ivc PUl sI[ PUl dy 6 puqr sn, ijnHW ivcoN iqlokw (iqlok isMG) sB qoN vfw sI qy rwmw (rwm isMG) dUjy nMbr ’qy sI[
nwBw irAwsq: iqlok isMG qoN nwBw ^wndwn qy nwBw irAwsq dw mu`F b`Jw sI[ iqlok isMG dw pu`qr guridq isMG (mOq sMn 1754), aus dw sUUrqIAw isMG (mOq sMn 1752, ipqw dI mOq qoN pihlW), aus dw pu`qr hmIr isMG (mOq sMn 1783), aus dw pu`qr jsvMq isMG (sMn 1775-1840), aus dw pu`qr divMdr isMG (sMn 1822-1865), aus dy pu`qr BrpUr isMG (sMn 1840-1863) qy Bgvwn isMG (sMn 1842-1871) rwj krdy rhy sn[ auh dovyN byAOlwd hox kr ky bfru`KW dw hIrw isMG (10.8.1843-25.12.1911) 10 Agsq 1871 dy idn rwjw bixAw sI[ aus dI mOq mgroN aus dw pu`qr irpudmn isMG (4.3.1883-13.12.1942) ny nwBw irAwsq ’qy rwj kIqw sI[ irpudmn isMG nUM 9 julweI 1923 dy idn g`dI qoN lwh id`qw igAw sI qy aus dI QW ’qy aus dy nwbwlZ pu`qr prqwp isMG (jnm 21.9.1919) nUM g`dI ’qy ibTwieAw igAw sI[ mgroN pRqwp isMG piqq ho igAw sI; pr iPr kys r`K ley sn[ sMn 1948 ivc Bwrq srkwr ny pMjwb dIAW swrIAW irAwsqW nUM iek`iTAW kr ky, pYpsU sUbw bxw ky, aus ivc nwBw irAwsq nUM Swml kr ky aus dI irAwsq ^qm kr id`qI sI[
jINd irAwsq: iqlok isMG dy dUjy pu`qr suKcYn isMG (mOq sMn 1751) ny jINd irAwsq kwiem kIqI[ ies dy hY~fkuAwrtrz sMgrUr ivc sn[ suKcYn isMG dw p`uqr gjpq isMG (jnm sMn 1738- mOq sMn 1789), aus dw pu`qr Bwg isMG (sMn 1760- 1819), aus dw pu`qr Pqy isMG (sMn 1789- 1822), aus dw pu`qr sMgq isMG (sMn 1810-1834) rwjw bxy[ sMgq isMG dI koeI AOlwd nhIN sI, ies leI gjpq isMG dy dUjy pu`qr BUp isMG dI AOlwd ’coN srUp isMG sMn 1837 ivc rwjw bixAw sI[ srUp isMG (sMn 1812- 1864) qoN mgroN aus dw pu`qr rGubIr isMG (sMn 1834-1887), aus dw pu`qr rxbIr isMG (sMn 1879-1948) rwjy bxy sn[sMn 1948 ivc Bwrq srkwr ny pMjwb dIAW swrIAW irAwsqW nUM iek`iTAW kr ky, pYpsU sUbw bxw ky, aus ivc jINd irAwsq nUM Swml kr ky aus dI irAwsq ^qm kr id`qI sI[
pitAwlw irAwsq: bwbw PUl dy puqr rwm isMG dy byty Awlw isMG (jnm sMn 1691- mOq 22.8.1765) ny SurU kIqI sI[ pitAwlw, biTMfw vgYrw aus dy ielwky sn[ Awlw isMG ny sMn 1753 ivc pitAwlw ngr dI nINh r`KI sI (mubwrk iklHw sMn 1764 ivc bixAw sI)[ Awlw isMG qoN mgroN srdUl isMG dw pu`qr qy Awlw isMG dw poqw Amr isMG g`dI ’qy bYiTAw sI (Awlw isMG dw pu`qr srdUl isMG sMn 1753 ivc mr cuikAw sI)[ rwjw Amr isMG (jnm 1748- mOq &rvrI 1781) qoN mgroN aus dw pu`qr swihb isMG (jnm 1774-26.8.1813) g`dI ’qy bYiTAw sI [ aus dI mOq qoN mgro aus dw pu`qr krm isMG (jnm 1797- mOq 23.12.1845); aus mOq qoN mgro aus dw pu`qr nryNdr isMG (1823- mOq 13.11.1862) {rwjw nirMdr isMG ny sMn 1857 dy Zdr ivc AMgRyzW dI bhuq v`fI mdd kIqI sI}; aus mgroN aus dw pu`qr mhyNdr isMG (jnm 1852- mOq 14.4.1876), aus mOq qoN mgro aus dw pu`qr rjyNdr isMG (jnm 1872- mOq nvMbr 1900); aus mOq qoN mgro aus dw pu`qr BUpyNdr isMG (jnm 1891- mOq 23.3.1938); aus mOq qoN mgro aus dw pu`qr XwdvyNdr isMG (jnm 1913- mOq 1974) rwjy bxy sn[ sMn 1948 ivc Bwrq srkwr ny pMjwb dIAW swrIAW irAwsqW nUM iek`iTAW kr ky, pYpsU sUbw bxw ky, aus ivc pitAwlw irAwsq Swml kr ky, ieh irAwsq vI ^qm kr id`qI sI[ XwdvyNdr isMG dw pu`qr AmirMdr isMG 2002 Aqy 2017 ivc pMjwb dw cI& minstr bixAw sI[ BdOV, mlOd, bjIdpur, bfru`KW, lOFGrIey reIs pirvwr vI bwbw PUl dI AOlwd hI sn[
PUlkIAW vwly Awpxy Awp ƒ bwrHvIN imsl AwKdy hn[ pr sMn 1748 ivc jd imslW bxIAW sn qW imslW dI igxqI isrP XwrHW sI[ PUlkIAW prvwr kdy vI srbq Kwlsw ivc Swiml nhIN sn huMdy pr auh is`K hox dy nwqy Aksr dl Kwlsw (is`K &OjW) dI mdd krdy huMdy sn[ AMgryzI rwj Awaux mgroN auh AMgryzW dy pUry v&wdwr rhy sn[ isr& nwBw dw irpdumn isMG hI AkwlI soc vwlw sI[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN vI mhwrwjw XwdivMdr isMG dI soc is`KI vwlI nhIN sI[ aus ny AwpxI BYx Aqy DI dovyN ihMdU rwjpUq rjvwiVAW nwl ivAwhIAW sn[ hW! sMn 1984 qoN mgroN kYptn AmirMdr isMG pitAwlw ny do vwr pMQk v&wdwrI zrUr idKweI sI[ aus ny drbwr swihb ’qy ieMdrw gWDI dy hmly (jUn 1984) Aqy iPr surjIq brnwly v`loN kIqy hmly (AprYl 1986) dy i^lw& Awpxy AhuidAW qoN AsqI&y dy id`qy sn[ pr sMn 2017 ivc jdoN auh dobwrw muK mMqrI bixAw qW aus dw rol bhuq izAwdw ‘pMQ ivroDIAW’ vwlw bx igAw sI[ auh rwA eyjMsI dy iek swbkw A&sr Aqy nYSnl sikauirtI muKI foivl dw iek iksm dw dlwl Aqy BwrqI jnqw pwrtI dw ^u&IAw swQI bx ky ivcrdw irhw[ aus ny qW krqwrpur lWGy qk dI mu^wl&q vI kIqI[ aus dI BwrqI jnqw pwrtI nwl ^u&IAw sWJ kwrn kWgrs pwrtI ny aus nUM muK mMqrI dy Ahudy qo htwaux dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ ijs idn aus nUM htwaux vwsqy mIitMg s`dI sI aus ny usy idn muK mMqrI dy Ahudy qo AsqI&w dy id`qw[ &rvrI 2022 ivc hoeIAW pMjwb AsYNblI coxW ivc auh pitAwlw hlky qoN cox vI hwr igAw.
hor vyKo: Awlw isMG, swihb isMG, swihb kOr,
izlHw biTMfw dI rwmpurw PUl qihsIl dw iek ngr (rwmpurw PUl qoN 6 qy biTMfw qoN 34 iklomItr dUr), ijs nUM bwbw PUl ny sMn 1653 ivc vswieAw sI[ ies ngr ivc bwbw PUl dI smwD qoN ielwvw ies pirvwr dy khy jWdy purwxy culHy vI sMBwl ky r`Ky hoey hn.
sqluj dirAw dy kMMfy ’qy, izlHw jlMDr dI iek qihsIl Aqy iek pRwcIn ksbw (luiDAwxw qoN 15, jlMDr qoNN 50 qy nvWsihr qoN 45 iklomItr dUr)[ pihlW dirAw sqluj ies qoN ds iklomItr dUr luiDAwxw kol vgdw huMdw sI; sMn 1750 qoN mgroN dirAw ny ru^ bdl ilAw sI Aqy ies ngr dy nyVy vihx lg ipAw sI[ kdy ies QW ’qy muZl bwdSwh Swh jhwn ny iek srW bxweI sI[ ikauNik ieh ngr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy AMgRyzW dy kbzy hyTly ielwky dy ivckwr h`d sI, ies kr ky mhwrwjw ny 1809 ivc dIvwn mohkm cMd rwhIN ies srW dI QW ’qy iek iklHw bxvw id`qw sI[ sMn 1846 ivc AlIvwl lVweI mgroN ies ’qy AMgRyzW dw kbzw ho igAw sI[ hux ieh pMjwb pulIs dw hY~fkuAwrtrz hY Aqy ies nUM pMjwb polIs dI AkYfmI vjoN vriqAw jw irhw hY.
i&lOr iklHy dw hvweI idRS
iklHy dw muK duAwr
izlHw &Irozpur dw iek ipMf ij`Qy lwhOr drbwr) Aqy eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI (is`KW Aqy AMgryzW) ivckwr 21 qy 22 dsMbr 1845 dy idn dUjI lVweI hoeI sI[ kvI Swh muhMmd ny Awpxy ik`sy ivc ies ipMf dw nW PyrU Sihr iliKAw hY[ 18 dsMbr 1845 dy idn mudkI ivc is`KW Aqy AMgryzW ivc hoeI pihlI lVweI ivc is`K &OjW ny AMgryzW ƒ burI qrHW hrwieAw sI[ ies lVweI ivc gvrnr jnrl dy do ey.fIz, sr rwbrt syl qy sr jOs& mYkgYsikl, qoN ielwvw 215 AMgryz &OjI mwry gey sn qy 657 z^mI hoey sn[ ies vyly AMgryz jrnYl g`& kol 16-17 hzwr &Oj qy 69 qopW sn[ is`K &OjW dI igxqI 35-40 hzwr sI qy aunHW kol 130 qopW sn[ PyrU Sihr ivc hoeI ies lVweI ivc vI lwl isMh imSrw Aqy qyjw isMh imSrw ny, AMgryzW nwl pihlW bxy plwn muqæwibkæ, is`K &OjW ƒ pUrw Aslw nhIN idqw sI, nw hI aunHW ƒ AMgryzW dy nwzuk Aqy Aihm iTkwixAW ’qy hmlw krn idqw sI Aqy ijs pwsy is`K &OjW dI qæwkæq vDyry vyKI sI au~QoN hI hmlw rukvw idqw sI qW jo AMgryz &OjW dI mdd kIqI jw sky[ ies mgroN lwl isMh imSr, knHeIAw lwl, AXuiDAw pRSwd qy Amr nwQ 6-7 hzwr is`K &OjW ƒ iek`ilAW C`f ky mYdwn’ coN iKsk gey pr AwgU-hIx is`K &OjW mYdwn ivc f`tIAW rhIAW sn[ ienHW dw inSwnw kmWfr-hIx is`K &Oj ƒ mrvwaux dw sI[ ies jMg ivc is`KW dy i^lw& lV rhy AMgryz jrnYl kinMGm muqæwibkæ “lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh dw inSwnw ie`kw-du`kw (is`K fvIznW) ƒ Kqm kr ky AMgryzW dI mdd krnw nhIN sI blik swrI &Oj ƒ iKMfw-puMfw ky ^qm krnw sI[” ieh dovyN AMgryzW ƒ ijqw ky aunHW hyT v`fy vzIr (pRweIm minstr) bxnw locdy sn[ ienHW ny AMgryzW ƒ AwpxI v&wdwrI swibq vI kr ivKweI sI[
PyrU Sihr dI lVweI ivc 694 AMgryzW mwry gey sn qy 1721 z^mI hoey sn[ mwry jwx vwilAW ivcoN 103 A&sr vI sn qy ienHW ivc auh myjr brOf&ut vI Swiml sI ijs ny ies jMg dI pihlI golI clweI sI[ ies lVweI ivc FweI-iqMn hzwr is`K vI mwry gey sn[ ies lVweI ivc ZdwrW lwl isMh qy qyjw isMh ny AMgryzW dw prw swQ id`qw pr iPr vI AMgryz A&sr is`KW qoN burI qrHW fry hoey sn[ ies jMg dOrwn pitAwlw, nwBw qy hor sqluj pwrlIAW is`K irAwsqW AMgryzW v`loN lwhOr drbwr dy i^lw& lVIAW sn[ ieM\ hI AMgryzI &Oj dy A&sr swry hI AMgryz sn pr aunHW hyT lVn vwly ispwhIAW iv`coN bhuqy pUrbIey qy bMgwlI hI sn[ dUjy l&zW ivc pMjwb ’qy AMgryzW dw kbzw krvwaux vwly ihMdUsqwnI Aqy sqluj pwr pMjwbI irAwsqW dy &OjI sn.
izlHw brnwlw dw iek ipMf (brnwlw qoN 5 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb sMn 1665 ivc AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn gey sn[ gurU jI mUlovwl qoN cl ky PrvwhI pu`jy sn Aqy AgoN hMiFAwieAw cly gey sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY.
&rvwhI ipMf dw gurduAwrw
(gurduAwry dI qsvIr vwsqy DMnvwd Amn pRIq isMG &Irozpur).
mwnsw qoN 10 iklomItr dUr (iB`KI-buFlwfw mwrg ’qy) iek ipMf ijs ivc BweI bihlo dI Xwd ivc iek v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ ies dy swhmxy BweI bihlo dI smwD bxI hoeI hY (is`KI ivc smwD bxwauxw mnHw hY)[ bihlo dy pirvwr kol kuJ cIzW peIAW hn, ijnHW bwry aunHW dw dwAvw hY ik ieh qoh&y gurU goibMd isMG jI ny ies pirvwr nUM b^iSS kIqy sn (ieh hn: iek pjwmw jo k`kV imRg dy cMm dw bixAw hoieAw hY, do AMgr`Ky/coly bUtIdwr kpVy dy, iek rumwl mlml dw, iek sony dI muhr, iek ktwr).
hor vyKo: bihlo, &qih isMG BweIkw.
izlHw kpUrQlw dw iek ngr (Aqy qihsIl dw hY~f kuAwrtr), pr ijhVw kpUrQlw dI srh`d nwl juiVAw nhIN hoieAw (kpUrQlw qoN 52, jlMDr qoN 20, luiDAwxw qoN 40 iklomItr dUr)[ ies ngr dw rkbw 20 iklomItr mur`bw hY Aqy AwbwdI qkrIbn 1 l`K 20 hzwr hY[ jI.tI. rof ’qy hox kr ky ies dI AhmIAq bhuq hY[ PgvwVw iek purwxw ngr hY; iksy zmwny ivc ies QW ’qy PgvwVw (AMjIr vrgw iek ru`K) dy bhuq ru`K huMdy sn, ijs kr ky ies dw nW PgvwVw jwixAw jWdw sI (pRc`lq g`p khwxI vwlw ‘P`gU dw vwVw’ ie`Qy koeI nhIN sI)[ Swh jhwn iek vwr purwxI jI.tI. rof (nkodr– hdIAwbwd -lodIhwxw/ luiDAwxw) qoN lMGidAW ie`Qy ruikAw sI[ aus ny ies QW dw nW Swhjhwnwbd r`iKAw sI pr auh nW c`l nhIN sikAw sI.
nkSw gUgl qoN
PgvwVw dw is`K qvwrI^ nwl vI sbMD hY[ gurU hirgoibMd swihb ies ngr ivcoN 29 ApRYl 1635 dy idn lMGy sn Aqy mukwmI pulIs cOkI dy muKI ny aunHW ’qy hmlw kr id`qw sI[ is`K BwvyN iqMn idn dI lgwqwr lVweI kwrn Aqy qkrIbn 40 iklomItr dy s&r kwrn Q`ky hoey sn pr aunHW ny hmlwvrW nUM ^Ub sbk isKwieAw sI qy keI muZlW nUM mOq dy Gwt auqwirAw sI; kuJ is`K vI mwry gey sn[ ies lVweI dw izkr B`t vhIAW ivc vI AwieAw hY: jgU bytw Drmy kw, poqw Bojy kw rmwxw, vwsI lwfvw, prgnw Qwnysr, swl solW sY bwnmyN jyT mws kI sMkRWq idhuM bu`Dvwr, PgvwVw ky mlHwn, prgxw jlMDr, pwCY Aw rhI qurk &Oj gYl swmy mwQy jUJ kir mrY[”(B`t vhI qlauNFw, prgxw jINd, Kwqw rmwxo kw)[ PgvwVw ivc gurU hirgoibMd swihb dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw suKcYnAwxw swihb (Sihr qoN 2 iklomItr dUr) bixAw hoieAw sI[ mgroN iek is`K ny iek hor QW dI inSwndyhI kr ky ‘gurduAwrw cOVw KUh’ vI bxwieAw sI (hux ies dw ieMqzwm vI SRomxI gurduAwrw pbMDk kmytI kol hY).
gurduAwrw suKcYnAwxw swihb
gurduAwrw cOVw KUh
sMgrUr izlHy ivc (sMgrUr qoN 19 iklomItr dUr) iek ipMf ij`Qy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb sMn 1665 ivc AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn gey sn[ gurU jI qlvMfI swbo qoN ApRYl 1665 ivc c`ly sn Aqy BwvnIgVH qoN huMdy hoey ie`Qy pu`jy sn[ gurU jI iek idn ie`Qy Tihr ky Dmqwn nUM c`l pey sn[gurU swihb dI Xwd ivc pihlW iek in`kw ijhw mMjI swihb bixAw hoieAw sI, pr hux iek v`fw gurduAwrw bx cukw hY
gurduAwry ivc l`igAw borf
gurduAwry ivc l`gy ies borf muqæwibkæ gurU jI ies ipMf ivc 21 k`qk sMmq 1722 (21 AkqUbr 1665) dy idn pu`jy sn, jo shI nhIN ho skdw, ikauN ik aus vyly qk gurU jI nUM Dmqwn dw Qwnydwr Awlm ^wn ruhIlw igR&qwr kr ky id`lI nUM iljw irhw sI[ so PgUvwlw ivc gurU jI dy jwx dw smW sqMbr 1665 dw ho skdw hY[
pwiksqwn ivc sUbw ^Ybr p^qUnvw dI rwjDwnI Aqy ies sUby dw sB qoN Aihm ngr[ ies nUM puruSpur (mrdW dw Sihr), ipSwvr, pySwvr qy ipSOr vI kihMdy hn[ ieh pMjwb dy sB qoN purwxy ngrW ivcoN iek hY[ FweI hzwr swl pihlW ieh gWDwr dyS dI rwjDwnI sI[ cInI XwqrIAW &whIAwn (sMn 337-422) ny vI ies ngr dw izkr kIqw hY[ &wrsI ivc pyS-Awvrdn qoN Bwv hY pihlW Awaux vwlw (ngr); ^Ybr d`ry v`loN ieh pihlw ngr hY[ XkInn ieh nW A&Zwinsqwn v`loN Awaux vwly hmlwvrW jW XwqrUAW ny id`qw hovygw[ Akbr dy vyly ies dw nW prSwvr sI; aus ny ies nUM ipSwvr ivc bdl id`qw sI[ ies dw izkr sMn 539 purwxw kwl ivc imldw hY, Xwin ieh qkiSlw dy zmwny dw Sihr hY[ iskMdr ny sMn 327 purwxw kwl ivc ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ aus mgroN silaUks ies ’qy rwj krdw irhw sI[ sMn 303 purwxw kwl ivc ies ’qy ptnw dy mOrIAW ^wndwn dw kbzw ho igAw sI[ ies mgroN grYko-bYktIrIAn (sMn 190 purwxw kwl), iPr kuSwn (sMn 232 qk) qy hUn (sMn 460 ivc) vI ies ’qy kwbz rhy sn[ aus vyly ie`QoN dI AwbwdI qkrIbn svw l`K sI[ sqvIN sdI ies ies ’qy sIQIAn hkUmq rhI sI[ iPr ies ’qy ihMdUSwhI rwijAW dw kbzw irhw sI[ sMn 986 ivc ies qy subkuqgIn ny hmlw kIqw sI Aqy ihMdUSwhI rwjy AnMgpwl nUM hrwieAw sI[ 28 nvMbr 1001 dy idn ies ’qy mihmUd ZznvI ny kbzw kr ky ieslwmI hkUmq dw mu`F bMinHAw sI[ sMn1 1179 ivvc muhMmd ZOrI ie`QoN dw hwkm bixAw sI[ sMn 1200 ivc mMgolW/muZlW ny ies ngr ’qy hmlw kr ky ies nUM burI qrHw qbwh kr id`qw sI[ ies mgroN bhuq smW ieh Sihr ArD-vIrwn irhw sI[ kuJ smW mgroN XUs&zeI qy iggXwnI p^qUn ie`Qy vsxy SurU ho gey sn[ pMdrvIN sdI ivc ieh loDIAW dy kbzy ivc irhw sI[ julweI 1526 ivc bwbr ny ies ngr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1540 ivc ieh p^qUn jrnYl Syr Swh sUrI dI hkUmq dw ih`sw bx igAw sI[ 18 nvMbr 1738 dy idn nwdr Swh ies dw hwkm bx igAw sI[ sMn 1747 ivc Aihmd Swh dI AgvweI ivc du`rwnIAW ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1801 ivc mihmUd Swh ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ do swl mgroN Swh Sujwh ny dobwrw ies ’qy dobwrw kbzw kr ilAw sI[ kuJ smW mgroN ny mihmUd Swh ies ’qy muV kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1818 ivc rxjIq isMG ny pySwvr ’qy hmlw kIqw sI pr hwr igAw sI[ sMn 1823 ivc rxjIq isMG ny dobwrw hmlw kr ky ij`q ilAw sI[ sMn 1835 ivc dosq muuhMmd ^wn ny ies ngr nUM rxjIq isMG qoN Kohx dI koiSS kIqI sI pr nwkwm irhw sI[ sMn 1849 qoN mgroN ieh AMgRyzW dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw sI[
hux ieh muK qOr ’qy pSqUn kOm dw ngr hY[ ies ngr dI AwbwdI qkrIbn 21 l`K (izlHw ipSwvr dI qkrIbn 35 l`K) hY (sMn 1849 ivc ies dI AwbdI qkrIbn s`qr hzwr sI; sMn 1947 ivc qkrIbn fyF l`K, 1981 ivc swFy pMj l`K qy 1998 ivc ds l`K qoN vI Gt sI)[
sMn 1947 ivc ie`Qy bhuq swry is`K qy ihMdU vI rihMdy rhy sn, pr sMn 1965 qoN mgroN muslmwn dihSqgrdW dy toilAW v`loN kIqy gey kqlW kwrn bhuq swry ZYr-muslmwn ie`QoN cly gey sn[ pySwvr dIAW muK iemwrqW ivc muhbq ^wn dI msIq (sMn 1630), bwlw ihswr iklHw (bwlw=aucw+ ihswr= iklw) hn[ pySwvr izlHy ivc sB qoN purwxI QW boDIAW dw q^q-ie-bwhI hY jo sMn 20 qoN 46 qk bxwieAw igAw sI[ ieh mrdwn ngr qoN 15 Aqy pySwvr qoN qkrIbn 80) iklomItr dUr hY[ ipSwvr gurU gibMd isMG jI dy smyN qoN hI is`KW dw vI iek Aihm ngr irhw sI[ ie`QoN dw BweI jogw isMG is`K Drm dw iek mShUr pRcwrk sI (ieh vKrI g`l hY ik aus nwl iek kwlpink khwxI juVI hoeI hY). q&sIl vwsqy vyKo: jogw isMG.
q^q-ie-bwhI
muh`bq ^wn dI msIq
ipSwvr iklHy dI iek bhuq purwxI qsvIr
bwlw ihswr iklHw qy ipSwvr ngr
hor vyKo: jogw isMG, BweI.
izlHw luiDAwxw ivc iek pRwcIn ksbw (luiDAwxw qoN 35 qy KMnw qoN 18 iklomItr dUr)[ ies dw rkbw 9 muur`bw iklomItr hY[ ikhw jWdw hY ik kdy ie`Qy 64 mMidr sn[ ie`Qy iek purwxw iklHw vI hY, ijs ivc hux kuVIAW dw kwlj cl irhw hY[ hux ie`Qy isr& 8000 qoN kuJ vD AwbwdI hY, ijs ivcoN 64% isK, 33% ihMdU 2% muslmwn hn; kul AwbwdI dw 41% p`CVIAW zwqW ivcoN hn.
pwiel dw iklHw
izlHw mogw dI qihsIl inhwl isMG vwlw ivc iek ipMf (inhwl isMG vwlw qoN 4 qy mogw qoN 28 iklomItr dUr), ij`Qy gurU nwnk swihb, gurU hirgoibMd swihb, gurU hir rwie swihb qy gurU goibMd isMG jI v`K-v`K simAW ’qy Awey sn[ gurduAwry ivc l`gy iek borf muqæwibkæ gurU goibMd isMG jI ie`Qy iqMn vwr Awey sn (jo shI nhIN hY, gurU jI isr& iek vwr hI dInw jWdy ie`Qy ruky sn), dUjw, nw auh ‘sYr krn’ vwsqy Awey sn Aqy nw hI mukqsr dI lVweI vwsqy koeI BrqI kIqI sI, auN\ ie`Qy ieh g`p vI ilKI hY ik mukqsr ivc do lVweIAW hoeIAW sn).
gurduAwry ivc Zlq jwxkwrI vwlw borf
pUrbI pMjwb dy mwJw ielwky ivc, izlHw qrnqwrn ivc (qrnqwrn qoN 24 qy AMimRqsr qoN 47 iklomItr dUr) iek pRwcIn ngr[ ieh ngr qkrIbn 1000 swl purwxw hY[ mukwmI irvwieq ivc ies nUM nON l`KI p`tI vI kihMdy hn ikauNik ieh iek irAwsq sI Aqy ies dw mwmlw nON l`K rupY bxdw sI[ iesy ngr nwl drbwr swihb AMimRqsr ivc l`gy iek borf ‘rjnI Aqy aus dw kohVI pqI’ vwlI kwlpink khwxI vI juVI hoeI hY[ ie`Qy sMn 1755 ivc iek iklHw bxwieAw igAw sI[ audoNkwism ^wn ies dw hwikm sI[ sMn 1758 ivc PYslwpurIAW imsl ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ iPr ieh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw sI[ sMn 1947 qk ieh lwhOr dI iek qihsIl sI[ Agsq 1947 ivc pMjwb dI vMf mgroN ieh izLHw AMimRqsr Aqy mgroN izlHw qrnqwrn dw ih`sw bx igAw sI[ ies ksby dI AwbwdI qkrIbn 41 hzwr hY[
p`tI ivc gurU hirgoibMd swihb vI Awey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw ‘cObwrw swihb’ bixAw hoieAw hY[ p`tI ksby dw izkr BweI gurdws ny AwpxIAW vwrW ivc ieM\ kIqw hY: ptI AMdr cauDrI, iFloN lwlu lMgwhu suhMdw (vwr 11. pauVI 22).
p`tI dy iklHy dw bicAw hoieAw ih`sw
gurduAwrw cObwrw swihb pwqSwhI CyvIN, p`tI
gurduAwrw cObwrw swihb purwxIAW pOVIAW
gMgw Aqy Sox dirAvW dy sMgm ’qy v`isAw (gXw qoN 105 iklomItr dUr), ieh ngr ibhwr sUby dI rwjDwnI hY[ ptnw bhuq purwxw ngr hY[ audoN ieh A`j vwlw ptnw Sihr nhIN huMdw sI[ ie`Qy hwjIpur gMgw dirAw dy iek pwsy Aqy pwtlIpuqr dirAw dy dUjy pwsy huMdw sI (pwtlIpuqr dw nW puSppur Aqy kusumpur iliKAw vI imldw hY) [pwtlIpuqr ngr dI nINh sMn 490 (purwxw kwl) ivc mgD rwjy AjwqSqrU v`loN r`KI geI sI (pihlW aus dI rwjDwnI rwjgRih sI)[ pwtlIpu`qr sMn 321 qoN sMn 184 (purwxw kwl) dOrwn mOrIAw ^wndwn dI rwjDwnI irhw sI[ cMdrgupq mOrIAw dy zmwny ivc ieh bVw v`fw Sihr sI[ mOrIAw kwl ivc, sMn 300 (purwxw kwl) ivc, vI ieh 4 l`K AwbwdI vwlw, eySIAw dy sB qoN v`fy ngrW ivcoN iek sI[ audoN ieh ngr 9 mIl lMmw Aqy fyF mIl cOVw sI[ Sihr dy cwry pwsy p`kI dIvwr bxI hoeI sI[ ies dIvwr ’qy 570 burj sn[ dIvwr dy duAwly 60 Pu`t cOVI Aqy pMqwlI pU`t fUMGI KweI pu`tI hoeI sI, jo pwxI nwl BrI rihMdI sI[ Sihr ivc dwi^l hox vwsqy 64 drvwzy sn[
mOrIAw hkUmq ^qm hox mgroN isrP Qyh Aqy KMfr hI rih gey sn[ ies qoN bwAd Syr Swh sUrI ny, jd auh ibhwr dw sUbydwr sI, ies ƒ Awbwd kIqw sI ny ies ngr nUM muV Awbwd kIqw sI[ aus ny ies QW ‘qy iek iklHw vI bxvwieAw sI, jo hux KMfr bx cukw hY)[ sMn 1574 ivc ies ’qy muZl bwdSwh Akbr dw kbzw ho igAw sI[ sqwrvIN sdI ivc ieh kw&I PYl igAw sI qy ATHwrvIN sdI ivc bhuq v`fw Sihr bx igAw sI[
Aj klH ptnw Sihr dI AwbwdI qkrIbn 16 l`K 83 hzwr hY (2011 dI mrdmSumwrI muqæwibkæ); Awly duAwly dy SihrI ielwikAW smyq ies dI AwbwdI 25 l`K dy krIb bxdI hY[ies ivcoN 86.39% ihdU Aqy dilq, 12.27% muslmwn, 1.92% eIsweI, 1% is`K hn[ ptnw ngr 35 iklomItr (22 mIl) lMbw qy 16 qoN 18 iklomItr (9.9 qoN 11.2 mIl) qk cOVw hY[ ies dw rkbw qkrIbn 250 mur`bw iklomItr (97 mur`bw mIl) hY[
ptnw ivc Syr Swh sUrI dy iklHy dw Qyh
sMn 1814 ivc ptnw dw muK bwzwr
A`j dw ptnw swihb ngr
gurU nwnk swihb AwpxI pihlI audwsI dOrwn, sMn 1509 ivc, hwjIpur ivc gey sn[ gurU nwnk swihb vyly hwjIpur vI iek v`fw ipMf hI sI[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb Aqy gurU goibMd isMG swihb vyly ptnw v`fw ksbw bx cukw sI[ ij`Qy gurU nwnk swihb Tihry sI, au~Qy ‘gurduAwrw gwey Gwt’ bixAw hoieAw hY jo dirAw qoN bhuqI dUr nhIN hY[ ies swry ielwky ƒ ‘gulzwr bwZ’ vI kihMdy hn[
hwjIpur (ptnw) ivc iek AmIr bMdy swls rwey jOhrI ny gurU swihb nUM Awpxy Gr Kwxy ’qy bulwieAw sI[ Kwxy mgroN aus ny gurU swihb ƒ kuJ rkm vI ByNt kIqI sI[ gurU swihb ny pYsy lYx qoN nWh kr idqI sI qy ikhw sI ik PkIr Awpxy nwl pYsw bMnH ky nhIN iljWdy[ gurU swihb ny aus ƒ ieh vI disAw sI ik AwdmI dOlq kr ky v`fw nhIN huMdw, blik rUhwnI ielm hwisl kr ky sicAwr dI izMdgI jIx nwl v`fw huMdw hY[ ‘nwm’ vwly kol jo ^zwnw hY, auh rupeIAW dy ^zwny qoN ikqy v`fw hY[ swils rwey jOhrI nUM AwpxI dOlq dw mwx JUTw jwpx lg ipAw sI[ aus ny gurU jI A`gy isr JukwieAw sI Aqy gurU swihb qoN ‘is`KI dy dwn’ dI mMg kIqI sI[ iek khwxI muqæwibkæ gurU swihb ny swls rwey jOhrI ƒ AwpxI dsqwr vI Byt kIqI sI, pr ieh g`l shI nhIN hY[ hW swls rwie gurU nwnk swihb dI isiKAw dw prcwr zrUr krdw irhw sI[
ptnw ivc gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb vI bhuq smW rhy sn[ ie`Qy hI 18 dsMbr sMn 1661 dy idn gurU goibMd isMG jI dw jnm hoieAw sI[
gurduAwrw gwey Gwt pwqSwhI pihlI
ptnw ivc gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc bxy ‘gurduAwrw dyauU Gwt’ qoN ielwvw hyT ilKy gurduAwry vI hn:
drbwr swihb (Zlq nW hirmMdr swihb)
jnm AsQwn gurU goibMd isMG jI
gurU dw bwZ
gurduAwrw kMgx Gwt
bwl lIlHw mYnI sMgq
c`kI mwqw gujrI qy hor XwdgwrI cIzW ijnHW dw gurU jI nwl sbMDq hox dw dwAvw kIqw jWdw hY
ienHW gurduAwirAW ’qy inrmilAW dw kbzw irhw hY ies kr ky ie`QoN dI mirAwdw vDyry kr ky ‘bRwhmxI mirAwd’w hY (imhr isMG sMn 1730-58, nvl isMG 1758-97, idAwl isMG 1797-1832, suKw isMG 1832 qoN 1861, dIdwr isMG 1861-65, gMfw isMG 1865-75, Drm isMG, ijs ny QVHw swihb dI zmIn vycI sI, 1875-1882, sumyr isMG 1882-1903 – ieh swry inrmly pujwrI sn)[ iesy QW ’qy ienHW inrmly pujwrIAW ny ‘bicqr nwtk’ ivclIAW kivqwvW dI rcnw kIqI sI Aqy mgroN aus nUM AKOqI ‘dsmgRMQ’ vjoN prcwirAw sI.
rwjpurw qo 32, cMfIgVH qoN 67, id`lI qoN 233 iklomItr dUr, ngr pitAwlw dw mu`F rwjw Awlw isMG ny sMn 1753 ivc bMinHAw sI[ ie`Qy sMn 1763 ivc iklHy dI nINh r`KI geI sI[ ies mgroN hOlI-hOlI Sihr Awbwd hoxw SurU ho igAw sI[ pitAwlw dw rkbw 160 mur`bw iklomItr (60 mur`bw mIl) hY[ ie`QoN dI AwbwdI (sMn 2021 ivc) qkrIbn 7 l`K 63 hzwr sI[ ies ngr ivc muK QwvW iklHw mubwirk, bwrWdrI, moqI bwZ, dIvw^wnw Awid hn[ SIS mihl (moqI bwZ dw AMdrUnI ih`sw &RYsko nwl BirAw hoieAw hY)[ ies nUM ‘SIiSAW dw mihl’ vI kihMdy hn[ ie`Qy iek ‘lCmx JUlw’ vI hY[ ie`QoN dy Ajwieb Gr ivc dunIAw dy sB qoN vD mYfl ie`Qy pey hn[ bwrWdrI bwZ dy 12 drvwzy hn; ieh Pldwr dr^qW nwl BirAw hoieAw hY, ijnHW ivc byl dy sYNkVy dr^q hn[
pitAwlw irAwsq Aqy rwijAW bwry hor q&siIl vwsqy vyKo: PUlkIAW ^wndwn.
pitAwlw dy rwjy rwm isMG (rwmw) qy aus dw Brw iqlok isMG (iqlokw) dy gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq in`Gy sbMD sn[ gurU jI ny aunHW nUM bhuq swry qoh&y b^iSS kIqy hoey sn[ ienHW ivcoN bhuq swrIAW cIzW pitAlw iklHy ivc ‘burj bwbw Awlw isMG’ ivc peIAW hoeIAW hn: 1. hukmnwmw gurU goibMd isMG jI dw 2. qyZw gurU hirgoibMd jI dw 3. duDwrw KMfw gurU qyZ bhwdr jI dw 4. iSkwrgwh qlvwr gurU goibMd isMG jI dI 5. qlvwr gurU goibMd isMG jI dI (ijs ’qy iliKAw hoieAw hY: ‘Akwl shwie gurU goibMd isMG, jo drSn krygw so inhwl hoiegw’ – XkInn ieh bwAd ivc aukrvwieAw igAw hovygw) 6. do &Wkw qIr gurU goibMd isMG jI dw (ies ’qy sony dy iqMn bMd hn) 7. brCw gurU goibMd isMG jI dw (ies dw dsqw jOhrdwr hY) 8. s&wjMg gurU goibMd isMG jI dw 9. iek gutkw (ijs nUM gurU goibMd isMG jI dw ikhw igAw hY); ies ivc jpujI, rihrws (‘srn pry kI rwKhu srmw’ qk), kIrqn sohlw, gurU qyZ bhwdr jI dy Sbd qy slok slok shsikRqI Aqy gwQw hn 10. sunihrI iSkwrgwh ktwr gurU goibMd isMG jI dI 11. paUey gurU goibMd isMG jI dy (jo ipMfIGyb dy iek syT kol sn Aqy aus ny mhwrwjw pitAwlw nUM dy id`qy sn) 12. KMfw gurU goibMd isMG jI dw.
pitAwlw ivc gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb vI Awey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc ‘gurduAwrw pwqSwhI nOvIN’ bxwieAw igAw sI[ mgroN inrmlw pujwrIAW ny ies dw nW ‘duK invwrn’ rK id`qw sI[ pitAwlw dy bwhrvwr iklHw bhwdrgVH, jo sY&-aud-dIn ny bxvwieAw sI Aqy gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dIAW XwdW nwl sbMDq hY qy ies dy nyVy hI pMjwbI XUnIvristI vI pitAwwlw ngr dI Swn vDwauNdy hn.
iklHw mubwirk
iklHw mubwirk drSnI gyt
SIS mhl
SIS mhl (lCmx JUlw)
moqI bwZ mhl
bwrWdrI mhl
pMjwbI XUnIvristI (gurU goibMd isMG Bvn)
mihMdrw kwlj
pitAwlw sYNtrl jyl
gurduAwrw dUK invwrn swihb
gurduAwrw dUK invwrn swihb hvweI idRS
gurduAwrw dUK invwrn ivc gurmiq dy ault l`gw borf (SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI)
izlHw qrnqwrn ivc pwiksqwn dI srh`d dy nyVy iek ipMf (nOSihrw pMnUAW qoN 10 iklomItr dUr)[ ieh gurU nwnk swihb dy v`fy-vfyirAW dw ipMf sI[ ies nUM lohwr vI kihMdy hn.
kIrqpur ivc sqluj dirAw dy kMFy ’qy auh QW ij`Qy muridAW dy sskwr hoieAw krdy sn[ gurU hirgoibMd swihb hI nhINy kIrqpur ivc rihx vwly hr iek jxy dw sskwr ie`Qy hI hoieAw krdw sI[[ hwlW ik sqluj dirAw dw vhwA hux dUr clw igAw hY, pr gurduAwry dy pRbMDkW ny iek nihr rwhIN dirAw dw pwxI ie`QoN qk lY AWdw hY qW jo ieh Brm rih sky ik ieh pwxI sqluj dirAw dw hY[ Aj klH kuJ by-smJ is`K Awpxy irSqydwrW dIAW AsQIAW ivSyS qOrq ’qy ie`Qy ilAw ky pwauNdy hn[ ie`Qy qW hirduAwr vW| vhIAW (rijstr) vI r`Ky hoey hn ijnHW ivc sskwr kIqy gey bMdy dw nW pqw iliKAw jWdw hY[ ieh gurmiq dI isiKAw dy ault hY; is`K ƒ ihdwieq hY ik auh AsQIAW ƒ nyVy dy vihMdy pwxI (dirAw, nihr vZYrw) ivc jl-pRvwh kry[ ies QW ’qy Aj-kLH iek v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ ies dI pihlI iemwrq, jo bhuq CotI ijhI sI, ropV dy srdwr BUp isMG ny bxvweI sI[ hux ies QW ’qy bhuq v`fI iemwrq auswrI jw cukI hY[.
pqwlpurI dI pihlI iemwrq (qsvIr: DMnw isMG cihl sweIkl XwqrU, 11 meI 1934)
pqwlpurI dI hux dI iemwrq (2021)
pqwlpurI ivc hrduAwr vW| AsQIAW pwaux dI QW
au~qr pRdyS ivc gMgw qy jmunw dirAwvW dy sMgm ’qy v`isAw iek pRwcIn ngr (id`lI qoN 722, Awgrw qoN 534, kwnpur qoN 200 iklomItr dUr)[ iksy zmwny ivc srsvqI dirAw (jo hux lop ho cukw hY) vI ienHW do dirAwvW dy nwl Aw imldw sI; ies kr ky ies nUM iqRbYxI sMgm vI ikhw jWdw sI[ imQhws muqæwibkæ jdoN SMKwsur dYNq qoN vyd vwips ilAw ky bRhmw nUM id`qy gey sn qW aus ny ies QW ’qy ds X`g kIqy sn; ikauNik pRXwg dw ArQ ‘au~qm X`g’ huMdw hY, ies kr ky ies QW dw nW pRXwg jwixAw jwx lg ipAw sI[ hOlI-hOlI ies QW ’qy iek ngr v`s igAw sI qy ies ngr dw nW vI pRXwg jwixAw jwx lg ipAw sI[ ies dy nyVy hI pRwcIn kwl dw ngr kosMBI vI sI (45 iklomItr dUr aus ngr dy Qyh imldy hn)[ ies QW ‘qy mhwrwjw ASok dw rwj vI irhw sI[ aus dw lwieAw iek sqMB (ip`lr) A`j vI mOjUd hY[ sqvIN sdI ivc ieh hrSvrDn dw rwjDwnI sI[ cInI XwqrI ihaUn sWg ny vI ies dw izkr kIqw hY[ Akbrnwmw muqæwibkæ ies Sihr nUM mOjUdw rUp ivc Akbr ny sMn 1575 ivc vswieAw sI[ pRXwg ivc iek v`fw bohV dw dr^q huMdw sI ijs qoN if`g ky mrn nUM vYSnU (ihMdU) lok mukqI dw swDn mMndy sn; Akbr ny ieh dr^q ktvw id`qw sI[ Akbr ny ies QW ’qy iek iklHw bxwieAw sI, jo A`j vI mOjUd hY[ Akbr ny ies dw nW ielwhwbwd r`iKAw sI; kuJ lok ies nUM Alwhwbwd vI kihMdy sI; Swhjhwn vyly sMn 1584 ivc ieh Alwhwbwd bx igAw sI[ sMn 2018 ivc BwrqI jnqw pwrtI dI srkwr ny ies mgr dw nW pRXwgrwj r`K id`qw sI[ pRXwgrwj dw ArQ hY ‘pRXwg (X`gW) dw rwjw’, Xwin SRyStqm X`g[
muZlW qoN mgroN sMn 1772 ivc ies QW ’qy kuJ smW mrh`itAW dw kbzw vI irhw sI[ ies mgroN ieh ngr eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dy vwrn hysitMg dI mdd nwl Swh Sujwh dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw sI[ sMn 1798 ivc ie`QoN dw iklHw eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI ny Awpxy kbzy ivc lY ilAw sI[ sMn 1857 ivc ieh ngr, mOlvI ilAwkq AlI dI AgvweI hyT, Zdr dw iek Aihm kyNdr sI; pr Zdr nwkwmXwb hox qoN bwAd ieh pUrI qrHW AMgryzI kbzy hyT Aw igAw sI[ sMn 1887 ivc ie`Qy XUnIvristI bxweI geI sI[ sMn 2021 ivc ies ngr dI AbwdI swFy 11 l`K dy krIb hY ijs ivcoN 76% ihMdU qy dilq, 22% muslmwn hn.
Alwhwbwd ivc Akbr dw bxwieAw iklHw
Alwhwbwd XUnIvristI
mhwrwjw ASok dw sqMB (ip`lr)
pRXwg ivc gurU nwnk swihb AwpxI pihlI audwsI dOrwn dsbMr 1508 ivc gey sn[ mgroN, gurU qyZ bhwdr jI Aqy gurU goibNd isMG jI vI pRXwg gey sn[ ies ngr ivc AhIAwpur muh`ly ivc gurU swihbwn dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw “p`kI sgq” bixAw hoieAw sI, ijs ’qy inrmilAW ny kbzw kr ky ies nUM ‘qp AsQwn’ dw nW dy id`qw sI (hwlW ik is`K &ls&y ivc AKOqI ‘qp’ nUM r`d kIqw hoieAw hY)[ hux ies ’qy isr& gurU qyZ bhwdr jI dw nW hI iliKAw hoieAw hY Aqy sMgqW qy gurduAwrw kmytI nUM ieh vI nhIN pqw ik gurU nwnk swihb vI eyQy Awey sn (hwlW ik purwxIAW swrIAW ilKqW ivc ies dw hvwlw imldw hY)[ ies gurduAwry ’qy iek inrmly swDU dw kbzw hY; ieh auhI swDU hY ijhVw Awpxy isr ’qy Cqr Julvw ky 2013 dy kuMB dy myly ivc Swiml hoieAw sI.
gurduAwrw p`kI sMgq
gurduAwrw p`kI sMgq ivc gurU kwl dw KUh
ihmWcl dy isrmOr izlHy ivc, jmnw dirAw dy kMFy ’qy iek ngr (nwhn qoN 40, jmnwngr qoN qkrIbn 58, sFOrw qoN qkrIbn 53, fyhrwdUn qoN qkrIbn 72, cMfIgVH qoN qkrIbn 120 iklomItr dUr), jo hux iek vfw snAqI kyNdr bx cuikAw hY[ ies ngr dI nINh gurU goibMd isMG jI ny 29 ApRYl 1685 dy idn r`KI sI[
sMn 1685 ivc ‘c`k nwnkI’(hux AnMdpur dw ih`sw) iek Aihm ngr bx cukw sI[ ies ƒ vyK ky kuJ phwVI rwjy eIrKw vI krn l`g pey sn[ iblwspur dw rwjw BIm cMd vI gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl zrw-ku iv`tr igAw sI[ ikhw jWdw hY ik auh ies kr ky nwrwz ho igAw sI ikauNik gurU swihb ny aus dy mMgx ’qy ‘prswdI hwQI’ nhIN id`qw sI[ ies hwlq ivc, ie`q&wkn, sMn 1685 dy SurU ivc, nwhn dy rwjy mydnI pRkwS ny gurU jI ƒ AwpxI irAwsq ivc drSn dyx dI Arz kIqI sI[ 14 ApRYl 1685 dy idn gurU jI nwhn pu`jy sn[ nwhn dy rwjy ny gurU swihb ƒ qih-idloN ‘jI AwieAW’ AwiKAw sI[ gurU swihb kuJ idn nwhn dy rwjy dy mhl ivc Tihry sn Aqy ielwky dIAW sMgqW ƒ inhwl kIqw sI[ ies dOrwn rwjy ny gurU swihb ƒ Arz kIqI ik auh aus dI irAwsq ivc invws r`Kx[ gurU swihb ny aus dy jzbwq vyKdy hoey irAwsq dw dOrw kIqw Aqy dirAw jmnw dy kMFy (mOjUdw pwauNtw vwlI jgHw) ’qy iek nvW ngr vswaux dw &Yslw kIqw sI[ pwauNtw ngr dI nINh gurU swihb ny 29 AprYl 1685 dy idn, dIvwn nMd cMd sMGw koloN Ardws krvw ky, rwm kuMvr (KMfy dI pwhul mgroN gurbKS isMG) dy h`QoN moVHI (iksy dr^q dw qzw) gfvw ky rKvweI sI[ gurU swihb Agly iqMn swl pMj mhIny pwauNtw swihb ivc rhy sn[
ie`Qy 11 meI 1685 dy idn rwm rwie (ijs nUM aus dy ipqw gurU hir rwie swihb jI ny gurg`dI qoN byd^l kr idqw sI) gurU goibMd isMG jI nUM imlx AwieAw sI[ aus ny AOrMgzyb dI cwplUsI krn Aqy aus qoN jwgIr lYx dI ZlqI dI AwpxI Bu`l b^SvweI sI Aqy muV is`KI prvwr ivc Swiml ho igAw sI (ies qoN fyF swl mgroN sMn 1687 ivc rwm rwey dI mOq ho geI sI)[
ie`Qy hI 26 jnvrI 1687 dy idn swihbzwdw AjIq isMG ny jnm ilAw sI[ ie`Qy rihMidAW, 18 isqMbr 1688 dy idn, gVHvwl dy rwjy &qy Swh ny rwmrwey dy iek msMd gurb^S dy BVkwaux ’qy gurU jI ’qy hmlw kr id`qw sI[ ies mOky ’qy ipMf BMgwxI ivc bVI zbrdsq jMg hoeI sI[ ies lVweI ivc gurU swihb ny &qih Swh dIAW POjW ƒ burI qrHW iSksq id`qI sI[
BMgwxI dI lVweI ivc gurU sihb dI Swndwr ij`q mgroN iblwspur dy rwjy BIm cMd ƒ iehsws ho igAw ik ‘jy kr gurU swihb &qih Swh vrgy rwjy nUM hrw skdy hn qW aunHW dI &OjI qæwkæq dw &wiedw auTwauxw cwhIdw hY[ jy gurU jI myrI irAwsq dy nyVy rhy qW myrI vI ih&wzq rhygI[‘ ies iKAwl nwl auh hux muV gurU swihb dy nyVy Awauxw cwhuMdw sI[ ieh soc ky aus ny AwpxI mwqw rwxI cMpw ƒ Arz kIqI ik auh gurU swihb ƒ ^q ilK ky ‘c`k nwnkI’ vwips bulw lvy[ ies ’qy rwxI cMpw ny ^q ilK ky gurU swihb nUM Arz kIqI sI ik auh aus dI irAwsq ivc vwips Aw ky muV rOxkW kwiem krn[ pwauNtw swihb ivc hwzr is`KW nwl ivcwr kr ky gurU swihb ny c`k nwnkI jwx dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ nwhn dy rwjy ny bVI koiSS kIqI ik gurU jI nwhn irAwsq ’coN nw jwx pr Awp ny aus ƒ hmySw swQ dyx dw idlwsw id`qw qy jwx dI iqAwrI SurU kr id`qI[ Awp 28 AkqUbr 1688 dy idn pwauNtw swihb qoN c`ly Aqy kpwl mocn, lwhVpur, tokw, dwbrw, rwxI dw rwiepur, FkOlI, nwFw, mnImwjrw, kotlw inhMg, GnOlw, buMgw, AtwrI, kIrqpur huMdy hoey c`k nwnkI phuMc gey sn[ pwauNtw ngr jo gurU kwl ivc iek ipMf sI, snAqW lg jwx kwrn iek v`fw ngr bx cukw hY[ sMn 2021 ivc ies ngr dI AwbwdI qkrIbn 1 l`K 60 hzwr hY ijs ivcoN qkrIbn 78% ihMdU, 15% is`K qy 5% muslmwn hn[
pwauNtw swihb ivc pihlW gurU swihb dI bxweI hoeI iklHw-numw iemwrq sI, jo hOlI hOlI ^qm ho geI sI[ iPr ies Qyh au~qy iek in`kw ijhw gurduAwrw bxwieAw igAw sI (sMn 1875 dI qsvIr vyKo)[ hux ie`Qy iek v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ ies dy kMplYks ivc hI do hor gurduAwry vI bxw id`qy gey hn: ‘kvI drbwr AsQwn’ (ieh dwAvw kIqw jw irhw hY gurU jI ie`Qy kvI drbwr lwieAw krdy sn) Aqy ‘dsqwr AsQwn’ (ieh dwAvw kIqw jw irhw hY ik BMgwxI dI lVweI mgroN gurU jI ie`Qy is`K XoiDAW nUM isrpwE b^iSS kIqy sn)[
gurduAwrw suDwr lihr (sMn 1920-25) dOrwn bhuq swry gurduAwry mhMqW qoN Awzwd krvwey jw cuky sn pr ijhVy is`KW dy kbzy ivc AwauxoN rih gey sn aunHW ivc pwauNtw swihb gurduAwrw vI sI[ 1960ivAW ivc ie`QoN dw mhMq guridAwl isMG sI jo hor mhMqW vW| mnmiq krdw sI[ A^Ir aus ny mukwmI sMgqW Aqy inhMg isMGW nwl smJOqw kr ky suDwr krn dw vwAdw kr ilAw sI; aus ny KMfy dI pwhul vI lY leI sI[ ijs nUM auh keI vwr qoV cukw sI[ ies sbMD ivc meI 1964 ivc vI qruxw dl dy inhMg isMG, jQydwr hrBjn isMG Aqy inhwl isMG dI AgvweI ivc au~Qy gey hoey sn qy aunHW ny ‘AwKMf pwT’ r`iKAw hoieAw sI[ mhMq ny 22 meI 1964 dy idn pulIs nUM lY AWdw sI Aqy pulIs ny gurduAwry ’qy hmlw kr ky AMdr hwzr 8 is`K mwr id`qy sn[ ies hmly ivc jQydwr inhwl isMG hrIAW vylW bhuq burI qrHw z^mI ho igAw sI; aus nUM iqMn golIAW v`jIAW sn[ iqMn is`K gurduAwry dy bwhr vI mwry gey sn[ pulIs ny 15 dy krIb is`K igR&qwr vI kr ley sn[ gRµQI, jo ik pwT kr irhw sI, ƒ vI golI mwr id`qI geI sI[ pulIs ny 8 lwSW nUM iek tr`k ivc pw ky jMgl ivc iljw ky swV id`qw sI; bwhr mwry gey iqMnW dw sskwr mukwmI is`KW ny Awp kIqw sI[
jdoN ies zulm dI ^br pMjwb pu`jI sI qW AkwlI dl ny ies dy i^lw& morcw lwaux dw AYlwn kr id`qw sI[ A^Ir srkwr nUM Jukxw ipAw sI Aqy iek kmytI bxw ky aus nuM gurduAwry dw ieMqzwm sONp id`qw sI.
pwauNtw swihb sMn 1875 ivc
jmnw dirAw dy dujy pwsy (au~qrwKMf) v`loN idRS
pwauNtw swihb dw hvweI idRS
jmnw dirAw v`loN nyVy dw idRS
Sihr v`loN swhmxy pwsy dw gyt
kvI drbwr AsQwn
dsqwr AsQwn
jQydwr inhwl isMG hrIAW vylW
hirAwxw sUby ivc, AMbwlw-nwrwiexgVH mwrg ’qy, AMbwlw qoN 10 iklomItr dUr iek ipMf ij`Qy gurU hirikSn swihb mwrc 1664 dy dUjy h&qy pu`jy sn[ gurU jI 5 mwrc nUM kIrqpur qoN c`ly sn Aqy rsqy ivc kotlw inhMg, bnUV, rwjpurw, AMbwlw ivc iek-iek idn dw pVwA krdy 9 jW 10 mwrc dy idn pMjoKVw pu`jy sn[ pMjoKVw ivc gurU nwnk swihb dy vyly qoN sMgq kwiem ho cukI sI[ aunHW qoN mgroN gurU Amr dws swihb qy gurU hrgoibMd swihb vI pMjoKVw Aw cuky sn[ ie`Qy is`KW ny iek Drmswlw vI kwiem kIqI hoeI sI[ gurU hrgoibMd swihb nvMbr 1619 ivc gvwlIAr qoN vwpsI smyN iesy Drmswlw ivc rhy sn[ ie`Qy pujidAW gurU hrikSn jI nUM pqw lgw ik kwbl qoN kuJ sMgqW aunHW nUM imlx vwsqy Aw rhIAW hn[ ieh is`K pihloN kIrqpur swihb gey sn ij`Qy aunHW nUM gurU jI dy id`lI rvwnw hox dw pqw lgw sI[ auh gurU jI dy ip`Cy-ip`Cy pMjoKVw qk cly Awey sn[ gurU jI ienHW is`KW nUM bVy ipAwr nwl imly[ mukwmI is`K qkrIbn roz ies QW ’qy iek`Ty hoieAw krdy sn qy gurbwxI gwieAw krdy sn[ bhuq swry ihMdU vI is`KW nwl sMgq kr ilAw krdy sn[ ies nwl bRwhmxW dy jjmwn (gwhk, client) Gtdy jw rhy sn[ is`KW nwl sMgq krn vwly ihMdU vI hux vrq, sMgrWd, m`isAw, pUrnmwSI, sUqk, mhUrq, X`g vgYrw nUM C`fdy jw rhy sn[ ies kr ky bRwhmx is`KW qoN bhuq Kwr KWdy sn[ pMjoKVw dy iek bRwhmx lwl cMd ny prcwr kIqw hoieAw sI ik auh cwr vydW, Cy SwsqrW, ATwrW purwxW Aqy sqweI isMmRqIAW dw igAwn rKdw hY[ pr, ikauNik pMjoKVw ivc Awm lokW nUM sMsikRq nhIN AwauNdI sI ies kr ky lok aus dI AslIAq nhIN sn jwx skdy[ (vYsy vI ihMdU smwj ’c sMsikRq isrP pujwrIAW dy pVy ilKy jwx vwlI SYA sI[ Awm ihMdU nw qW sMsikRq jwxdw sI qy nw Aj jwxdw hY[ sMsikRq kdy vI Awm bol cwl dI bolI ihMdUsqwn ’c nhIN rhI; ieM\ aus dw Kotw is`kw c`lI jw irhw sI)[
jdoN gurU hrikSn jI pMjoKVw pu`jy qW lwl cMd nUM pqw lgw ik is`KW dw gurU iek in`kw ijhw bwl hY qy aus dI aumr 12 swl qoN vI Gt hY[ bRwhmx ny gurU jI nUM nIvW idKwaux vwsqy iek cwl socI[ auh Awpxy nwl gIqw dI iek poQI lY AwieAw[ auh Aw ky gurU jI dy kol bYT igAw qy aunHW dIAW g`lW suxdw irhw[ kuJ icr mgroN poly ijhy kihx lgw, “gurU jI quhwfw nW hrikSn hY jo Bgvwn ikRSn qoN vI au~cw hY[ aus ikRSn ny gIqw ilKI sI, kI qusIN aus gIqw dy ArQ smJw skdy ho?” gurU swihb nUM aus dI cwl pihloN hI smJ Aw geI sI[ gurU jI muskurw pey Aqy aus nUM disAw ik isr& mYN hI nhIN blik myrw hr is`K gIqw hI nhIN blik hr sMsikRq ikqwb dy ArQ kr skdw hY[ swfw hr is`K sMq, ispwhI qy igAwnI hY[ AsIN zwq-pwq dy ihswb nwl pVHweI nhIN krvwauNdy[ swfy qW bRwhmx, j`t, vYS, SUdr, swry hI gIqw vrgIAW keI ikqwbW pVH cuky hn qy iksy vI ihMdU bRwhmx qoN vDIAw ArQ kr skdy hn[ qusIN iksy is`K dw nW lE, auh hI quhwnUM gIqw dy slokW dy ArQ hI nhIN blik ies dw kyNdrI Bwv vI smJw skygw[
lwl cMd nUM XkIn nw AieAw ik is`K pMQ dw hr pYrokwr ividAw dw eynw jwxU ho skdw hY[ aus nUM Brm sI ik is`KW nUM qW sMsikRq AwauNdI hI nhIN hoxI[ ieh soc ky aus ny iek mwVy ijhy kpVy vwly, is`Dw-swDw lgdy is`K vl ieSwrw kr ky ikhw, “kI ieh is`K vI gIqw dy ArQ ds skdw hY?” gurU swihb muskurw pey qy aus BweI C`jU rwm nUM ieSwrw kIqw ik auh lwl cMd dI inSw krvw dyvy[ C`jU rwm ny lwl cMd dy cuxy slokW dy invykly ArQ kr ky d`sy[ lwl cMd sux ky dMg rih igAw[ aus ny gIqw dI AijhI pySkwrI v`fy v`fy bRwhmxW koloN nhIN sI suxI[ ies nwl aus bRwhmx dw hMkwr tu`t igAw[ aus ny gurU jI dy kdmW ’qy isr JukwieAw Aqy AwpxI hrkq dI muAw&I mMgI[
is`K ieiqhws dy kuJ bRwhmx lyKkW ny ie`Qy vI Gt nhIN kIqI[ aunHW ny gurU jI dy h`Q ivc iek ‘krwmwqI’ sotI PVw idqI qy jd gurU jI ny auh sotI aus C`jU rwm dy isr ’qy rKI qW aus dy mUMhoN gIqw dy ArQ inklx lg pey[ ies ip`Cy aus bRwhmx lyKk dI Srwrq ieh sI ik ieh swibq kIqw jwvy ik C`jU rwm nUM kuJ nhIN sI AwauNdw qy iek ‘jwdU dI sotI’ nwl aus ivc igAwn Aw igAw[ ieho ijhIAW jwdU dIAW g`p khwxIAW ikqwbW ivc Awm imldIAW hn[ pr AslIAq ieh hY ik gurU jI dI hdwieq sI ik hr iek is`K vD qoN vD igAwn hwisl kry[ C`jU rwm vI, iJaUr dy Gr jMimAw hoieAw hox dy bwvjUd, sMsikRq dIAW keI ikqwbW pVH cukw sI qy cMgw Awlm &wzl sI[ pr bRwhmx ilKwrIAW ny ies nUM lukwaux vwsqy jwdU dI sotI dI khwxI GV leI[ {ies g`p khwxI nUM ies gurduAwry ivc l`gy hoey iek borf ’qy vI iliKAw hoieAw hY[
jd lwl cMd dw vihm dUr ho igAw qW aus ny gurU jI qoN muAw&I mMgI Aqy is`KI ivc Swiml hox dI ^wihS drsweI[ jd gurU jI pMjoKVw qoN kurUkSyqr clx leI iqAwr hoey qW lwl cMd ny vI nwl c`lx dI iejwzq mMgI[ lwl cMd dy nwl BweI C`jU rwm vI gurU swihb dy nwl igAw[ gurU swihb ny kurUkSyqr qoN A`gy jwx l`igAW dohW nUM vwips pMjoKVw jwx vwsqy AwiKAw qy hdwieq kIqI ik auh dovyN rl ky au~Qy is`KI dw prcwr krn[
(lwl cMd ny vwips pu`j ky Drmswlw ivc b`icAW Aqy v`ifAW nUM sMsikRq dI ividAw dyxI SurU kr idqI sI[ ies dy nwl hI aus ny BweI C`jU rwm koloNN gurbwxI vI pVHnI SurU kr idqI sI[ hOlI-hOlI auh gurbwxI dw mwihr vI bx igAw)[ BweI lwl cMd ny bVI vfyrI aumr qk is`KI dw prcwr kIqw[ iek irvweq muqæwibkæ lwl cMd cmkOr dI lVweI (7 dsMbr 1705 dy idn) ivc ShId hoieAw sI.
pMjoKVw gurduAwrw rwq dw idRS
pMjoKVw gurduAwrw ’c Zlq jwxkwrI vwlw borf
hirAwxw sUby ivc (id`lI-AMimRqsr mwrg ’qy, id`lI qoN 96 iklomItr dUr) jmnw dirAw dy kMFy ’qy v`isAw hoieAw iek pRwcIn ngr ij`Qy hoeIAW iqMn lVweIAW ny Awpxy-Awpxy simAW ivc ieiqhws dw nkSw bdilAw sI: 1. 21 ApRYl 1526 ivc bwbr ny iebrwhIm lodI nUM hrw ky id`lI dy q^q ’qy kbzw kIqw sI 2. 5 nvMbr 1556 dy idn Akbr ny hym cMdr (hymU) nUM hrw ky id`lI dy q^q ’qy kbzw kIqw sI 3. 14 jnvrI 1761 dy idn Aihmd Swh du`rwnI ny mrh`itAW nUM burI qrHw hrwieAw sI Aqy iek l`K qoN vD mrh`ty mwry sn[
pwnIpq ivc iebrwhIm loDI dw mkbrw
pwnIpq ivc hymU dI smwD ’qy lwieAw bu`q
pwnIpq ivc bwdSwh bwbr v`loN bxweI msijd
(purwxI qy nvIN qsvIr)
pwnIpq ivc gurU nwnk swihb vI gey sn[ aunHW dI AæbU AælI kælMdr dI g`dI ’qy bYTy hoey Sy^ qwhr (ijs dw nW iek jnmswKI ivc ttIhrI iliKAw imldw hY) nwl Drm crcw vI hoeI sI[ gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw mOjUdw jI.tI. rof ’qy bixAw hoieAw hY.
gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc bixAw gurduAwrw
pwnIpq gurduAwrw dw jI.tI. rof pul qoN idRS
izlHw brnwlw ivc (brnwlw qoN 25 iklomItr dUr) kotlw brWc nihr dy kMFy ’qy iek ipMf ij`Qy iek vwr gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn gey sn[ gurU jI mYsr^wnw ipMf qoN Awey sn[ pMDyr ipMf dy lokW ny gurU jI v`l koeI iDAwn nw id`qw qW gurU jI kuJ smW ruk ky A`gy AlI Syr ipMf nUM cly gey[ mgroN pqw l`gw ik ieh kOx hn qW ipMf vwsIAW nUM bVw pCqwvw hoieAw[ ipMf dy isAwxy gurU jI dy ip`Cy gey[ iek pRcilq khwxI muqæwibkæ auh Awpxy nwl kuJ guV vI lY gey sn[ rsqy ivc aunHW nUM iek bMdw imilAw sI jo AlI Syr qoN gurU jI nUM iml ky Aw irhw sI[ aunHW aus nUM pu`iCAw ik gurU jI ikhVI Byt lY ky ^uS huMdy hn[ aus ny ikhw ik gurU jI koeI Bytw nhIN mMgdy[ ies ’qy aunHW ny swrw guV Awps ivc vMf ky Kw ilAw qy gurU jI kol ^wlI h`Q cly gey[ aunHW gurU jI qoN bdslUkI dI Bu`l b^SweI sI[ gurU jI ny aunHW nUM koeI svwl pu`Cy ibnw hI b^S id`qw sI[ pMDyr vwsI bhuq ^uS ho ky ipMf nUM muVy sn[ aunHW ny vwips ipMf phuMc ky ijs QW ’qy gurU jI dw GoVw ruikAw sI, au~Qy iek QVHw auswr id`qw sI; aus QW ’qy hux iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY.
PgvwVw qoN qkrIbn 4 iklomItr dUr iek ipMf, ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hir rwie swihb gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY.
AMimRqsr (Kwlsw kwlj AMimRqsr qoN qkrIbn FweI iklomItr dUr) iek gurduAwrw, ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hir rwie swihb gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw plwh swihb bixAw hoieAw hY.
ieh p`CmI pMjwb dy nvyN bxy izlHw pwkptn dw muK ngr hY (pihlW ieh swhIvwl izlHw dI iek qihsIl sI)[ ieh lwhOr qoN 184 iklomItr Aqy mulqwn qoN 205 iklomItr dUr hY (BwrqI srh`d 40 iklomItr dUr hY)[ ieh pRwcIn simAW qoN hI mulqwn qoN id`lI dy ivckwr iek Aihm ngr sI ikauNik ie`Qy lok sqluj dirAw pwr kirAw krdy sn[
kdy ieh rwjw mokl dI rwjDwnI sI[ solHvIN sdI qk ies dw nW AjoDn sI[ sMn 977-78 ivc subkqgIn Aqy sMn 1079-80 ivc iebrwhIm ZznvI ny ies ngr ’qy hmlw kIqw sI[ sMn 1394 ivc Sy^w KoKr ny ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1398 ivc qYmUr (lMg) ny ies ngr ’qy hmlw kIqw sI[ iPr ies ’qy quZlk, loDI Aqy muZl vI kwbz rhy sn[ muZlW dy pqn mgroN ies fyry ny ngr ’qy Awpxw kbzw jmw ilAw sI Aqy nwl hI AwpxI &Oj vI bxw leI sI[ sMn 1776 ivc n`keI imsl dy hIrw isMG ny ies ’qy hmlw kIqw sI (ijs ivc hrI isMG Awp vI mwirAw igAw sI)[ sMn 1810 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ies ngr nUM Koh ilAw sI[ sMn 1849 ivc ieh AMgRyzI rwj dw ih`sw bx igAw sI[AMgRyzW ny pihlW ies ngr nUM izlHy dw hYfkuAwrtrz bxwieAw sI, pr sMn 1856 ivc swhIvwl nUM izlHy dw hYfkuAwrtrz bxw ilAw sI[ mgroN AMgRyzW ny swhIvwl dw nW lwrf imMtgumrI dy nW ’qy r`K id`qw sI, jo mgroN pwiksqwn dI srkwr ny bdl ky dobwrw swhIvwl kr id`qw sI[
sMn 1195 dy krIb SY^ &rId ny ies ngr nUM Awpxw kyNdr bxwieAw sI[ aus mgroN ieh sU&IAW dy icSqI i&rky dw muK kyNdr bx igAw sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny SY^ &rId dy g`dIdwrW dy nW ’qy 9 hzwr rupY slwnw jwgIr lw id`qI sI[ SY^ &rId dy aurs ’qy hr swl 20 l`K lok ie`Qy AwauNdy hn[
ies ngr dI AwbwdI (sMn 2021 ivc) qkrIbn iek l`K 80 hzwr hY[ muK bolI pMjwbI hY[ kuJ myE qy rwjpUq rMGV hirAwxvI (rMGVI) vI boldy hn[
pwkptn dw hvweI idRS
pwkptn ivc SY^ &rId dw mzwr
gurU nwnk swihb sMn 1507 ivc ies ngr ivc Awey sn Aqy aunHW ny SY^ &rId dy g`dIdwr sY^ bRhm nwl crcw kIqI sI[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc Sihr qoN Cy iklomItr dUr nwnksr gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw sI[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN ies nUM SY^ &rId kwlj ivc bdl id`qw igAw sI[ hux purwxI iemwrq Fwh ky nvW kMplYks bxwieAw igAw hY[ gurduAwry dy nwl lgdw srovr Ajy kwiem hY[
gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw pwkptn qoN qkrIbn 30 iklomItr dUr iek gurduAwrw ipMf it`bw ABor ivc vI bixAw hoieAw hY[mukwmI muslmwn ies nUM gurduAwrw nwnk it`bw vI ikhw krdy sn.
gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwdgwr
gurduAwrw nwnksr dI QW ’qy bxy kwlj dy kMplYks dw iek ih`sw
ies nW dy do gurduAwry hn: 1. iek gurduAwrw ipMf hMifAwieAw ivc (brnwlw qoN 6 iklomItr dUr) gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb jI dI Xwd ivc bixAw hoieAw hY (vyKo: hMifAwieAw) 2. dUjw gurduAwrw izlHw mogw dy ipMf mDyky (inhwl isMG vwlw qoN 3 iklomItr dUr) ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc bixAw hoieAw hY[ ie`Qy gurU jI 20 dsMbr 1705 dy idn q^qUpurw qoN dInw jWidAW ruky sn[ irvwieq muqæwibkæ gurU jI dy h`Q dw AMgUTw p`kw hoieAw sI; Aqy, ie`Qy iek muslmwn luhwr ny gurU jI dI p`tI bdlI sI[ ies dw nW ‘pwkw swihb’ iliKAw vI imldw hY.
izlHw biTMfw ivc (biTMfw qoN 24 qy rwmw qoN 16 iklomItr dUr) iek ipMf (ij`Qy gurU goibMd isMG jI 9 jnvrI 1706 dy idn j`sI bgvwlI qoN qlvfI swbo jWdy ruky sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw jMf swihb pwqSwhI dsvIN bixAw hoieAw hY[ ikhw jWdw hY ik ijs jMf dy ru`K nwl gurU jI ny GoVw bMinHAw sI auh Ajy qk mOjUd hY.
Bwrq dy nwl lgdw ieh mulk pwiksqwn 14 Agsq 1947 dy idn hoNd ivc AwieAw sI[ sMn 1971 qk ieh do ih`isAW ivc sI: p`CmI pwiksqwn qy pUrbI pwiksqwn (hux bMglw dyS)[ ies dIAW h`dW Bwrq nwl (2912 iklomItr), cIn nwl (2912 iklomItr), A&Zwinsqwn nwl (523 iklomItr), eIrwn nwl (909 iklomItr) nwl lgdIAW hn[ d`Kx ivc Emwn dI srh`d ies qy bhuq nyVy hY; auN\ ies dw qy Emwn dw smuMdr nwl-nwl hn[ ies dw rkbw 8,81,913 mur`bw iklomItr hY (jo &rWs Aqy brqwnIAw dy kul rkby ijMnw hY)[ ies rkby ivc Awzwd kSmIr (1046 mur`bw iklomItr) Swiml nhIN hY[
ies dw au~qr kwrwkrom, ihMdukuS Aqy pwimr phwVIAW nwl iGirAw hoieAw hY[ ies mulk dy 5 phwV, ky-2, (8611 mItr), nWgw phwV (8126 mItr) qy 3 hor 8000 mItr qoN vD aucweI vwly phwV, dunIAW dy sB qoN aucy 14 phwVW ivc Swiml hn[ Qwr shrw dw ryigsqwn ies ivc hY[ 1609 iklomItr lMbw isMD dirAw iesy mulk ivc hY[ pRwcIn siBAqw dy imhrgVH, hV`pw, mihMjodwVo Aqy qkiSlw dy Qyh iesy mulk ivc hn[
ies dy bMglw dyS dw vKrw hox mgroN cwr sUby rih gey hn: pMjwb, isMD, bloicsqwn Aqy ^Ybr p^qUnvw[ ies qoN ielwvw iqMn kyNdrI ielwky (XUnIAn tYrItrI) hn: igligq-bwlitsqwn, ieslwmwbwd rwjDwnI Aqy Awzwd kSmIr (ijs nUM vKrw mulk vI mMndy hn)[ ho skdw hY ik pMjwb ivcoN srwiekI sUbw iek vKrw sUbw bxw id`qw jwvy, ijs nwl ies dy pMj sUby bx jwxgy[ pwiksqwn dy kul 113 izlHy hn; ies ivc kSmIr dy 10 Aqy igligq-bwlitsqwn dy 7 izlHy Swiml nhIN hn[
pwiksqwn dI d&qrI bolI aurdU hY[ auN\ ie`QoN dIAW muK bolIAW hn: pMjwbI 39%, srwiekI (jo pMjwbI dI iek aup-bolI hY) 12%, ihMdko (jo pMjwbI dI iek aup-bolI hY) 2% {Xwin pMjwbI 53% lokW dI bolI hY}, pSqo 18%, isMDI 15%, blocI 3%, kuJ lok phwVI qy kSmIrI bolIAW vI boldy hn[
kOmIAq v`loN pwiksqwn ivc 44.7% pMjwbI, 15.4% p^qUn, 14.1% isMDI, 8.4% srwiekI, 7.6 % muhwijr (jo 1947 ivc au~qr pRdyS Awid ivcoN Awey sn), 3.6% bloc, 6.3% bwkI kOmW nwl sbMDq lok rihMdy hn[ mzhb dy p`K qoN pwiksqwn ivc 96% lok muslmwn, 1.85% ihMdU (qkrIbn 21 lK 12 hzwr + 3 l`K 32 hzwr ‘SUdr’), 1.59% eIsweI, 0.22% AihmdIAw hn, 0.5% nwsqk qy kuJ hzwr is`K qy pwrsI vI hn[ dunIAW dI kul muslmwn AwbwdI dw 10.5% ie`Qy rihMdy hn (sB qoN vD musilm AwbwdI ieMfonySIAw ivc hY)[ muslmwnW ivcoN 75% suMnI (bhuqy sU&I hn) Aqy 20% SIAw hn[ AihmdIAw lokW nUM piksqwn ivc knUMnI qOr ’qy vI ZYr-musilm minAw jWdw hY[
ie`QoN dI AwbwdI sMn 2021 ivc qkrIbn 22 kroV 60 l`K sI (pMjwb 11 kroV, isMD 4.8 kroV; ^Ybr p^qUnvw 3.55 kroV; bloicsqwn 1.25 kroV, igligq-bwlitsqwn 15 l`K, ieslwmwbwd 11.64 l`K; ies qoN ielwvw ‘Azwd kSmIr’ dI AbwdI qkrIbn 40.5 l`K hY)[ pwiksqwn kol iek bhuq v`fI &Oj vI hY ijs ivc 6 l`K 17 hzwr &OjI hn Aqy 5 l`K 13 hzwr dI rIzrv &Oj hY[ ieh dunIAW dI ATvIN sB qoN v`fI &Oj hY[ pwiksqwn kol inaUklr bMb dI qæwkæq vI hY[
pwiksqwn dy muK ngr hn (brYkt ivc AwbwdI qkrIbn): krwcI (1 kroV 50 lK), lwhOr (1 kroV 12 l`K), &Yslwbwd/lwielpur (32 l`K), rwvlipMfI (21 lK), gujrWvwlw (swFy 20 l`K), pySwvr 20 l`K), mulqwn (19 l`K), hYdrwbwd (18 l`K), ieslwmwbwd (10 l`K), koietw (10 l`K).
is`KW dy 125 dy krIb ieiqhwsk gurduAwry pwiksqwn ivc sn[ ienHW ivcoN iqMn-cOQweI ^qm ho cuky hn jW Qyh bxy hey hn[ nwnkwxw (is`KW dw m`kw) qy krqwrpur (is`KW dw mdInw), lwhOr (fyrw swihb, ShId gMj isMGxIAW), eymnwbwd (roVI swihb), isAwlkot (bwby dI byr), cUhVkwxw (s`cw sOdw), hsn Abdwl (pMjw swihb), ipSwvr Awid ivc keI gurduAwry bhuq Swn nwl mOjUd hn[ keI purwxy gurduAwirAW dIAW nvIAW iemwrqW vI bx rhIAW hn.
pwiksqwn dIAW muK isAwsI S^sIAqW hn: muhMmd AlI ijnwh, husYn ShId suhrwvrdI, zul&kwr AlI Bu`to, nvwz SrI&, bynzIr Buto, iemrwn ^wn[ &OjI ifktytrW ivcoN muK sn: AXUb ^wn, izAw-aul-h`k, pRvyz muS`r&[ swieMsdwnW ivcoN nobl eInwm jyqU Abdus slwm, A`qw-aur-rihmwn, mhbUb-aul-h`k slIm-auz-mwn is`dIkI, AXUb aumXw Awid dw bhuq nW hY[ iPlws&rW, SwierW qy AdIbW ivcoN fw. sr muhMmd iekbwl, mnzUr Aihmd, jwn eylIAw, hsn AskrI irzvI, Abdul ^wilk, joS mlIhwbwdI, h&Iz jlMDrI, &Yz Aihmd &Yz, kæqIl iS&weI, Aihmd &rwz, munIr inAwzI, iebny ieMSw, hbIb jwilb, iehswn dwinS, nwisr kwzmI, prvIn Swikr, muz`&r vwrsI, Anvr msUd, sAwdq hsn mMto, pMjwbI kvI mnzUr J`lw; gwiekW ivcoN nUr jhW, mihdI hsn, nusrq &qh AlI ^wn, iekbwl bwno, ienwieq AlI ^wn, milkw pu^rwj, rOSn Awrw byZm, slwmq AlI ^wn, &qh AlI ^wn zubYdw ^wnm, rySmw, Zulwm AlI, &rIdw ^wnm, Awibdw prvIn, SOkq AlI, Awlm lohwr Awid ny pwiksqwn ivc bhuq nW kmwieAw hY[. hor vyKo: pMjwb, kSmIr, krwcI, ijnwh (muhMmd AlI), pMjwb (p`CmI), mulqwn, lwhOr.
pwiksqwn qy Bwrq ivc kSmIr dw mslw
izlHw gurdwspur ivc fyrw bwbw nwnk dy nyVy iek ipMf ij`Qy gurU nwnk swihb dw shurw bwbw mUl cMd coxw btwlw cly jwx qoN pihlW rihMdw irhw sI[ sMn 1507 ivc jdoN gurU nwnk swihb AwpxIAW audwsIAW vwsqy c`ly sn qW aunHW dI pqnI (mwqw) sul`KxI Aqy aunHW dy byty sRIcMd qy lKmI dws gurU nwnk swihb dy shury kol rhy sn[ p`Koky rMDwvw j`tW dw ipMf sI[ ie`QoN dw BweI Aij`qw rMDwvw gurU nwnk swihb dw bhuq pRymI sI.
izlHw mogw dy ipMf mDyA ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw[gurU goibMd isMG jI mwCIvwVw qoN dInw-kWgV jWidAW 19 dsMbr 1705 dy idn q^qUpurw qoN ie`Qy pu`jy sn[ iek swKI muqæwibkæ jd gurU jI ie`Qy pu`jy sn qW aunHW dy h`Q dI auNgl ’qy z^m sI[ auNgl p`kI hox kr ky p`tI z^m nwl icMbV cukI sI[ iek mukwmI muslmwn luhwr ny p`tI KoLHI sI[ z^m p`ikAw hox kr ky lokW ny gurduAwry dw nW pwkw swihb r`K id`qw sI.
Bwrq-pwiksqwn srhd qoN isr& iek iklomItr ieh ipMf izlHw lwhOr dw iek pRwcIn ipMf hY[ ies nUM sMDU pirvwr ny bMinHAw sI[ aunHW dw dwAvw hY ik auh ZznI qoN ies QW Aw vsy sn[ gurU hirgoibMd swihb iek vwr lwhOr qoN gurU-dw-c`k (AMimRqsr) jWdy ie`Qy ruky sn[ irvwieq muqæwibkæ ie`Qy gurU jI dI Bgq jlHx j`t nwl mulwkwq vI hoeI sI [ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw sI; pr 1947 dI mulk dI vMf mgroN ieh aujwV ipAw hY[
pFwxw dw gurduAwrw
pFwxw ipMf ivc jvwlw isMG sMDU dI bhuq v`fI hvylI bxI hoeI sI, ijs dI hwlq hux bySk mwVI hY pr aus nUM vyK ky jvwlw isMG dy reIs hox dy jlvy dw pqw zrUr lg jWdw hY.
jvwlw isMG sMDU dI hvylI dIAW qsvIrW
gUgl qoN pFwxw qy Awly-duAwly dw nkSw
ihmWcl dy ngr mMfI Sihr dI purwxI cwrdIvwrI dy bwhrvwr gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw[ hwlW ik gurU nwnk swihb vI AwpxI qIjI audwsI dOrwn mMfI ivc ruky sn, pr aunHW dI Xwd ivc koeI gurduAwrw nhIN hY[ hor qW hor mMfI dy gurduAwry ivc vI gurU nwnk swihb dI &yrI dw izkr qk nhIN hY[ gurU goibMd isMG jI 29 mwrc 1692 dy idn rvwlsr ivc phwVI rwijAW dI iek bYTk krwaux mgroN mMfI dy rwjy dy nwl ie`Qy Awey sn[ ie`Qy pihlw gurduAwrw mMfI dy rwjy ny Awp bxvwieAw sI (hyTW qsvIr vyKo); iPr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG vyly ies ivc kuJ vwDw kIqw igAw sI[ hux ies gurduAwry nwl iek bhuq v`fI srW vI hY, ijs ivc 65 irhwieSI kmry hn[ ie`Qy gurU goibMd isMG jI dIAW kuJ kImqI cIzW peIAW hoeIAW hn: 1. qoVydwr bMdUk ijs dI lMbweI 7 Pu`t 4 ieMc hY 2. iek rbwb ijs dI lMbweI 4 Put hY 3. iek plMG, jo sx dI sUqlI nwl buixAw hoieAw hY (ieh ivSvws kiqw jWdw hY ik gurU goibMd isMG jI ny ies plMG ’qy Awrwm kIqw sI)[ ies dI lMbweI 6 Put 2 ieMc Aqy cOVweI 3 Put 10 ieMc hY.
hor vyKo: mMfI.
gurduAwrw pwfl swihb dI purwxI iemwrq
gurduAwrw pwfl swihb dI nvIN iemwrq (2021)
gurU goibMd isMG jI dI khI jWdI rbwb
gurU goibMd isMG jI dw ikhw jWdw plMG
gurU goibMd isMG jI dI khI jWdI bMdUk
ies plMG Aqy bMdUk dI 26 jUn 1933 dI qsvIr (DMnw isMG cihl dI iK`cI hoeI):
BweI &Ojw isMG (17.5.1936-13.4.1978) dw jnm izlHw gurdwspur dI qihsIl isAwlkot dy iek ipMf ivc hoieAw sI[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN ieh pirvwr ipMf ZznIpur (fyrw bwbw nwnk-gurdwspur mwrg) ivc rihx lg ipAw sI[ dsvIN pws krn mgroN auh Kwlsw kwlj AMimRqsr ivc dwi^l ho igAw sI, pr aus dy mn ivc ikqwbW dI pVHweI dI QW Dwrimk lgn pYdw ho cukI sI; ies kr ky aus dI ibrqI ivc rUhwnIAq vs geI sI[ &Ojw isMG nUM gqkw Kyfx dw bhuq SOk sI[ pVHweI pUrI krn mgroN aus ny &wrm ieMspYktr vjoN nOkrI SurU kr leI sI[ sMn 1965 ivc aus dI SwdI bIbI AmrjIq kOr nwl hoeI sI[ auh AwpxI pqnI nUM nwl lY ky Dwrimk smwgmW ivc jW ky sMgqW dI syvw krn ivc bhuq ^uSI mihsUs kirAw krdw sI[ aus nUM kivqw ilKx dw vI SOk pYdw ho igAw sI[ sMn 1977 ivc aus ny iek kivqw ilKI sI ijs dw isrlyK sI: ‘kurbwnI’[auh mzlUmW dI mdd krn vwsqy hr dm iqAwr rihMdw sI[ &Ojw isMG gurU gRMQ swihb dy Adb bwry bhuq cOks sI[ sMn 1972 ivc aus ny imsrI bzwr AMimRqsr ivc gurU gRMQ swihb dI byAdbI krn vwilAW nUM szw id`qI sI[ iPr AkqUbr 1975 ivc aus ny BweI swlHo gurduAwrw AMimRqsr ivc gurU gRMQ swihb dI byAdbI krn vwly gRMQI Aqy syvwdwr nUM szw id`qI sI[ ies mgroN aus ny pMQk syvwdwrW nUM jQybMd krn dI Xojnw bxweI Aqy ies mksd vwsqy aus ny mwrc 1977 ivc Awpxy &wrm ivc 15 rozw kYNp lwieAw sI[
12-13 ApRYl 1978 dy idn, sMq inrµkwrI mMfl nW dy, id`lI dy iek fyry vwilAW ny Awpxw iek iek`T AµimRqsr ivc kIqw sI[ ies iek`T dy v`fy pRbµDkW ivc pµjwb dy kuJ sInIAr A&sr (fI.sI. qy fI.AYs.pI. vZYrw) vI sn[ ijs idn ieh iek`T hoieAw, aus idn pµjwb dw cI& minstr pRkwS isµG bwdl bµbeI ivc ‘pµjwb dI ivswKI’ dy jSn (jo hr swl bµbeI ’c zor-Sor nwl mnwieAw jWdw hY) ivc ih`sw lYx igAw hoieAw sI[ aus idn drbwr swihb ivc bwdl dw iek vzIr jIvn isMG aumrwnµgl hwizr sI[ mµjI swihb ’qy ho rhy dIvwn ivc igAwnI jrnYl isµG (muKI iBµfrW-mihqw jQw) Aqy POjw isµG qy hzwrW sµgqW hwizr sn[ v`K-v`K AwgUAW ny inrµkwrIAW v`loN iek idn pihlW (12 ApRYl ƒ) k`Fy jlUs qy aus idn (13 ApRYl ƒ) ho rhy jlsy ivc kIqIAW jw rhIAW kwrvweIAW bwry qkrIrW kIqIAW sn[ ies mOky ’qy sµgq ivc ieh ivcwr bixAw sI ik ies inrµkwrI toly dIAW kwrvweIAW dy i^lw& ros zrUr kIqw jwxw cwhIdw hY[ ies kr ky is`KW dw iek jQw inrµkwrI jlsy vwly pwsy jw ky ros muzwhrw krn vwsqy iqAwr ho igAw sI[ igAwnI jrnYl isµG iBMfrW-mihqw jQw ny ies jQy ƒ tooirAw sI (mgroN &Ojw isMG dI pqnI AmrjIq kOr ny doS lwieAw sI ik igAwnI jrnYl isMG ny ^ud ies jQy dI AgvweI krnI sI, pr jW qW auh fr igAw sI qy jW aus dy cyilAW ny aus nUM rok ilAw sI)[ ies jQy ivc iBµfrW-mihqw jQw Aqy AKµf kIrqnI jQw dy bhuq swry kwrkuµn Swiml sn[ jQy dI kmwn POjw isµG kol sI[ ies jQy ivc hornW qoN ielwvw gurbcn isµG mwnocwhl vI Swiml sI[ jdoN ieh jQw inrµkwrI jlsy dy nyVy, blwk-bI dy kol, pu`jw sI qW inrµkwrIAW ny bµdUkW, qlvwrW, sotIAW Aqy jo hiQAwr vI aunHW kol sn, nwl ienHW muzwhrIn is`KW ’qy hmlw kr id`qw sI (ienHW hmlwvrW ivc inrMkwrI fI.sI. nirMjn isMG ^ud vI Swiml sI)[ ies hmly ivc &Ojw isµG qy 12 hor is`K mwry gey sn Aqy mwnocwhl sxy sO dy krIb z^mI ho gey sn[ BwvyN pµjwb ivc AkwlI dl Aqy jnqw pwrtI kulISn srkwr sI qy pulIs aus QW qoN bhuqI dUr nhIN pr inrµkwrIAW ƒ iksy ny vI vrijAw nhIN sI Aqy nw hI iksy ƒ igR&qwr kIqw sI[ ies kqlyAwm mgroN vI inrMkwrIAW dw jlsw by-rok tok jwrI irhw sI qy kuJ Gµty mgroN bwdl srkwr dw iek sInIAr A&sr, inrMkwrI muKIy gurbcn isµG ƒ AwpxI kwr ivc id`lI C`f AwieAw sI[ is`KW dy kqlyAwm dy i^lw& swrI dunIAW Br ivc zbrdsq ros muzwhry hoey sn[ ies mgroN inrMkwrI mmfl dy i^lw& bVI v`fI lihr SurU ho geI sI[ ies Gtnw dw iek nqIjw ieh vI inkilAw ik AKMf kIrqnI jQw (ijs nl BweI &Ojw isMG sbMDq sI) qy iBMfrW-mihqw j`Qw ivc iek dUjy vwsqy v`fw ivroD SurU ho igAw sI, jo kdy vI ^qm nhIN sI ho sikAw.
BweI &Ojw isMG pqnI AmrjIq kOr nwl
BweI &Ojw isMG 13 ApRYl 1978 dy idn
&qU sMmU dIAW twhlIAW
izlHw &wizlkw ivc jlwlwbwd p`CmI qoN &Irozpur v`l, 6 iklomItr pihlW, iek gurduAwrw, ij`Qy gurU goibMd isMG jI gey sn[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ ieh QW do fogr BrwvW P`qU qy sMmU dI mlkIAq sI[ ies QW twhlIAW dy keI ru`K sn ijs kr ky ieh qW P`qU sMmU dIAW twhlIAW vjoN mShUr sI[ khwxI muqæwibkæ jdoN gurU jI au~Qy gey qW fogr BrwvW ny gurU jI nUM aus ielwky dw pihrwvw luMgI Aqy Kys Byt kIqy (ijs qoN khwxI c`l peI sI: ‘jYsw dys qYsw Bys’)[ pihlW ies QW ’qy iek in`kw ijhw mMjI swihb huMdw sI[ sMn 2001 ivc cOk mihqw fyry nwl sbMDq j`Qy ny ies mMjI swihb dy duAwly dI zmIn ^rId ky ‘gurduAwrw gurdrSn pRkwS twhlIAW P`qU sMmU dIAW’ nW hyT iek v`fw gurduAwrw bxw ilAw hY.
gurU goibMd isMG swihb ny AnMdpur ivc Aqy ies dy Awly-duAwly pMj iklHy bxwey sn ijnHW ivcoN iek dw nW &qhgVH r`iKAw sI; ieh shotw ipMf dI h`d ivc sI[ 29 Agsq 1700 dy idn iblwspur dy rwjy Ajmyr cMd dIAW &OjW ny cwr idnw hmlw SurU kr id`qw sI[ pihly idn qwrwgVH iklHy ’qy kIqy hmly ivc hwrn mgroN dUjy idn 30 Agsq ƒ Ajmyr cMd dIAW &OjW ny iklHw &qihgVH ’qy hmlw vI kr id`qw sI[ ies iklyH dI kysgVH swihb vwly pwsy v`l dI kMD Ajy ADUrI sI[ ies iklyH dw jQydwr BweI Bgvwn isMG (pu`qr BweI mnI isMG) sI[ Bgvwn isMG dI jQydwrI hyT igxqI dy is`KW ny hI phwVI &OjW dw ft ky mukwblw kIqw qy bhuq swry phwVI &OjI mwr mukwey sn[ Swm hox mgroN phwVI &OjW mYdwn C`f ky dOV geIAW sn[ ies lVweI ivc Bgvwn isMG, jvwhr isMG (pu`qr l`KI rwey vxjwrw), nMd isMG (pu`qr Awlm isMG, poqw drIAw) mwry gey sn[ ies bwry ‘B`t vhI jwdobMsIAW kI’ ivc ieM\ izkr AwauNdw hY: “Bgvwn isMG bytw mnI isMG kw, poqw mweIdws kw…puAwr, jvwhr isMG bytw lKIey kw, poqw goDU kw bVqIAW knwvq, nMd isMG bytw Awlm isMG kw, poqw drIAw kw…pAwr jlhwnw Awid…swl sqrW sY sqvMjw, Bwdvw pRivSty qIs gurUvwr ky idhuM, gurU kw bcn pwie, iklw &qygVH prgnw shotw ky mlhwn, swmyH mwQy jUJ kr mry, Awgy gurU Bwxy kw KwibMd hY, gurU kI giq gurU jwny ” (B`t vhI jwdobMsIAW kI, Kwqw bVHqIey knwauNqo kw)[ hux ies iklHy dw nW-inSwn vI mOjUd nhIN[ aus QW ’qy hux iek gurduAwrw bxw id`qw igAw hY.
(izlHw isAwlkot) dI fskw qihsIl ivc gujrWvwlw qoN 20 iklomItr dUr iek ipMf ij`Qy iek vwr gurU nwnk swihb isAwlkot qoN gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc ‘gurduAwrw pwqSwhI pihlI’ bixAw hoieAw sI[ ieh ipMf gujrWvwlw-isAwlkot mwrg ’qy, muK mwrg qoN pMj iklomItr htvW hY[ ie`Qy pu`jx vwsqy glotIAW qoN sVk AwauNdI hY[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN ieh gurdAwrw kuJ lok AwpxI irhwieS vjoN vrq rhy hn[ gurduAwry dw kuJ ih`sw Fih cukw hY[ QW-QW gohy dIAW pwQIAW dy Fyr dyKy jw skdy hn[
&rIdkot pMjwb dw iek purwxw ngr hY[ ies dw purwxw nW AjoDn sI[ bwrHvIN sdI ivc ieh rwjw mokl BtI dI rwjDwnI irhw sI[ kuJ QWvW ’qy ies ngr dw nW moklhwr iliKAw vI imldw hY[
7 Agsq 1972 dy idn ies nUM &Irozpur izlHw ivcoN k`t ky vKrw izlHw bxw id`qw igAw sI[ sMn 1995 ivc ies ivcoN mukqsr qy mogw 2 nvyN izlHy bxw id`qy gey sn[ &rIdkot dIAW muK iemwrqW ivc Swiml hn: iklHw mubwrk, SwhI mhl (ijs nUM rwjw ibkrmw isMG ny 1885 qy 1889 dy ivckwr bxvwieAw sI), bwbw &rId dI Xwd ivc gurduAwrw it`lw (ic`lw) bwbw &rId Aqy gurduAwrw godVI swihb (kotkpUrw mwrg ’qy, ngr qoN 4 iklomItr duUr, jo sMn 1982 ivc bixAw sI)[ ies qoN ielwvw ie`Qy bwbw &rId XUnIvristI Aw& hYlQ swieMisz, gurU goibMd isMG mYfIkl kwlj, brijMdrw srkwrI kwlj vI Aihm Adwry hn[
&rIdkot ivc irAwsq dy qoSy^wny ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dI b^iSS kIqw KVg Aqy Fwl peI hoeId`sI jWdI hY.
iklHw mubwrk
SwhI mihl
ic`lw swihb (bbw &rId)
godVI swihb
solHvIN sdI ivc jMgl dys (mwlvw) dy ies ielwky dI srdwrI sMGr kol sI[ aus mgroN aus dw pu`qr B`lx ies ielwky dw cODrI bixAw sI[ B`lx dw srsw dy cODrI mnsUr nwl JgVw cldw rihMdw sI[ pRc`ilq khwxI muqæwibkæ iek vwr B`lx Aqy mnsUr Akbr dy drbwr ivc gey hoey sn[ ies smyN Akbr ny mnsUr nUM iek cIrw (dsqwr dw kpVw) Byt kIqw sI[ ies qoN pihlW ik mnsUr aus nUM isr ’qy bMnH lYNdw B`lx ny auh kpVw PV ky do tukVy kr id`qy sI Aqy iek ih`sw Awpxy isr ’qy bMnH ilAw sI[ (ies sbMDI iek AKwx mShUr hY: B`lx cIrw pwiVAw, Akbr dy drbwr)[ Akbr ieh vyK ky h`s ipAw sI Aqy aus ny ielwky nUM dohW ivc brbwr dw vMf id`qw sI[ &rIdkot dw ielwkw B`lx nUM imilAw sI[ B`lx dI koeI AOlwd nhIN sI[ ies kr ky sMn 1628 ivc aus dI mOq mgroN aus dy Brw lwly dw pu`qr kpUrw (jo gurU gibMd isMG jI qoN pwhul lY ky kpUr isMG bixAw sI) ies ielwky dw hwkm bixAw sI[ kpUr isMG ny sMn 1661 ivc iek nvW ipMf (hux ngr) kotkpUrw vI vswieAw sI[ jdoN gurU goibMd isMG jI AnMdpur C`f ky mwlvy ivc Awey sn qW ies ny gurU jI dI bhuq mdd kIqI sI[ ies ny gurU jI Aqy is`KW nUM mih&Uz rihx vwsqy AwpxY BYx kpUro kol qlvMfI swbo Byj id`qw sI[
sMn 1708 ivc guAWF dy ielwky dy cODrI eIsw ^wn mMJ ny kpUr isMG nUM DoKy nwl kql kr id`qw sI[ kpUr isMG dy iqMn pu`qr suKw, symw qy muKIAw[ v`fw hox kr ky syKw ielwky dw hkm bixAw sI[ ies dI mOq sMn 1731 ivc hoeI sI[ ies mgroN ies dy pu`qrW joD isMG, hmIr isMG Aqy vIr isMG ivc JgVw au~T KVHw hoieAw[ ies smyN j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAW Aqy JMfw isMG BMgI Awid ny ienHW ivckwr smJOqw krvw id`qw[ v`fy joD isMG nUM kotkpUrw, hmIr isMG nUM &rIdkot Aqy vIr isMG nUM mwVI musq&w dw ielwkw imilAw sI[ hmIr isMG ny &rIdkot dw bhuq ivkws kIqw sI[ ies dy v`fy Brw joD isMG dI pitAwlw irAwsq nwl tkrwA ivc sMn 1767 ivc mOq ho geI sI; aus mgroN kotkpurw vI ies dy kbzy ivc Aw igAw sI[ hmIr isMG sMn 1782 ivc mr igAw sI qy ies mgroN mohr isMG hwkm bixAw sI; pr auh nwAihl sI, ies kr ky aus dy pu`qr cVHq isMG ny hkUmq dI vwgfor Awpxy h`Q ivc lY leI sI[ sMn 1804 ivc ies dy cwcy dl isMG ny ies nUM kql kr ky irAwsq ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ aus vyly cVHq isMG dy b`cy (gulwb isMG, phwVw isMG, swihb isMG qy mihqwb isMG) in`ky sn[ auh msW jwn bcw ky inkly sn[ b`icAW dy mwmy &Ojw isMG ny kuJ &Oj lY ky rwq vyly Aw ky dl isMG nUM kql kr id`qw Aqy gulwb isMG nUM g`dI ’qy ibTw id`qw sI[ sMn 1808 ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jrnYl dIvwn muhkm cMd ny &rIdkot ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[
sMn 1809 ivc jdoN sqluj dy pwrlw ielwkw AMgRyzW dI rwKI hyT Aw igAw sI qW aunHW ny cVHq isMG nUM muV hkUmq idvw id`qI sI[ sMn 1826 ivc gulwb isMG nUM AxpCwqy bMidAW ny kql kr id`qw sI[ ies ip`CoN aus dw nwbwlg pu`qr Aqr isMG g`dI ’qy bYTw sI[ auh Agly swl hI mr igAw sI[ sMn 1827 ivc phwV isMG rwjw bixAw sI[ ieh AMgRyzW dw v`fw ^Yr ^Íwh sI[ sMn 1845 ivc lwhOr drbwr nwl hoeI lVweI ivc ies ny AMgRyzW dw swQ id`qw sI, ijs kr ky ies nUM rwjw dI pdvI id`qI geI sI[ ies dI mOq sMn 1849 ivc hoeI sI[ ies mgroN ies dw pu`qr vzIr isMG hwkm bixAw sI[
sMn 1874 ivc hwkm isMG dI mOq ipCoN ibkrmw isMG rwjw bixAw sI (ibkrmw isMG Kym isMG bydI dw swQI sI)[ ibkrmw isMG ny rwxI ivktorIAw dI golfn jublI dy nW ’qy drbwr swihb ivc ibjlI lwaux vwsqy 25 hzwr rupY ^rcy sn[ aus ny gurU gRMQ swihb dw inrmilAW dw kIqw hoieAw ‘&rIdkotI tIkw’ Cwpx dw ^rc vI Awpxy zuMmy ilAw sI (BwvyN ieh CipAw mgroN aus dy pu`qr dy Aihd ivc sI)[ aus dI moq mgroN blbIr isMG rwjw bixAw sI[ blbIr isMG dI AOLwd nhIN sI; ies kr ky ies ny Awpxy Brw gjyNdr isMG dw pu`qr ibRjieMdr isMG muqbMnw bxw ilAw sI[ sMn 1918 ivc ibRjieMdr isMG dI mOq hoeI qW hrieMdr isMG rwjw bixAw sI[ sMn 1948 ivc ieh irAwsq pYpsU dw ih`sw bx geI sI. hor vyKo: kpUr isMG, kotkpUrw.
nvWSihr izLHy dI bMgw qihsIl dw iek ipMf (bMgw qoN 7 iklomItr dUr) ij`Qy iek vwr gurU hir rwie swihb kIrqpur jWdy hoey iek vwr ruky sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY.
izlHw AMimRqsr dI qihsIl reIAw dw iek ipMf (reIAw qoN 8 iklomItr dUr)[ mukwmI irvwieq muqæwibkæ gurU hirgoibMd swihb ie`Qy iek vwr 15 Pgx 1665 (10 &rvrI 1609) dy idn Awey sn[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc ipMf ivc gurduAwrw pwqSwhI CyvIN bixAw hoieAw hY[ irvwieq muqæwibkæ ieh swrw ipMf sKI srvr nUM mMnx vwilAW dw sI[ isr& iek bzurg AOrq mweI sMqI qy aus dw bytw is`K bxy sn[ dohW dI ^wihS sI ik gurU jI aunHW nUM drSn dyx[ ieh soc ky ik Swied gurU jI aus nUM ikqy iml pYx, ies kr ky auh gurU jI nUM Byt krn vwsqy p`ly ivc iek ruipAw qy guV dI iek BylI r`iKAw krdw sI[ ies kr ky aus dw nW BweI p`lw bx igAw sI[ BweI p`lw dy vwirsW ny Awpxy Gr nUM sMn 1887 ivc gurduAwrw bxw id`qw sI.
gurduAwrw pwqSwhI CyvIN buqwlw (hvweI idRS)
gurduAwrw pwqSwhI CyvIN buqwlw (nyVy dw idRS)
{gurduAwry dI qsvIr vwsqy s. jiqMdr isMG cwhl, buqwlw vwsI (hux brYNptn, knyfw) dw DMnvwd}.
gurdwspur izlHy ivc DwrIvwl ngr dy bwhrvwr gurU Arjn swihb dI Xwd ivc bixAw iek gurduAwrw[ gurU Arjn swihb iek vwr ies ipMf ivc ruky sn[ pihlW ie`Qy lokW ny gurU jI dI Xwd ivc im`tI dw iek au~cw burj bxwieAw hoieAw sI (ijs qoN gurduAwry dw nW burj swihb jwixAw igAw sI), hux iek v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY.
izlHw Xmnwngr dI jgwDrI qihsIl ivc iek ngr (jgwDrI qoN 7 iklomItr dUr)[ sMn 1710 dIAW grmIAW ivc bMdw isMG bhwdur ny ies ngr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ies Sihr nUM ij`qx vwsqy sB qoN vD bhwdrI gulwb isMG b^SI ny idKweI sI[ ies kr ky bMdw isMG ny ies Sihr dw nW gulwb ngr rK id`qw sI[ bMdw isMG ny gurb^S isMG nUM ies prgny dw &Ojdwr Aqy AmIn lw id`qw sI[ bUVIAw dw kwzI Swh muhMmd D`kyKor sI ies kr ky bMdw isMG ny aus nUM igR&qwr kr ky aus nUM lohgVH iklHy ivc kæYd kr id`qw sI Aqy nwl hI aus dI jwiedwd zbq krn dw hukm dy idqw sI[ ies dy nwl hI gurb^S isMG ny lohgVH iklHy dy iklHydwr mINh isMG nwl rl ky kwzI dI jwiedwd ivc kuJ gVbV kr leI sI[ jd bMdw isMG nUM aus dI ies hrkq dw pqw l`gw qW aus ny gurb^S isMG nUM Ahudy qoN htw ky ikSor isMG nUM &Ojdwr qy AmIn lw id`qw sI[
25 &rvrI 1710 dy idn muZl bwdSwh bhwdur Swh jmrOlI ksby ivc phuMc igAw[ ie`Qy aus nUM srhMd dy &Ojdwr vzIr ^wn dw iek ^q imilAw ijs ivc aus ny iliKAw sI ik “Kwlsw is`KW ny jo BVQU srhMd Aqy pMjwb dy gory ivc pw id`qw hY ik`QoN qk Arz krW[ aunHW ny cMgy-cMgy prgxy Ksqw-Krwb kr G`qy hn[ A`j hI ^br imlI hY ik prgxw bUVIAw qy sFOrw lu`t-pu`t ley gey hn[ srkwrI Aihlkwr mwr mukwey hn[ dHwmly dy Swnw-m`qy A&ZwnW nUM ^wkSwh brwbr kr id`qw (mwr id`qw) hY[” ies ’qy bhwdr Swh ny inzwmul mulk nUM vzIr ^wn dw swQ dyx dI hdwieq ilK ByjI sI[
AMimRqsr izlHy dy ipMf cOmk dy lKmIr isMG dy cwr pu`qr sn: bwG isMG, bwz isMG, rwey isMG qy prjw isMG[ ienHW ivcoN prjw isMG ƒ durwnI kæYdI bxw ky lY igAw sI[ ies ny jwn bcwaux vwsqy muslmwn bxnw mnzUr kr ilAw sI[ BwvyN kuJ smyN mgroN ieh Gr muV AwieAw sI pr ieh irhw muslmwn hI sI[ bwkI dy iqMny BrwvW ny JMfw isMG BMgI vyly pwhul lY leI sI qy aus dy j`Qy ivc Swiml ho gey sn[ ienHW nwl JvwlmMfW ipMf dw nwnU isMG vI rl igAw sI[ sMn 1774 ivc ienHW ny iml ky bUVIAw qy jgwDrI Aqy ies dy Awly-duAwly dy 204 ipMfW qy kbzw kr ky AwpxI irAwsq kwiem kIqI sI[
bUVIAw ivc iek vwr gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb vI gey sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ bUVIAw ivc iek purwxw iklHw Aqy rMg mihl dIAW iemwrqW A`j vI mOjUd hn.
gurduAwrw gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb bUVIAw
gurduAwrw bUVIAw (nyVy dw idRS)
bUVIAw dw iklHw
m`D pRdyS ivc qwpqI ndI dy kMFy ’qy v`isAw hoieAw iek pRwcIn ngr [ ieh ngr rwStrkUq vMS (sMn 753-982) dI hkUmq vyly v`sxw SurU hoieAw sI, pr mgroN aujV igAw sI[ purwxy iklHw AsIrgVH dy Qyh ivcoN aus kwl dy bhuq swry purwxy buq qy is`ky imly hn[ ies nUM dobwrw sMn 1388 ivc ^wn dyS dy &wrUkI vMS dy sulqwn milk nwisr ^wn ny vswieAw sI[ aus ny ies dw nW mShUr sU&I burhwn-aud-dIn dy nW ’qy burhwnpur r`iKAw sI[ keI swl ieh ‘^wn dyS’ dI rwjDwnI irhw sI[ mgroN mIrW Aidl Swh (sMn 1457-1501) ny ie`Qy bhuq swry mihl bxvwey sn[ sMn 1601 ivc Akbr ny ies ngr ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1609 ivc jhWgIr ny pRvyz (mgroN Swh jhwn) nUM ie`QoN dw sUbydwr bxwieAw sI[ Swh jhwn ny ie`Qy iek iklHw bxwieAw sI (jo hux Qyh bx cukw hY)[ sMn 1720 ivc mrh`itAW ny sdwiSv rwE dI AgvweI hyT ies ’qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ sMn 1818 ivc holkr ny ieh AgRyzW nUM dy id`qw sI[
burhwnpur ivc gurU nwnk swihb AwpxI iek audwsI dOrwn gey sn[ie`Qy gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc burhwnpur ngr qoN bwhr (5 iklomItr dUr, jYnwbwd ipMf ivc), qwpqI dirAw dy kMFy ’qy ‘gurduAwrw rwjGwt swihb’ bixAw hoieAw hY[ gurU nwnk swihb ny qwpqI ie`QoN pwr kIqI sI[ goibMd isMG jI ny vI d`Kx Xwqrw smyN qwpqI ndI nUM ie`QoN hI pwr kIqw sI[ gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Xwd ivc burhwnpur ngr ivc iek v`fw gurduAwrw ‘bVI sMgq’ bixAw hoieAw hY[ ieh QW goibMd isMG jI dy kuVm jyTw isMG dw Gr sI[
gurU goibMd isMG jI meI 1708 ivc ie`Qy Awey sn Aqy qwpqI ivc hVH AwieAw hox kr ky aunHW nUM keI idn ie`Qy rukxw ipAw sI[ gurU jI dI nUMh qwrw kOr Aqy aunHW dw poqw hTI isMG (pqnI Aqy pu`qr swihbzwdw AjIq isMG) Awpxy Aw^rI smyN qk ie`Qy rihMdy rhy sn[ aunHW dIAW smwDW gurduAwry dy ipCvwVy ivc mOjUd hn (smwDW dIAW qsvIrW vwsqy, vyKo: hTI isMG)[ (s. mnohr isMG mwrko muqæwibkæ ies gurduAwry ivc kdy gurU gRMQ swihb dIAW purwxIAW bIVW vI mOjUd sn, jo mgroN isauNk nwl ^qm ho geIAW[ hux kuJ hor bIVW mOjUd hn jo mgroN dIAW hn Aqy KwrI bIV dy auqwry hn)[ gurduAwry ivc gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Awmd sbMDI iek borf l`gw hoieAw hY, ijs ivc iek XogI rwj dI kwlpink khwxI vI drj hY. hor vyKo: hTI isMG, qwrw kOr.
burhwnpur dw purwxw iklHw AsIrgVH iklHw
Swhjhwn dw bxwieAw iklHw SwhI iklHw
gurduAwrw rwjGwt burhwnpur
gurduAwrw bVI sMgq burhwnpur (bwhroN)
gurduAwrw bVI sMgq burhwnpur (AMdroN)
gurduAwrw bVI sMgq ivc gurU kwl dw KUh
izlHw ropV dI muirMfw qihsIl ivc iek ipMf, ropV-cmkOr mwrg ’qy (ropV qoN 14, cmkOr qoN 8 iklomItr dUr)[ gurU goibMd isMG jI 6 dsMbr 1705 dI rwq nUM kotlw inhMg qoN cmkOr jWidAW iek pl vwsqy ie`Qy ruky sn[ ie`Qy gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ gurduAwry dy nyVy iek bhuq purwxw (pr su`kw hoieAw) KUh vI hY [ kuJ lokW dw ivcwr hY ik gurU jI ny ies KUh qoN pwxI pIqw sI[ iek ilKwrI ny ies dw nW BUV mwjrw vI iliKAw sI, jo shI nhIN hY.
bUV mwjrw dw purwxw KUh
izLHw ropV ivc kIrqpur qoN 5 iklomItr dUr iek ipMf ijs ivc gurU hir rwie swihb dy GoiVAW dy dwxy dw BMfwr huMdw sI[ ie`Qy iek cub`cw sI ijs ivc GouiVAW vwsqy dwxy iBauN ky r`Ky huMdy sn[ gurU jI Awp vI keI vwr ie`Qy Awey sn[ ie`Qy gurU jI dy smyN dw iek purwxw KUh vI hY[ gurU jI dI Xwd ivc pihlW iek in`kw ijhw mMjI swihb huMdw sI; hux au~Qy iek gurduAwrw bxw id`qw igAw hY[ ieh gurduAwrw ropV qoN kIrqpur mwrg ’qy kIrqpur qoN pMj iklomItr pihlW s`jy pwsy nihr dy ql qoN ds mItr aucweI ’qy bixAw hoieAw hY[ ies gurduAwry nUM ‘buMgw swihb’ Aqy ‘cub`cw swihb’ vI kihMdy hn.
(&wrsI bun gwh) rihx dI QW, invws AsQwn, mkwn, koTw[ sMn 1765 qoN mgroN pMjwb ivc hr pwsy is`K imslW dI hkUmq bx jwx mgroN audwsI swDUAW, pujwrIAW (igAwnI sUrq isMG sMq isMG inrmlw pujwrIAW), imslW dy AwgUAW Aqy hor jrnYlW ny (Aqy mgroN reIsW ny vI) gurU-dw-c`k (hux AMimRqsr) ivc, ^ws kr ky drbwr swihb dy Awly-duAwly AwpxIAW irhwieSW bxweIAW sn[ iksy vyly ieh igxqI 66 ho cukI sI[ ieh buMgy sn:
sMn 1849 ivc ANMgRyzW v`loN pMjwb ’qy kbzw kr ley jwx mgroN aunHW ny AMimRqsr ivc bhuq swry buMigAW ’qy kbzw kr ky aunHW nUM Fwh id`qw sI[ sB qoN pihlW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy kMvr nOinhwl isMG dy buMgy Fwhy gey sn (ienHW dI QW ’qy GMtw Gr bxwieAw igAw sI)[ vIhvIN sdI ivc drbwr swihb dw Gyrw ivSwl krn vwsqy hor vI bhuq swry buMgy Fwh id`qy gey sn[ ie`kIvINN sdI ivc isr& bRhm bUtw AKwVw, sMgl vwlw AKwVw, rwmgVHIAw buMgw hI bicAw sI (hor vyKo: AMimRqsr).
auzbyiksqwn mulk ivc, dirAw zr&Swn dy kMFy ’qy v`isAw iek pRwcIn ngr[ ies ngr dw izkr sMn 500 dIAW ilKqW ivc vI imldw hY[ iksy vyly ieh vpwr dy nwl-nwl ivdvwnW dw ngr vjoN vI jwixAw jWdw sI[ ieh ngr islk rof ’qy hox kr ky bhuq Aihm ngr sI[ au~nIvIN sdI qk ieh dunIAW Br dy sB qoN vD Awbwd ngrW ivcoN iek sI (sMn 1920 ivc ies ’qy rUs ny kbzw kr ilAw sI, jo sMn 1991 qk jwrI irhw sI; rUsI &Oj ny ies Sihr nUM burI qrHw swV ky qbwh vI kIqw sI[ hux ies ngr dI Swn dobwrw bhwl kIqI jw cukI hY[ ies ngr ivc sYNkVy msijdW vI sn, ijnHW ivcoN keI A`j vI mOjUd hn[ ies ngr dI mhwnqw kwrn B`gq C`jU ny iek quk ilKI sI jo iek AKwx bx geI hoeI hY: jo suK C`jU dy cObwry, nw auh bl^ nw bu^wry. (hor vyKo: bl^).
bu^wrw dw iklHw (ies dI dIvwr qoN ies dI mhwnqw dw pqw lgdw hY)
iesmweIl smwnI dw mkbrw (nONvI sdI)
cor/cwr mInwr
klwn msijd (sMn 1514 ivc bxI)
lwhOr vwsI bu`DU su`DU dw pu`qr sI[ su`DU iek GuimAwr sI, jo hwkmW dIAW iemwrqW vwsqy ie`tW iqAwr kirAw krdw sI (‘is`KW dI Bgq mwlw’ ivc aus dw nW swDU mihqw iliKAw hY)[ irvwieq muqæwibkæ muZl bwdSwh jhWgIr dI byZm nUr jhW dy Brw Abul hsn Aws& jwh dy mihl vwsqy ie`tW su`DU ny hI iqAwr kIqIAW sn[ su`DU dw pu`qr bu`DU gurU Arjn swihb dw SrDwlU sI[
iek pRc`lq khwxI muqæwibkæ bu`DU ny iek vwr ie`tW dw iek bhuq v`fw pcwvw iqAwr kr ky gurU Arjn swihb dy hzUr Ardws krvweI sI ik aus dy Awvy dIAW ie`tW p`kIAW inklx[ khwxI muqæwibkæ bu`DU dy krvwey pRSwd dy vrqwey jwx mgroN l`KU ptolIAw nW dw iek is`K AwieAw sI; ies kr ky aus nUM pRSwd nhIN iml sikAw sI[ ies ’qy l`KU ny ikhw ik bu`DU dw pcwvw ip`lw rhygww[ ies ’qy bu`DU ny BweI l`Dw nUM nwl ilAw ky gurU jI kol Arz kIqI ik l`KU ny qW pcwvw ip`lw rihx dy bcn kIqy hn qW gurU jI ny ikhw ik pRymI is`K dw bcn qW Atl rhygw (Xwin pcwvw ip`lw rhygw) pr qyrIAW ip`lIAW ie`tW vI mihMgy mu`l ivkxgIAW[ aus swl lwhOr ivc brswq bhuq hoeI ijs nwl ie`tW dI mMg bhuq vD geI Aqy bu`DU dIAW ip`lIAW ie`tW vI mihMgy BwA ivkIAW sn[
ieh khwxI kwlpink hY ikauN ik is`KI ivc ‘srwp’ nW dI koeI cIz nhIN qy iek is`K dw srwp bu`DU dy Awvy dIAW ie`tW ip`lIAW nhIN kr skdw[ dUjw, gurU jI v`loN ies srwp nUM Atl kihxw hor vI Zlq g`l hY[ drAsl bu`DU gurU jI dw SrDwlU sI Aqy aus dy sbMDW kr ky ieh khwxI GVI geI sI[ bu`DU dy Awvy vwlI QW lwhOr ivc SwlImwr bwZ dy nyVy gulwbI gyt dy nzdIk hY[ sMn 1927 ivc jdoN ies dy nyVy is`K nYSnl kwlj dI iemwrq bxweI geI sI qW bu`DU dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw vI bxwieAw igAw sI[
bu`DU dw mkbrw A`j vI mOjUd hY[ sMn 1947 qoN mgroN ies QW dw kuJ ih`sw F`T igAw sI jo hux muV murMmq kr ky sMBwl ilAw igAw hY[ pRwcIn jgh hox kr ky hux AwrkweIvz mihkmy ny ies nUM Awpxy ieMqzwm hyT lY ilAw hY[ ies iemwrq bwry iek vKrI khwxI vI pRclq hY[ aus khwxI muqæwibkæ ieh mkbrw nusrq jMg ^wn-ie-durW (ijs dI mOq sMn 1643 ivc hoeI sI) Aqy aus dI byZm dw hY[ ies mkbry ivc do kmry hn qy dohW ivc do-do kbrW hn[ ikhw jWdw hY iek kmry ivc su`DU Aqy bu`DU dIAW kbrW hn Aqy dUjy ivc nusrq jMg qy aus dI byZm dIAW kbrW hn[ pr koeI nhIN jwxdw ikhVIAW kbrW iknHW dIAW hn.
bu`DU dy mkbry dI purwxI iemwrq
bu`DU dy mkbry dI hux dI hwlq
bu`DU dy mkbry dI iek hor qsvIr
hirAwxw-pMjwb srhd ’qy iek ipMf ijhVw pitAwlw izlHw ivc hY[ AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb ie`Qy ruky sn[ aunHW dI Xwd ivc iek gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY[ gurduAwrw dohW sUibAW dy iblkul ivckwr AwauNdw hY:
iek purwxw ipMf (mwnsw qoN 16 iklomItr dUr) jo kdy kYQl irAwsq huMdw sI[ iPr ieh krnwl izlHy dw ih`sw irhw sI[ mgroN ieh izlHw biTMfw dw ih`sw bixAw sI; hux ieh mwnsw izlHy dw ih`sw hY[ gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb AwpxI mwlvw PyrI dOrwn ies ipMf (hux ksbw) ivc vI ruky sn[ ie`Qy gurU jI dI Xwd ivc iek v`fw gurduAwrw bixAw hoieAw hY:
