Baghdad (Iraq)
bZdwd bZdwd
ieh ierwk mulk dI rwjDwnI hY[ ieh ngr bYbIlon siBAqw dy pRwcIn ngr Ak`fIAn dIAW QyhW dy nyVy, itgirs dirAw dy kMFy ’qy visAw hoieAw hY[ mukwmI lokW muqæwibkæ ies ngr dy nW dw ArQ hY: dyvqw/^udw dw id`qw hoieAw ngr: (bg=dyvqw, ^udw)+dwd=id`qw hoieAw)[
ieh Arb jgq dw dUjw v`fw ngr hY; sMn 2022 ivc ies dI AwbwdI qkrIbn 81 lK sI[ ies ngr dw mu`F kdoN b`Jw ies bwry v`K-v`K ivcwr hn[ keI ies nUM pihlI sdI qoN v`sxw SurU hoieAw mMndy hn[ iek irvwieq muqæwibkæ ies ngr nUM ^lI&w Al mnsUr ny sMn 762 ivc vswauxw SurU kIqw sI[ audoN ies dI auswrI ivc iek l`K lokW ny ih`sw ilAw sI[ SurU ivc ieh ngr isr& 2 rkbw iklomItr dy dwiery ivc v`isAw sI[ pihlW ies ngr dy duAwly cwr dIvwrW sn ijnHW dy nW sn: ku&w, bsrwm Kurwswn, sIrIAw[ ieh drAsl ienHW ieiqhwsk ngrW v`l KulHdy drvwizAW dIAW idSWwvW dy nW sn[ATvIN sdI qk ie`Qy bhuq swry ipMf Awbwd ho cuky sn[ ATvIN qy nOvIN sdI ivc ieh ngr ividAw dw bVw v`fw kyNdr bx cukw sI[ dsvIN sdI qk ieQoN dI AwbwdI 12 l`K qoN 29 l`K dy ivckwr ho cukI sI[ sMn 812 ivc i^lw&q dI jMg dy sbMD ivc bZdwd nUM Gyrw pYx nwl ies Sihr dw bhuq nukswn hoieAw sI[ iPr sMn 865 ivc, sMn 946 ivc, sMn 1157 ivc, sMn 1258 ivc (mMgolW dw kbzw), sMn 1393 ivc Aqy sMn 1401 ivc (dovyN qYmUr lMg dy hmilAW ivc), sMn 1534 ivc ausmwnIAw (AOtomn) rwijAW dy kbzy vyly, sMn 1625 ivc ausmwnIAw (suMnI) dI s&vId (SIAw) kbIilAW nwl jMg ivc bZdwd ngr dI bhuq qbwhI hoeI sI[ qYmUr ny qW ie`Qy bhuq v`fw kæqlyAwm kIqw sI[
ienHW hmilAW qoN mgroN plyg qy hYzY ny bhuq swry bZdwd vwsIAW dI jwn leI sI[ ies nwl ngr dI do iqhweI AwbwdI ^qm ho geI sI[ ATwrHvIN sdI ivc ieh ngr dobwrw v`sxw SurU hoieAw sI[ sMn 1831 qoN 1867 auswmnIAw (AOtomn) rwijAW AlI rzw pwSw qy mihmUd nmIk pwSw ny ies ’qy hkUmq kIqI sI[ sMn 1917 ivc brqwnIAw ny ieh ngr ausmwnIAW qoN Koh ilAw sI[ sMn 1920 ivc ieh nvyN mulk ‘mYswpotwmIAw’ dI rwjDwnI bx igAw sI[ sMn 1932 ivc ieh ‘ikMgfm Aw& ierwk’ dI rwjDwnI bx igAw sI[ sMn 1941 ivc rwiSd AlI dI bZwvq kwrn ie`Qy jrmn Aqy ietlI dy ihmwieqIAW dw kbzw ho igAw sI; pr ieh kbzw isr& 2 mhIny hI irhw sI[ aus vyly bZdwd dI AwbwdI iek l`K 45 hzwr sI, jo sMn 1950 ivc 5 l`K 80 hzwr ho cukI sI[ 14 julweI 1958 dy idn ierwkI &Oj ny bZwvq kr ky rwjw &Ysl, aus dy Sihzwdy qy pRweIm minstr qy aunHW dy pirvwrW nUM ^qm kr id`qw sI[ ies mgroN &Oj dI hkUmq rhI sI; sMn 1979 qoN ies ’qy s`dwm husYn dw kbzw irhw sI[ ies kwl ivc ierwn-ierwk jMg ivc bZdwd dw bhuq nukswn hoieAw sI[ sMn 1991 Aqy 2003 dI gl&-jMg Aqy iPr 2003 dy AmrIkw dy hmly mgroN s`dwm dw q^qw plitAw igAw sI Aqy bZdwd iek vwr iPr qbwh ho igAw sI[ ies smyN ivc ie`QoN dy Ajwieb Gr lu`ty gey sn Aqy ie`QoN dI nYSnl lwiebryrI vI qbwh ho geI sI[
bZdwd dw is`K ieiqhws nwl vI sbMD hY[ sMn 1520 ivc gurU nwnk swihb m`kw mdInw qoN muVidAW ie`Qy ruky sn[ m~kw qoN mdInw qkrIbn 480 iklomItr hY, mdInw qoN bsrw koeI 1000 iklomItr hY qy bsrw qoN krblw 250 iklomItr hY[ krblw qoN bgdwd isr& 100 iklomItr rih jWdw hY[ bgdwd ivc aunHIN idnIN eIrwn dy bwdSwh AbU Al-muz`&r ibn hYdr As-s&vI (17.7.1487–23.5.1524), ijs nUM Swh iesmweIl vI kihMdy hn, dI hkUmq sI[ aus ny julweI 1501 ivc AzrbweIXW dy bwdSwh nUM hrwieAw sI qy bwkU qy kbzw kr ky Awp bwdSwh bx bYTw sI[ aus ny qbrIz nUM AwpxI rwjDwnI bxieAw sI[ sMn 1509 qk aus ny swry ierwk qy ierwn ’qy vI kbzw kr ilAw sI[ auh bVw D~kw-Kor SIAw muslmwn sI; lok aus qoN bhuq duKI sn[ pr, auh iek cMgw AdIb vI sI; aus ny 1450 nzmW ilKIAW sn[
bgdwd phuMc ky gurU swihb Sihr dy bwhr aus jgh ruky sn ij`QoN bgdwd dw rylvy stySn qkrIbn 2 iklomItr dUr hY[ ies dy nyVy hI iek purwxw kbirsqwn vI hY[ gurU swihb ny kuJ icr Arwm krn mgroN kIrqn SurU kr idqw sI[ gurU swihb ny Sbd gWivAw sI: pwqwlw pwqwl lK Awgwsw Awgws[... kIrqn dI Awvwz sux ky keI lok iek`Ty ho gey[ ienHW ivc iek isAwxw muslmwn pIr dsqgIr vI sI[ gurU swihb dy ies slok qy pIr dsqgIr ny gurU swihb nwl crcw kIqI sI[ ies QW ’qy iek KUh vI sI, ijs dw pwxI ielwky dy swry KUhW dy pwxIAW qoN vD im`Tw sI; lokW ivc ieh pRcwr ho igAw sI ik ies KUh dw pwxI gurU nwnwk swihb ny im`Tw kIqw sI[ ierwkI lokW ivc ies KUh dI bhuq mwnqw bx geI sI[ ikhw jWdw hY ik jdoN s`dwm husYn nUM ies KUh dI mwnqw dw pqw l`gw qW aus ny ieh KUh pUrn dw hukm dy id`qw sI. hor vKo: bihlol.
sMn 767 qoN sMn 912 qk dw bZdwd dw nkSw
bZdwd dw itgirs dirAw
bZdwd dI purwxI dIvwr dy ngr dy drvwzy
bZdwd ngr dw hux dw idRS
bZdwd ivc gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwdgwr
bZdwd ivc gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwdgwr (2)
bZdwd ivc gurU nwnk swihb dI Xwd ivc l`gw p~Qr jo mgroN Zwieb kr id`qw igAw sI
